A Golf Resort to be developed near Bangalore and related ... · PDF fileA Golf Resort to be developed near Bangalore and related Developments . ... contracts with the Leela Kempinski

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A Golf Resort to be developed near Bangalore and related Developments

A Preliminary Report by

Leo F Saldanha

CONTENTS

Scope of this study 2

Introduction to Golf in India 2

The Shangri-la Resort 3

Summary Findings 7

Situating the Developments in the Golf Course I Resort Development Critique 7

Summary Findings from Addgrowths Golf Course Construction I Maintenance 9 seminar

Annexures

Promotional brochure of the Shangri-la Resorts

Media reports on the Resort and related developments

Abstract from Lankesh Patrike detailing illegal land conversion by Khodays

Photo documentation of the project

Abstract of Karnataka State Drought Monitoring Cell report Status of Groundwater ExplOitation (Nov 1992)

Ronald Freams paper at the Adcigrowth seminar

Profile of Addgrowth consortium and related details

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SCOPE OF THIS STUDY

In June 1993 an article in a local daily (Deccan HErald 23 June 1993) reported on the plans of a Non-Resident Indian to establish a world class Calf Resort near Bangalore The developer Vijay Chawla reportedly had ambitious plans and was willing to invest large amounts of money to make his project Shangri-I] Resorts one of a kind

The project would be designed and supervised to completion by )Jck Nicklaus II (the son of the legendary golfing great to quote the report) What was not clear was the background of the developer or where exactly the project would come up

There was therefore a felt need on the part of groups concerned with golf-related issues particularly EQUATIONS to undertake a study of this project and its repercussions

The study which commenced in August initially intended to

1 Cather data on the development and design considerations of the Shangri-la Resorts

2 Understand opinions of local and government officials on the development

3 Locate and assess the status of the project area

All of the above intentions turned out to be very difficult to achieve as (a) no one knew the developer (b) no details were aVJil]ble about the project excepting what appeared in the press and (c) the project site could not be located As such though the study was initially envisaged to last a month it took three months to arrive at this preliminJrY report

With persistence and some luck the broader objectives were accomplished Interviews with the developer helped in gaining sonw perspective on the development considerations and the climate in which such interests operltlte This led to a variety of information being available espeCially evidence about the resort developer-real estate- politician-bureJucrat nexus and the disturbing trends that such activities portend

Though this project was widely publicised there was not much public awareness about the impacts of golf resorts and though a few NCOs and others were Jware of the general critique it was not necessarily in the local context

Whilst in the process of this research the Addgrowth series of All-India seminars on Recent Developments in Coif Course Construction and Maintenance came up Participation in the Bangalore seminar enhanced the knowledge relating to global linkages of golf course development (specifically the involvement of multinational corporations) considerations in designing modern golf coursesres()Its (also evidence of its impacts by inference) and marketing strategies that are adopted

The following procedures were adopted for this study

1 A detailed analysis of the Shangri-I] Resorts project based on available information [primary and secondary sources] interviews with the developer were pursued along with field visits and CIlnversltion with local people

2 An attentive study of the clvdilable information obtained from the Addgrowth seminar on Coif Course Construction and Maintenance organised at The Oberoi Bangc1lore on 28th Septemblr 1993 was undertaken

3 Selected reference material useful for campaigns particularly from the experience of Japan and Southeast Asil WlS incorporated in evolving 1 critical perspective of the project

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INTRODUCTION TO GOLF IN INDIA

Of thl~ 160 golf courses in India majority of them were developed by the military during colonial rule as pClrt of its entertainm~nt Clctivities for its personnel in Cl manner that reflected the ambience of the colonial period which is sustained rather religiously even today Playing golf was and is considered a status symbol by the elite

In recent times this leisuremiddottime sport has been promoted as a resort-cum-holiday tourism activity by international agencies and tour operators Today India has golf courses in almost every bio-geogmphic region and attempts to build more has gathered momentum

Golf was being played for about 60 yelt1rs in India before the first course was started in Europe or America Yet the sport is at a very incipient stage Clnd not too popular perhaps because golfing is considered a throwblt1ck to the Raj erJ or thM it is the exclusive perquisite of the elitist connoisseur

[When confronted with this argumtnt Cln Clvid golfer feeling very disturbed quoted the example of Ali Sher a Delhi caddie boy who roSt to be an international golfing star]

That golf has always been the exclusive preserve of the influentiClI and affluent classes in India is a fact thM is evident even on cursOlY observations Only recently have there been attempts to popularise the game with the Sports Authority of India putting up a nine-hole golf course near Bangaore to train pro111ising boys for professional competitions

RealiSing Golfs potential to boost internCltional upmarket tourist ClrrivClls in India has beenU

on the tourism developers agenda for quite some time now They have watched much to their chagrin sl11Clller countries like Malaysia Singapore and Thailand attract golf tourists from all over Europe Asia md America most certainly Japan

In an atternpt to catch up the Indian Tourism Dept during its Visit India Year 1991 considered its most major exercise yet to boost tourism put out a special package called Golf in India a discrete move towClrds mlIketing golfing holidays But if one compares the nature of tht campaign with the position of golf tourist arrivals today it is ceClr that the campaign has n)t quite taken off And some probable reasons for this could be that

1 Most of the Indi111 golf courses are owned by the military Of the 133 golf courses Clffiliated to the Indian Golf Union more than SO are military owned All defense facilities are the exclusive dnmilin of the Defence personnel and tourists are most certilinly excluded from lIsing the golf facilities

2 Of the remaining courses a number of them are owned by Private Clubs and is lVClilable forthe exclusive use of members ortheirvisitors With capacity limited and most clubs being overloaded with membership requests existing members or their kith and kin gain preference Only recently have their been moves to allow international golf tourists on sonie select courses

3 Even if golfing holidays take off it seems probable thlt stagnation is imminent primarily becCluse of limited playing capacity and very basic on-site resort facilities The reason for this is that most courses were developed to serve local needs and hardly ltmy have existent resnrt facilities But an interesting featu re while discussing golf-tourism linkages specifically in assessing future scenarios is the strategic location of most courses in or near nliljor tourism destinations

4 Another critical reason could be that lt111 existent golf courses a re of traditional design and there are no profession11 courses3 11 Nicklaus as yet in [ndiltl

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India has only recently been targeted to market golf resorts with attempts such as of the Indo-Australian Golf Expo or the recent golf developers seminar series by Addgrowth a consortium of American and Malaysian companies

6 Except in a few major tourism destination areas (eg Goa) developing new golf coursesresorts is still not a sound business proposition due to several economic environmental and social factors This is rapidly changing with the Iiberalisation of the Indian economy and its push for Tourism Development The consumerism of the expanding midd Ie-class Jnd the growing corporate culture provides a climate for establ ishing a gol f- cui tu reo

7 Probable saturation of the golf resort devtlopment market in the Far Eastern and the South Eastern regions of Asi] (perhaps increased loc]l resistance to golf course development) has led to compmlies that served the golfing boom there to look for new markets India certainlv is a country of prime focus

In the past year alone several contracts have been signed with leading international golf course architects for developing world class golf re sorts Jack Nicklaus II of Nicklaus Design Inc (a division of Golden Bear InternationJl1 nc) has already signed a million dollar contract tIl design and supervise the Shangri-la Resorts near Bangalore in the next two yeilrs Following this Nicklaus is also said to have got contracts with the Leela Kempinski group for their golf course in Goa and with the ITC group in Delhi

Ronald Fream and his Golfplan Design Group recently conducted a series of seminars in Delhi Bombay ltlnd Bangalore along with Addgrowth a consortium of American and Malaysian companies interested in developing golf coursesresorts Addgrowth has since set up its office in BlIlgaJore and the Fream group is designing a gol f resort in jlipur Severll sLlch developments have taken place earlier and many more are expected ill the future

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THE SHANGRI-LA RESORT

In June this year Deccan Heralds Washington correspondent reported in the dailys sports column plans for developing a championship golf resort at the foothills of the picturesque Nandi Hills near Bangalore (DH 23 June 1993) This was to be designed and supervised by Jack Nicklaus lI (son of the legendary golf chltlmpion ltlnd now the worlds most prolific golf designer) for I private developer ViJay Chawla a Non-resident Indiltln

The story reported the enthusiasm of Nicklaus Im very excited about breaking ground in India Whenever you have a chltlnce to work on such beauti ful land in such a magnificent country it is very special and the ltlspirations of Chawla We have to meet the best standards in the world Thats why I sought out Jack Nicklaus II to design the course The value of Nicklaus name to any project is timeless ltlnd that tradition continues in Nicklaus IIs work

Chawla further explained I wouldnt dream of putting up the project in Bombay for cost reasons and in Delhi for climatic reasons Bangalore is ideal (as it is the favourite of industrialists who set up a second unit or horne here) My goal is to keep the membership small A lot of people demand priv(lcy very high standards and a quality of life they have workl~d hard for And thats exactly what I will deliver

Nandi Hills is a range of interesting rock formations of historical significance in the neighbouring Kolar district This wa~ where Tipu Sultan who died fighting the British built a fortified retreat which the British eventually dtmiddotveloped for the same purpose Today it is a much sought after picnic spot for Bangaloreans and a major d raw as a hill resort

Rajiv Gandhi organised the official retreat at Nandi for the SAARC conference held in Bang(llore in 19Xh For this the whole stretch of highway to this spot was relaid to ensure the safety and comforts of the dignitaries and even today this road is one of the finest and fastest in Bangalore So if the golf resort wa to come up at the foothills of the Nandi then obviously it was a very considered choice

It was quite clear from the inception of the study that awareness of the impacts of golf courses resorts was very limited amongst the public If anything the understanding of the impacts of golf courses was a new development in India and rnainly as a result of the tourism critique The arrival of Nicklaus certainly signalled a greater push for such projects near cities and tourism destinations in India

It did SeetH logical therefore that a study of the Nicklaus project would help put the golf development debate on the agend 1 of envi ron mental development debate and thereby establish a case for resisting such developrnents But tHOre importantly this was for the first titHe that a project of this nature was coming up in this region and although its impact on the local econoll1Y and ecology cannot be predicted it can more or less be zlIlticipated based on international experience

Meanwhile there were more reportgt on the project in other dailies and comments of the developer that land had been acqui red for the purpose It was also made known that the projet would not necessarily be self- financing as was claimed earlier but that loans from Tourism Finance Corporation of India were being sought Encluiries with the concerned departments drew a blank as none of the officials there knew the developer though they had heard about the project

It was not very difficult to obtain an 1ppointment for an interview with the developer once he was identified The man seemed to be more than enthusiastic to tllk (lbout the project In the two interviews that followed the attempt W(lS to find out details about the project from which one could develop an understanding of issues involved

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Chawla was very articulate about his )Jnbitions for the project He had been encouraged by the investment climate thilt hnd been generated by the Iiberalisation of the Indian economy Initially he planned to develop a Htalth Farm but eventually decided that a Golf Resort would be better being a golfer himself In any case what he was interested in developing was a I product of quality as there is nothing conlpared to facilities in the West and am willing to invest The fact that there is nn charnpionship golf course yet in India aided his idea

Chawlas experience for more than two decades in International Trading and Finance definitely was an advantage Essentially he believed that his target audience (Film stars politicians corpornte executives nOll-resident Indians foreign upmarket tourists and those locals who could afford to be life members of this exclusive plt1radise) deserved his product

He also emphasised No foreigner will ever use the place unless tht locals use it So it is for those Indians who are quality conscious or appreciate good quality ilnd who have been abroad or otherwise Further he added Bangalore has il big d raw for tou rism in South India The International health spa - the rich deserve to be pampered and I want them to go back with the habits - and Nicklaus we hope will draw tourists But I dont support planeloads of Japanese corning to play golf 1nd for that we are not putting this up

The Shangri-la project is in fact dividtd into two components The first component as Chawla put it is the integrnted tourism resort and the second is the villas a real estate development which is my own private thing The villas however will be developed all over the course so as not to interfere with the path of the ball Therefore the division merely seem~ to be a gimmick aimed at making the project financially viable

It is not quite clear what the total project cost is The promotional brochure puts the cost at $22 million (Hs 66 crores) which includes tilt villas But Chawla put the cost (of the integrated tourism resort perhnps Ixcluding the villas) at Rs 45511 crores

His investment strategy is as follows The equity is about Rs 12 crores of which Rs 6 crores is promoters equity nnd Rs 11 crore public issue Against this the (onns from the financial institutions such as Tourism Finance Corporation of India would be Rs lR crores with the debt equity ratio of ] 51

The above schemes would totally generate about Rs 30 crores and the balance amount would be raised from selling club memberships and time- share units The villas about 200 of them will be sold at Rs 1 crore for 1 acre lilias Rs 35 lakhs for 14 acre units nnd cluster villas will cost Rs 15 lakhs per unit2

The intent of the project is to develop luxury private golf-community homes comparable to those in the United States and Canadl The resort will cater to the sophisticated and discerning visitor and will be a major asset to international tourism in South Asiall A type of operational resort is expected to be complete by the end of next year but when finally complete Chawla anticipates some major tournlll1ents with some lamous people coming to play here as part of a ll1ajor promotional exe rci se

