A GLOBAL/ COUNTRY STUDY AND REPORT On CAMEROON To PDF 2013/734 Cameroon 12-.pdf · The Global Country Study and Report on “Cameroon” is an attempt to study various aspects of

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A

GLOBAL/ COUNTRY STUDY AND REPORT

On

“CAMEROON”

Submitted

To

Gujarat Technological University

(Marwadi Education Foundation’s Group of Institutions)

In

Partial fulfillment of the

Requirement of the award for the degree of Master of Business

Administration

Batch: 2011-13

MBA SEMESTER III-IV

(DIV: A)

Marwadi Education Foundation,’s Group of Institutions

MBA PROGRAMME

Affiliated to GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHEMADABAD

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3

List of the Students with Enrolment Numbers

Enrollment No Student Name

117344592701 MAITRI BHATT

117340592003 GAURAV KAMLESH BALDEV

117340592004 DIMPLE DILIP RAJVIR

117340592005 NISHI MUNISH VARIA

117340592006 PRIYANKA DINESHCHANDRA PAREKH

117340592007 DEEPTHI RAJENDRAN NAIR

117340592009 DARSHIT PARESH MEHTA

117340592011 DHARMESH NAVINBHAI ADESARA

117340592015 DHATRI MUKUNDRAI JASANI

117340592018 HILONI BHUPENDRABHAI RAITHATHA

117340592019 POOJA RAMESHBHAI MADALANI

117340592020 NIKUNJ RAMJIBHAI BHUVA

117340592023 PARIN BHARATBHAI KARIA

117340592025 JATIN MAHESHBHAI MAJITHIYA

117340592026 NIRMAL NARANBHAI BHIMANI

117340592027 KUSHAL BIPINBHAI LAKHANI

117340592029 JAYKUMAR PARESHKUMAR MEHTA

117340592030 KUSHAL DIVYESHBHAI NATHWANI

117340592034 PRIT DHARMENDRABHAI KATARIA

117340592036 HARSHA PRAHLADBHAI SATRAMANI

117340592037 SAGAR HITESHBHAI SHETH

117340592038 PRANAVKUMAR PRAVINSINH JADEJA

117340592040 BHUMI VASANTLAL KARELIYA

117340592041 SHWETA HEMANTBHAI DOSHI

117340592042 PAYAL NITINBHAI TANNA

117340592043 HIRAL ASHOKBHAI VYAS

117340592044 KRUPALI DILIPKUMAR KARIYA

117340592045 HARI BHANJIBHAI HINGARAJIA

117340592046 SAGAR DAMJIBHAI CHANGELA

117340592054 AJAY MAGANLAL MAKWANA

117340592056 RADHIKA RAMESHBHAI GOHEL

117340592057 MONIKA PRAVINSINH PARMAR

117340592058 ANUJ NAVNEETBHAI GONDALIYA

117340592059 MANISH BHARATBHAI MAKVANA

117340592062 RIDDHI NITINBHAI CHAUHAN

117340592063 ABHISHEK DILIPKUMAR JOSHI

117340592070 BHARGAV SHIVAJIBHAI ZAKHELIYA

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117340592073 PRATIK ASHOKBHAI SOLANKI

117340592074 DIVYESH VINODPARI GONSAI

117340592085 REETA NARANBHAI DANGAR

117340592090 CHETANKUMAR JAYANTILAL VASAVAELIY

117340592093 RIMAL DAMJIBHAI SOLANKI

117340592094 MANISH NARENDRABHAI RAVRANI

117340592097 TRUSHA KAMLESHBHAI BHUT

117340592107 VAIBHAV VIRENBHAI DOSHI

117340592114 VISHAKHA DHIRENDRABHAI SHAH

117340592127 RUTVI PANKAJBHAI VAGADIYA

117340592129 RIDHI MUKESH GANDHI

117340592134 HARSHVARDHANSINH R. RANA

117340592138 JIGNESH VINODBHAI PATEL

117340592143 VINIL KETAN BHAI PAREKH

117340592147 NILAY RASIKBHAI CHANV

117340592149 NARENDRA TALSHIBHAI VARSANI

117340592161 HINESH PARVIBHAI PANCHOLI

117340592162 PRITESH DILIPBHAI GADHETHARIYA

117340592165 MEET BHARATBHAI DOSHI

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PREFACE

The Global Country Study and Report on “Cameroon” is an attempt to study

various aspects of this selected country and industrial scenario existing in the

country. This report is a part of comprehensive study done by MBA students to

explore Export-Import opportunities with respect to various industries selected by

them.

Due to increased integration and globalization of world economies, business

activities across the globe have increased. Students have been able to acquire the

knowledge of the Global / Country Markets, which would help them do business or

manage investments successfully across national boundaries.

This report also serves a purpose of knowledge resource on one country and

helps many researchers, academicians, industry persons to draw conclusion on

global trade and commerce.

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Table of Contents

Ser. No.

Topic Page No.

Part-I (PESTEL Analysis of Cameroon)

1 Introduction to Cameroon 7

2 Political Overview 9

3 Economical Overview 20

4 Social Overview 31

5 Technological overview 37

6 Ecological overview 45

7 Legal Overview 50

8 Major Industries of Cameroon 61

9 Major Trade Partners of Cameroon 67

10 Financial Market Overview 73

Part – II (Sector analysis of Cameroon)

11 Agriculture Sector 80

12 Mining Sector 90

13 Financial Service Sector 112

14 Energy Sector 133

15 Tourism Sector 151

16 Education Sector 161

17 Textile Sector 183

18 Fishery 192

19 Automobile Sector 208

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Introduction to CAMEROON:

Continent- Africa

Region - Central Africa

Size - 475,440 km²

Geography - Mostly flat plains, mountains in west, central

plateau

Language - English & French (official), 24 African languages

Religion - 40% tribal religions, 40% Christian, 20% Muslim

Monetary Unit - Central African CFA Franc

Natural Resources - petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber

Agriculture - coffee, cocoa, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed,

grains, root starches; livestock; timber

Industry - petroleum production and refining, aluminum production,

food processing, light consumer goods, textiles, lumber, ship repair

Population - 18,060,382 (2007 estimate)

Population Growth Rate - 2.24% Average Life Expectancy - 52.86

Capital City – Yaounde (population 1,248,200)

Largest City - Douala (population

1,430,000)

Highest Mountain - Fako (4,095 m)

Longest River - Sanaga (890km)

Climate - South - tropical - 18°C to 29°C, North - semi-arid - 16°C to 38°C

Yearly Rainfall - South -155cm (approx), North - 87cm (approx) May -

September

Plant Life - rainforest, woodland, savannah grasses

Animal Life - buffalo, elephant, hippopotamus, antelope, Derby eland,

kudu, primates

“Political Overview of CAMEROON”

Enrolment no Name of Students Faculty Guide


Prof. Niraj Vyas






Cameroon Government:

Country name:

Conventional Long Form: Republic of Cameroon

Conventional Short Form: Cameroon

Former: French Cameroon

Capital: Yaounde

Administrative Divisions: 10 provinces; Adamawa, Centre, East, Far North,

Littoral, North, Northwest, West, South, South-West

Independence: 1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration)

National Holiday: National Day, 20 May (1972)

Constitution: 20 May 1972

Cameroon has been inhabited for at least 50,000 years according to archaeological

evidence of hunter-gatherers who lived in small, nomadic communities. There is also

evidence that Bantu-speakers originated in western Cameroon and eastern Nigeria

well before the Early Iron Age. From as early as the 10th century commerce brought

Arab and Islamic influences to northern Cameroon – gold, salt, bronze, copper and

especially

slaves were traded. Immigration and conquests also played a role in the growth of

Islam which became a powerful force in the northern and central parts of the country.

The 16th century invasion of the Sao, which had been the most important kingdom in

the region.

In 1472 Portuguese mariners arrived, subsequently naming the area Rio dos

Camaråos. By the 16th century, Cameroon had become a major source of slaves for

the New World, involving the Portuguese, Dutch, British, French and finally the

Americans. It was with the abolition of the slave trade in the early 1800s that the

British and Germans began developing commerce in alternative commodities such as

ivory, rubber and cash crops.

During World War 1 British, French and Belgian armies invaded German Cameroon,

and through the League of Nations it was divided up, beginning a period of British rule

in two small portions in the west and French rule in the remainder of the territory. For

Great Britain it was a marginal province of the colony of Nigeria, while France

considered Cameroun one of its model colonies. The referendum of 1972 which

replaced the old federation of former British- and French- ruled Cameroon with a

republic entitled the Republique du Cameroun was a further reflection of his

consensual style politics.

There was some initial uncertainty and tension. A reform process started as early as

November 1982 followed the peaceful transfer of power. A greater degree of individual

freedom and freedom of expression was tolerated, and a new form of one-party

participatory democracy encouraged, although actions ultimately fell short of words.

By the mid-1980s Biya had succeeded in consolidating his position as head of state

and chairman of party, allowing him to implement a new electoral procedure.

He also abandoned the consensual approach of Ahidjo and the north-south

accommodation of political forces in government. Biya’s style of leadership was more

one of promoting patronage, which acted to undermine efficiency in government and

contribute to the marginalization of a number of important constituencies, especially

northerners and the minority Anglophone community.

By July 1991 more than a dozen parties had been legalized, but Biya had worked

behind the scenes to ensure a political environment that would ensure the

continuation of his presidency. This he did using a“carrot and stick” approach– in a

climate of growing intimidation of the opposition and the press, he granted opposition

parties certain concessions and brought forward legislative elections by one year and

presidential elections by six months.

Biya’s announcement in late 1994 to form a constitutional review committee was

seen as an effort to placate demands for a return to the federal structure from the two

Anglophone provinces, as well as demands for other constitutional reforms A new

constitution was promulgated in January 1996.

Political System:

According to the political system of Cameroon, the government is a republic

multiparty presidential regime which is structured on the French model. Under this

model, power is distributed among the President who is the Head of State, the Prime

Minister, the head of government and the Cabinet ministers. Under the political

system of Cameroon, the Republic is divided into ten regions which are

Amamaoua, Northwest region, East region, Far north region, Littoral, South region,

Center region, Southwest region, North region, and West region. All of these

administrative regions are supervised by a Governor, who co-ordinates Divisional

officers, and subdivision officers.

A meeting by the National Assembly is held on a regular basis at the National

capital in Yaounde, where major decisions are taken. There are three parts of political

system or/& political power.

• Executive

• Legislative

• Judiciary

Main Parties in the Political System of Cameroon:

There are several political parties in the political system in the Cameroon but here

describe main political parties of Cameroon.

• Democratic Union of Cameroon

• Cameroon People's Democratic Movement

• Movement for the Defense of the Republic

• Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon

• Movement of Youth of Cameroon

• National Union for Democracy and Progress

• Social Democratic Front

• Union of Peoples of Cameroon

Politics:

The constitution which brought in a multi-party system was adopted in 1992,

and substantially amended in 1996. It provides for a 180-member National Assembly,

elected every five years, as well as an upper chamber, the Senate, which is still to be

set up.

The Constitution originally stipulated a maximum of two presidential terms of

seven years each, though the Cameroon National Assembly controversially removed

term limits in 2008. Cameroon has elected local councils, but constitutional provisions

for Provinces to become Regions with their own elected regional councils have not

been implemented.

The first presidential election under a multi-party system in October 1992 was fiercely

contested and controversial. President Biya was elected by a narrow margin (39-

36%) over the leading opposition candidate, John Fru Ndi of the Social

Democratic Front (SDF).

Political Profile:

Political System: Restricted Democratic Practice

President: Paul Biya (RDPC) [since 6 November 1982; elected 1984, re-elected 1988,

1992, 1997, 2004, and 2011] The President is elected by direct popular vote for a 7-

year term. Electoral System: First past the Post.

Prime Minister: Philémon Yang (RDPC) [since 30 June 2009] The Prime Minister is

appointed by the President.

National Assembly : (180 Seats) Members elected by direct popular vote through

parallel systems - single-member constituencies using the first-past-the-post system

and multi- member constituencies using the party-list proportional representation

system; members serve 5-year terms.

Electoral Authority: Elections Cameroon "ELECAM" Next Scheduled Presidential

Election: 2018

Next Scheduled National Assembly Election: February 2013

Political Union:

There are certain political unions in the political system of the Cameroon besides the

political parties in the Cameroon.

UC - Cameroonian Union

UDC - Cameroon Democratic Union

UFDC - Union of Democratic Forces in Cameroon

UFP - Union for Fraternity and Prosperit

UNC - Cameroonian National Union

UNDP - National Union for Democracy and Progress (center-left, moderate

Islamist)

UPA - Union of African Populations

UPC - Union of the Peoples of Cameroon

Executive branch:

Chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)

Head of government: Prime Minister Peter Mafany MUSONGE (since 19

September 1996)

Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale

Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are appointed by the president.

India-Cameroon Bilateral Relation:

Relations between India and Cameroon are friendly and cordial. The

Cameroonian leaders appreciate India’s contributions to Africa, NAM, India’s secular

democracy and economic progress. Shri Mahesh Sachdev, High Commissioner of

India to Nigeria is concurrently accredited to Cameroon and he presented his

credentials to President Paul Biya on January 4 2012.

Bilateral Visits: Despite distance and other constraints, a few high-level visits

exchanged between the two countries are:

From CAMEROON Side:

• The Trade Minister of Cameroon visited India in the last week of March 2003.

• An 11-member Cameroonian delegation led by Secretary General, Mr. Sebastien

Foumane, visited India from August 30-September 2, 2008 for Foreign Office

Consultations.

• In March 2012, Mr Djmoumessi Nganou Emmanuel, Minister of Planning &

Regional Development visited India to attend CII Conclave in New Delhi.

• Cameroon Indomitable Lions participated in Nehru Cup Football tournament in

New Delhi on September 2, 2012.

• Hon’ble Minister of Public Service and Administrative Reforms Mr. Angouen

Michel Ange visited India to participate in a three day conference organised by

Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management

(CAPAM) in October 2012.

From India Side:

• First round of Secretary-level Foreign Office Consultations were held in Yaoundé in

August 2003.

• MOS (AS) met Cameroonian FM at AU Summit in Sharm Al Sheikh, Egypt in

June 2008.

• A 4-member delegation led by Mr. U.Venkateswarlu, Joint Secretary, M/o Food

Processing Industries visited Cameroon (June 19-21, 2012) in connection with the

IAFS-II project to establish the Food Processing Incubation Centre in Cameroon.

Legal System Applicable to the Organization of Elections in Cameroon:

(1) Terms of reference for election organization and the Cameroonian option.

(2) Election institutional framework in force in Cameroon.

• Joint Electoral Commission

• Constitutional Council

• National Election Observatory

Economic Overview of Cameroon:

Enrolment no Name of the students Faculty Guide


Prof. Mahipal Gadhavi






Economic Overview of Cameroon:

The economy of Cameroon should continue to progress in 2012, when it is expected

to show growth of 4.4% compared to 4.1% in 2011.

At sector level, the outlook for 2012-13 indicates that the primary sector will

show 5% growth, thanks to average growth of 5% in the food-crop sub-sector and

5.7% in the cash- crop sub-sector. The secondary sector is expected to grow 1.4%

over the same period, driven by the construction industry, better energy supply

and higher production in the food- processing and manufacturing industries.

The tertiary sector should progress 3.7%, thanks notably to buoyant conditions in

transport and telecommunications.

Higher growth in 2012 risks generating a 2.7% increase in inflation, but it will still be

below the 3% limit set by the Central African Economic and Monetary Community

(CEMAC). The public finance budgetary balance should improve from -1.3% in 2011

to 0.2% in 2012 on the back of increased oil revenue. The current-account balance

should also improve slightly to show a deficit of 5.4% in 2012 after 6.3% in 2011 as

a result of a reduction in the trade deficit from 3.7% in 2011 to 1.4% in 2012.

A sustained slowdown in economic activity in the euro area could lead to lower

external demand in the medium term, since the European Union is Cameroon’s

main trading partner. In this context, the country’s main task will be to continue

increasing agricultural production, developing infrastructure and consolidating the

energy supply needed to sustain growth. The government will also need to continue

to implement structural reforms aimed at improving economic competitiveness and

the business climate.

A certain number of programmes have been set up to promote the socio-economic

integration of young people but the government needs to ensure that these

programmes are carried out coherently in relation to the national employment

policy. Moreover, employment strategy needs to be based on partnerships

between universities and companies to facilitate the arrival of young people on the

jobs market.

Macroeconomic Indicators Particulars 2010 2011 2012

Real GDP growth 3.2 4.1 4.4

Real GDP per capita growth 1 2 2.2

CPI inflation 1.3 2.5 2.7

Budget balance % GDP -1.1 -1.3 0.2

Current account % GDP -5.8 -6.3 -5.4

The economic rebound observed in 2010 strengthened in 2011, with growth

reaching 4.2 percent (compared with 2.9 percent in 2010), despite a continuing

decline in oil output (Text Table 2). This decline reflected shrinking reserves, aging

equipment, and postponement of some investments following the 2008–09 global

financial crisis. Average inflation edged up to 2.9 percent in 2011 (from 1.3

percent the year before) mostly reflecting a rise in food prices (Figure 5).

However, the freezing of retail prices for petroleum products and subsidized

imports of food contributed to containing measured inflation.

According to National Institute of Statistics data, growth increased from 3.2% in

2010 to 4.1% in 2011. The structure of production shows strong potential in

agriculture, forestry and mining. The sectoral breakdown as a percentage of gross

domestic product (GDP) remains constant from one year to another and is

dominated by the services sector, which represented 46.4% of GDP in 2011,

compared to 43.2% in 2010. The secondary sector represented 26.4% in 2011,

down from 27.7% in .2010

GDP by Sector (percentage of GDP) Particulars 2012 Agriculture, forestry, fishing & hunting 23.4 Agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries -

of which Agriculture -

Mining and quarrying

7.2 of which oil -

Manufacturing 16.2

Electricity, gas and water 1 Electricity, water and sewerage - Construction 5.5 Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants

19.4 of which hotels and restaurants -

Transport, storage and communication 7

Transport and storage, information and communication - Finance, real estate and business services 10.9 Financial intermediation, real estate services, business and other service - activities General government services 8.1 Public administration & defence; social security, education, health & - social work Public administration, education, health - Public administration, education, health & other social & personal - services Other community, social & personal service activities - Other services 1.2

The primary sector’s contribution, meanwhile, rose from 21.7% to 22.9%, thanks

mainly to food-crop farming and forestry. The agricultural sector contributed 3.1% to

primary-sector growth. The application of stabilization mechanisms allowed producer

revenues to remain stable. Similarly, livestock farming and fishing progressed strongly

from 2010 to 2011. Their contribution to growth rose from 3.0% to 16.3%, thanks to

the distribution of inputs and material to livestock-farming groups.

The secondary sector contributed 26.4% to GDP in 2011, most of it generated by the

construction, food processing and, to a lesser extent, the water and electricity sectors.

Manufacturing production increased 4.3% in 2011, as food processing output rose

5.3% and that of other manufacturing industries rose 3.3%. The start-up of the power

stations provided for by the emergency power programme at the end of 2011 should

result in an increase in electricity production, which will boost the added value

of the agro-industrial and manufacturing sectors.

Construction accounted for 3.4% of GDP in 2011, thanks partly to the government’s

efforts to improve roads and control construction standards on public buildings. Among

the extractive industries, oil production remains the main activity despite a fall in

output of 12.6%. As for mines and prospecting, the government attributed 100

small-scale prospecting permits and Mobilong diamond mining permits to Cameroon

and Korea Mining. There are also plans to mine cobalt at Nkamouna and iron at

Mbalam.

The tertiary sector accounted for 46.4% of GDP in 2011, up from 43.2% in 2010,

following a recovery in activity in retail trading, transport and telecommunications. In

transport, the start of activity at CAMAIR-Co resulted in a 1.2% increase in air-

passenger volumes and a 5.7% increase in freight traffic in the first half of 2011.

Telecommunications, too, showed growth, as the number of subscribers increased by

7.5% to 8.9 million in 2010 and by a further 5.5% in the first half of 2011, while

turnover rose 9%. Tourism saw a 9.6% increase in the number of overnight stays in

2011, according to Ministry of Finance (MINFI) figures.

Overall, the Growth and Employment Strategy should push economic growth up to

4.4% in 2012 and 4.6% in 2013. These projections are justified by the pursuit of

measures begun in 2010 to modernize production capacity and develop infrastructure.

Sectoral prospects in 2012 and 2013 suggest that the primary sector will show 5%

growth thanks to average 5% growth in food production and 5.7% growth in the cash

crops. The secondary sector should show 1.4% growth over the same period, boosted

by construction activity, improved energy supply and production from the

food-processing and manufacturing industries. The tertiary sector should progress

3.7%, thanks notably to buoyant conditions in transport and telecommunications.

Continued efforts to revitalize the agricultural sector, develop infrastructures and

strengthen energy supply should consolidate Cameroon’s growth despite economic

turbulence in the euro area. At the same time, sustained economic turbulence in

the euro area could affect external demand in the medium term and limit growth.

Over two decades after its independence, Cameroon was one of the most prosperous

African countries. This ended with a drop in commodities prices in the 1980’s hitting

Cameroon’s export-driven economy. Combined with bad financial and monetary

policies the country finally fell to the hands of the World Bank and the IMF. The

measures suggested by the institutions have been harsh and the country hasn’t been

able to meet the conditions of the programs.

The currency of Cameroon is the Central African Franc which is also common

currency for other 13 African states. Because the Cameroonian economy is very

dependent on a few commodities that it exports, the volatility in the world prices of

commodities make the economy very vulnerable and unpredictable. Economic

development has been impeded by economic mismanagement. Cameroon has been

rated one of the most corrupt countries in the world.

The growth rates have been close to population growth (2-3%) in the recent years, but

not enough to significantly reduce poverty. During the financial crisis,

Cameroon also experienced a recession: inflation rate increased, namely the food

prices; exports depressed

and unemployment rose.

Despite different measures taken by the government to the self-sustaining food

production, Cameroon has become increasingly dependent on food imports and

on price ceilings to control living standards. Domestic food production has not kept

up with population growth.

Cameroon seems to have growth potentials in the sectors where it performed well

before the 1980’s (agriculture, infrastructure and manufacturing) as well as with new

technologies. The crucial precondition for growth is the easing of business

environment, namely the decrease in corruption and the implementation of better

policies. Politics seems to be dragging on growth and political risks are also

estimated to be very high.

The importance of Cameroon’s oil industry is fading as oil sources are slowly

depleted. Even though the government will continue to explore (other) smaller wells,

the effects will be felt. In order to arrive at a healthy growth rate and maintain

sustainable budget and current account balances, the government should invest in

other sectors so as to diversify its economy as well as its export base.

Fiscal Policy Overview The overriding objective of the 2012 budget is to improve the living conditions

of the population by consolidating growth and protecting against external shocks

through implementation of a counter-cyclical fiscal policy.

In 2011, fiscal pressure increased in a political context marked by the organization

of the presidential election. Fiscal policy resulted in an increase in overall spending of

about 8%, as capital spending increased nearly 14% and current spending rose about

6%. Current spending continued to represent about three quarters of total spending

but the share of capital spending financed from the state’s own resources

increased slightly in 2011. The rise in public spending was partly counterbalanced

by an increase in revenue, notably in the form of oil revenue boosted by high

international prices.

The improvement in fiscal-revenue collection procedures through enlargement of the

tax base and the revitalization of the Douala Stock Exchange should continue in

2012, so as to stimulate internal resource generation. Regarding external

resources, the government will strengthen traditional bilateral and multilateral

partnerships through the use of traditional financing like funding available under the

Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, while, at the same time, pursuing

its strategy of diversifying its sources of financing via

emerging countries such as China, India, Brazil and South Korea.

Public Finances (percentage of GDP) Particulars

2011

2012

Total revenue and grants 17.2 17.9

Tax revenue 10.6 10.5

Oil revenue 4.5 5.3

Grants - -

Total expenditure and net lending (a) 18.5 17.7

Current expenditure 14 13.2

Excluding interest 13.6 12.9

Wages and salaries 5.4 5.6

Interest 0.3 0.4

Primary balance -1 0.5

Overall balance -1.3 0.2

Monetary Policy Monetary policy is defined and administered by the Bank of Central African States

(BEAC), which aims to stabilize internal and external prices. To attain this objective,

the BEAC has three instruments: the intervention rate, the open-market policy which

enables it to intervene on the monetary market and control refinancing levels, and the

compulsory reserves policy. Since the 2008 crisis, the BEAC has eased refinancing

conditions for credit institutions but the effect on economic activity has remained

limited because of excess liquidity in the banking system.

It should be noted that the inflation rate increased from 1.3% in 2010 to 2.5% in 2011 in

line with the general CEMAC trend. This increase is principally the result of a higher

level of economic activity. The government pursued its efforts, moreover, to

facilitate imports by reducing customs duties on several food products with the aim of

ensuring that markets were adequately supplied and by subsidizing the pump prices of

oil products so as to contain the inflation level.

The BEAC has pursued a counter-cyclical monetary policy aimed at stimulating

economic activity after it was checked by the financial crisis. This resulted in a

reduction in the level of state reserves, which were estimated to stand at 5.5 months

of imports of goods and services in 2011, compared to 7.1 months in 2010. The

recovery that began in 2010 enabled external assets to be rebuilt, increasing 4.3% in

2010 before falling 10% in 2011.

Lending to the economy progressed about 17%, with short-term credit making up

most loans of the monetary system to the economy. Money supply (M2)

progressed by an estimated 9.8% in 2011, but this was lower than in 2010.

Activity on the money market remained timid with only one interbank transaction in

2011. Investments by eligible credit establishments and public-sector financial

institutions in the BEAC fell to 192 billion CFA francs BEAC (XAF) in June 2011

from XAF 346 billion in June 2010 with outstanding credits consolidated by the state

totaling XAF 231 million on a year-on-year basis. The rate of coverage of the

monetary base stabilized below the sub- regional level at around 95%.

Economic Cooperation, Regional Integration & Trade Cameroon belongs to the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa

(CEMAC) and the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)[1],

which are due to merge to open the way for the creation of a single African

currency among the eight Regional Economic Communities recognized by the

African Union. A pilot committee was set up on5 July 2010 with the aim of

facilitating the rationalization process leading to harmonization of the institutional

framework and projects of the ECCAS and CEMAC.

Cameroon is also strengthening its co-operation with the new emerging countries,

while not abandoning i t s traditional partners. In the first half of 2011, the

government signed 18 agreements and financing conventions representing a total

XAF 675 billion with bilateral and multilateral fund providers.

There is little diversification of foreign trade in terms of products or trading partners.

The European Union is the country’s leading partner, with a 41% share of

trade by value, followed by East Asia with 18.3%, the CEMAC zone with 8%,

North America with 4.7%, West Africa with 3.4% and Latin America with 2.6%.

For the last five years at least, Cameroon’s trade deficit has been widening

as imports have increased, especially food products, oil and gas, fuels and

lubricants, inorganic chemical products and fertilizers. The trade deficit could be

reduced slightly to 1.4% of GDP, compared with 3.7% in 2011, in 2012 as a result

of higher oil revenue. This would reduce the current-account deficit from 6.3% of

GDP in 2011 to 5.4% in 2012.

Debt Policy Cameroon enjoyed a substantial reduction of its debt in 2006 after reaching the

completion point of the HIPC Initiative. The public debt to GDP ratio stood at 14% in

2011, significantly less than the 52% level registered in 2005. The stock of

public debt increased in 2011 to reach XAF 1.72 trillion, comprising XAF 1.18

trillion of external debt and XAF 0.54 trillion of internal debt.