The time-share units will include luxury fully equipped studio and one- lt1nd two- bedroom apartments with emphasis on privacy in a garden setting Air conditioned and equipped with phone and cable-TV the units will have their own patios and verandh(ls and many will have their own whirlpool spa~

The time-shares are expected to bt affiliated with Resort Condominiums International of

2 One erore Ten million One lakh One hundred thousand US$ 1 Rs 30 (approx)

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Indianapolis USA (which run more than 2400 luxury resorts) and Kettering UK Alongside will be a lOO-room luxury hotel which will be managed by a luxury international resort hotel chain The health spa is to be affiliated with Champaneys and their collaborators Whewhays Life Style UK

Despite its proximity to Bangalore the region where the resort is to be developed is essentially m agricultural area Devanahalli Town is less than a hours drive from Bangalore city centre lind is exposed very much to the tourist traffic to Nandi Hills Once a very prosperous agricultural and horticultural con11T1unity agriculture is not as much of a paying proposition today due to a combination of reasons including depletion of surface and ground water resources This region has been continuously identified for drought relief in the past decade

A recent status report on Groundw]ter exploitation (1992) by the Karnataka Governments Drought Monitoring Cell explains that groundwater utilisation in Devanahal1i taluk has exceeded the limit of replenishltlble recharge and that immediate steps be taken to stop drilling of wells either by private individuals or institutional finance till such time the water levels are restored

Pressure for land in Bangalore city hds led several real estate speculators to buy large tracts of land here and this has led to a process of sub-urbanisation resulting in skyrocketing of land values An acre of agricultural land could cost mywhere between Rs 1 lakh to Rs 5 lakhs depending on the proximity to the hi~hway This development has put pressure on farmers to make a quick buck by selling their land That thi is in violation of several land regulations of the slate is a fact that is conveniently ignored

Further this has led to an erosion of traditional communities and the commons that were utilised collectively In fact any casual conversation that an outsider engages with local farmers invariably leads to the question Have you corne here to buy land

Chawla who initially offered to organise a visit to the project site avoided the issue later on Not only that but he also refused to give any further details of its location A visit to the local Taluk office (adrninistrative sub-division of a district) was not productive as the officials there were tight-lipped ilbout the project ilnd denied ilny knowledge about conversion of land for a golf resort This even after Chawla h)d gone to the press stating that lhO acres had been acquired and the rest was in the process of acquisition

It was only after enquiring with some Covernment officials in Bangalore that the details of the location vvere obtained Several visits to the project site confirmed the suspicion that there was much more to this project thiln was lpparent

The project site adjoins Doddasanne Anneshwara and Arsinakunte villages about three kilometres before Devilnahalli The lrea was traditionally a grazing pasture (Gomalcommon lands) parts of which the Government had leased to landless fanners for cultivation for a pedcd of 15 years After expiry of the lease the land was to revert back to the Government However by a mysterious process i)f conversions and registrations the land is supposed to have been acquired by the Khodays 1 giant industrial hOllse (Breweries Con struction etc) established in Bangalore

A recent investigation into the Khodlys land-grabbing activities has been reported in detail in the Lankesh Pltrike a local Kannada weekly (issues dated September 29 (lnd October 27 ]993) The total land area they haw acquired illegally in Bangalore alone has totalled about 5000 acres which includes prime urban land common lands wetlands agricultural land and even forest land Having cultivated the friendship of high-ranking politicians in successive governments for over two decades the flmily has managed to avoid investigations and related hassles


It is common knowledge that Khodavs were highly favoured by the successive governments irrespective of their political affiliation viz Congress [Gund u Rao ztnd B(mgarappa] and Janata Dnl [Hegde] With such favouritism il was difficult for any daring bureaucrat to express views that did not support Khodays

Chavda who claims to have acquired about 160 acres said that conversion of this (Khoday) land has been very smooth and the government hltls been very encouraging He maintained however that the land had been acquired from individual farmers But the peculiar thing is the land has never been cultivated Though the soil is very good the lillld is barren he adds to justify conversion of the land to a golf resort

Recently (August 1993) the Shangri-la project WJS inaugurated at The Oberoi Bangalore by Rmnakrishna Hegde The choice of Hegde was logical given his open support for golf course development and the fact that he is golfer himself For instance during his Chief Ministership he was instrumental in transferring about lS0 acres of prime urban public land (Challaghatta tank bed) adjacent to the Bangalore Airport free of cost for the brand new golf course of the Karnataka Golf Association

This conversion was in violation of the Lakshman Rao Commission Report on the Conservation of Wetlands of Bangalore (19RR) and went against their main recommendation that existing tlt1Ilks should not be converted for private purposes md certainly not for purposes that did not serve the larger public good

When questioned about the probable environmental impacts of this project Ch(lwla asserts as is wlnt that The type of activity is not very polluting and this is not an industry This is a golf course meaning a green area The groundwMer is there and the soil is good So what we are going to bring now is prosperity to the three surrounding villages By employing people from there we Me going to convert these like model villages and help them to help themselves Amongst other things we will provide them water some medical facilities ilnd better sanitary conditions

From a survey uf one of the surrounding village~ (Doddasanne) one could infer the economic and ecologic(ll importance of this llIld to the villagers Its several uses include agriculture (ragi maize horticulture) grazing (this pasture is in fact the backbone of several families for whom dairying is the main economic activity) making broomsticks (the grass for which is gathned from these open fields) collection of flld wood and such (lther minor produce

The topography of the region makes this land the watershed for two large tanks that harvest rainwater for irrigation and help recharge of groundwater aquifers The golf resort may induce erosion which may lead to the silting of these tanks further tapping the tanks and groundwJter to provide water for the resort could have dis(lstrolls conseguences on the local ecology

One of the tanks has been identi fied ns a site of ecological importance as about 130 White Storks were sighted (a very rare occurrence) here amongst a whole range of other migratory waterfowl by the Birdwatchers Field Club of Bangalore in JanuilrY 91 as part of the Asian Midwinter Waterfowl Census

It is clear that the development of the golf course will force the villagers to give up their traditional sustenance Dctivities Dnd look for lowly paid IdboLlr oriented employment opp(irtunities on the resort or in the city Chawl(l however believes that the villagers will prosper with us

It is expected for the developer to say that he will II abide by the law of the land and not create any problem for the environment or people who live there We certainly feel that bringing tourism here is not going to create problems but on the contrary bring prosperity to the region

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as also attract foreign tourists and fllreign exchmge for the country Basically we want to create a thing of beauty a Jewel in the Crown of Bangalore

Talking to a gnJUp of villagers one of them commented Who knows what will come up here Who Ire we to decide anyway

SUMMARY FINDINGS

Shangri~la Resorts (P) Ltd a NR] pronHlted golf resort proiect is expected to be established in Devanahalli arelt1 [neighbouring Blt1ngalore] with technical consultancy from Jack Nicklaus II a world- renowned expert in designing sLich resorts

Project details Shangri~la Resorts (P) Ltd will be promoting (I $22 Inillion 250 acre world-class golf resort one of the lirst of its kind in Asia To include luxury time~share apartments (individual whirlpool spas) spacious residential villas (200 units large 1 acre villas with independent swimming pools for Rs 1 crore 14 acre for Rs 35 lakhs and cluster villas for Ri 15 lakhsunit) clubhouse With sports complex (golf and tennis academies squash gym an equestrian centre and trail rides fitness centres billiards (lnd archery) fully equipped health spa (yoga authentic ayurvlda with wtstern comforts special health cuisine) a 100-room luxury hotel and a futuristic conference centre

Project designer Jack Nickllus II of Nicklaui Design Inc a division of Golden Bear InternJtional ]nc North Palm Beach Fl USA on a $ 1 million contract for desi)n and supervision of project to completion lver a two-year period

Developer Vijay Chawla an NRI who has substantial experience in international trading and fil1Jnce from his base at London for IR years later he spent two years at USA Recently he moved to Bangalore to establish this resort His local office is located at his apartment 3251 Raj Mahal Vilas Ext 14th Main ROlt1d Bmgalore 5(10 ORO Tel (ORO) 334 5007 Fax (080) 334 7448

Project site The proposed site is located about 30 kms northeast of Bangalore on common lands (grazing pastures) and agricultural land neighbouring Doddasanne Anneswara and Arsinakunte villages of Devannhalli Taluk of Bangalore Rural District

Specific details of Project site No informltion was provided by the developer on specific location of project site However a close scrutiny of the events and informal discussions with the local officials and villagers indiclte that the above area was in fact under acquisition for the project Also a photograph that the developer furnished confirmed the same

Khodays Land For the local people this piece of land is commonly known as Khodays land Khodays are a group of companies run by the Khoday family from Bangalore which includes the giant Khoday Breweries (liquor seconds liquor amp beer) Khoday Ribbons United Gas Company zlIld Khoday Engineenng (which has got some major housing and water supply contracts )

The Khodays are known to be an influential group specially with leading politicians of almost every party A recent investigltivl report in a local magazine has detailed their land grabbing (lctivity by illegal means (about 5000 acres in Bangalore alone) The project site of the resort has supposedly been acquired from the Khodays by the developer and is also mentioned in the investigation as illegally acquired land in violation of Karnataka States Land Reform Act Land Revenue Act Land Registration Act Land Ceiling Act Town amp Country Planning Act Jl1longst others

Project area description Undulating rwinous lateritic uplands highly degraded Mainly used


as village commons and grazing pilstures though large tracts of the land are still being cultivlted Farmland is rainfed and irrigated by rain harvesting tanks and by tapping groundwater (trnditionally by open wells and in the past decade by drilling borewells) Chief agricultural produce of the area is rlgi (local millet) maize rice horticultural produce etc Dairying seems to be a dOlT1in(lI1t economic activity and villlgers operate large dairy cooperatives

Adjoining this land is Yertiganahalli State Forest of poor ecological worth as it is mainly an eucalyptus piltmtation This forest and surrounding area is proposed to be acquired soon for an Internatioml1 airport (approx 1600 acres)

Current Project activity Fencing of site in progress perhaps clearing of shrubbery

SITUATING THE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE GOLF COURSE RESORT DEVELOPMENT CRITIQUE

The Global Anti-Golf Movernent formed in April this year by GNAGA (Global Network for Anti-Golf Course Action) APPEl (Asia-Pacific Peoples Environment Network) and ANTENNA (Asian Tourism Action Network) has brought to intern1tional focus the socio-economic and environmental impacts of golf course resort development the world over and stressed the need for campaigning dClively against any further growth in this industry In order to emphasise the need for such efforts April 29 was declared NO GOLF DAY and the following stltement was released to the press internationally

Thc cu rrel1t go~fboom ill the Asin-PnClfic region is fm ught with the dnllger for i IIvestors golfers and locnl comnnillities n IIcetillg of citizells groups cOllcluded ill Penmlg Mnlnljsin April 26-28 1993 Twenty delegntes frolll Hnwnii HOllg KOllg Illdin Indonesia Japnll Mnlnysin Phillipines and Thailnnd nret to review developments ill golf olle of the fnstest growillg sports mId businesses in the regioll todny

The delegntes U lin lIimolsly cnlledf()r nII illlltledint e momtoriwn 011 lew golf call rse developmeuts nil

illvestigntioll of the ellvirOIl111ellttll nnd socinl impncts of existing courses nnd their link to membership mId renl estate spcwlIlion There hm also beell cnses ill Jnpnn where such developments were linked to orgllnised crime They also cnlled for n lmlt to the use of overseas development aid especinlly from Japnll for the prom(ltion of go(f tourism mId related l1~frnstructllre development

Toppi1lg the list of dnngers thnt the srollplrighliglrted were the ellvironlllelltnl risks This illcludes the tjfects of Irnznrdous chelIlicnls (suclr ns fertilisers and pesticides) the IIInssive drnill all wnter supplies nnd the destructioll of forests farm nl1d com IIll1llities

Cnse studies thnt the group exmrrilled sr01Led thot the ellvirolllllclltni impnct is grentest 011 the local people wildlife cntchment nrens nlld mnrine ellvirolllllcllt The impnct 011 the henlth of golfers golf course workers nnd surroullding C(llllllIllities dlle to widesprend nnd iltelsive use of fertilisers llIld pesticides (IS nlso tire deteriorntion (l( Sll rrolilldi liS nrens that cOllld eZ lenllnlly hnve n mnjor impnct 011

Innd prices wns considered

For exnmple Kny Vnreln n Iellbe of tllc Hnwnii Golf COllrse Actioll Allimlce whose commUility of Opihihnle is currently beillg thrcntencd by n golf cou rse developmcllt said thnt public henrings in her towlllInd igllored expert Opilliolls thnt showed that three elldmlgered species would be affected by the devclopmelt lIot to melltion scnrce wnter sllPplies where the olliH sOlrce (~f wnter ums rninfall

SOllle of tilt other dnllgers illeluded questiollable lnnd ncquisitioll practices by shady busillesses links to organised crime nnd support to corrupt lIIilitnry regimes Locnl COIIWlllllities nre rarely consulted let alolle listened to whell treir prq1erty nlld lizJclilroods nre tnkell O(lcrfor deveopmcllt purposes