Repayment of external debt amounted to XAF 45.4 billion, representing an

execution rate of 56.8% in relation to the XAF 80 billion target set by the

budget. The repayment total comprised XAF 14.9 billion in interest and XAF

30.5 billion in principal. Repayment of domestic debt totalled XAF 114.7 billion

to give an execution rate of 39.4% on the XAF 290.8 billion amount

budgeted. This total was made up of XAF 25.7 billion in principal, XAF 44.3 billion

in VAT credits and XAF 43.6 billion in domestic arrears payments. Cameroon

expects to issue a new XAF 200 billion bond to finance structuring projects

announced in the Growth and Employment Strategy Document announced by the

President of the Republic. Cameroon’s debt ratio remains low at about 14%, well

below the community reference level of 70%.

Current Account (percentage of GDP)

Particulars 2011 2012

Trade balance -3.7 -1.4

Exports of goods (f.o.b.) 16.7 18.7

Imports of goods (f.o.b.) 20.4 20.1

Services -1.6 -2.6

Factor income -1.7 -2.1

Current transfers 0.7 0.8

Current account balance -6.3 -5.4

Social Overview of Cameroon:

Enrolment no Name of the Student Faculty Guide

117340592097 TRUSHA KAMLESHBHAI BHUT Prof. Amar Gandhi





117340592134 HARSHVARDHANSINH RAJENDRASINH RANA

1. Social aspects/demographic information

The demographic information include the population, age, gender, income level, life and

mortality rate, sex ratio, literacy etc which can be classified and compare as under:

Population: The pop ulati on o f th e cou ntr y is 2 0,12 9,87 8 (J ul y 2 012 est. ) Cou n t ry co mp ari son to th e w orld : 58 1.1 Age Structure:

Median Age

Cameroon India

Total 19.6 Years 26.2 Years

Male 19.5 Years 25.6 Years

Female 19.7 Years 26.9 Years

Urbanization Cameroon India

Urban Population 58% 30%

Rate of Urbanization 3.3% 2.4%

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html?countryName=Cameroon&countryCode=cm&regionCode=afr&rank=58#cm

Sex Ratio

Cameroon India

At birth 1.03 male/female 1.12 male/female

Under 15 years 1.02 male/female 1.13 male/female

15-64 years 1.01 male/female 1.07 male/female

65 years and over 0.84 male/female 0.9 male/female

Total population 1.01 male/female 1.08 male/female

Infant Mortality rate

Cameroon (per 1000 live birth)

India (per 1000 live birth)

Total 59.7 deaths 46.07 deaths

Male 64.19 deaths 44.71 deaths

Female 55.07 deaths 47.59 deaths

School Life Expectancy Cameroon India

Total 10 years 10 years

Male 11 years 11 years

Female 09 years 10 years

Literacy:

Cameroon India

Definition age 15 and over can read and write

Total population 75.9% 61%

Male 84% 73.4%

Female 67.8% 47.8%

The oth er thin g inc lu ded i n th e s oci al asp e ct is ethi nic

grou ps, l an gua ges , r el igi ons, the c ultur e & beli efs , w hich c an be star ed an d

cam pa re as u nde r: Eth n ic g rou p s : Cameroon has distinct regional cultural, religious, and political traditions as well as

ethnic variety. The division of the country into British and French-ruled league of

Nations mandates after World War I created Anglophone and Francophone regions. People & relation

A sense of common national culture has been created through shared history,

schooling, national holidays and symbols, and enthusiasm for soccer. However, ethnic

distinctiveness remains, and ethnic identity became an increasingly important source

of social capital during

1990s. Religions: Cameroon: Christi an 8 0% , Musli m 16 % , oth e r 2 %, t ra dition al 1 %

India: Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1%

Languages:

Ca me roon : 2 4 m ajo r Af ric an l an gua ge gr o ups, En glis h ( of fici al ) , F r enc h (of

fi cial ) .

India: Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9%

BUSINESS ETIQUETTE:

Cameroon:

Greetings , use of proper names, and use of praise names are important

parts of daily etiquette in many regions of Cameroon. At meetings, each

person should be greeted by name or with a handshake. Serving and

graciously receiving food is an important symbol of hospitality and trust

throughout Cameroon. Protocol regarding speaking and seating during

an audience with a chief is highly developed in regions with

hierarchically organized cultures ( Fulani, Bamileke, Banoun and Grassfields ).

INDIA

Indians appreciate punctuality and keeping one’s commitments.

However, many visitors to India find it very discounting that often Indians

themselves are quite casual in keeping their time commitments.

It is advisable to schedule your appointment at least a couple of

months in advance. It is also useful to reconfirm your meeting a few days

before the agree upon date.

Art and Culture:

Cameroon With a population dating back to the Neolithic age, the culture of Cameroon as a

nation justifiably age old and traditional. As archeological evidence and modem

days statistical show, the Pygmies have influence the culture in their own way till

date.

India: A strong sense of design is also characteristic of Indian art and can be observed in

its modern as well as in its traditional forms. Indian art can be classified into specific

period each reflecting particular religious, political and cultural developments.

Cuisine:

Cameroon

Cameroonian cuisine is one of the most different cooking style in Africa due

to its location on the crossroads between the north, west, and center of the

continent; added to this is the thoughtful influence of French food, a heritage of the

grand era. The National Dish of Cameroon is ndole, a stew consisting of fish or beef

, Nuts and bitter Green

India:

Indian food is as diverse as India. Indian cuisines use numerous ingredients, deploy

a wide range of food preparation styles, cooking techniques and culinary

presentation. From salads to sauces, from vegetarian to meat, from spices to

sensuous, from breads to desserts, Indian cuisine is invariably complex. Harold

McGee, a favorite of many Michelin starred chefs, writes "for sheer inventiveness

with milk itself as the primary ingredient, no country on earth can match India.

Technological Overview of Cameroon:

Enrolment no Name of the Students Name of Faculty Guide


Prof. Ruturaj Doshi






TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT OF CAMEROON:

Being a third world country in sub-Saharan Africa, Cameroon is lagging

behind in technology. She is not in line with the modern technologies in the

agricultural and manufacturing sectors that are typical in the Americas and Asia. It

however has the energy sources that could harbour and run recent technologies

though they remain nonexistent due to lack of means of affordability. Cameroon

also boasts of advance schools of agricultural technologies that train

agricultural engineers who can serve in the agricultural institutions. There is centre

pastoral de Nkolbissong near Yaounde, the faculty of agronomique research at the

University of Dschang, many regional colleges of agriculture in various

provinces, institute of Agronomic research and development in Ekona. These

experts can be employed to work in the agricultural manufacturing industry, and the

institutions also possess facilities that could be used in training staff when there is

need due to technological advancement.

Keeping in picture the technological environment of Cameroon, here we have

considered 10 major sectors. They are as follows:

Agriculture

Energy

Internet

Health care

Mobile

Defense

Banking

Stock Market

Internet in Telecommunication

ENERGY

Now taking into consideration the technology and Energy sector in Cameroon, then

it comprises of oil and natural gas reserves, hydroelectric energy (Major Energy of

the country). The major energy sources of Cameroon include fuelwood, electricity

and petroleum. However, the demand for energy in Cameroon is mainly in the

electrical sector.

Natural gas along with hydro power is used to produce electrical energy Cameroon

has installed electric generation capacity of 817 megawatts (MW), of which 88% is

hydroelectric and 12% is thermal.

The country’s two main hydro

stations:

Edea

Song-Loulou

Presently, however, Cameroon’s heavy reliance on hydropower leaves its

electricity sector extremely vulnerable to droughts. Production of energy in

Cameroon is supported by international financial organizations like World

Bank and IMF. Cameroon relies on approximately 30 aging diesel power stations

as back-up facilities, the largest of which are located in

Garoua (20.0

MW) Douala (15.4

MW) Yaounde

(10.8 MW)

AES-SONEL has managed generation and distribution of Cameroon’s electricity

has since 2001: US-based AES Corporation under notable privatisation in 2001.

oil-fired plant at Limbe

natural gas-fired plant at

Kribi additional hydroelectric

plants

Technology is also installed by Korean Government in Camaroon i.e. hydro

electricity power generation with water purification system incorporated,

photovoltaic with auxiliary biodiesel engine and biomass integrated gasification fuel

cell combined cycle.

INTERNET

The Internet technology among general problems relating to Internet

infrastructures, Cameroon specifically faces some major problems:

• Poor telephone lines

• lack of more qualified technicians to run TCP/IP networks

• difficulty in affording a computer, subscribing for a telephone, or

having access to information about the Internet.

Cameroon has implemented an Ethernet fiber optic university campus network. A

large population of potential users of Internet services in Cameroon - the

availability of all its services would be a welcome relief.

It would go a long way to stimulate, facilitate, and enhance research undertakings

in many domains such as business, health, education, and science and

technology as a whole.

MOBILE INDUSTRY & TELECOMMUNICATION

Cameroon’s economic growth has lagged behind other countries in the region

which is mirrored by the development of its telecommunications sector. In early

2012 it is one of only a few countries in Africa left with only two competing mobile

networks,

– MTN

– Orange

The licensing of a third mobile network finally made progress in early 2012 with

several international players in the bidding. Third generation (3G) mobile service

has still not been introduced apart from Camtel’s EV-DO fixed-wireless service.

Fixed- line penetration is extremely low, and the privatisation of Camtel’s fixed-line

business has failed several times.

Mobile innovations and apps shaping the landscape of Cameroon. It is embracing

mobile technology to address two major challenges:

• food security

• Tackling challenges in the Agriculture sector

• corruption.

INTERNET IN TELECOMMUNICATION

The mobile operators are trying to generate new revenue streams from the virtually

untapped Internet and broadband market by introducing mobile data and WiMAX

wireless broadband services.

An Access to the SAT-3/WASC international fibre optic submarine cable, which has

led to extremely high prices and a grey market of unlicensed satellite gateway

operators offering Internet access and Voice over Internet Protocol services. With

poor fixed-line network infrastructure, the extent of Next Generation Networks

(NGN) and services on the continent is still

limited.

There are, however, some encouraging developments. This Country has launched

broadband initiatives and is rolling out dedicated IP networks and new fibre optic

links.Several trials of WiMAX technology are going on which is expected to

deliver a major boost to connectivity. A major expansion program for international

fibre connections and a national fibre backbone network is underway with funding

from the Word Bank and China.

BANKING

MyGlobalPay, Ltd, a leading provider of mobile and core banking technologies and

payment solutions, it has entered agreements with transport associations in

Cameroon that will enable passengers throughout the country to pay their taxi and

bus fares via text or SMS message; send and receive money at bus stations and

at the unions‟ offices; and conduct various mobile banking operations.

STOCK EXCHANGE

The Douala Stock Exchange will begin its activities with one trading session

per week (Wednesday) . The trading system is entirely electronic. Developed by 3V

FINANCE (Viel & Cie group), It allows participants to follow the movement of the

market in real time and to manage their order book. A computer terminal and

telephone line will be available to each of them during the trading session.

http://www.3vfinance.fr/



EDUCATION

Private schools are generally equipped with computer rooms.

But in the framework of the Cyber Education Project, MRCs (multimedia resources

centres) are being established in government secondary schools and are equipped

with

• a local area network (LAN)

• servers

• word processing software

• peripherals such as printers, scanners, and CD-Rom.

They also generally have video projectors, videotapes, televisions, and Internet

connectivity, some of which is through VSAT.

School Net-Cameroon (ISC) is a non-profit organisation that enables young people

to use the Internet and other new technologies to engage in collaborative

educational projects that both enhance learning and make a difference in the world. It

provides training to teachers in the integration of ICTs across the curriculum.

AGRICULTURE

Cameroon also boasts of advance schools of agricultural technologies that train

agricultural engineers who can serve in the agricultural institutions. There is centre

pastoral de Nkolbissong near Yaounde, the faculty of agronomique research at the

University of Dschang, many regional colleges of agriculture in various provinces,

institute of Agronomic research and development in Ekona.

These experts can be employed to work in the agricultural manufacturing industry,

and the institutions also possess facilities that could be used in training staff when

there is need due to technological advancement.

TOOLS used are:

• Plough

• Mower

• Tractor

• Agricultural pump

• Cutters

HEALTH

The array of products covered under Healthcare sector in Cameroon include

– Analgesics

– remedies for cough

– cold and allergy

– eye care

– ear care

– skin care

– mouth care

– Sleeping products, etc.

Analgesics form the leader in the OTC Healthcare in Cameroon mai nly because of

the prevalence of diseases like malaria in the country. Traditional and herbal

medicines have also gained popularity in recent times. It also includes consultancies

and treatment of problems regarding obstetrics and gynecology, blood transfusion,

paramedic services.

Many district and private hospitals in Cameroon also provide health facilities to the

people. However, most of them lack the infrastructure or the equipments to treat

serious ailments. The condition of these hospitals of Cameroon needs to be

improved. Patients suffering from serious health problems need to be evacuated to

other places for treatment

Ecological Overview of Cameroon:

Enrolment No Name of the Student Faculty Guide

117340592138 JIGNESH VINODBHAI PATEL Prof. Amar Gandhi







Ecological Environment

The overall legal and regulatory environment in Cameroon is relatively poor, both by

global and by regional standards. According to the World Bank’s Doing Business 2011

report, Cameroon ranked 168th out of 183 countries in the world in terms of the ease

of doing business. The country scores poorly in all nine categories; enforcing

commercial contracts, paying taxes and registering property are particularly arduous

exercises as government bureaucracy is notoriously inefficient. Dealing with the tax

authorities can also be problematic: assessments can be arbitrary and instances of

coercion by the authorities have been reported (for example illegally blocking

corporate bank accounts). Firms will also encounter great difficulties in accessing

credit, starting a business, dealing with construction permits and closing a business.

Moreover, investor protection is very weak, with foreign investors often claiming that

their rights have not been protected by the courts.

FOREST MANAGEMENT IN CAMEROON

Cameroonian forests have a long history of regulatory and institutional settings. During

the colonial period, Germany, the United Kingdom, and France had administrative

units in place to regulate the forestry sector (Hédin 1930, Letouzey 1957), and after

independence, new forest laws were adopted by the Republic of Cameroon in 1974

and 1981. It was not until 1994 that, with the adoption of a new forest law, a

comprehensive national forest policy framework was laid down directly linking the

concepts of sustainable forest management with the preparation of FMPs for all

productive forests. According to the most recent assessment made by the ministry of

forests in collaboration with the FAO, Cameroonian forests cover a surface of about

21.2 million hectares, i.e., 45% of the national territory (MINFOF and FAO 2005). The

estimated deforestation rate varies according to sources and methods of estimation

(e.g., see Wunder 2003 for a recent comparison of available sources). MINFOF and

FAO (2005) indicate an annual loss of forests of about 100 000 ha between 1975 and

2004, or 0.48% per year. Half of the lost forested surfaces were degraded into “other

wooded lands,” whereas half were transformed into “other lands,”, mainly used for

agriculture (MINFOF and FAO 2005)

Natural resources In cameroon

Natural resource management has a long history in Cameroon. It began before

colonial administration within village communities and continues through today's

numerous ministries. The development of protected areas and reservesbegun in

colonial times created tensions between rural communities and newly formalized

administrative structures. Today's forestry policy is linked with the National

Environment Management Program (NEMP) and takes into consideration ecosystem

perspectives for management activities. In addition, economic development,

involvement of women, and support for local NGO involvement are taken into

consideration. The policy is the result of numerous international.

CAMEROON’S NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICY TODAY

In 1992, the Cameroonian forest and wildlife sectors in the Department of Agriculture

and the Department of Tourism formed the Ministry of Environment and Forestry

(MINEF). Since this time, these two sectors have undergone profound institutional and

legislative reforms, such as the establishment of Cameroon forestry policy, the

creation of new forestry laws, wildlife and fisheries regulations, and development of all

the applications of these forestry laws. All these actions have significantly modified

regulation governing the entire sector. Cameroon forestry policy is one component of

our national strategy for the enhancement of rural economic activities.It falls within the

framework of land use planning (zoning plan) and goes a long way toward boosting

the agricultural policy.

The forestry policy is also an important component of the National Environment

Management Program (NEMP), which has beendrawn up with an emphasis on the

sustainable management of forest resources. It is also a complementary part of the

National Energy Program currently under discussion, with regard to the firewood

subsector. Lastly, it covers all the forestry research programs adopted at thebeginning

of 1995. These orientations, objectives, and strategies take into consideration the

environmental problems plaguing Cameroon, notwithstanding the fact that the forestry

policy precedes that of the National Environment Management Program.

NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT DURINGAND AFTER COLONISATION

The capacity or failure to manage tensions emanating from the exploitation of

natural resources is determined by changes brought about by the trajectories of

historical events. On top of the land degradation problems should be added the

peculiar socio-economic and political difficulties attendant on the colonisation

experience. The divide-and-rule policy of the colonial powers, expressed through

policies like indirect rule, assimilation and ‘association’ contributed significantly to

sectionalism and distortion of the ways in which traditional Cameroonian society

handled natural resource management conflicts.

The system of law governing the management of natural resources in Cameroon

today is largely based on principles left behind by successive European colonial

powers. Colonial policy on natural resource management was essentially

hegemonic in character, and intended to guarantee the regular supply of agricultural

and forestry resources to Europe (Ngwasiri2001).

46

Legal Overview of Cameroon:

EnrollmentNo StudentName Faculty Name

117344592701 MAITRI BHATT Prof. Bhargav Pandya







47

Legal Overview:

Dispute Settlement The 1990 Investment Code states that, at the time of incorporation or

application for Investment Code benefits, a firm may choose one of several

procedures: adjudication by local courts, arbitration by the international courts

of justice, or international arbitration centers, according to Cameroonian law

and the arbitration regimes of which Cameroon is a member (described

below). Arbitration as a form of dispute settlement is gaining ground in

Cameroon and should be considered by prospective foreign investors who

wish to avoid entanglement in the court system. Under the 2002 Charter,

petitions for redress or non-compliance with the provisions of the Charter

should be forwarded to a Regulation and Competition Board, which was

created in September 2004. Cameroon accepts binding international

arbitration on investment disputes between foreign investors and the

government.

Difficulty in resolving commercial disputes, particularly the enforcement of

contractual rights, remains one of the serious obstacles to promoting

investment in Cameroon. Foreign corporate plaintiffs are often frustrated with

the slow pace of the Cameroon legal system. Local businesses routinely

exert pressure on the courts, which may be swayed by bribes or by the clout

of a political heavyweight. Some foreign companies have alleged that

judgments against them were obtained fraudulently or as the result of

frivolous lawsuits. The enforcement of judicial decisions is also slow and

fraught with administrative and legal bottlenecks.

Cameroon's bankruptcy law is an integral part of its commercial law. In case

of bankruptcy, negotiable and enforceable guarantee instruments cover

creditors. Cameroon is a member of the International Center for the

Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID, also known as the Washington

Convention), and is a signatory to the 1958 Convention on the Recognition

and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (also known as the New York

48

Convention). In May 1997, Cameroon’s Council of Business Managers and

Professional Associations (GICAM), an association of 207 companies and 15

professional associations representing 70 percent of all formal sector

business activity in the country, created its own arbitration center to handle

business disputes. In early 2001, CEMAC also established a court in

N’djamena to adjudicate regional commercial disputes.

Cameroon is a signatory to the Organization for the Harmonization of

Corporate Law in Africa Treaty (OHADA in French). Among other things, OHADA

provides for common corporate law and arbitration procedures in the 16-

member signatory states: (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African

Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon,

Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo). Cameroon is a

signatory to the 1985

Seoul Convention that established the Multilateral Investment Guarantee

Agency (MIGA), aimed at safeguarding non-commercial risks. Cameroon is

also a signatory to the Lome Convention (as revised in Mauritius in 1995),

which created an arbitration mechanism to settle disputes between African,

Caribbean, and Pacific states (ACP) and contractors, suppliers, and

service providers financed by the European Development Fund (EDF). In

July 2008, Cameroon adopted a law on public-private partnership (PPP)

agreements, providing more clarity for the administrative, financial, and

judicial framework for such arrangements.

49

Labour Law Cameroon’s labour-management relations are governed by the 1992 Labour

Code, which restored collective bargaining in wage negotiations, eliminated

fixed wage scales, abolished employment-based requirements on education

levels, eliminated government control over layoffs and firings, and reduced the

government’s role in the management of labour unions. The Labour Code does

not apply to civil servants, employees of the judiciary, and workers responsible

for national security. In theory, the Labour Code provides a legal framework for

the emergence of a flexible and efficient labour market, but such a market has

not fully emerged. Cameroon is a party to the ILO Conventions 87 and 98

permitting the freedom to form unions and the right to collective bargaining.

After a long period of dissension between the government and labour unions, a

new tripartite approach is being used to address labour issues. The tripartite

approach includes worker and employer unions as well as government

representatives. This method has substantially improved relations between the

parties for the benefit of both the workers and the employers, and the

government intends to improve further workers’ rights and establish a new

concept of internal discussions within companies before workers resort to

strikes. The Minister of Labour and Social Security refers to this policy as “Social

Dialogue.” The Ministry of Labour has taken an increasingly broad view of certain

aspects of the Labour Code, especially regarding payment of “legal rights” to

employees in the event of a restructuring or sale.

Cameroon has a high literacy rate and offers a relatively well-educated labour

force alongside a surplus of unskilled and non-technical labor. According to a

2005 survey conducted by the National Institute of Statistics in the two major

cities, Yaounde and Douala, the unemployment rates (ILO criteria) in these

cities are 14.7 percent and 12.5 percent, respectively. (The ILO defines an

unemployed person as one who fulfills three conditions: a) without work, i.e. not

having worked a single hour in a referenced week; b) available for work in the

coming 15 days; c) actively seeking employment or having found one that will

start later).

50

In 2010, the Ministry of Employment and Vocational Training estimated that 75%

of the active workforce is underemployed, and less than 1 million of Cameroon’s

19.5 million people are employed in the formal sector.

About 50 percent of adult Cameroonians speak both French and English. Due

to inadequate vocational and technical training, however, some industries

have experienced difficulties in recruiting skilled labor in the domestic market.

Also, the ready availability of unskilled labor means that technology used in

many sectors, especially construction, remains basic.

An individual raising a discrimination case against an employer may elect to

bring the case where he resides or where he works. In practice most of these

cases are filed in the complainant’s place of residence. This compels the

company to dispatch officials to sometimes distant places where the individual

might have better local contacts than the company. In recent years, Section 42

of the Cameroon Labour Code has posed some challenges to foreign

companies selling their assets in Cameroon. Section 42(2) (b) allows

employees or their labour organizations to demand compensation from the

selling entity in advance of the sale of the asset. They may ask for

Termination of their contract and severance pay prior to the transfer, knowing that

the new acquirer would still hire them or would need their acquired experience

and service. This is seen as detrimental to foreign investment, especially in

sectors where human resources costs are high, as it can make it difficult to

divest.

51

Protection of Property Rights Secured interests in property are recognized and usually enforced. The concept

of mortgage exists in Cameroonian law, and the title is the legal instrument for

registering such security interests, but in practice some lenders have

experienced extensive delays in obtaining court rulings to enforce their claims on

assets given as collateral. Cameroonian law provides foreign and domestic

investors with property rights protections that substantially comply with

international norms and do not discriminate between foreign and domestic firms.

In practice, however, Cameroonian courts and administrative agencies often

issue rulings favorable to domestic firms and have been suspected of corrupt

practices.

Cameroon is a member of the 16-nation African Intellectual Property Organization

(OAPI in French), which is a member of the World Intellectual Property

Organization and offers patent and trademark registration in cooperation with

member states. Patents in Cameroon have an initial validity of ten years. They

can be renewed every five years upon submission of proof that the patent was

used in at least one of the OAPI member countries. Without continued use,

compulsory licensing is possible after three years. Trademark protection is

initially valid for 20 years with renewal possibilities every ten years. Cameroon is

also a party to the Paris Convention on Industrial Property and the Universal

Copyright Convention.

In 2008, Cameroon’s copyright registration system changed from a single body

accepting registrations to multiple bodies divided according to field. One such

organization, the Cameroon Music Corporation (CMC), charged with registering

musical works, was liquidated by the Minister of Culture and a new structure,

SOCAM (Societe Civile Camerounaise de l’Art Musicale), has been announced

to replace CMC but is yet to begin functioning. The Minister of Culture’s decision

to liquidate CMC has been overturned by Cameroon’s Supreme Court, leaving

the status of copyright registration for music, a prolific industry in Cameroon, in

question. Other registration bodies include the Copyright Corporation for

Literature and Dramatic Arts (in French, SOCILADRA) which covers literature and

software production; the Copyright Corporation for Visual Arts (in French,

SOCADAP) for paintings; and the Copyright Corporation for Audio-Visual and

Photographic Arts (in French, SCAAP) for audiovisual and photographic

52

production.

IPR is constrained by poor enforcement of existing laws, the cost of

enforcement, the pervasiveness of infringement, rudimentary understanding of

IPR among government officials, and a lack of public respect for copyright laws.

Software piracy is widespread; pirated DVDs are common. Cameroon is taking

steps to implement the World Trade Organization’s TRIPs agreement and the

United States Patent and Trade Office (USPTO) has provided training on

intellectual property rights protection to Cameroonian officials (including custom

officers, magistrates, and civil servants).

Environmental Act of India The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was introduced as an

umbrella legislation that provides a holistic framework for the protection and

improvement to the environment. The objective of air protection Act is to

provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, for the

establishment, with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purposes, of Boards,

for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating

thereto and for matters connected therewith.

The objectives of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act are to

provide for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution and the maintenance

or restoration of the wholesomeness of water for the establishment, with a

view to carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention and

control of water pollution, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards

powers and functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has enacted the Biological Diversity

Act, 2002 under the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity signed at

Rio de Janeiro on the 5th day of June, 1992 of which India is also a party.

This Act is to “provide for the conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use

of its components, and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of

the sued of biological resources, knowledge and for matters connected

therewith or incidental thereto

These Rules classify used mineral oil as hazardous waste under the

Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2003 that requires proper

53

handling and disposal. Organization will seek authorization for disposal of

hazardous waste from concerned State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) as

and when required.

MoEF vide its notification dt. 17th July, 2000 under the section of 6, 8 and 25 of

the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 has notified rules for regulation/ control of

Ozone Depleting Substances ( ODS) under Montreal Protocol. As per

the notification certain control and regulation has been imposed on

manufacturing, import, export, and use of these compounds.

Environment Act of Cameroon The objective of this study is to analyse Cameroon’s environmental

framework law, taking into consideration the extent to which it balances

the seemingly competing interests of development and environmental

protection. In other words, it analyses from a legal perspective the twin

problem of intergenerational sustainability and the need to satisfy pressing

development needs (such as poverty alleviation) with proceeds generated

from the exploitation of the available natural resources. It further examinesthe

effectiveness of existing governance structures and the role played by

administrators, NGOs and courts in balancing these competing interests. . The

Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralisation oversees the

administration and implementation of all government policies through

regional governors, divisional officers, sub divisional officers, mayors and

traditional authorities.

Decisions of these lower courts are subject to appeal to a regional Court

of Appeal and the Supreme Court. It should be noted that the magistrates’

court at the district level has jurisdiction over most environmental offences

due to the nature of the punishment imposed for violation of most

environmental offences. The courts have come out strongly in favour of

a strict application of environmental laws. In The People of Cameroon

v Sullivan Paul Brian Christopher and Ntoutoul Calvin Sylvain the court

indicated that this was necessary ten sure intergenerational sustainability.

The Preamble affirms the commitment of the state to harness its rich

natural resources to achieve development, protect and improve the

54

environment and ensure the well-being of every citizen. The express

recognition of the need to protect and improve the environment

presupposes the need to balance the exploitation of natural resources with

environmental considerations. This view is further supported by the express

constitutional guarantee of the right of “every person” to a healthy environment.