A prescntation all the sociO-CCOIIOlNic impnct of golf showed tlmt cOlltrnry to ndvertisements golf


course developments rarely bencfit tile loml ccollollH IliStend most of the profits nre renped byforeign illvestors nlld multinatiollals III mllllH cOlutries of the regioll a huge nlloullt of tax moncy is spent 011 divatlllg water to goU courscs dInt lliidillg lCW roads ill rcmote arC(lS thnt benefit a few rich tourists while citizells do IIOt h(lve iJsic nccessities like cleall water nlld public transport(ltion

Auita Plewnarom (l represeltative of the Asiall Tourism Actioll Network (ANTENNA) said The big losers are the loenl pcoplc whosc govcmlncllt agellcics lcglect thc socialalld cllvirollmental costs of superfluous golf resorts alld evC11 sllbsidisc this fickle bllSillcss II) spelldillg tax mouey for golf tou rism promotion

Cell Morit(l speakillg for the Clobnl Network for Allti-Colf COllrse Actioll (CNACA) concluded CoU COllrse devcopmellt is ill fnct a viol(ltioll of humall rights ill every sellse of the word

The delegates mil for a bllll 011 tile promotiol nlld (ldvertising ofgoU courses alid golf tourism The deleg(ltesfurthcr call for existillg golf courses to bl cOllverteti to public p(lrks Illid spaces Where these lie ill forest areas oetallds alld ismlds there should be rehabilitat ioII alld regelleration of the land to its lIatllml state

The group also Iloted that golf cOllrse development has lIIushroollled illto a multibillion dollar illdustry that has gOlle far beyolld the sport Fillancial speculatioll ill memberships real estate developmellts Oil alld lIenr golf COllres alld corporate spollsorship has led to illflated prices that could ensily collapse 11 the evellt of a dOWlltIlll ill tit ecollolllY CoverlllllCllf officials ill countries like Malaysia haue begull to take steps to protect illvc3tors ngaillstfmud Inlt tlley may Hot be sufficient

III COlliunctioll with t he World N( Co~f Day 01 April 29 the dctgafls agreed to set up a network to coordillatc work 011 golf- rdated ISSII(S to be called the Clolml Allti-Gof Movement (CACM)

Then is increasing Clwueness tnd1Y of the adverse implt1Cts of golf courseresort development in areas where the ind ustry has dominated This has led to a whole range of research and documentation and its correlations with larger issues There are several instances of loral resistance against such projects But it is in regions such (lS India where golf is being pushed due to extrcmeous and interni11 pressures and where the golf development industry is at its incipient stage that much work needs to bt done

This is important because such lt1 development will most certi1inly be in direct conflict with local interests especially traditional ~urvival rnodes such i1S agriculture grazing etc Also the need for heavy requirelllents of energy and n1i1terial (often imported) in an industry that in no way contributes to the larger cmTlInon good but which instead denies opportunities of economic Clctivity to the locals is quite clearly evidence of lopsided priorities Whether such weskrn oriented affluence should tver be promoted with government connivance in poor countries is eminently questionable

Ecolcgically golf is a sport that evoh ed in temperate regions of the world Transponding such artiticial eC(l~ystems unto tropical areas has its negative fallout on the local ecology and economy The extremely high demands of energy and natural resources even to maintain such systems in tropical conditions simply nwke golf courseresort development a proposition for eco-d isas Ie r

SUMMARY FINDINGS FROA1 A SEMINAR ON GOLF COURSE CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE

Addgrovvth is a consortium of American and Malaysian companies who have recently established their office in Bangllore wilh the primary purpose of providing consultancy and development services in the 1rea of golf courseresort maintenance and construction In September 9Y3 they organised a series of seminars in Delhi Bombay md Bangalore This was part of their promotionlt11 exercise in developing contacts identifying potential clients and


marketing their services All the seminars were jointly organised with The Oberois and held at their hotels

The following is a document()tion of [he information made aVltlilable at the Bangalore seminar on 28 September 1993 Copies of relevant material has also been included

Addresses of promoters

Addgrowth - India Co Mahalakshmi Exports 711 7th Floor Brigade Towers 135 Brigade Road Bangalore 560 025

Representative J Srinivasan Tel 080-2210715 (Extn 1711) Fax OBO-226146B (Attn ICFAX-(69)

Service area Indinn trltlding representative for the Addgrowth consortium

Addgrowth (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd 223 Jalan Sungai Bertek Off Jalan Sungai Udltlng 411 ()O Klang Selan~or Dltlrul Ehsltln Malltlysia

Repnsentative S Jeyerajltlh Tel 03-3322175 (4 lines) Car Phone 010-376930 Fax 03-3317523

Service area Main tnlding representltive for the consortium This office principally services the MalaysiaSingapore region with nffices for other Southeast Asian regions at

Esquire Creation Dinar Building Lnatai 1I Jalan Raden Saleh No 4 Jakarta 10340 Indonesia Tel 21-3903091 Fax 21-3903092 (Indonesia)

United Agri Supplies PO Box 291RBR57 Inanam Jalan TUMan Kota Kinabalu Sabah Eastv1alaysia Tel 088-421343 Fax 088-421343 (SabahSarawakBrunei)

Equations THE SI-IANGRI LA RESORTS PVT LTO Page 12

The Ronald Fream Golfplan Design Group Ltd

PO Box lR3 Santa Rosa CA 95402 USA Tel 1 707 526-7190 Fax 1 707 576-1823

20 Ave des Celtes 1040 Brussels Belgium Tel 3227325510 Fax 3227321358

Repnsentative Ronald W Fream

(Fream was the chief resource person for the seminar Enclosed is a paper he presented at the semindr and other related information on his organisation)

Farmers Marketing Corporation

PO Box 60578 Phoenix Arizona 85082-0578 USA

Tel 1-800-8-SAI-1ARA (872-4272) amp (602) 437-4058 Fax 1-(602) 437-0245

3501 East Broadway Phoenix A rizond 85040 USA

Representative Mike Hills Sales Manager (International seed dealer and turf expert)

The Corporation which began as a small fanners cooperative that conditioned and packaged alfalfa seed is a full line company today with a complete supply of seeds for field and turf Specialities are the Bermudagrasses - common and improved turf-types Cereal grains shydurum and red wheats barleys for grain malting and forage oats and hybrid pearl millets Farmers Marketing Corporation has developed markets in the US and around the globe for these products Seed from FMC is shipped to over 50 countries The specific interest of the FMC in this seminar was to market their Numex - Sahara Turf-type Berll1udagrass

Weyerhaeuser Company Tacoma W A 9X477 USA

Teli-(206) 924-5986 amp (206) 924-5901

Representative Bill Grumer General Manager (Fibre v1ulch Inc Selttle Washington)

Weyerhaeuser is a giant (top 100 in USA) fore~try company the Ilrgest producer of forest based exports in the USA ($ 15 biliion year) The company owns about 23 million hectares of land in the US (supposedly the Llrgest landowner after the Federal Government) and has leased about 76 111illion hectares in Canada The company claims to raise about 280000000 seedlings every year Its main interest in the seminar was in the area of vegetation practices for erosion c()ntro and turf maintenance Their two main products to be marketed here are Silva-Fiber and Silva-Tack

Silva-Fiber Wood Fiber Mulch made from virgin wood fibers (Fir tree) mixed in large tank with water seed (turf) and fertiliser 11d sprayed through a nozzle onto the soil Its long fibers


interlock and cling to the soil forming a web-like network that holds the seeds in place The network then acts as a second layer pf soil that denects wind and rain and insulates the seeds It retains moisture to sustain the seeds during dry spells and decomposes and contributes nutrients to the soil but only after the grass has grown enough to act as a soil stabiliser

This product was recommended for 1 wide range of applications including residential lawns highway construction roadside stabilisation as a tackifier over straw for a two-part mulching application commercial lawns and landscape development golf courses athletics fields parks cemeteries mining reclamation site~ pipeline right-of-ways alongside power lines etc In short everywhere that turf grasses are artificially introduced or wherever degraded land has to be made to look green artificially

SilvamiddotTack Concentrated Formula TlCkifier to boost the bonding power of mulch The result is a web-like network of interlocking fibers that cling to the soil to hold seed fertiliser and soil in place stabilise soil and sand control fugitive dust The brochure ltldds When theres high potential for erosion (as is expected on golf courses) - like on steep slopes and in windy areas - it makes sense to use a tackifier as a bonding agent for mulch Without the added protection Mother Natures little surprises (weeds) could destroy your bottom line (sic)

To apply the above two products heavy hydraulic planting equipment was almost made to seem mandatory and particularly the equipment of their principal collaborator Bowei Industries Inc (Hydro mulching equipment) PO Box 93] Texas 76230 USA

Parkway Research Corporation 13802 Chrisman Road Houston Texas 77039 USA

Tel ]-(713) 442-9821 (800) 442-9821 amp (SOD) 256-FOOT Fax l-(713) 590-3353

Parkway Researchs main product blse is custom chemicals (alst) pesticides herbicides etc) for turf horticulture and agriculture They came in with a whole range of products under the brand names Big Foot and Consan Products include

Big Foot WSB a super concentrated temporary colorant Acts as a spray pattern indicator and is great for use with herbicides fungicides pesticides fertilisers amp nutrients Made avaiLlble in sachet (just drop the bag in the sprc1Y tilnk and thats i11l No measuring and no containers to dispose of) or tablet form (convenient for backplCk or pump-up type sprayers)

Aqua Clear WSB Pond lake and fountain dye in pre-measured water soluble bags Adds a natural () beauty to ponds lakes fOllntlins lagoons etc by coloring them a beautiful blue-green color When applied at the recommended rates will not stain birds or fish and is harmless to humans as well as wildli fe Will not disrupt fishing swimrning or irrigation once packlges are dissolved and dispersed however do not svvim fish llr irrigate from ponds treated with Aqul Clear until the Pilcklges have thoroughly dissolved and the contents have disptTsed Runoff may carry this dye to non-desirable regions and lead to colouration of potable water

Consan Triple Action 20 Algaecide and Fungicide For turf against algae brown patch pythium dollar spot fusarium blight rust fading out fairy rings toad stools and leaf spot For trees and ornamentals against blcterial fireblight powdery mildew anthracnose downy mildew botrytis and much more Curative biodegradable non-phytotoxic

Seduction Insect feeding stimulant mel attractant is a formulation of food grade flavorings


and other edible components designed to improve the performance of water based or emulsifiable insecticides Will form a flexible tacky film on plant foliage to improve adherence and the flavoring components improve acceptance by insects Toxic

Other products include flowable charcoal deClctivator (to remove organic toxins such as pesticides or herbicides by adsorptiltm) soil wetting agent (to maximise water management and encouragtmiddot better turf root structure) spray tilnk cleaner and neutraliser (re-emulsifies and suspends spray tank residues so that toxic residues are removed from interior of spray tanks) defoamers and foam suppressant (silicone emulsion prevents foaming in hazardous agricultural turf chemicals that could result in overspill from tanks and severe toxic damage locally) spreadersticker (ensures uniform spreading and sticking of sprayed chemicals onto plant parts) super absorbents (that can store water many times its own weight to release slowly to roots) anti- dessicant sprays (acrylic polymers that forrn a protective coating which reduces moisture loss yet allows th~ passage of carbon dioxide and oxygen as required by plantj) spray safety kits emergency spill kit stickerbinder (resin - glue - technology that spreads sticks and binds herbicides pesticides fungicides etc to target areas) fluorescent dyes for use with hyd raulic fluids I1Cltural color grass paint and SUPER CONCENTRATED GOLF BALL WASH

Parkway also provides turf specific slow-release fertilisers this was highly recommended as the developer would then have to dlpend on imports for such fertilisers are not produced in India

Other Principll Collaborators of Addgrowth

Enviro Green Int Washington State USA

Weskch Ltd Switzerland

American Excelsior Company Arlington Texas USA

Vigoro Industries fnc Los Angeles USA

Key factors stressed during the seminar

1 Traditional golf courses are passe Upgrade them into modern courses resorts

2 Golf is suited very much tll boost upmarket tourism Choose the right location (tourist destination) 1I1d promote it as a tourism project

3 Do not comp romise on quail ty or cost Get the best technology and design to get the best customer response

4 Do not be worried about the topography of the project site or climatic conditions Technology is available to build courses almost anywhere - wetlmds marshes d rylands beaches forests etc

5 Do not be bothered by inconvenient questions of those environmentalists (most envi ronmentllists are hal f-baked cookies and the intellectual capacity and direction they are coming from are su-pect even fanatical All we got to do is please 51 and leave the 5-10 environmentalists in the corner lt1sserts Ronlld Fream)


DESIGN AND BUILD IT

Development Considerations for Long-Term Operational Success of Golf Facilities in India by Ronald W Fream

TherE is an old American saying which st(]tes that The three most irnportant factors in real estatE developnlent are the loc(]tion the location and the location This is especially valid anywhere a golf-related real estnte or resort development project is being considered In addition to this fundament(]1 principle there are several other topics of discussion with regard to golf course development which should but surely do not always receive adequate respect and attention In my preferred order of importance they are ilis it finlt1ncially feasible identify your market and key your development program tn it and Design and build it right the first time til

Golf development has been and continues to be a growing business throughout Asia even during the current economic downturn with the possible exception of Jlt1pan Most countries of the world now have lt1t least one golf course Golf pllt1y is expanding rapidly throughout Asia and is still growing (albeit more slowly) in other parts of the world The popularity of golf continues to increase world-wide with approximately 52OOOO()() (fifty-two million) players around the globlt11 some 27 million of these golfers (He in the United States where they have over 13000 golf courses and more than 6000 practice rnnges to choose from