The above view notwithstanding, no express mention is made of the notion of

sustainable development or sustainability in the entire Constitution. Such

practice may also suggest the failure to completely bring the Constitution

in line with international standards, which stress a correlation between

the protection of the environment and the attainment of sustainable

development. However, this perceived gap is addressed by provisions

of the main legislation on environmental protection. The Constitution

incorporates the notion of shared responsibility in environmental protection by

making it the duty of the state and ‘every citizen’ to protect the environment. It is

suggested that this implies that the right to a healthy environment can be

applied both against natural persons, legal persons and state authorities. This

constituted the basis of a public interest action that was successfully

instituted by a Bamenda-based NGO (FEDEV) to compel China Road and

Bridge Corporation to comply with prescribed EIA procedures. Although the

Constitution does not expressly provide any limitations to the right to a

healthy environment, this can be limited within the context of justifiable socio-

economic development. However, ascertaining justifiable development vis-à-vis

environmental protection is an arduous task.

Indian Sales Of goods Act, 1930 The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 was laid down to define and amend the law relating to the sale of goods or movables. The Act came into force on the

1st day of July 1930.It extends to the whole of India except Jammu and

Kashmir.

It Includes:

Essentials of contract of sale

Modes of the contract Rights of Unpaid Seller Types of Goods

Rules regarding delivery of goods

55

Cameroon’s AUDCG act for Sales of goods the Acte Uniforme Relatif au Droit Commercial General (AUDCG) governs sales

transactions in Cameroon. AUDCG is under the act of OHADA, uniform acts

enacted by OHADA apply not only to cross-border contracts between parties

located in OHADA. Cameroon is a member of OHADA.

The Uniform Act General Commercial Law (AUDCG) and the Uniform Act on the

right of Security (AUS) was among the first affected. A program aimed at the

improvement of business law in the OHADA zone supported by the World Bank

Group.

56

Major industries of Cameroon:

Enrolment No. Name of the Student Faculty Guide

117340592073 PRATIK ASHOKBHAI SOLANKI Prof. Pradip Mitra






57

Major industries of Cameroon

Cocoa and coffee

An estimated 4 million Cameroonians depends on cocoa and coffee for their livelihood.

Both commodities are produced by millions of farmers on small scale farms.

Rubber

Rubber is primarily produced in the forested region of niete north of yaounde, by three

agro industrial companies, CDC, hevecam and sfacam.

Petroleum

Cameroon is the 5th largest oil producer in sub sahahran africa and produced 1 lakh

barrels per day in 1999. ELF, PERENCO & PECTEN INTERNATIONAL have produced

crude oil from several different deposites.

Mineral Processing

One of the Cameroon’s largest factories is an aluminum smelting plant in douala, which

produces aluminum from imported bauxite.

Beverages:

Beer and soft drinks are manufactured for the domestic market and are also exported

to several neighboring countries.

Transportation

Cameroon profits from its geographical position by serving as the principal

transportation link for Chad, CAR and other neighboring countries.

Telecommunication

A recent surge in telecommunication investment is expected to continue. In 1998, the

government divided the state telephone company into two entities, CAMTEL &

CAMTEL MOBILE.

Retail

There is a vast array of retail business of varoying in both rural and urban areas of

Cameroon. Weekly rural markets attract farmers who sell their food crops while

individual traders peddle a variety of house hold goods.

58

Chemical



individual traders peddle a variety of house hold goods.

Financial services:

During Cameroon‘s recent economic resurgence, financial services have

flourished, growing by 10% in 1999-00. Banking services are dominated by branches

of several multinational banking groups such as societe generele, credit Lyonnais and

standard charted bank. During the late 1990‘s Cameroon‘s largest state owned bank,

BANKQUE INTERNATIONAL DU CAMEROUN POUR I‘EPARGNE ET LE CREDIT

(BICEC), was privatized and another multinational, group popularize, took a controlling

share. The banking sector expects continuing growth to be fueled by further

privatization and rising investments associated with a CHAD CAMEROON PIPE LINE

PROJECT.

Telecommunication:

A recent surge in telecommunication investment is expected to continue. In

1998, the government divided the state telephone company into two entities, CAMTEL

& CAMTEL MOBILE. CAMTEL maintained a monopoly over fixed phone services,

while CAMTEL MOBILE offers cellular services. A second cellular license was sold to

an affiliate of france telecom, and CAMTEL mobile was bought by MTN, a south

African cellular phone company.

Retail:



individual traders peddle a variety of house hold goods. Most durable goods such as

car and house hold appliances are sold in yaounde, douala in some provincial capitals.

This urban centers also have shops offering a large variety of consumer goods.

59

Commodity exported from Cameroon

Industry Percentage of market share

Oil & petroleum 39

Cocoa 19

Wood products 12

Cotton 2

Rubber 3

Bananas 3

Others 22

Source: Cameroon economic update July 2012

Trade facilitation and logistics:

From a trade facilitation perspective, efficient movement of freight along the corridor

from the port to the inland commercial center is crucial for regions external

competitiveness. This in turn depends in the efficiency of the port and the inland

movement of road freight from the port to the final inland destination. The reform of

both the physical aspect (transport infrastructure) & the non-physical aspect

(regulatory and documentation process of transit trade) are essential for an effective

movement of freight-with efficiency assessed in terms of cost, time and predictable

movement of freight along the corridor.

60

61

Major Trade Partners of Cameroon:

Enrolment No. Name of the Students Facuty Guide

117340592011 DHARMESH NAVINBHAI ADESARA Prof. Bhavik Panchasara






62

Overview Of Major Trade Partners of Cameroon:

A number of authors have focused on the determinants of the trade

patterns, however further research is needed for a better understanding of

what goods and with which countries developed and developing economies

trade. This summary focuses on the determinants of international trade between

two countries: INDIA and CAMEROON.

Benefits of trade internationally are similar to those within an economy.

These include:

It allows specialization therefore increased production. It engenders cooperation

between sectors and/or nations. It provides areas that lack certain resources to have

products which would be otherwise unavailable. It leads to increased development so

the whole economy/economies grow and develop, The list goes on.

Cameroon is one of the richest countries in Central Africa. This country is endowed

with abundant natural resources and has a significant potential for development as

compare to other countries of Africa, Cameroon has comparatively high political and

social reliability. This has permitted the development of agriculture, roads, railways,

large petroleum and timber industries.

Cameroon has a diverse population comprising approximately 250 ethnic groups

that then form 5 regional/cultural groups. The constitution guarantees freedom of

religion. About 40% of the population follows some form of indigenous beliefs, 40%

adhere to a form of Christianity, and 20% are Muslim.

Trade View of INDIA and CAMEROON CAMEROON GDP - composition by sector: Agriculture: 43.7%

Industry: 20.1%

Services: 36.2% (2004 EST.)

63

In INDIA GDP per Capita is $3,700 US whereas, it is $2,300 US in

CAMEROON. So far as Exports are concerned India is concerned with

petroleum products, textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods,

chemicals, leather manufactures, Whereas Cameroon is concerned with crude

oil and petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans, aluminum, coffee,For

making a Trade successful, it is necessary to have a clear climate view of a

partner’s country. India possesses varies from tropical monsoon in south to

temperate in north. Whereas Cameroon possesses varies with terrain, from

tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north.

TRADE OF CAMEROON

Oil and its linked products make up the country’s a large amount of

important export commodities. The country’s export partners include Italy,

France and the Netherlands. The European Union relics Cameroon's main

trading bloc, bookkeeping for 36.6% of total imports and 66.1% of exports.

France is Cameroon's main trading partner, but The United States is the

important investor in Cameroon. According to press reports, China newly became

the number one importer of Cameroonian exports, especially unprocessed

timber.

Cameroon is also part of the CEMAC zone which maintains a common external

tariff on imports from non- CEMAC countries. In theory, tariffs have been

eliminated within CEMAC, and only a value added tax should be applied to

goods traded among CEMAC members. There has been some delay,

however, in achieving this goal, and currently both customs duties and value

added taxes are being assessed on trade within CEMAC.

TOP EXPORT PARTNERS OF CAMEROON Spain took major part in the exports of the Cameroon with 2,775,579

thousand. Exports are further followed by Italy with 2,319,618 and France with

1,137,763 thousand. TOP IMPORT PARTNERS OF CAMEROON Different import partners are head by Nigeria with 2,205,873 thousand

followed by France with 1,618,298 thousand and China with 599,363 thousand.

64

TOP IMPORT PRODUCTS OF CAMEROON

In the import products of the Cameroon, parts of forklifts, bulldozers and graders

with 87,409 thousand followed by Medicine in doses and Worn Clothing with

85,024 thousand and 55,847 thousand THE TOP EXPORT PRODUCTS OF CAMEROON Cameroon’s main Export products are lead by Crud oil followed by Woos sawn and

bananas with 2,641,976 thousand, 295,835 thousand and 281,836 thousand

respectively.

INDIA’S MAJOR EXPORT PARTNERS Here, for India, major export partners are leading by UAE with $R36bn followed by USA and China with $34bn and $18bn respectively.

INDIA’S MAJOR IMPORT PARTNERS For India, major import partners are lead by China followed by UAE and Switzerland

with $58bn,$36bn and $32bn respectively.

MAJOR EXPORT PRODUCTS India’s major export products are lead by Petroleum Product with $56bn, followed by Gems & jewellery with $24bn each.

65

Commercial and Trade Relations 1. The key areas for cooperation could be Indian investments in oil and mining,

telecom, fertilizers, oil & gas, agriculture & food processing, frostery, IT, railways and

Indian exports of consumer and light engineering goods.

2. Bilateral Trade: India’s trade with Cameroon is about US$ 100 million as the

bilateral trade accounts for only 1.2% of Cameroon’s global external trade,

considerable potential for enhancing trade exist.

Indian Exports from Cameroon had an irregular trend, in 2007-08, it has been

decreased in comparison to 2006-07, but in the next year, it has increased followed

by decreasing in 2009-10.Indian imports from Cameroon have an continuously

increasing trend during 2006-07 through 2009-10 with $7.6US million and

$137.35US million respectively.

3. Main Indian exports: Bilateral trade has grown rapidly in recent years, but its full

potential is yet to be realised. Pharmaceutical products, machinery and instruments

and articles of iron and steel are main items of Indian exports.

Pharmaceuticals accounts for about a third of total Indian exports. In the Auto sector,

the Indian Bajaj Motorcycles were introduced in Cameroon in 2008.

4. Main Indian Imports are cotton, wood, and metalizes ores and metals. Cameroonian exports to India will benefit from the DFTP Scheme announced

pursuant to India-Africa Forum Summit in April 2008.

66

Overview of Financial Market of Cameroon:

Enrolment No Name of the Students Faculty Guide

117340592057 MONIKA PRAVINSINH PARMAR Prof. Pradip Mitra






67

Financial Overview of CAMEROON FINANCIAL SECTOR

Cameroon has experienced stable economic growth over much of the past

decade.

Cameroon’s financial system is the largest in the Economic and Monetary

Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) accounting for about half of regional

financial assets. The financial sector, characterized by excess liquidity, is

largely dominated by foreign banks. Non-bank financial institutions play a

minor role, with the public insurance and pension systems in difficulties, and

the publicly owned postal bank and real estate finance institution both

struggling with insolvency.

Banking sector soundness has decline in recent years.

Six out of the eleven largest banks remain foreign owned, the sector has

experienced a gradual retrenchment of foreign banks over the past 10 years

due to excess domestic bank liquidity, lack of bankable projects.

While CEMAC countries jointly launched a common regional Stock exchange in

2008, Cameroon has also set up its own stock market, the Douala Stock Exchange.

However, market infrastructure development to support the expansion of capital

markets lags behind issuing plans and regional auction mechanisms and dealer-type

systems to support both the primary and secondary market are not yet fully in place.

Furthermore, a cash and debt management framework is not yet established at the

Treasury, hampering budget financing through government debt securities.

Insurance penetration remains low across Cameroon.

Life insurance is relatively undeveloped in Cameroon.

INDIAN FINANCIAL MARKET

Indian financial system is consisting of financial intermediaries, financial

regulatory, financial instruments, and financial market.

Financial intermediaries are Banks.

Financial regulatory are SEBI,RBI,IRDA

Financial Instruments are Money Market Instruments And Capital

Market Instruments

Financial markets are Money market and Capital market.

COMPARISON OF INDIA AND CAMEROON

India is developing nation while Cameroon is underdeveloped nation.

Geographical wise the India is better than Cameroon.

The financial system of India is good as compare to other countries while

financial system of The Cameroon is weak as compare to India.

GDP of the India is 7.8 whereas GDP of the Cameroon is 4.1.

India is currently having vast more opportunity and potential than

Cameroon.

India's Import Export is high than the Cameroon.

Financial Crisis:

African economies did not escape the impact of the financial crisis on the global

economy. In the wake of reduced global growth, African Development Bank

estimates project GDP growth in the continent to decline to about 2.8 percent in

2009, less than half of the 5.7 percent expected before the crisis.

While the effects of the world financial crisis on Africa continue to evolve, African

financial sectors have proven remarkably resilient in withstanding the effects of the

crisis, benefiting from high capitalization and liquidity levels.

The early effects of the crisis were evident in reduced capital inflows, with major

markets such as Nigeria and South Africa experiencing larger net outflows than

inflows. The higher net outflows increased demand for the dollar and other hard

currencies, leading to the depreciation of several African currencies. Remittances

are estimated to have declined between 4.5 percent and 8 percent during 2009.

While some measure of recovery has since taken place, equity markets have seen

substantial falls: the Merrill Lynch Africa Lions Index, which accounts for 15 African

countries, experienced a 70 percent drop in the March-December 2008 period.

Moreover, the credit crunch and increased risk aversion around the world have led to

severe difficulties in both financing trade and obtaining long-term funding in

international markets at reasonable cost, as shown by the considerable widening of

bond spreads since June 2007.

Several African countries have postponed plans to tap international markets for

financing their growth plans and capital investments. In response to the need for

international coordination in response to the crisis, African countries established the

Committee of 10 (C-10) at a meeting of African Ministers of Finance and Governors

of Central Banks in Tunis in November 2008, under the auspices of the African

Development Bank (AfDB) Group, in collaboration with the African Union

Commission (AUC) and the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA).

Financial Infrastructure

Financial infrastructure comprises a set of market institutions, networks and shared

physical infrastructure that enable the effective operation of financial intermediaries,

the exchange of information and data, and the settlement of payments between

wholesale and retail market participants. A safe and efficient financial infrastructure

fosters financial stability and is imperative for the successful operation of modern

integrated financial markets.

Financial infrastructure broadly includes collateral registries, credit bureaus, credit

ratings, and payment and settlement systems. Collateral registries provide a tool for

borrowers to use their movable assets as collateral against loans. It allows potential

lenders to assess their standing in the order of pr iority of claims against such assets

Credit bureaus allow lenders to assess creditworthiness by providing credit

information about a borrower. They also allow borrowers to establish a reputation or

“credit record”. Credit rating agencies provide independent forward-looking

assessments on the credit worthiness of issuers.

Payment systems - the set of rules, procedures, and network infrastructure for

transferring money between two or more financial institutions and their customers -

play a key role in the functioning of financial markets, maintaining and promoting

financial stability an facilitating the development of the economy.

Financial infrastructure in Africa is generally in its nascent stages of development.

Credit bureaus, collateral registries and credit rating systems are only beginning to

be developed in several African countries. On a cross-regional comparative basis,

sub-Saharan Africa has the least developed payment and settlement systems, with

many economies predominantly cash- based and several countries still using

manual check processing and clearing houses.

Part -2

Industry Analysis of Cameroon

Agriculture Sector Summary

Enrollment No Student Name Faculty Guide

117344592701 MAITRI BHATT

Prof. Bhargav Pandya







Agriculture Sector Summary

The production of organic pineapple and papaya in Cameroon is mainly carried out

by individual producers and a few groups. There are approximately 100 members

who are also producers, exporters, researchers or advocates of organic agriculture.

Cameroon is well known for its climatic, geographic and ecological diversity, which

enables farmers to grow a very large number of crops. The average area in the

small holding production ranges from one-twelfth to one-third of hectare, i.e. 5 000 to

20 000 plants. Consequences of this directive on pineapple production are

disastrous. This is because pineapple production is based on a program which

allows for harvest at targeted periods or even all year long. The marketing chain is

very short with only three players: the producer, the exporter and the importer.

Certification is delivered by an international accredited body at the exporter’s request

for his suppliers and also at individual producer’s request. In the European market,

the price of interest to the exporters is the price obtained by the importer from either

the wholesaler or the supermarket chain. For them, this represents the price to

which their product is bought. They will nevertheless have to deduct the charges of

the importer’s commission. Prices vary according to the law of supply and demand.

When the product quality is poor, it is not rare that exporters incur a loss. The

development of the organic sector has been reflected by a significant growth in

crops and the number of operators. Farmers who traditionally farm without fertilizers

or chemical products (for financial reasons and due to the lack of commercial

opportunities) have been encouraged to convert to organic farming by the market

opportunities (in particular the export market). The range of products has also

increased, from fresh products only in 1994 to processed products (dried, juices,

pulps) more recently.

The Cameroon of today is one of the most sophisticated and promising emerging

markets globally. Cameroon is the economic powerhouse of the African

continent,the Cameroonian Economic outlook has been on an upward trend since

2007.Despite the decline in the Oil production industry and the recent financial crisis,

the country has continued to show GDP growth rates of 3.6% and 4.8% in 2007 and

2008 respectively and a forecast of 4.6% in 2009.

Agriculture and Forestry

The sector is expected to benefit from better cross border infrastructure to ease

trading with neighboring countries particularly in rubber, cocoa, coffee and bananas.

Opportunities in this sector are in production/conversion of primary commodities and

trade financing.

Commerce and Trade

Cameroon imports the greater part of the commodities it markets whereas the

country is rich in natural resources and can support vast variety of agricultural

products. There is a real shortage in conversion processes from primary goods to

secondary goods and the country exports most of its cocoa, coffee and rubber

produce and imports their related finished products in Cameroon. Opportunities in

this sector are in trade financing and production/conversion processes of the

operating cycle.

Transportation (land, sea, air)

The country is in the process of revamping roads into and in the economic capital

Douala. The city is connected to all major towns in Cameroon, has rail links to

different cities and is served by an international airport. Cameroon has three major

ports for exports and imports with storage facilities, 58,000m sq or warehousing and

380,000m sq of open storage and 8,000m sq cold storage on site. Plans to build a

fourth deep sea port in Kribi are underway. Opportunities in this sector are in

transportation, tracking, storage and exportation to other central African countries.

Industrial manufacturing

One of the major industrial centers of Central Africa, Cameroon houses breweries,

textile factories, palm oil, soap and food-processing plants. It also produces building

materials, metalwork, plastics, glass, paper, bicycles and timber products.

Opportunities in this area are in distribution of different manufactured products,

financing and marketing.

Banking & Insurance & Finance

The banking industry in Cameroon is governed by both internal and external

regulations. Cameroon along with five other countries of the Central African Sub-

Region has one central bank. With the increasing trend in trade volumes in the

country, there is an opportunity for funding and financing to support these trade

volumes.

Tourism & Travel

The tourism industry in Cameroon is benefitting due to attention from the WWF and

its work with the wildlife community in the country. Cameroon is rich in culture with

more than 250 different tribes. It is a growing albeit minor industry and opportunities

in this area are numerous.

Construction Industry

Construction is another growing industry in the country, with the increase in need for

transportation and commercial infrastructure. The Chinese are big stakeholders

where road infrastructure is concerned and more opportunities continue to arise

especially in the more commercial cities of the country. Opportunities in this area are

in contracting and construction projects for road infrastructure and industrialization.

There is also a need for financing based on project kind and quality.

INDIA

Indian agriculture, the mainstay of the livelihood of over 60% of the

population, is set to receive a “New Deal” with the Government committed to

formulate a comprehensive package for reforms and policy changes vital for

increasing farm income, productivity and making the sector globally competitive.

In the backdrop of the new internal and external challenges faced by the farm

sector and the alarming deceleration in the rate of growth of agriculture during the

past decade, the Government is proactively looking for solutions to the problems

bedeviling the sector and has expressed its intent on charting out a well-defined

roadmap for putting agriculture at the centrestage of the national agenda.

It is widely recognized and appreciated that with its different agro-climatic

regions, India is geographically well suited to produce different varieties of fruits,

vegetables and a variety of crops all around the year. The country enjoys

competitive advantage because our farmers are the most cost-effective producers in

the world. Yet, India’s agriculture sector continues to languish. There is a yawning

gap between performance

and potential. And India’s share of the world trade in agri products is a measly 1.5%.

The Agriculture Summit was thus aimed at unraveling the core issues that afflict

Indian agriculture and giving the farm sector the centrality that it deserves in the

pursuit of reforms, growth, development with equity and inclusiveness.

‘New Deal’ to Rural India

The Hon’ble Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, in his Inaugural Address set the

ball rolling by giving a clarion call to accelerate the growth rate in agriculture if the

rate of growth of the economy is to be stepped up to 7 to 8%. “Unfortunately, there

has, in fact, been a deceleration in the past decade. While the Tenth Plan assumed

that agricultural production would grow at the rate of 4.0%, the reality is that in the

first three years of the Plan we have not been able to ensure even 1.5% rate of

growth. It is to reverse this neglect that our Government stated at the very outset

that our priority would be to give a “New Deal to Rural India”.

This “New Deal” required immediate steps for:

•Reversing the declining trend in investment in agriculture

•Stepping up credit flow to farmers

•Increasing public investment in irrigation & and wasteland development.

•Creating a ‘single market’ for agricultural produce

•Investing in rural healthcare & education

•Investing in rural electrification

•Investing in rural roads

•Setting up commodities futures markets

•Insuring against risks inevitable in a commercialized agrarian economy

The Hon’ble Prime Minister said it was imperative to consider the entire country as a

common or single market for agricultural products, for which it was important to

systematically remove internal controls and restrictions, enable and facilitate direct

marketing between farmers and NGOs, cooperatives and private companies.

Challenges & Opportunities

The Hon’ble Agriculture Minister, Mr. Sharad Pawar, in his Keynote Address

unveiled his vision of Indian agriculture and stated that the agriculture sector in India

presented many challenges and opportunities. “We have a wide range of diverse

agro-ecological conditions making it possible to grow different crop type, including

horticulture, in all parts of the country. Yet, the price of fruits and vegetables is high

and consumption is low. India has a huge internal market; yet, good harvest in a

particular season leads to fall in prices. Increased production often faces marketing

challenges. There is a good liquidity in the banking sector; yet, a large number of

farmers are dependent on the informal financial sector for their credit needs.

India needs a second green revolution with an end-to-end approach where

production and productivity patterns are tied up with markets and end users. This

according to me is India’s biggest challenge – and must be faced by both the public

and the private sector”. He enumerated several imperatives to put Indian agriculture

on a sound footing.

These include:

•Easy credit availability

•Large investments in all agricultural processes.

•Efficiency in water use

•Proper risk management

•Improved crop insurance scheme

•Assured irrigation facilities

•Tapping opportunities in horticulture

•Recognition to warehouse receipts to facilitate agri trade

•Strengthening of agriculture extension

For the growth of agriculture sector as a whole, a solid partnership between the

farmers, Central and State governments, agriculture universities, agri research

institutes, and industry is critical. Planned and need-based integration of industry

with agriculture would ensure that benefits percolate to the farmers.

Agriculture is one of the most important parts of any country’s economy. So it is

essential to get optimum use of agriculture land to increase the efficiency of the

agriculture production.

The total imports in Cameroon are increasing every year so it the same in India, also

the agriculture imports of India and Cameroon is also increasing considerably. But

the point to note is that India’s Percentage Agriculture Imports to national imports

India is decreasing every year and government of India is providing special

subsidies for Agriculture Exports.

While on the other side Cameroon is heavily depended on the imports from other

countries and s the ratio of Percentage Agriculture Imports to national imports is

increasing at a stable rate.

This gives India a good opportunity to export Agriculture products in Cameroon as

India is still depended heavily on the export income of Agriculture and Cameroon are

in need of Agriculture imports. So both the countries can get better of with this trade.

As per the data available following barriers of Trade Barriers can be concluded:

Cameroon

1. Rule of Law:

Protection of property rights is weak due to pervasive corruption and an

inefficient judicial system. The court system is vulnerable to political

interference and long delays. Trademarks and copyrights are routinely

violated, and software piracy is widespread.

2. Limited government

The top income and corporate tax rates are 38.5 percent (35 percent plus a

10 percent surcharge). Other taxes include a value-added tax (VAT) and an

inheritance tax. The overall tax burden equals 10.3 percent of GDP.

3. Regulatory inefficiency

The process for establishing a company has become more streamlined, but

paid-in minimum capital required to launch a business equals almost twice

the level of average annual income. The formal labor market is not fully

developed.

4. Open Market

The trade-weighted average tariff rate is quite high at 15 percent, and non-

tariff barriers further increase the cost of trade. The investment regime is

constrained by heavy bureaucracy and a lack of transparency. New

investments may be subject to government approval. The cost of financing is

high, and short-term loans dominate lending.

India

1. Rudimentary infrastructure and policies leads to slow agricultural

growth

The policies of Indian agriculture hampers the growth and proves to be the

barrier to the country. The farmer have the poor infrastructure and not able to

produce the goods at the optimum level.

2. The average size of the land is small

The land available to do the farming activity is small and the average size of

land holding is 20000 m². Such small holdings are often over manned

resulting in disguised unemployment and low productivity of labor

3. Use of technology is in adequate

The usage of technology in agriculture is limited which creates the low

productivity. The technological availability is also is very less and in some

areas the is shortage of basic amenities.

4. No proper management for irrigation

The irrigation management is poor and people and not adopting the to

cultivate the crop. The irrigation can be helpful when there is draught situation

but it is not used.

5. Political environment and legal obligation

The political environment plays an important role either to make or break the

agriculture system. There is political instability which hinders the growth of the

agriculture. The legal obligation is also a curse to the agriculture, the

government is not encouraging the agriculture so it proves to be the loopholes

in the corrupt system.

So these are the barrier which hampers the trade of the both countries. If both

countries try to overcome the trade barrier can be nullified.

The global economic prospects remain bleak amid weak economic activity, falling

consumer and business confidence levels and growing downside risks. The

European sovereign debt crisis and fiscal difficulties in the US remain the main

drivers behind the slowdown in global economic activity. The global economic

growth rate is expected to slowdown to 4% in 2011, after a 5,1% growth rate in

2010. The global grain production forecast for 2011/2012 has been raised by 13

million tons to a record 1 819 million tons while global grain consumption is expected

to rise by only 2,4% to 1828 million tons. The improvement in global grain production

prospects significantly reduces the 2011/2012 deficit to 9 million tons, down from a

previously forecasted 16 million tons. Global grain trade is expected to increase by 7

million tons to 250 million tons as compared to the 2010/2011 season. In the

domestic side, the SA economy performed below market expectations during the

third quarter of 2011, growing by just 1,4% which is a slight improvement from the

1,3% growth rate recorded in the second quarter of 2011. The main drivers behind

the slowing economic growth were the manufacturing, mining as well as the

agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors which all contracted during the third quarter

of 2011. The agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector contracted for the third

consecutive quarter, recording a quarter-on-quarter negative growth of 4,3% in the

third quarter of 2011 from a revised 6,0% contraction in the second quarter of 2011.

Employment figures for the third quarter showed a slight improvement with

193 000 jobs created during the quarter, bringing the unemployment rate to 25%

from 25,7% on the second quarter of 2011. The trade and finance sectors were the

main drivers of job-creation, creating 68 000 and 40 000 jobs respectively during the

third quarter. After recording job losses for four quarters in a row, agriculture

employment rose by 4,3% to 624 000 quarter-on-quarter, with 26 000 new jobs

created during the third quarter of 2011 compared to the third quarter of 2010. The

Limpopo province accounted for the largest increase in agriculture employment with

employment rising by 17,6% quarter-on-quarter. Real gross farm income from all

agricultural products increased by 17,4% year-on-year, from R34,5 billion in the third

quarter of 2010 to R40,7 billion in the third quarter of 2011.