The huge international market continues to grow at 3 to 4 percent per year even in these difficult economic times The growth of golf as a sport lt1nd a pastime throughout Asia (especially in Japan Taiwan Hong Kong ZlI1d Indonesia) has seen the number of players increase at rates exceeding 10 percent per year France and Germany reached growth rates in new players which approached 15 percent per year in the late 19S0s It is reasonable to anticipate a wide return to neilr double-digit growth rates in golf play around the world once the economic problems of the eltlrly 1990s are behind us

The Japanese are the worlds most enthusiastic gcMers with over 13 million people playing the gamE there at present In 1990

rnore than 95 rnillion rounds of golf were played over lH20 courses in Japan By the year 2000 over 2 million golfers will travel from Japan each year seeking interesting and challenging courses to play For Indil these Japilnese tourist golfers can become a select target market

Singapore with a population appwaching 3 million has about 25 golf courses There are appruximately ten new courses being planned ()r constructed at present in the Guangzhou province of South China mostly to -erve the Hong Kong market while Beijing and Shanghai already have courses of their own Malaysia has about S new courses in construction with mondeg in the planning stage in addition to over 50 existing courses Indonesia with 67 existing courses and 1000000 golfers is rapidly increasing the number of courses it can offer to the golfing public and many of the new developrnents are tourist-oriented Batam Island in Indonesia just offshore from Singapore has six or so golf projects (country clubs and tourist resort destinations) either under construction or recently opened at this writing in an attempt to capture the overflow market from Singltlpore South Korea and Taiwan are seeing a rapid rise in the nllmbers of both golf courses and golfers with the number of players topping 10000 in Taiwan in the last several years The Philippines has long had some attractive tourist golf facilities among its over 4() courses while residential real estate development courses are now finding a keen market around 1anila

Equations DESIGN AND BUILD IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME Page 1

Thailand has seen some twenty or mpre new courses open within the Pltlst two years bringing the Thai total to over 60 courses ilt present with still more in various stages of planning and construction It is projected thilt ThaiLmd will have a minimum of 150 courses in play by 1996 The lTwst recent figures aVililable from the Tourist Authority of Thailand estimate that more than 60000 tourists travelled to Thaibnrl in 19HH solely to play golf There are of course more courses and many more gol fer arrivds by now but exact figures are not at hand While the Bangkok market supports country clubs and residential real estilte golf projects tourist destination resort courses should be 1 priority for golf development in Thailand

Within the six ASEAN countries (Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Philippines Singapore and Brunei) there now are over 270 courses in operation with a projected total of more than 450 courses within five to seven years It has been projected that the total gol f course market in Asia will be about US$500 million by 1997-this figure includes memberships greens fees clubs balls clothing meals beveragtmiddots and other expenses associated with playing golf

The United Kingdom has over 2 million golfers Much of Europe and Scandinavia have seen a rapid expansion in golf in the past eight years or so with private clubs and open-to-the-public golf facilities for local residents and tourists alike France Germany and Portugal are important ernerging golf areas and Italy is also beginning to discover golf Both Tunisia and Morocco in North Africa are promoting and encournging the development of golfing destinations as a means of broadening their tourist l11lrket and Turkey is beginning to see the wisdom of pursuing this lucrative I1lltllket also The Caribbean region has long been a sunshine golf destination Tourist-oriented golf development feeds off of local players whether private club members of daily fee public course golfers

The Asia-Pacific Basin is il huge ilnd growing mlrket for all manner of consumer goods and services Today some 25 of all w(r1d air travel takes place within this region and Boeing (the giant US ilircraft manufacturer) projects that by the yeilr 2010 this figure will rise to represent 40 of the total Air travel within Chinil is projected to grow by 25 per year for at least the next five years The Golden Tricmgle of Greater China - The Chinese Economic Area (Shanghai and Jiangsu Fujiar and Guangdong provinces) Hong Kong and Taiwan - is projected to have a lilrger economic share of world trade than jilpnn by the end of this century (According to some recent World Smk statistics China may already in fact be the worlds third largest economy after the USA ltHId jJpcm) A5EAN those six growing figures of Southeast Asia are 330 million residltnls strong nnd increasingly wealthy and Myanmar now seeks to join this associiltion as well Viet Nam with a population of 70 million and growing adds another economic factor Japiln and Kore1 each a present and continuing power both economicall y and in terms of popuLltion together bring about 170 rrdllion more inhabitants into the Asia Pacific Basin equation In additifin to resident use of any planned facilities international tourism both within and to these countries is becoming a large and attractive market Tourism both within Asia and into Asia from elsewhere throughout the world will be a major economic and social fact(r in the coming century

According to Pata Travel News the six ASEAN countries recorded some 40 million inbound arrivals in 199] 63 (25 million) of these were from within Asia itself Over 60 of visitors arriving in Thailand were coming from elsewhere in Asil Malaysia received 86 of its visitors (55 million arrivals approximately) from within Asia and Singapore registered 68 (over 5 million) of incoming trwellcrs as originating within Asia Indonesia reported about 63 (over 25 million) of its arrivals as intra-Asian trilvel India obtained about 11 million of its arrivals from within Asia These statistics only serve to point up the fact that business and pleasure travel is substantial and significant in the Asian region If only 2 or 3 percent of those travellers play golf this represents anywhele from HOOOOO to 12 million potential golfers

India sits at the edge of the ASEAt region and is also served by convenient and reliable air service from Japan and Taiwan European air travel to India is increZising in both convenience


and frequency as well The growth in the number of golfers in Europe and the Pacific Basin merely serves to increase the numbers of potential golfers who might be attracted to golf in India It is therefore well situated to d raw foreign tourist gol fers from the Asian-Pacific region (the ASEAN cuuntries and Japan in particular) and from among traveling European golfers

The distance from the United States to India both in kilometers and in time will limit the number of golfing visitors from North America The Anlerican market for golf tourism to India will always remain modest due to the more ready accessibility of other golf destinations While select groups of highly sophisticated golfers from North Anlerica will doubtless form a small portion of the market targeting North American golf consumers as a market for international membership sales and or large numbers of tourist golfers is not a good investment of ones available promotional or marketing budget

By the year 2000 some demographic projections and educated estimntes suggest that nearly 30 percent of the residents of Asia will be in their 30s and 40s-the prime earning and spending years during which individuals are increasingly driven to seek both prestige and leisure activities People in this age bracket typically become much more motivated to acquire the hallmarks of success purchasing real estate pursuing relatively expensive high profile leisure activities and joining clubs and other social organizations

Growth in the middle and entreprellueurial classes within India brings more prospective or potential golfers into the domestic Indiltln market intra-Indian business travel adds market potential for conference center golf bcilities If only one half of one percent of Indian citizens become golfers in the next ten year~ (which would be well behind average growth rates in other countries) there will be some it million new players seeking venues for their recreation

Golf development can create a new industry or expand the attraction of an existing area Multi use facilities which combine resort residential housing golf courses tennis water sports hotel and or conference meeting and seminar facilities with scenic beauty natural attractions historic interest and or other cultural features have ready-made potential in India India has cultural social architecturll environmental culinary and historic attractions which can serve as a complement to tourist-oriented golf facilities In-country and international golf tourism offers India a new green and clean industry which can attract and serve a growing market

Many places in India have strong pntential to become a unique stopnver between Frankfurt and Bangkok or other foreign destinltiol1s while New Delhi Bangalore and Bombay are well situated to become part of a triangular package with other major Asian cities Hong Kong Singapore Bnngkok Tokyo This linkage call favor wintertime travel patterns when Europeans from northern climates seek sunshine and warm weather-most of India is much warmer in winter than Frankfurt or Stockholm or Paris A stop in India en route to the golf resorts of Thailand Indonesia or Malaysia would add memorable variety to the tour Goa and other warm weltlther locations could complete with Thailand Indonesia or Malaysia for golf-oriented winter snow bird travelers India can become a prime destination (rather than merely a stopover point) if approprLlte filCilities ilre ilvilililble

There are many questions to be asked and answered when considering golf development Each project is unique and the questions and answer~ will of necessity vary I offer the following list of subjects for early investigatinn based upon my many years of experience in these matters From what source(s) will the development financing come What is the overall program for the project What is its basis Is there a market for the proposed project Where is that market Who is the end-user of this facility Are the site the development program the objectives of the owner and the proposed facilities all feasible Are they compatible with one another and with the intended market How is the mClster plCln to be developed How does one choose a gtite for a golf course Vhlt type of golf facility is suitable for the location What other amenities if any should be included 1S part of the development Will residential andor

Equarions DESIGN AND BUILD IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME Page 3

second home housing a hotel an office business park be pMt of the plzll1ning process What type and size of hotel if any is ltlpp ropriate to the project What type of golf course will serve the target market most effectively Do the design and size of the clubhouse meet the needs of project both functionally and economically Should room for expmsion of the golf facilities at some later dltlte be built into the plltlnning process Whltlt is the phasing schedule for the development How many golf projects will a given areZi or region realistically be able to financially support How and to whom should the project be marketed Will the owner developer be the operator of the completed project or will a professional management team be hired What grass varieties which are suitltlble for golf turf can be successfully grown and maintained in this area Whltlt i the lltlndscape planting concept How do we maintain the golf course

The answers to mltlny of these qmstions start and end in the phrase location location location It takes more than a CEOs title or a scratch handicltlp to cleltlrly evaluate a single site or select ltltnong several sites in choosing the property for ltl golf development project Location relates to access and infrastructure as well ltlS geographic and environmental factors Asse~sment of a site or sites to confirm basic suitability for golf development is a function which should be left to the knowledgeable not the inexperienced It mllst be part of the golf architects services to help the owner or developer identity the potential of the local or other desired market and to creltlte lt1 program lt1nd design concept which is financially and operationally adapted to that site and target mlt1rket

Creative golf development design and planning which carefully considers the various factors of location target mMket financilt11 feasibility local competition client expectations and are potentials must be an integrated process fv1lt1ny projects in Asia today suffer from megalomania More is better Bigg~r is better if it works in Singapore or Honolulu then surely we can do it here This mentality is al most a death wish in the highly competitive usermiddotdriven field of golf project mltlrketing Ego-driven projects lacking in realistic market objectives and financial practicltllity (Ire dropping financiers farther ltlnd faster as time goes on Many of these mega-projects (lfe not much more than grandiose schemes hoping to capture some of the speculative frenzy now cOlnmon in the Asiltln real estate market Little in their

Golf Development Options

o Daily fee open-to-all publiC courses preferably with golf teltlching academies (These can be either stand-alone recreation facilities or an arnenity of a residential community or business plt1rk development)

o Public cou rses for destinltltioll resorts and or business meeting conference centers (Teaching facilities are a necessity in this case due to the nature of the clientele)

o Semi-privltlte courses supported Iltlrgely or partly by membership fees with provision for some dltlily fee plltly by non-members (Again these cltln be part of resort or residential community developments)

o Privltlte clubs open to members only with limited provision for nonmember playas guests of members (These are usually the focal point of a residential development but can be successfully operated as stand ltllone faciliti~s in or near large population centers)

By and large it should bc rcnlCIIIJcrcd that greater public access to a course means higher profitability


planning or development reflects my awareness of or preparation for the long-term repercussions Successfully project 1fe the result of carefully considered and carefully implemented plans and objectives Erroneous or short-sighted planning solutions create problems which can later become (It best a chronic financial herrlOrrhage (lnd at worst a terminal cancer for any project

Too often golf projects are looked upon as an extension of the would-be developerS love of the game Golf seems to blur the senses toward financial marketing and operational realities Not every golf development project is (1uton1aticcl1ly guaranteed to be (I profit-making venture Without a carefully conceived program for development without a clearly identified and confirmed market with excessive ambition and ego motivation acting in place of sound well documented business and financial decisions problems will occur

Market analysiS and feasibility studies prepared by experienced and knowledgeable firms can help on ownerdeveloper to clearly target the potentials of the proposed market In some areas within India comparable projtcts do not exist Trying to crystal bal the future to establish just who what and where the market is can be difficult Having a golf architectural consultant with a broad view which is backed by long standing worldwide experience can help to determine what the potentiab of a site and market could be in the absence of local data upon which to base a comparison

Once a market (or a series of interrelated markets) have been identified careful inspection and analysis of the proposed site(s) is necessary Not every site will lt1utomntically accommodate any project Preconceived ideas or design objectives borrowed from elsewhere may not fit properly on your site Given the wide diversity of possible markets or sources of clientele for many of the potential golf sites in India a very careful evaluation of the scope of a project must occur Single target markets me likely to be few with multiple market uses as the common appn)lCh The more diverse clnd therefore complex the market potential the more intense and insightful the conceptual planning process must be

For this reason nnd many others great care must be exercised in following the four pillars of successful gol f development which r mentioned at the beginning (If this presentation location financial fensibility market orientation and proper design and construction One or more of these factors have been too often overlooked Haste toward income pllld uction at the expense of detailed planning and correct construction techniques shortsightedness the desire to be first III completion operation lack or previous dtvelopl11ent experience and speculative greed have all contributed to the creation of projects which have but dim prospects for the future Broad experience in golf course planning and design are among the important elements which the professional golf course architect contributes to the success of the project

Not every golf architect or w()uld-bt architect views a piece of property with the same vision and awareness A successful project must be founded upon site-specific location-specific fundamentals While use f signature name pro golf designers almost always means higher front-end costs it does not assure or guarantee quality results or golfer-pleasing facilities The projtct must be creatively planned to be successful by attracting the attention and holding the interest of the target market satisfying players at all levels of ability and providing more than was expected for less than might hwe been charged The golf design must offer memorable and fair playing conditions for all golfers not just professionals or those few amateurs with single-figure handicnps

Location location location A knowledgeable and conscientious golf course architect admits that not every site or area is right for golf Accessibility hospitable and attractive natural environment convenience to pOpULlkd areas reliable infrastructure (including a source of water suitable for golf course irrig1tion) visually acceptable surroundings proximity to a modern airport and or highway and or rail station all these are part nf the location equation Such relative intangibles as friendly people the uniqueness pf nntive culture and cuisine


cleanliness and acceptable local public health standards must ltllso be considered And the final balance point is as always the ilbility to provide client services which meet sophisticated modern expectations Investors in qU11ity-oriented golf development projects must learn from the speculative mistakes of the recent Pltlst and of some on-going projects ltlS well

Ever-escalating concerns regarding environmental destruction groundwater pollution population displilcement loss of arabIc land the elitist public image of the game itself and other negative perceptions of gol f development all do have an unfortunate basis in fact Golt development certainly can and increasingly must be carried out in harmony with existing local environmental social and political factors The golf course architect must keep these legitimate and increasingly serious public concerns thoroughly in mind during the design process and especially throughout construction Landscape architectural and ecological awareness should be on integral part of each service the golf designer provides in order to insure harmony throughout the project and compatibility with the surrounding area Ideally the golf course (and indeed the enttre project) should look like it belongs to its site to its site as though it had evolved naturally from the terrain and vegetation all around it

Golf courses are typically HI holes on 5()-7S ha of land although topographic and environmental fKtors can cause wide vlfiatiom in the total Imd requirement Depending upon desired land uses in the 1djacent areas anywhere from 10() to several hundred hectares of land could be pelft of the golf development project The maximum caplcity per day for eighteen holes of golf will vary s(lmewhat dependent upon the season of the year and operational objectives of a given prpject On average however between 150-250 rounds per day is a reasonable goal Country club courses may wish to restrict the volume of play while open-to-the-public daily fee courses md Illany resorts try to maximize the number of players High summer temperatures (or year-round temperatures in some seaside tropical regions) limit mid day play In some locatiolls night lighting of a portion of a course or the practice facilities can help to extend plilyer wage during hot weather Covenmiddotd feeing areas on practice driving ranges can permit practice even during rainy periods

Depending upon the area of the sik the location the market to be served and the adjacent land uses 27 36 or even more holes of golf could be pcut of a Intionnl Master Plnn A master plan should be just that - n bold envisioning of both the immediate and the long-range possibilities of the site including provision for reasonnble anticipnted or potential future expansion Economies of scale broader market appeal increased attractiveness to the variety-hungry golfer longer duration of user stay lL the facility and a perception of greater prestige or quality can all influence the choice t) develop more than 1 K holes Overcrowded resort courses create public relation- problems ilt1d dissatisfied guests milny of whom may never return Twenty-seven and thirty-six hole resort projects provide prestige and attraction which is helpful in marketing a real golf destination A single 1 R-hlllt resort course seldom sells as well as does the availability )f 27 or more holes Residential and country club courses can function well as 18 holes but even in these situations expansion to 27 or 36 holes may be a reltlsonable long-term option or consideration Different courses which take fullest possible advantnge of their individual settings each with its own character and challenge can more effectively attract golfers than only one course however well designed since variety is a major element of the gol fers interest

It is a safe to assume that residentinl real estnte golf will increase in popularity in India over the coming years The success or failure of such projects is largely dependent upon the creativity and thoroughness of the master planning for the entire project Land use master planning which includes golf whether as an executive short course il single regulation 18 or more than lf1 holes must be undertaken by someone who keeps golf safety strategy and visual aesthetics clearly in mind Proper and credtive master planning can result in providing homesites which front on the golf Ct)urse This visual exposure to golf which in effect places a well-maintained park in the residents back yard clearly add significant sales appeal and


substantial value to the home

On sites of the limited land surface short executive style courses or courses similar to our highly popular and successful 918-hole twin green course concept can offer interest challenge and enjoyment without sacrificing golfer prestige on sites ranging in size from 15ha up to 30 or 40 ha This type of course is especially attractive to busy working golfers because it offers the opportunity of a quick round during a lunch break or after office hours Night lighting of such facilities especially those in or close to large urban centers can be considered in places where evening temperatuns Me rnild and daylight hours are relatively short Such twin green executive courses can ellso serve as the second or third course at a resort destination

In India it is important to provide locations where people can be correctly taught to play golf Golf teaching centers are the breeding ground for more golfers Overcrowded country clubs are no place to properly learn to play Colf teaching schools or golf academy concepts can be either free-standing or part of a resort residential or even country club golf development they can also be a highly successful element of a daily fee open to all golf facility A parcel as small as 5ha can provide on area suffi( ient to creilte an innovative and comprehensive golf instruction and practice facility althlHlgh an area of H-15h would be preferred Golf academies can be used to attract new players and to help experienced golfers improve their game These facilities also benefit from night lighting incresing their profitability by allowing greater flexibility in hours of operation Knowledgeable personal be teaching pros friendly well informed managers well maintained facilities all these are essential to the success of such centers

Each golf course design solution mUit be site-specific custom tailored to the precise needs of both the owner and the target market and to the exact local conditions of the project and should direct and make use of the ownerdevelopers financial investment in a manner which insures a profitable return over the long term of the projects potentiJI life span Golf design must be compatible with and complimentary to land uses in adjacent areas

Master planning of a multi-use projtct and the design of the golf course it is to contain must go together h1nd-in-hand The designer of the golf course needs to understand and bear in mind the overall results of master piltlnning decisions Master planning choices must reflect the specifics of the site and the market tl be served The owners overll1 market and development components need to be carefully adapted onto the site The golf course design must integrate fully into these wider planning objectives

The absence of coordination by the gll]f course designer with other project consultants andor a lack of understJnding on the goll architects part as to the need for integrated mutually compatible design solutions which benefit and enhance the areas djacent to the golf course as well as the course itself has become a serious fault with many projects

Tunnel vision will result when the golf course designer knows or thinks only golf without comprehending the entire planning process Disregard to the subtle factors of superior design solutions based on the assumption that any 18 banana-shaped blobs placed will-nilly on the master plan will be sufficient is another type of tunnel vision which afflicts some land planners Intelligent and talented design solutions must be site-specific not stereotyped rubber-stamp copies of earlier results achieved elsewhere Design solutions need to be visionary creative and carefully lttuned to the requirements of all caliber of players Designing only for superior players is not an effective means to encourage the return play which is the financial life-blood of (l golf development Design solutions which consider the particular environment social climate labor availability and end-us market of the individual project and site will help to assure that projects success

Financial feasibility and market suitability are the defining and deciding factors In how the


resort or residential golf project is tIl be designed built and promoted For instance some areas of India have strong potentiClI for business clientele but poor tourist rnarketability Other regions are prime target markets for real estate-related golf projects including primary home and retirement communities Clnd lor second home investment opportunity projects Residential re1 estate golf projects are only beginning to test the IndiCln market but as the middle-class economy grows so will the demand for these types of communities

A slightly more elaborate type of geM development Quite suitable in several areas of India which are experiencing rapid technological growth would be a high-technology businessloffice park of well designed buildings centered on an attractive open-to-the-public daily fee golf course The course then serves not only as a recreational amenity for the business people and local residents but also as a permanent green belt and scenic open space with the development

While most major cities in IndiCl with popubtions of over 300-3S(lOOO will sooner or later be able to support a private country club daily fee courses open to myone able to pay a greens fee can also be operated as successful businesses near the larger Indian cities Daily fee courses can be less expensive to develop with simple but comfortable clubhouse facilities LOWE development costs yield quicker profits at lower greens fees

Golf tourism is another Clspect of the Indian market which has strong growth opportunities As the middle class of the ecol1onic spectrum increases in number more Indian will be able to travel both Oil holiday and for business Regional and intercontinental tourist travel can also incre1se There are many one-of-a-kind sites within India which could host destination golf resorts Some existing resort hotels would increase their market attrlCtiveness by adding golf

The short-term objectives of many speculative or opportunistic gol f developers focus on country clubs where in-country or out-of-country memberships cltm be sold up front and quickly to optimistic buyers The long-term outlook for such pwjects is variable depending upon the locCltion and the quality llf the end-product It is possible to design build and operate a successful country club course fundtd primarily by membership sales member participation and sales of adjacent real estate in order to remain finlt1ncially stable New membership clubs which are located in proximity to the mlt1jor cities of India do have strong potential esptcially in light of the fnd that many existing membership clubs have long waiting lists However pure mernbership clubs must be designed and operated as such While private clubs are the least likely of all golf ventures to earn profits over the long term experienced professional operators can help to assure their success

Financial Feasibility and Market Orientation

o Will the cost of implementing the proposed design solution by surpassed by the income potential of the project bearing in mind its location and likely end users

o Have all of the variable factors involved in short and long- term project use (seasonal weather and travel patterns changes in med ian age of target popuLltion changes in social factors among local population clusters ando target market denlOgraphics etc) been considered during the design development process

o Can the project be designed built and rnaintclined changing needs of the tHget market over time

to suit the


Tourist golf developments (thnt is resorts which have golf as either a focal point of or a complement to the other destination facilities) have a very good future India provided again that the location is right and that the facilities offered meet the expectations of the target market Not just only site or location has tourist golf potential and proper golf is much more than 18 holes of grass spread arbitrarily over a plot of land Tourist-attracting golf sites must be of exceptional scenic beauty and the golf should appear to have developed naturally from the site itself rather than being inlposed upon it The course(s) should offer something distinctive and challenging Dramatic unconventional sites (whether cultura geologic topographic architectural environmental or historic) add interest to a golf course development project

The single most important fact to benr in rnind is thnt travelling golfers do not travel to destinations which hnve no golf Tourist golfers also do not return to boring unfair or poorly maintained courses India will not benefit from the golfer tourist market until proper golf courses which meet international stmdards are in place ltlnd open for play just as discriminating tourists do not come unless quality hotel accolTulwdations are available One-star hotels and mediocre golf c(urses do not serve the golfing market and do not attract the sophisticated golfer

India is missing some part of over 50 million of the more sophisticated interesting and upmarket tourists travelling todltlY bv not having m established golf tourisrn industry of any SCOptmiddot or size Golfers travelling on bllsiness are also a market which should not be ignored as business meeting groups and profesional conferences can be attracted to properly equipped creatively designed well run golf reorts Asian regional business meetings and conventions could be drawn to India specifically by the availability of creative and interesting golf facilities It is becoming increasingly more common to see companies seek out conference resort golf locations as rneeting sites

As golf becomes ltlvailable in more and more areas competition between golf projects within a given country or regions also becornes more comrnon Mediocre projects poorly conceived and executed lead to financial disaster High quality golfer-attracting ltlnd golfer pleasing facilities which offer good value fm the money are essential elements of any type of golf development project

Golfers are by and large better educated and more sophisticated than the average tourist of resident Sooner rather than later they learn to distinguish between the boring or ordinary and the unique the memorable the chlllenging bull in short the creative non-stereotypical golf course For this reason no two courses should be sirnilar especially in multiple-course projects Stereotyped or repetitive designs are ltI sure turnoff for variety-hungry golfers Sites and courses which are more uncommon dramalic or spectacular in appearance and playing chalh=nge mdor those located in (ne-of-a-kind settings provide (ven greater attraction for the avid golf enthusiltlst Golfers ale always seeking out new different more interesting courses but they will not return to boring courses Courses which lre excessively difficult or unfair will likewise discourage repeat play and the essential word-of-mouth 1dvertising which are critical to the financial survival (If golf facilities

The resort or residential real estate project adjaccmiddotnt to the golf must be similarly sophisticated and attractive It is not the totdl nunlber of building sites which create the financial success of a project but how well each is positioned and how quickly and profitably they will sell The clubhouse facilities must also be designed by knowledgeable professionals to serve the specific needs of golfers in both form and function Both the size and the overall design of the clubhouse must be guided by the g(llf ]rchitect and an experienced golf clubhouse architect

Daily fee run for a profit open to all who pay courses can become a growth industry in India particularly when combined with a proper prltlctice and teaching facility Daily fee courses will earn a greater profit than would a private course if effectively designed and properly

Equations DESIGN AND BUILD IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME Page9

operated Locating and retaining staff personnel who are highly people-oriented (especially the golf manager and the teaching pmfessional) is essential to the success of both daily fee and resort gol f operations

Golf course architects must also consider construction economics and budgetary matters as the design evolves Excessive costs for construction andor long-term maintenance can all too easily be designed-in by a short-sighted or inexperienced golf course architect Creating a spectacular design which cannot be implemented within the owners construction budget requiring an irrigation system which cannot be successfully maintained with local parts and expertise or designing features which look great on paper but will inevitably bring long-term turf maintenance headaches does n()t serve the financial interests of the ownerl developer Many are the former developers 01 golf projects who are now in much poorer financial condition because their designers failed to look ahead to construction feasibility and operational economics