The value of agricultural exports increased by 6% year-on-year, reaching

R15,2 billion in the third quarter of 2011. The value of agricultural imports increased

by 23% from R9,5 billion in the third quarter of 2010 to R11,6 billion in the third

quarter of 2011. The total export value of fish and seafood increased by 5% from

R532 million to R556 million while the total import value increased by 4% from R333

million to R347 million during the period under review. Forestry products, on the

other hand, recorded an increase of 11% in export value from R2,6 billion to R2,9

billion and a 4% increase in import value from R1,7 billion to R1,8 billion between the

third quarters of 2010 and 2011

Commercial and Trade Relations:

In 2007 Government of India gifted 60 tractors and agricultural implements to

Government of Cameroon. India has also provided Lines of Credit to boost

agriculture in Cameroon. Line of Credit: On May 29 2009, a $ 37.65 million. Indian

Line of Credit (LoC) for Cameroon funding a project each of Rice and Maize Farm

Plantation was operationalised. In September 2012, India and Cameroon signed on

a new LOC of $ 42 million for Cassava plantation project in Cameroon.

Political Relations:

Relations between India and Cameroon are friendly and cordial.

The Cameroonian leaders appreciate India’s contributions to Africa, NAM, India’s

secular democracy and economic progress. Cameroon actively supported Indian

candidature for the Commonwealth Secretary General. Shri Mahesh Sachdev, High

Commissioner of India to Nigeria is concurrently accredited to Cameroon and he

presented his credentials to President Paul Biya on January 4, 2012.

Mining Sector Summery

Enrollment no Students Name Faculty Guide

117340592011 DHARMESH NAVINBHAI ADESARA

Prof. Bhavik Panchasara






Mining Sector Summery

Cameroon Mining Sector :-

Of all Cameroon’s economic sectors, that which is most set for a dramatic take-off is

mining. Cameroon is a virtually unknown landscape of rich mineral deposits that have had no

historical commercial exploitation. Abundant reserves of cobalt, nickel, iron ore, bauxite and

manganese, along with gold and diamonds, have lured a multitude of international mining

companies to the country over the past decade as rises in global mineral prices spiked

renewed interest in its untapped potential.

Minister of Industry, Mines and Technological Development Badel Ndanga Ndinga

believes that mining growth will contribute significantly to Cameroon’s ascent to emergent

country status by 2035. He says that Cameroon boasts a competitive and attractive mining

code and points out that 60 per cent of the country is still unexplored. Such factors, along

with a progressive infrastructure development policy, will create a sector that will be a

reference point in Africa’s mining industry.

Indeed, Cameroon has some of the world’s leading cobalt deposits, with the

Nkamouna mine, the largest known primary cobalt deposit on the planet, set to bring in

revenues that equal those of the coffee and cocoa industries. In addition, C & K Mining Inc.,

a joint Cameroon-Korea company operating near the border with Congo-Republic, says the

probable diamond reserves at its mine, estimated at some 736 million carats, will make

Cameroon a leading diamond exporter in the near future.

Role of mining sector in the Economy of Cameroon:-

Bauxite deposits have been identified but remain unexploited; there are also

deposits of iron ore and potential reserves of gold, diamonds, uranium, rutile, industrial

clays and low-grade nickel and cobalt. Tin is mined on a very small scale. Investment by

large mining companies is needed to exploit underground riches. A new mining code is

planned to encourage foreign investors.

The Cameroonian government has identified the development of the mining

industry as a priority in the short, medium and long term as the country strives to hit key

economic goals by 2035. According to official government data, Cameroon has a billion

tons of bauxite and at least the same quantity of iron ore. Titanium reserves are estimated

at 300 million tons and cobalt, nickel and manganese deposits at 225 million tons.

Cameroon's economy is highly dependent on commodity exports, and swings in

world prices strongly affect its growth. Cameroon's economic development has been

impeded by economic mismanagement, pervasive corruption, and a challenging business

environment (for local and foreign investors). Cameroon remains one of the lowest-ranked

economies on the World Bank's annual Doing Business and similar surveys and regularly

ranks among the most corrupt countries in the world. Over the last 3 years, GDP growth

has averaged around 2%-3%, which is roughly on par with population growth but not

enough to significantly reduce high poverty levels. Despite boasting a higher GDP per

capita than either Senegal or Ghana, Cameroon lags behind these two countries in

important socio-economic indicators, including health and education. The government has

professed a determination to foster urgent economic growth and job creation, and there is a

decided uptick in interest in the mining sector and infrastructure development, but it is not

yet clear how well these promises will translate into improved performance.

In addition, Cameroon has oil and gas reserves that are thought to total 250

million barrels and 187 billion cubic metres of natural gas. The aggregate value of all these

natural resources is more than $100 billion and at least 200,000 direct and indirect jobs

could be created by their exploration, extraction and related activities. In order to attract

substantial FDI to develop the sector, the government is pumping hundreds of millions of

dollars into transport and energy infrastructure such as highways, ports, railways and

power plants.

The Ministry of Mines, Industry and Technological Development, is responsible

for developing strategies for industrial development by enhancing natural resources and

mines. Cameroon has applied to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative to

structure its mining industry with international standards. The request shows the

determination of Cameroon's government to boost transparency over payments by mining

and energy companies to public departments and agencies.

The code offers generous tax breaks to mining investors while ensuring that

Cameroon gets a fair share of the billions of dollars of minerals over the coming decades.

Companies wishing to mine in the central African nation will need to prove they have

adequate financing or permits will not be granted.

Structure of Cameroon Mining Sector:-

The growth of the use of semi-structured data has created new opportunities for

data mining, which has traditionally been concerned with tabular data sets, reflecting the

strong association between data mining and relational databases. Much of the world's

interesting and mineable data does not easily fold into relational databases, though a

generation of software engineers have been trained to believe this was the only way to

handle data, and data mining algorithms have generally been developed only to cope with

tabular data.

XML, being the most frequent way of representing semi-structured data, is able to

represent both tabular data and arbitrary trees. Any particular representation of data to be

exchanged between two applications in XML is normally described by a Schema often written

in XSD. Practical examples of such Schemata, for instance NewsML, are normally very

sophisticated, containing multiple optional subtrees, used for representing special case data.

Frequently around 90% of a Schema is concerned with the definition of these optional data

items and sub-trees.

Messages and data, therefore, that are transmitted or encoded using XML and that

conform to the same Schema are liable to contain very different data depending on what is

being transmitted.

Such data presents large problems for conventional data mining. Two messages

that conform to the same Schema may have little data in common. Building a training set

from such data means that if one were to try to format it as tabular data for conventional data

mining, large sections of the tables would or could be empty.

There is a tacit assumption made in the design of most data mining algorithms that

the data presented will be complete. The other desideratum is that the actual mining

algorithms employed, whether supervised or unsupervised, must be able to handle sparse

data. Namely, machine learning algorithms perform badly with incomplete data sets were

only part of the information is supplied. For instance methods based on neural networks. or

Ross Quinlan's algorithm are highly accurate with good and representative samples of the

problem, but perform badly with biased data. Most of times better model presentation with

more careful and unbiased representation of input and output is enough. A particularly

relevant area where finding the appropriate structure and model is the key issue is text

mining.

XPath is the standard mechanism used to refer to nodes and data items within

XML. It has similarities to standard techniques for navigating directory hierarchies used in

operating systems user interfaces. To data and structure mine XML data of any form, at least

two extensions are required to conventional data mining. These are the ability to associate

an XPath statement with any data pattern and sub statements with each data node in the

data pattern, and the ability to mine the presence and count of any node or set of nodes

within the document.

As an example, if one were to represent a family tree in XML, using these

extensions one could create a data set containing all the individuals in the tree, data items

such as name and age at death, and counts of related nodes, such as number of children.

More sophisticated searches could extract data such as grandparents' lifespans etc.

The addition of these data types related to the structure of a document or message

facilitates structure mining.

Function of Cameroon Mining Sector

This knowledge base includes enterprise resource planning (ERP) and computerized

maintenance management system (CMMS) modules geared toward the regular

requirements of companies in the mining industry. While including important criteria for

financials solutions and human resources, it has additional process workflow, quality

management, field service, and other criteria.

Financials

Financial system modules for bookkeeping and ensuring accounts are paid or

received on time.

Human Resources

Human Resources encompasses all the applications necessary for handling

personnel-related tasks for corporate managers and individual employees. Modules will

include Personnel Management, Benefit Management, Payroll Management, Employee

Self Service, Data Warehousing, Health and Safety, Workforce Management, Training, and

Product Technology

Maintenance Management

Kanban is a method of Just-in-Time production that uses standard containers or

lot sizes with a single card attached to each. It is a pull system in which work centers signal

with a card or other device that they wish to withdraw parts from feeding operations or

suppliers. The Japanese word kanban, loosely translated, means card, billboard, or sign,

but other signaling devices such as colored golf balls have also been used. The term is

often used synonymously for the specific scheduling system developed and used by the

Toyota Corporation in Japan. Point-of-use storage/floor stock—keeping inventory in

specified locations on a plant floor near the operation where it is to be used.

Process Manufacturing Management

Process Manufacturing Management covers specifics that are applicable to

process type of manufacturing. Formulas and recipes, modeling of process using formulas

and routings, process batch control and reporting, conformance reporting, process

manufacturing costing, process manufacturing-related material management are the major

functional areas of this module. It also provides a consolidated view of the production

situation using extensive multi-level reporting capabilities.

Inventory Management

Solutions for inventory management are used for the record-keeping of goods

that are warehoused, and managing the movement of these goods to, from, and through

warehouses.

Sales Management

Sales Management encompasses a group of applications that automates the

data entry process of customer orders and keeps track of the status of orders. It involves

order entry, order tracing and status reporting, pricing, invoicing, etc. It also provides a

basic functionality for lead tracking, customer information, quote processing, pricing &

rebates, etc.

Purchasing Management

Purchasing management encompasses a group of applications that controls

purchasing of raw materials needed to build products and that manages inventory stocks. It

also involves creating purchase orders/contracts, supplier tracking, goods receipt and

payment, and regulatory compliance analysis and reporting.

Quality Management

Quality management refers to the set of actions taken by an organization to

ensure that it creates and delivers high-quality products. In order to do so, organizations

must comply to national and international rules and regulations related to product quality,

but they often also create and use internal requirements for quality control. Specific

procedures need to be set up in order to ensure that the end products comply to internal or

external quality standards. All these activities need to be well documented in order to

provide the information needed when customers are not satisfied with the quality of the

products received. Government agencies may also require this information for control and

verification.

Project Management

Project management monitors costs and work schedules on a project-by-project

basis. It usually includes the following sub-modules: project control, project analyzer, project

budgeting, project timekeeping, project billings, contract management, and a workflow

communicator.

Product Technology

This group of criteria defines the technical architecture of the product as well as the

technological environment in which the product can run successfully. Criteria include product

and application architecture, software usability and administration, platform and database

support, application standards support, communications and protocol support and integration

capabilities. Relative to the other evaluation criteria, best practice selections place a lower

relative importance on the product technology criterion. This apparently lower importance is

deceptive because the product technology usually houses the majority of the selecting

organization's mandatory criteria, which generally include server, client, protocol and

database support, application scalability, and other architectural capabilities. The definition of

mandatory criteria within this set often allows the client to quickly narrow the long list of

potential vendors to a short list of applicable solutions that pass muster relative to the most

basic mandatory selection criteria.

Business Activities of Mining

Cameroon’s major commodity is petroleum, which provides 50% of Cameroon’s

exports. Geologically, Cameroon is characterized by Archaean basement, Proterozoic

volcano – sedimentary packages (similar to that of the auriferous Birimian Belt of West

Africa) and several late stage intrusive phases.

Cameroon also has extensive bauxite reserves, but requires substantial infrastructure

development in order to exploit them. Potential bauxite reserves exist at Minim – Martap

and Ngaouanda deposits, located in the remote northern parts of the country. These two

deposits have an estimated combined resource of 1 100 Mt of bauxite. China’s Gansu

Corporation has intentions to develop a 2 000 Mt bauxite deposit which would provide

bauxite to Cameroon’s largest aluminum smelter at Edea. Currently the Edea smelter

obtains bauxite from Guinea.

Numerous artisanal gold workings are known (producing around 1500 kg/year), but it

appears that no modern exploration methods have been used to locate Cameroon’s

primary gold potential. Alluvial gold production is derived purely from elluvial and alluvial

workings. To date no primary deposits have been successfully located. However, work

carried out by the BRGM suggests that gold mineralization is related to the volcano-

sedimentary belts characteristic of the Birimian belt in Niger, Burkina Faso and Mali.

Artisinal mining accounts for around 45 000 oz/year. Lom River Gold Corp (formerly Lorica

Resources Inc) from Canada has an option to obtain a gold prospect in south eastern

Cameroon.

The resources mined in Cameroon are quite limited, with annual artisanal production of

around 20,000 oz of gold and 12,000 ct of diamonds, and various building materials. The

government is currently examining the assistance it gives to the artisanal mining sector.

Alucam is Cameroon's largest company, and its aluminum smelter is producing and

exporting some 90,000 t/y of aluminum from bauxite imported from Guinea.

Companies and Organizations linked to Mining in Cameroon :-

Bimbia Ore Mining

Cameroon Mines Ltd.