Construction of golf courses can be ery expensive involved and time-consuming-it is a task best not left to amateurs But it should also be remembered that more is not necessarily better with regard to golf construction costs The results of efficient work within modest budgets can often equal and sometimes surpass high-priced gold-plated efforts in terms of playability and golfer enthusiasm

Correct golf development constructi()n must be based upon intelligent understandable and functional working drawings which have been prepared by the golf course designer to match the specific conditions of the site N(it every architect or would-be designer of golf can read a topographic map or fully comprehend the distinction between clean sand and loamy soil Choices as to which turfgrasses and what varieties of trees and lor other landscaping materials are to be used for the project are also best made and directed by your golf course architect Many financially disruptive short-and long-term problems arise as the result of insufficient design studies in adequate construction working drawings med iocre technical specifications and a general lack of sufficient technicalknowledge in the myriad disciplines related to golf course design The ability to play golf well does not make one an agronomist landscape horticulturist or earthworks engineer

Proper construction of sound financillly successful golf facilities occllrs when skilled and knowledgeable construction personnel are guidtd by properly prepared working drawings comprehensive technical specifications concise detail contour drlwings and careful supervision of construction materills and practices over the entire time of building the course In-the-field hand waving inspired imprompt design revision and design by tractor operator are l10t cost-effective ways to realize exceptional design results Extemporaneous design

Design and Construction Considerations

o Is the proposed design realistically achievable within the developers construction bu d get

o em the architect provide clear readily understandable construction drawings which can be easily implemented

o Does the contractor hltlve sufficient prior golf construction experience to properly interpret the architects design intent

o Can the course as dCsigned and built be maintained to acceptable standards using locally )Vlilable products and labour


changes in the field regardless of how crentive the concept or how suitJD]e the result can and surely do disrupt budgets Your golf architect must provide a complete and comprehensive set of construction working drJwings Jnd technical specifications for all aspects of golf course construction including greensite contour shaping drainJge Jnd irrigation system engineering and golf course landscape architecture Thorough working drawings can be implemented by hand labor or with machines as the requirements of each site and project may dictate

[t must be remembered that long-tern problems evolve (or arise sometimes with astonishing speed) from faulty or incomplete working drawings Sketch plans executed in the field leave much room for mistakes and poorly thought out solutions Contrnctors should not have to make critical design decisions this is whnt you pay the golf architect to do Construction personnel who know golf course building methods can and do help to achieve superior design results But permitting a tractor-oper)tor to design and build the facilities by guess work and intuilion which too often comes to p1SS in the absence of clear and reliable working drawings is a poor substitute for the creative vision Jnd practical training which should be provided by the golf architect

Sincere efforts by construction personnel struggling to mnke do without detailed and understandable working drawings however well-intentioned or inspired they may be too often yield cost overruns monotonous nnd repetitious contouring creation of areas which may look terrific in the field but are impossible to IHltlintain and less than inspirational playing conditions Owners who attempt to di rect or be involved in construction works without the proper knowledge skill and background experience too often lead to generally inferior or mediocre results Disregard for proptr constructicln procedures nnd the use of short-cuts will result in added expense lltlter on Frequent inspections of the construction work by qualified and knowledgeable golf ltlrchitecturll personnel to insure contractor compliance with the architects design intent and also to provide proper and timely technical support for any problems which may arise during construction should be included in the basic services offered

A full-time construction supervisor is one of the most intelligent (poundlnd most quickly rapid) investments an ownerdeveloper can make Often it is the misconception of the owner that any local contractor is suitable to direct as well as implement construction and irrigation system installation regardless of whether thlt contractors prior experience includes successful quality-conscious completion of previolls golf course work In India few contractors thoroughly understand or are familiar with the techniques and methods of proper golf construction fewer still can satisfactorily read the precise highly detailed working drawings required for golf course constructipn without t~xpert guidance Many avoidable problems design weaknesses and buried mistlkes occur due to lack of knowledgeable hands-on daily supervision and inspection of contruction works by full-time experienced construction supervisory personnel

Golf course turfgrass management is a vital essential and unending component of the success or failure of a golf development Regardless of the creativity of the design the desirability of the location or the marketability of the overall project mediocre maintenance will doom a golf project to failure Many turfgrass mlintenance problems which are the result of deficiencies omisions or oversights in either the design and working drawing production process the selection of the particular turfgras~ varieties specified or the construction materials and practices frequently emerge only afler the course is open for play at which point they are expensive and inconvenient to correct

Todays golfer expects turf maintenance standards better than those which were typically found on most courses only ten yelrs ago Because of this turfgrass maintenance makes or breaks any golf course The golf architect mList therefore be able to design to meet reasonable and lttainable local standards A superb course designed by a famous name and developed


for huge sums of money can promptly deteriorlt1te into an unplaYlt1ble rness as a result of inadequate or uninformed turfgrass maintenance A well-schooled and well-trained golf course superintendent can make even a flat boring monotonous course seem and play for better than its actual design with intelligtntly applied maintenmce practices PRofessional university-educated golf course superintendents are rltlre in Indiltl Training of local personnel under the direction of an expatriltlk professional golf course superintendent or consulting agronomist can help to educate and improve the ltlbility of local rnaintenance staff It should always be borne in mind however thltlt there is only one II Augustltl National and not every course can or should try to approach the superb and exceptionally high maintenance standards achieved there

Once begun turfgrass maintenance becomes and must remain an on-going daily activity Not every gardener or greens committee chnir is knowledgeable in turfgrass mnintenance - in fact few are properly qualified to direct the turfgrass maintenance program of any course which seeks to be considered modern or above-average today Even the right locntion and the right design product for the tatget market can degenerate into a financiltll d rain without consistent use of modern and correct turfgrass managenlent expertise Reasonable pillying conditions and acceptable levels of turf quality He vi)riable reflecting the specific objectives of each individual course

Use of professionlll educated turfgrass lYlanllgement practices which lire guided by a knowledgeable golf architect lldds vllue to your project by increllsing its visual appeal and lengthening its useful life Obtaining and retaining a competent gulf course superintendent must be a fundamental element in tht operational program of the golf course Proper turfgrass maintenance should be viewed as the insurance policy which guarantees the long-term viability of your golf project by assuring its continued quality Your golf architect should be able to not only assist you in preparing the maintenance equipment list and budget but also to help you secure the services of a ~uitable superintendent or greenskeeper

short-term long-term and any-term pmblerns emerging from the golf course design process generally owe their basis to insufficient experience concern or awareness on the part of the golf architect Professional golf course architects who nre knowledgeable widely experienced dedicnted to Ihe owners benefit and able to maintain a broad long-range perspective can help to assure the financial and operationill success of the golf course project

The benefits of including well thought out creatively designed and properly constructed golf c()ur~es in the long-term development strategy of an nrea or region are manifold Golf development has created new souros for jobs and has attracted foreign currency and tourist traffic in many countries lndill can and should benefit from this same potential Golfers fill hotel rooms hire taxis and rental CHS purchase handicrafts and artwork dine out at both upscale foreign and small traditional restaurants and upon their return to their native land call attention to the region or country they have just enjoyed-which in turn attracts more golf and non-golf tourists Hnving golf courses of international pillying stnndard can draw new visitors ns well ns encourage visitors who did not originally come for the golf to extend the duration of their stay In-country commerce will also expand and benefit from golf residential and second-home developments

Week-end three-day and cool season golf markets can be created with the New Delhi Bangalore or Bombay to Bangkok Singapore Hong Kong and Tokyn regional link Golfers worldwide who are seeking a new golf destination would surely consider India given first-class internationally competitive facilities at h11Id Every new source of up-scale mid-to top-market tourists has multiple benefits to Indias economy Golfers lire (lvailable desirable and attainable but appropriate golfing facilities must be in place first in order to attract the golfers

From the ch(lice of a location to a~sistmce in finding the right superintendent a properly


educated well-trnined professionLlI finn of experienced golf development planners and golf architects can help to assure the long-term success of your project Before you choose your site your construction contrnctor or your operations start choose your golf architect carefully and well Then rely on the expert you have hired to lssist you in making the criticLlI decisions of where what when and how Remember the right choices up front will earn you income later on


Golfplan - The Ronald Fream Design Group

Golfplan-The Honald Fream Design Croup Ltd has been providing golf course planning and design services in North America and Asia since 1972 and in Europe the Caribbean and Africa since 1973 Golfplan was founded by Ronald Fream who began his career in golf architecture in 1966 with Robert Trent Jones Inc following six years of university education which emphasized ornamental horticulture landscape design soil science botanical science turfgrass manClgement and eCOlogy

Services hClve been provided in 50 countries on six continents under almost every imaginable climatic and ecological situation Board international experience from arctic to tropics to desert provides a unique foundation for decision making This wide environmental cultural and geographical experience when combined with a university educated team of professional designers landsca pe architects grap hic artists horticulturists h yd raulic and civil engineers agronomists and construction specialists results in completed projects of exceptionally high quality with site specific solutions thClt are environmentally harmonious The Golfplan staff are university educated professional deSigners L1I1d architects not golfers professing to be designers

The Colfplan gOClI is to help the client achieve J mClrket-oriented i1l1d financially successful design solution with a design appw(]ch that is visionary innovative creative user-friendly environmentally attuned non-stereotypelt and marketable Golfplans designs are always one of a kind and site-specific never mirror images or duplications of other courses We emphasize traditiomll and historic de-gtign Trademarks and stereotyped repetition do not occur at Golfplan If there is a theme it b that each course is of high quality naturalistic and is distinctly individual

A comprehen~ive approach which gi ves careful attention to the golf and to all elements of the project is fundamental Land use master planning landscape architecture clubhouse architecture construction economics and efficiency long term maintenltlI1ce and appropriate ecological considerations are integral to our design process We are very concerned about the interrelationships and overall ambience and aesthetics of each elemtnt of the project not only the golf course we are concerned about the financial viability of the development program and owner objectives Colfplans services are hands-on peronalized and timely Working drawings prepared by Colfplan are second to none in thorough practical competence Greensite contour sculpturing detail drawings are individually creClted Agronomic turfgrass management consultation is part of our continuing service to help assure long term quality and playability

Colfplan has produced singularly distinctive courses in demanding environments Kerigolf Oulu and NordCentre in FinlClnd Mllndals Golfklubb in Sweden Fregate CoIf Club and Golf darcangues in France Coif Ei Kantaoul and Dunes de Tabarka in Tunisia Palm Hills in Okinawa Saujana and the Awana courses in Malaysia and the Sentnsa Serapong Course in Singapore Harbor span the world all are highly regarded as unique solutions in unique situations Recent projects include an 18 hole chcllnpionship course designed for the Sultan of Brunei the 27 hole Panya Ind ra course nelt1r Bangkok the 27 hole Col f EuroDisney Resort course near Paris Coif de Montpellier Massane Golf de Cap d Agde and Golf de Fregate in the South of France the 36 hole Asiima Country Club neH Seoul Tndah Puri at Batam Island in Indonesia dnd Cuam Internationll CoIf Course Orient Country Club at TaIpei opens soon Three projects ilre under way in the Peoples Republic of China

In the United States Colfplan has produced well regarded public and municipal courses

EquaTions Gofplan The Ronald Fream Design Group Page 1

Including Windsor Golf Club in Sonoma Country tlnd Ktlytlk Point Golf Course north of Everett Washington Carmel Mount1in Ranch in Stln Diego and Desert Falls in the Palm Springs resort area are distinctive residential and resort projects Redhawk Golf Course at Temecula north of San Diego and Oakhurst Country Club east of San Francisco were selected by California Golf magazine as the two best new courses in California for 1991

Golfplml currelltly has clients ill 20 coultries extellding from- The Netherlands to Morocco Eastern Siberil1 to Scotts ValleJj Cal1jomia Mallila to Sl7bah Malaysia alld Cipall17S West Java Indonesia1

Equations Golfplan - The Ronald Fream Design Group Page 2

RONALD W FREAM

Creative Director Golf Course Planning Consultant Golf Course Architect Horticulturist

Educational Background

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Postgraduate work in College of Agriculture Agronomy Department course work emphasis in Turfgrass Management Ecology and Soil Science 1965

CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY Pomona California Bachelor of Science in Ornamental Horticulture emphasis in Botanical Science Soild Science and Turfgrass Management 1962-1964

LOS ANGELES PIERCE COLLEGE Woodland Hills California

Associate of Arts Degree in Ornamental Horticulture 1960-1962 Emphasis in Botanical Sciences Landscape Design and Ornamental Horticultural studies

Professional Experience

1972 - Present Golfplan-The Ronals Fream Design Group Ltd

Chairman of the Board Chief Executive Officer With over 25 years of golf course architectural experience in more than 50 countries Mr Fream provides strong direction in conceptual planning golf course design construction supervision and turfgrass management As Golf Course Architect for Fream I Storm Associates Ltd Mr Fream partiCipated in the design of courses throughout the western United States Collaboration with fivemiddottime British Open Champion Peter Thompson golf architect Michael Wolveridge of Melbourne and the late Commander John D Harris of London in providing golf course land use planning golf course architectural and turfgrass management services of unparalleled quality to clients around the world Golfplan and Mr Fream provide creative innovative nonstereotyped and site-specific planning and design solutions

1971 1972 Robert Muir Graves

Golf Course Architect Golf Course Architectural associate specializing in project design construction inspections and turfgrass management consultation

1970 Robe1 F Lawrence

Golf Course Architect Construction Superintendent Green Valley Country Club Arizona

1966middot1969 Robert Trent Jones Inc

Golf Course Design Associate I Turfgrass Horticulturist Responsible for golf course architect liaison with planning firms site analysts golf course and landscape design specification writing cost estimating construction inspection turfgrass management consultation and construction supervision

Related Experience

Ronald Fream is a frequent contributor to technical magazines and other golfing publications Articles on various and diverse aspects of golf course deSign construction and turfgrass maintenance have appeared in publications in ten countries

Technical Consultant and Contributing Photographer to The World Atlas of Golf 1976 Mitchell Beazley Ltd Publisher London Contributing co-author and contributing photographer to World of Golf by Tom Ramsey 1977 Paul Hamlyn Pty publisher Sydney Australia

Mr Fream has been a featured speaker at turfgrass and trade association conference throughout the United States and in eight other countries including USGA and PGA of America seminar programs He also presents an annual seminar program to Turfgrass Management students at California State Polytechnic University

Recipient of Alumni of the Year award 1978 Ornamental Horticulture Department California State PolytechniC University Recipient of Distinguished Alumnus 1979 School of Agriculture California State PolytechniC University Pomona Contributor of Annual Scholarship Award to the outstanding student majoring in Turfgrass Man8gement at California State Polytechnic University (Pomona Campus) Twenty-five year member of Golf Course Superintendents Association of America Member of Alpha Zeta the National Agricultural Scholastic Honor Society

EquaTions Golfplan - The Ronald Fream Design Group Page 3

GOLFPLAN - GENERAL INFORMATION

I have prepared some information (In our approach which I believe will expand upon the services of golf architects in general and Golfplan in particular Our milin effort is to stress the value of comprehensive university tducations in pertinent subjects joined with long-term international experience These factors when coupled with a c1eilr awareness of budgetary necessities and financial reality yield a product which sets Golfplan apart from other golf course designers

Most of our projects start with a sile reconnaissance and conceptual planning stage which helps the cI ient to I scope 0 utI

the form target mMket Lmd use ilnd site utilization potentials ltlnd overall development possibilities of a particular project or site This is a process at which r and my colleagues are quite skilled and we hilve many times been ilble to counsel clients against investing in sites which are entirely unsuited to golf dtvelopment or conversely to point out highly marketable or prnfitable new possibilities within the scope of the project which the client would not likely have considered otherwise From this point onward we are able to help guide the financial decision-making process

Golfplan has in-house university-educated professionals most other golf architects do not have on staff In golf development- related disciplines such as land use plilnning landscape architecture civil engineering drilinage engineering turfgrass agronorny and ornamental horticulture This allows us to insme that the person with the most appropriate technical background serves as the primary lrchitect for any given project while strengthening our team approach to design The synergistic effect of our team design approach is well demcnstrated

Land use masler planning skills permit us to assist the owner in knowledgeltlble determination and designation of the proper areilS fnr the variolls land use components of the overall project development scheme This would include golf public dllily fee and resort facilities (hotels meeting and conference centers theme parks lllllrinas equestrian facilities golf teaching lIcademy areas for other sports fitness centers etc) residentilll building lots commercial zones business parks gol fers lodge or other non-resort hotels golf maintenance building vehicular lind pedestrian trlffic pltterns and whatever other elements the clients development plan rnay require

Land use planning is decidedly different from lnd rnore creative them the more typical or common engineered partitioning of a property in that it considers the many interrelationships betw~en and zlITIong all of the various elements of the proposed proiect development Such basic issues as use patterns over the course of lt1 day season1 changes in project use traffic tlow-- user and non-user safety reqUirements compatibility of lt1djlt1cent land uses noise levels in surrounding areas and other concerns are too often ignored by Simplistic land use allocations Our more than 27 years ()f worldwide experience brings a highly desirable broad view and diverse background to this plMming task

As Golfplan practices it golf courSe architecture is much more than laying 18 banana-shaped forms onto a site map and calling that a golf design Our staff of university-educated designers and landscape architects conceive and visualize very naturalistic site-specific and site-adapted design which offer aesthetic beauty golfing challenge variety and innovation Golfplan designs one-of-a-kind non-stereotyped courses We do not use a single rubber stamp designU

concept as a substitute for creativity and originality and we do not design to satisfy an ego image All of ollr courses are highly individual and compltmiddottely distinct from one another It is

Equations GOLFPLAN GENERAL INFORMA nON Page 1

also very important to remember that we design courses which are playable md enjoyable by golfers of all skill levels not only the gi fted few

When our skill at golf course design i- combined with our ltlwltlreness of land use planning and our respect fnr the naturltll environment it brings a much brolt1der viewpoint and wider background than that of designers whtl ltIre only focussing on how to hit a ball with little understanding of or attention to the broader aspects of planning ltlnd design

Our very thorough comprehensive construction working drltlwings detail what is to be done where We do not design by in-the-field inspirdtion or according to the impulses of a tractor driver Our construction working drltlwings are understandable and executable whether the work is cltlrried out using the latest high-tech machines and equi pment or with local materials and hand labour We are ltlble to prepClre accurate grClding design drawings for large-volume earthmoving Our working drawings and technicltl1 specifications can be put out tender with certainly that reliable price quotes will result Contrltlctors can build to our working drawings withcut numerous change orders or ost adjustments

Golf course ICll1dscape Clfchitecture ifligation system Clnd pumping plant engineering drainage engineering and construction inspections are all a normClI pltlrt llf our services We also provide landscape Clrchitectural desi~n for the golf clubhouse area Clndor for any hotel sites if deired M~1ny golf Clrchitects ltlrt not trClined in IClndscape architecture Our in-house landscClpe architects ltIre ltlble to creatively design Cln aesthetically pleasing ecologically sensitive landscape planting plan which is specific to the climClte of the individual site whether within the confines of the golf course or throughout the entire development as the owner may desire LClndscaping can make or brelk a project

The engineering of Cln irrigation systern is best left to experienced professional hydraulic engineers Our irrigation md pumping plmt engineers hClve engineered systems for more than 250 golf projects as well as many commercial and resort facilities around the world We are very familiar with the use of treated sewage water for irrigltltion purposes Designs which incorporate drip irrigation in order tIl conserve water are also well known to us

Drainage engineering is Cln essential lspect of golf course design in tropical climates Golfplan has two in-house university eduCltlted civil engineers who are thoroughly familiar with earthworks engineering and drainage engineering as well as golf course design Few other golf architectural offices can claim such vlluable team members among their staff

In construction we use local product lI1el labor whenever suitable We design and build to budget and are able to achieve exceptional results for modest and realistic construction costs We elo not need fancy imports high-priced specialists or gold plated methods to create financially successful golfer-attracting pllyable and enjoyable courses Some of our most memorable and successful designs were built either largely or entirely using hand labor and native materials

Our turf management knowledge is based in my own university education which heavily emphasized turf manClgement and ofl1amentClI horticulture and that of RichClfd Elliott a senior golf 1nd landscape architect in our firm who also has a degree in turf management this is supplemented by our consulting turfgrlt1ss agronomist Ricky Krueger who was educated at Pennsylvania State University the plemier turfgrass agronomy progrlt1m in the United States The selection of the proper turfgrassts is a fundamental choice of grave importance it should be guided by well educated Clnd kn(lwledgeable personnel We can also assist our clients in establishing a long-term turf maintenance program for the course including advice on determining staffing levels and inventory of equipment and other necessary materials

Our usual sClpe of service runs from site evaluation and conceptual master planning to turfgrass management consullJtion during the criticClI establishment period between planting

Equations GOLFPLAN - GENERAL INFORMA nON Page 2

and opening for play Not many other golf architectural firms offer such a comprehensive range of services with such personal attention to detail All these services are included as a normal part of our professional fee 110t as add-ems which are only mentioned latec after an initial contract for golf course design has already been signed

We are able to recommend a variety of other highly experienced professional consultants whennecesary golf clubhouse architects who can join with local architects and engineers to create truly unique beautiful lnd functional clubhouse buildings finns which specialize in club management and operations rtsort hotel architects who can bring exceptional creative talent and knowledge to the project and other types of consultants as may be required for a particular project

Golfplan has a long history of successful collaboration with andor work under the direction of local in-country architects and engmeers Golfplan is a team player and a strong addition to any golf development consultant team We are happy to structure our services to accommodate the skills of local proftssional consultants

With more than 27 years of experience in over 50 countries from Arctic tundra through seashore and desert to tropical rainforest Golfplan brings a broad knowledge of and sensitivity to environtnental and ewlogical concerns with regcud to golf design Familiarity with golf development projects of all descriptions worldwide and with the results of our own past design efforts bring additional -trength to our design efforts giving us a broader more inclusive viewpoint and a greater cultural sensitivity than other architects who have only recently begun to work outside their native countries or who are new to the business We are less likely to be bound by a The American way is the only way mentality than are some of our competitors yet our long and sllccessflll association with golf in America here there are now more than 13000 golf courses) provides pertinent background

All too often prospective golf developers have very short- sighted outlooks whether it takes the fnrm of seeking out the nalTte pro architect for the cachet of a signature design or shopping for the lowest possible price In most cases neither of these options are beneficial to the owner in the long term Sigmtunmiddot courses generally cost more to design and build require larger more expensive clubhouses and have higher operltlting expenses while often not commanding commensurately higha membership or daily use greens fees Over time signature courses have in many instances tended to be less than finltlncicll successes in the market

Low cost services tend to result in inade(]lIate planning and design efforts Such design firms generally are not able to provide reliable working drawings Services such as conceptual planning landscape architecture irrigation andor drainage engineering and turfgrass establishment and maintenance conslllLltion are not a part of low-cost services Cost escalation to engage additional consultants for these add-ons ltlnd cost overruns due to inadequate or inaccurate working drawings are a frequent result ofon-the-cheap golf design services

Our fees are realistic and well belm those of most name uchitects The breadth and thoroughness of the services we provide are second to none The cost of our services is an investment in quality results which will return value many times over the period of successful golf curse operations

Twenty-three years of continuous Asian experience in providing gnlf development planning and design services makes Golfplan one of the longest continually active golf architectural firms in Asia

The services of Golfplan illustrate a single source high quality value-conscious and user-specific professional te(l111 of specialists in golf course architecture

Equalions GOLFFLAN - GENERAL INFORMA TlON Page 3

II STATUS OF GROUNDWATER EXPLOITATION AND METHODOLOGY FOR i RECHARGING OF AQUIFERS IN OVEREXPLOITED AREAS OF BANGALORE ~ KOLAR amp TUMKUR DISTRICTS

BY DR M BASAPPA REDDY

DR TNVENUGOPAL DR GSSRINIVASA REDDY MR S MADHUKESHWAR

DR Y LlNGARAJU (STUDY SPONSORED BY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TRUST)

DROUGHT MONITORING CELL 9TH FLOOR BWSSB BUILDING

CAUVERY BHAVAN BANGALORE 560009 NOVEMBER 1992

11 SCOPE FOR ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE

111 Groundwater is a dynlt1ll1ic renewable resource This resource is replenished annually through precipitation and also by seepage of water applied for irrigation Its occurrence and availability are controlled by the structure of the rock formations geomorphological and hydrogeological setting and hydrometeorological conditions

112 During last decade due to increasing demands of domestic industrial and irrigational needs and because of limited surface water resources in Bangalore Kolar and Tumkur districts there is a rapid development of groundwater resources This intensive development has led to criticc11 situations resulting in manifestation of problems like declining groundwater levels shortage in vater supply etc During droughts shortage of water for all purposes is felt in these districts This situation indicates that there is urgent need for taking up steps to 1Ugment groundwater resources

113 Groundwater recharge prospects in the crystalline rocks is limited in view of absence of primary porosity Recharge is mainly controlled by the geological set-up structures in the rocks and on the extent of weathering

114 As seen from the d (ainage maps of the areas there are large number of tanks ideally situated in topographically favourable locations First we may have to make use of these tanks for recharging purposes As most of these tanks have been constructed long back they have silted up resulting in reduced live storage A programme has to be formulated for desilting of tanks by actively involving the beneficiaries under different tanks Most of the tanks have a clay carpet L1pto 1 metre thick which has been accumulating over a period of time Towards the tank bund it may be even morelfthis clay is removed the porous soil will come in contact with the water and it helps in fnster infiltration In the tank bed towards the bund it is lt1dvisable to dig ponds so that they will hlt1w more surface area for infiltration and also act as storage ponds to meet the water rtquirements of the cattle during dry periods In bigger tanks desilting has to be done below the sluice level Thus desilting not only enhances the live storage but also clems the fracture traces which help in recharging groundwltlter body As there are large number of tanks the prograrnme of desilting has to be prioritised based on IOCltltion of the tank hydrogeological set-up and catchment area At the firgtt instance tlI1ks with independent catchment may be

Equations Groundwater Exploitation Bangaore District Page 1

selected fordesilting in different watersheds In the next stages the programme may be extended in a phased manner to the tanks with intercepted catchment

11 5 Rainfall in these districts is low and not uniformly distributed There are periods of flash floods which are generally of transient nature These flash floods have to be arrested through construction of percolation tanks and bunds For effective utili~ation of excess surface runoff percolation tanks may be located in areas with considerable weathered zon-= or in highly fractured areas Percolation tanks maybe taken up in pediments with fracture traces or upstream portion of the pediplains Bunds may be constructed adjacent to major discontinuities or lineaments or fractures These help in recharging the deeper aquifers which may be tapped in severe drought periods

116 Subsurface dams may also be used as artificial recharges structures Subsurface dykes not only arrests subsllrface flow going as unutilised waste but also helps in recharging the aquifers upstream of the structure These structures may be located in shallow valley fills and where depths to bed rock is minimum

117 The programme of desilting of tanks and erection of structures for recharging has to be coupled with land improvement programme Growth of vegetation contour bunding nala and gully plu~ging will stop soil erosion and reduces silting in tanks

As seen from the maps of hyd roge( IInorphology (Maps 11 to 13) of these districts there is scope for desilting of tanks in a phased manner and also to take up construction of percolation tanks bunds and subsurface dykes These will help in conserving the excess rain-water and recharging shallow as well as deep aquifers Sites suitable for constructing recharge locations have been depicted in hydrogeomorphology map However before taking up the construction of structures hydrogeological and gtmiddotophysical investigations of the individual sites has to be carrifd out

Equations Groundwater Exploitation Bangalore District Page 2

12 CONCLUSIONS

The study carried out in the Districts of Bangalore Kolar and Tumkur indicates that

1 Rainf111 is highly variable and the Districts are frequently affected by drought of various intensity and magnitude

2 Surface water resource is limited and there is scope to increase the live storage of the existing minor irrigation tanks

3 Groundwater utilisation in the taluks of AnekIl Channapatna Devanahalli and Hoskote in Bangalore district Chikkaballapura Chintamani Gouribidanur Kolar Malur and Sidlaghatta in Kegtiar district has reached critical stage Further drilling of wells for irrigation programmes have to be temporarily stopped till the situation improves

4 There is a need to conserve llld augment groundwater resources

5 Interpretation of satellite imagery indicates that there are number of favourable zones for taking up artificial recharge structures

6 Desil tingoftanks with independent catchment in different wltersheds maybe taken up on priority

7 Desilting programme may be extended to other tanks in a phased manner by inv()lving the beneficiaries around the tmk Also ponds may be constructed within the tanks after desilting

R Percolation tanks may be constructed in pediments with fracture traces and pediplain areas

9 Bunds may be constructed ldjlcent to major fracture traces to recharge the deeper atluifers These aquifers ITU)y be tlpped during severe drought conditions

10 Subsurface dyke may be constructed in shallow valleys where the bed rock is at shallow depth which rnay be determined by carrying ()u t geol()giGII and geophysical investigations

11 The above measures will help in conserving excess rain water which in turn recharges groundwater bod y

Equarions Groundvater Expoitation Bangaore District Page 3

I OF INDUSTRIES FOR AUTOMATIC APPROVAL OF FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY

bull AGREEMENTS AND FOR 51 FOREIGN EUQITY APPROVALS

1 Metallurgical Industries

I) Ferro alloys

il) Castings and forgings

iii) Non-ferrous metals and their alloys

iv) Sponge iron and pelletisation

v) Large diameter steel welded pipes of over 300 mm diameter and stainless steel pipes

VI) Pig iron

2 Boilers and Steam Generating Plants

3 Prime Movers (other than electrical genershyators)

i) Industrial turbines

ii) Internal combustion engines

iii) Alternate energy systems like solar wind etc and equipment there of

iv) Gashydrosteam turbines upto 60 MW

4 Electrical Equipment

i) Equipment for transmission and distribution of electricity including power and distribushytion transformers power relays HT- switch gear synchronous condensers

ii) Electrical motors

iii) Electrical furnaces industrial furnaces and induction heating equipment

iv) X-ray equipment

v) Electronic equipment components includshying subscribers end telecommunication equipments

vi) Component wires for manufacture of leadshyin wires

vri) Hydrosteamgas generators gBnerating sets upto 60 MW

viii) Generating sets and pumping SEtS based on internal combustion engines

ix) Jelly-filled telecommunication cables

x) Optic fibre

xi) Energy efficient lamps and

xii) Midget carbon electrodes

5 Transportation

i) Mechanised sailing vessels upto 10000 DWT including fishing trawlers

ii) Ship ancillaries

iii) (a) Commercial vehicles public transport vehicles including automotive commercial three wheeler jeep type vehicles industrial locomotives

(b) Automotive two wheelers and three wheelers

(c) Automotive componentsspares and ancilshylaries

iv) Shock absorbers for railway equipment and

v) Brake system for railway stock and locomoshytives

6 Industrial Machinery

i) Industrial machinery and equipment

7 (I) Machine tools and industrial robots and their controls and accessories

ii) Jigs fixtures tools and dies of specialised types and cross land tooling and

iii) Engineering production aids such as cutshyting and forming tools patterns and dies and tools

8 Agricultural Machinery

i Tractors

ii) Self-propelled Harvestor Combines

iii) Rice transplanters

9 Earth Moving Machinery

i) Earth moving machinery and construction machinery and components there of

10 Industrial Instruments

i) I ndicating recording and regulating devices for pressure temperature rate of flow weights levels and the like

11 Scientific and Electromedical Instruments and Laboratory Equipment

12 Nitrogenous amp PhosphatiC Fertilizers falling under

(i) Inorganic fertilizers under 18-Fertilizers in the First Schedule to I DR Act 1951

13 Chemicals (other than fertilizers)

i) Heavy organic chemicals including petrochemicals

ii) Heavy inorganic chemicals

iii) Organic fine chemicals

Equations Automatic Approval of Foreign Technology Agreements Page 1

iv) Synthetic resins and plastics

v) Man made fibres

vi) Synthetic rubber

vii) I ndustrial explosives

viii) Technical grade insecticides fungicides weedicides and the like

ix) Synthetics detergents

x) Miscellaneous chemicals (for industrial use only)

14 Drugs and Pharmaceuticals According to Drug Policy

15 (i) Paper and pulp including paper products

ii) Industrial laminates

16 (i) Automobile tyres and tubes

ii) Rubberised heavy duty industrial beltings of all types

iii) Rubberised conveyor beltings

iv) Rubber reinforced and lined fire fighting hose pipes

v) High pressure braided hoses

vi) Engineering and industrial plastiC products

17 Plate Glass

i) Glass shells for television tubes

Ii) Float glass and plat glass

iii) H T insulators

iv) Glass fibres of all types

18 Ceramics

i) Ceramics for industrial uses

19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement

ii) Gypsum boards wall boards and the like

20 High Technology Reproduction ami Multishyplication Equipment

21 Carbon and Carbon Products

i) Graphite electrodes and anodes

ii) Impervious graphite blocks and sheets

22 Pretensioned High Pressure RCC Pipes

23 Rubber Machinery

24 Printing Machinery

i) Web-fed high speed off-set rotary printing machine having output of 30000 or more impressions per hour

ii) Photo composingtype setting machines

iii) Multi-colour sheet-fed off-set printing machines of sizes of 18x25 and above

iv) High speed rotogravure printing machines having output of 30000 or more impresshysions per hour

25 Welding Electrodes other than those for Welding Mild Steel

26 Industrial Synthetic Diamonds

27 (i) Photosynthesis improvers

ii) Genetically modified free living symbiotics nitrogen fixer

iii) Pheromones

iv) Bio-insecticides

28 Extraction and Upgrading of Minor Oils

29 Pre-fabricated Building Material

30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products

ii) Soya texture proteins

iii) Soya protein concentrates

iv) Other specialised products of soyabean

v) Winterised and deodourised refined soyabean oil

31 a) Certified high yielding hybrid seeds and synthetic seed and

b) Certified high yielding plantlets developed through plant tissue culture

32 All food processing industries other than milk food malted foods and flour but excluding the items reserved for small- scale sector

33 All items of packaging for food processing inshydustries excluding the items reserved for small scale sector

34 Hotels and tourism-related industry


SCOPE OF THIS STUDY

In June 1993 an article in a local daily (Deccan HErald 23 June 1993) reported on the plans of a Non-Resident Indian to establish a world class Calf Resort near Bangalore The developer Vijay Chawla reportedly had ambitious plans and was willing to invest large amounts of money to make his project Shangri-I] Resorts one of a kind

The project would be designed and supervised to completion by )Jck Nicklaus II (the son of the legendary golfing great to quote the report) What was not clear was the background of the developer or where exactly the project would come up

There was therefore a felt need on the part of groups concerned with golf-related issues particularly EQUATIONS to undertake a study of this project and its repercussions

The study which commenced in August initially intended to

1 Cather data on the development and design considerations of the Shangri-la Resorts

2 Understand opinions of local and government officials on the development

3 Locate and assess the status of the project area

All of the above intentions turned out to be very difficult to achieve as (a) no one knew the developer (b) no details were aVJil]ble about the project excepting what appeared in the press and (c) the project site could not be located As such though the study was initially envisaged to last a month it took three months to arrive at this preliminJrY report

With persistence and some luck the broader objectives were accomplished Interviews with the developer helped in gaining sonw perspective on the development considerations and the climate in which such interests operltlte This led to a variety of information being available espeCially evidence about the resort developer-real estate- politician-bureJucrat nexus and the disturbing trends that such activities portend

Though this project was widely publicised there was not much public awareness about the impacts of golf resorts and though a few NCOs and others were Jware of the general critique it was not necessarily in the local context

Whilst in the process of this research the Addgrowth series of All-India seminars on Recent Developments in Coif Course Construction and Maintenance came up Participation in the Bangalore seminar enhanced the knowledge relating to global linkages of golf course development (specifically the involvement of multinational corporations) considerations in designing modern golf coursesres()Its (also evidence of its impacts by inference) and marketing strategies that are adopted

The following procedures were adopted for this study

1 A detailed analysis of the Shangri-I] Resorts project based on available information [primary and secondary sources] interviews with the developer were pursued along with field visits and CIlnversltion with local people

2 An attentive study of the clvdilable information obtained from the Addgrowth seminar on Coif Course Construction and Maintenance organised at The Oberoi Bangc1lore on 28th Septemblr 1993 was undertaken

3 Selected reference material useful for campaigns particularly from the experience of Japan and Southeast Asil WlS incorporated in evolving 1 critical perspective of the project

Equations THE Sf1ANGRI LA RESORTS PVT LTO Page 2



































































SUMMARY FINDINGS






























































Teli-(206) 924-5986 amp (206) 924-5901
































DESIGN AND BUILD IT


































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products













































































SUMMARY FINDINGS






























































Teli-(206) 924-5986 amp (206) 924-5901
































DESIGN AND BUILD IT


































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products































































SUMMARY FINDINGS






























































Teli-(206) 924-5986 amp (206) 924-5901
































DESIGN AND BUILD IT


































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products

























































SUMMARY FINDINGS






























































Teli-(206) 924-5986 amp (206) 924-5901
































DESIGN AND BUILD IT


































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products














































SUMMARY FINDINGS






























































Teli-(206) 924-5986 amp (206) 924-5901
































DESIGN AND BUILD IT


































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products


































SUMMARY FINDINGS






























































Teli-(206) 924-5986 amp (206) 924-5901
































DESIGN AND BUILD IT


































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products
























SUMMARY FINDINGS






























































Teli-(206) 924-5986 amp (206) 924-5901
































DESIGN AND BUILD IT


































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products













SUMMARY FINDINGS






























































Teli-(206) 924-5986 amp (206) 924-5901
































DESIGN AND BUILD IT


































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products






























































Teli-(206) 924-5986 amp (206) 924-5901
































DESIGN AND BUILD IT


































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products















































Teli-(206) 924-5986 amp (206) 924-5901
































DESIGN AND BUILD IT


































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products



































Teli-(206) 924-5986 amp (206) 924-5901
































DESIGN AND BUILD IT


































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products























Teli-(206) 924-5986 amp (206) 924-5901
































DESIGN AND BUILD IT


































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products






































DESIGN AND BUILD IT


































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products


























DESIGN AND BUILD IT


































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products











DESIGN AND BUILD IT


































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products




































































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products





























































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products





















































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products











































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products



































to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products





























to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products




















to suit the

















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products


























































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products


















































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products







































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products
































RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products
























RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products






















RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products














RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products











RONALD W FREAM
















Related Experience






















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products



























































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products

















































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products







































12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products





























12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products

















12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products











12 CONCLUSIONS

















I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products














I) Ferro alloys





VI) Pig iron











iv) X-ray equipment






x) Optic fibre



5 Transportation














i Tractors
















v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products












v) Man made fibres















17 Plate Glass



iii) H T insulators


18 Ceramics


19 Cement Products

i) Portland cement







23 Rubber Machinery










iii) Pheromones




30 Soya Products

i) Soya Products











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A Golf Resort to be developed near Bangalore and related ... · PDF fileA Golf Resort to be developed near Bangalore and related Developments . ... contracts with the Leela Kempinski