Capam Company Ltd

Geovic Mining

Ministry of Industries Mines and

Technological Development

Ministry of Mines and Energy

Tchollire Ore Mining

Alucam

Société Camerounaise de Metallurgie

http://www.mbendi.com/orgs/1469/e969.htm






http://www.mbendi.com/orgs/cg7l.htm


http://www.mbendi.com/orgs/cbgq.htm

http://www.mbendi.com/orgs/cezt.htm

Products, Services and Suppliers for Mining in Cameroon :-

Aero magnetic geophysics

Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil

ANFO loading machinery

Ammonium nitrate explosives

Archaeological services

Ball mills

Boom bolters

Bulk material carriers

Coal cutters

Cone crushers

Continuous mining equipment

Crushers and breakers and grinders

Crushing plants

Cutting equipment

Elevating platform vehicles or

scissor lifts

Exploration and development

systems

Exploration or development system

spare parts or accessories

Explosive cartridges

Explosives

Extraction

Feeders

Flares

Geological exploration

Geophysical surveys

Hydraulic rock drills

Impact crushers

Impoundment or storage of water

services

In the hole drills ITH or down the

hole DTH long hole drills

Jaw crushers

Jaw plates

Land surveying

Mapping

Matches

Mine development

Mine exploration

Pneumatic rock drills

Powder propellants

Pulverizing machinery

Pumping or draining

Rock crushers

Rock drill spare parts or accessories

Roll crushers

Scissor bolters

Screens

Screens and feeding equipment

Secondary rock breaking system

spare parts or accessories

Secondary rock breaking systems

Shotcrete spraying equipment

http://www.mbendi.com/a_sndmsg/orgComm_srch.asp?gloc=W1&catg=46165






















































Gyratory crushers

Hand held rock drills

Underground mining service vehicles

Comparison of Cameroon and India

Cameroon Product Indian Products

Lime Stone Iron Ore Limestone, Iron Ore

Uranium Steam Coal Uranium Coal

Bauxite Rough Diamond Bauxite, Manganese,

Gold Manganese Ore Beryllium

Mica

Nickel Copper Ores Aquamarine Clay

Natural Gas Cobalt Marble Copper

Oil Garnet Kyanite

Gems Chromite

Apatite Silica

Petroleum Beryllium,

Crushed Stone Soda Ash

Iodized Salt Lignite

Marble Granite

Oil Gypcsum




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquamarines

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyanite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatite


Comparison:-

Cameroon has no established mining sector in the country which India is

having an organized and unorganized mining sector in the country which is

important part of the country’s overall production.

Here, from the table we can find that there are 5 common products which are

produced in both the countries that are limestone, oil, bauxite, uranium and

iron ore.

Now the following table represents the production of the above said common

product in both the country.

Table showing the comparison of the production of common products over

the country

PRODUCT INDIA

PRODUCTION

CAMEROON

PRODUCTION

Limestone N/A N/A

Bauxite 1400 73

Uranium N/A N/A

Oil (bdl per day) 954000 65330

Iron Ore 245000 N/A

* N/A : DATA IS NOT AVAILABLE

* PRODUCTION IN THOUSAND METRIC TONS

The above table showing annual production represents the country and it

shows that in the production of Bauxite and Iron ore, India is ahead than the

Cameroon.

As the Cameroon is not having the established mining sector in the country, it

might have more untapped areas which are containing the minerals, while,

India is already having the industry, there are many areas which are tapped

containing minerals,

Comparison of Cameroon Products and Gujarat Products

Cameroon Product Gujarat Product

Lime Stone Iron Ore Limestone Mica

Uranium Steam Coal Uranium, Soda Ash

Bauxite Rough Diamond Bauxite Lignite

Oil Manganese Ore Oil Petroleum

Nickel Copper Ores Beryllium, Marble

Natural Gas Cobalt Gypsum Clay

Gold Crushed Stone Silica

Soda Ash Aquamarine

Granite Gas

Iodized Salt

Comparison:

Here, from the table we can find that here also there are 4 common products

which are produced by both Cameroon and Gujarat, that are Oil, Uranium,

Bauxite and Limestone.

PRODUCT GUJARAT

PRODUCTION

CAMEROON

PRODUCTION

Limestone N/A N/A

Bauxite N/A 73

Uranium N/A N/A

Oil (bdl per day) N/A 65330

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium


*N/A : DATA IS NOT AVAILABLE

* PRODUCTION IN THOUSAND METRIC TON

As the data of Gujarat is not available, we could not make the comparison of

Cameroon and Gujarat. We can say that as the Cameroon has ample no. of

opportunities to deal with the Gujarat as the Gujarat is fast growing state and has

many more unidentified mineral areas.

Following pictures are representing the map of minerals of India, Cameroon and

Gujarat. This areas are identified differently and shown differently.

https://www.google.co.in/search?q=india+mineral+map&hl=en&biw=1024&bih=600&tbm=isch&tbo=u

&source=univ&sa=X&ei=8uZaUbi4OoWSkwX12YGgCA&ved=0CEAQsAQ#imgrc=3IWqlu8bUBnIEM

%3A%3BWEfzf11mOP3PoM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.indiamapssite.com%252Findia%252

https://www.google.co.in/search?q=india+mineral+map&hl=en&biw=1024&bih=600&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=8uZaUbi4OoWSkwX12YGgCA&ved=0CEAQsAQ#imgrc=3IWqlu8bUBnIEM%3A%3BWEfzf11mOP3PoM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.indiamapssite.com%252Findia%252Fimage%252Fmineralsmap.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.indiamapssite.com%252Findia%252Fminerals-map.html%3B585%3B698



Fimage%252Fmineralsmap.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.indiamapssite.com%252Findia%2

52Fminerals-map.html%3B585%3B698

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://emg.geoscienceworld.org/content/17/34/197/F1.large.jpg&imgrefurl

=http://emg.geoscienceworld.org/content/17/3/197/F1.expansion.html&h=1800&w=1140&sz=242&tbnid=6xRyxn

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://emg.geoscienceworld.org/content/17/34/197/F1.large.jpg&imgrefurl=http://emg.geoscienceworld.org/content/17/3/197/F1.expansion.html&h=1800&w=1140&sz=242&tbnid=6xRyxnbEwjosLM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=57&zoom=1&usg=__yVaMkAy1ZuxCm0JkAxjHYuDMUp8=&docid=b9ghvo6DmJZZcM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3VaUc6LOMWOiAfFgIFY&ved=0CEQQ9QEwBA&dur=16

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://emg.geoscienceworld.org/content/17/34/197/F1.large.jpg&imgrefurl=http://emg.geoscienceworld.org/content/17/3/197/F1.expansion.html&h=1800&w=1140&sz=242&tbnid=6xRyxnbEwjosLM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=57&zoom=1&usg=__yVaMkAy1ZuxCm0JkAxjHYuDMUp8=&docid=b9ghvo6DmJZZcM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3VaUc6LOMWOiAfFgIFY&ved=0CEQQ9QEwBA&dur=16

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cM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3VaUc6LOMWOiAfFgIFY&ved=0CEQQ9QEwBA&dur=16

http://www.geomining.gujarat.gov.in/images/mineral%20based%20industries.jpg

Trade View of INDIA and CAMEROON

CAMEROON GDP - composition by sector:

Agriculture: 43.7%

Industry: 20.1%

Services: 36.2% (2004 EST.)

In INDIA GDP per Capita is $3,700 US whereas, it is $2,300 US in

CAMEROON. So far as Exports are concerned India is concerned with

petroleum products, textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods,

chemicals, leather manufactures, Whereas Cameroon is concerned with

crude oil and petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans, aluminum, coffee,

For making a Trade successful, it is necessary to have a clear climate

view of a partner’s country. India possesses varies from tropical monsoon in

south to temperate in north. Whereas Cameroon possesses varies with

terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north.

TRADE OF CAMEROON

Oil and its linked products make up the country’s a large amount of

important export commodities. The country’s export partners include Italy,

France and the Netherlands. The European Union relics Cameroon's main

trading bloc, bookkeeping for 36.6% of total imports and 66.1% of exports.

France is Cameroon's main trading partner, but The United States is the

important investor in Cameroon. According to press reports, China newly

became the number one importer of Cameroonian exports, especially

unprocessed timber.

http://www.geomining.gujarat.gov.in/images/mineral%20based%20industries.jpg

Cameroon is also part of the CEMAC zone which maintains a common

external tariff on imports from non- CEMAC countries. In theory, tariffs have

been eliminated within CEMAC, and only a value added tax should be

applied to goods traded among CEMAC members. There has been some

delay, however, in achieving this goal, and currently both customs duties

and value added taxes are being assessed on trade within CEMAC.

According to the 2008 BP Statistical Energy Survey, Cameroon produced an

average of 82 thousand barrels of crude oil per day in 2007, 0.1% of the world total

and a change of -5.7 % compared to 2006. The Republic of Cameroon, lies on the

eastern border of oil-rich Nigeria, and is the sixth largest oil producer in Sub-

Saharan Africa with oil reserves estimated at 400 million barrels in January 2004.

Agriculture is the mainstay of the Cameroonian economy and accounts for 50%

of total exports and also about 70% of the active population is involved in agriculture.

Food and export crops, livestock, fishing and forestry make the back bone of the

economy.

The key areas for cooperation could be Indian Investment in oil and mining, telecom,

fertilizers, oil & gas, agriculture & food processing, forestry. IT, railways and Indian

exported of consumer and light engineering goods.

Cameroon have good potential to develop their mining sector and to become

leading producer of various product like boxite, diamond, iron etc. so if proper

planning is done at that time Cameroon can get maximum benefit out of that.

Cameroon’s undeveloped mineral resources include bauxite, cobalt, gold from lode

deposits, granite, iron ore, nepheline syenite, nickel, and rutile. Strong metal and

industrial mineral prices since 2003 have encouraged companies to develop mines.

The Nkamouna enriched cobalt-nickel-manganese-iron laterite deposits and

several other nickeliferous laterite deposits in southeast Cameroon were first

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepheline_syenite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutile

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nkamouna&action=edit&redlink=1

discovered and investigated by the United Nations Development Programme

(UNDP) during 1981-1986, in a cooperative project with the Cameroon Ministry of

Mines, Water and Energy to evaluate mineral potential in southeastern Cameroon.

Due to the remote location and the low nickel prices at the time, the discovery did

not draw much attention. No further exploration took place on the property until

geologist William Buckovic became aware of the nickel discovery in 1988.

Potential for Import/Export in Gujarat:-

Important mineral occurrences in the state are bentonite found in Amreli,

Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Kachchh and Sabarkantha districts; diatomite in Bhavnagar

district; fluorite in Vadodara and Baruch districts; perlite in Rajkot district; and

wollastonite in Banaskantha district. State is the major holder of country’s resources

of perlite, 69% of fluorite, 28% of diatomite, 18% of bentonite and 10% of

wollastonite resources.

Private Participation in the mining sector:-

The new NMP enunciates measures like assured right to next stage mineral

concession, transferability of mineral concessions and transparency in allotment of

concessions, in order to reduce delays which are seen as impediments to investment

and technology flows in the mining sector in India. The Mining Policy also seeks to

develop a sustainable framework for optimum utilisation of the country's natural

mineral resources for the industrial growth in the country and at the same time

improving the life of people living in the mining areas, which are generally located in

the backward and tribal regions of the country.

India-Cameroon bilateral trade data (Value in US$ Mn)

Trade Apr 10 to Mar 11 Apr 11 to Mar 12 Growth %

Export 121.18 192.22 58.63

Import 138.10 478.31 246.36

Total Trade 259.27 670.54 158.62

Source: DGFT

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Mines,_Water_and_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Mines,_Water_and_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1

India - Cameroon Bilateral Trade Statistics (in US$ Mn)

Trade April-October

2012

April-October

2011

Growth %

Export 119.96 100.82 +19.0%

Import 95.79 321.63 -70%

Total Trade 215.75 422.45 -49%

Because Cameroon still a developing country and not yet with the Kimberley

Process Certification Scheme( KPC) All buyer must obtain an authorization permit

document Directly from the Ministry of Mines, Department of Mines and Geology.

This Document will serve permit for the Diamond to pass through all Terminals and

toll gates for successful shipment.

The resources mined in Cameroon are quite limited, with annual artisanal production of

around 20,000 oz of gold and 12,000 ct of diamonds, and various building materials. The

government is currently examining the assistance it gives to the artisanal mining sector.

Alucam is Cameroon's largest company, and its aluminum smelter is producing and

exporting some 90,000 tonnes of aluminum from bauxite imported from Guinea.

Cameroon also has extensive bauxite reserves, but requires substantial infrastructure

development in order to exploit them. Potential bauxite reserves exist at Minim – Martap

and Ngaouanda deposits, located in the remote northern parts of the country. These two

deposits have an estimated combined resource of 1 100 Mt of bauxite. China’s Gansu

Corporation has intentions to develop a 2 000 Mt bauxite deposit which would provide

bauxite to Cameroon’s largest aluminum smelter at Edea. Currently the Edea smelter

obtains bauxite from Guinea.

Financial Service Sector Summery

Enrollment no Students Name Faculty Guide


Prof. Niraj Vyas






Financial Service Sector Summery

THE FINANCIAL AND BANKING LANDSCAPE OF CAMEROON

The monetary policy of BEAC (the central bank) which is centered on monetary

stability and bank liquidity management has greatly influenced Cameroon’s

economic and financial policy.

The Cameroonian financial landscape is comprised of:

15 commercial Banks. Cameroon’s banking and financial landscape

increased by two credit establishments which are state-owned: the Cameroon Rural

Financial Corporation and the Cameroon’s Small and Medium-sized bank; it is worth

noting that 10 of these banks are owned by non-nationals, there are subsidiaries of

European and other African countries.

5 financial institutions ( non-deposits taking institutions)

4 specialized financial institutions ( state-owned institutions FEICOM,

SNI,CFC,FNE )

28 insurance companies with 01 National Insurance Fund

500 microfinance institutions ( first, second and third categories of

MFI),

01 stock market ( Douala Stock Exchange),

informal financial players or informal finance ( tontines, djangui) & the

central securities depository is the National Autonomous Sinking Fund (CAA)

LEGAL, REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL SET UP

Supervisory and regulatory authorities and Sub-regional and national

regulations

The OHADA (the Organization for the Harmonization of business law

in Africa) Uniform Acts notably on securities, procedure on insolvency and

liquidation, arbitration, commercial companies and economic interest group;

The inter-African conference of insurance market code that determines

the modalities and procedures for licensing, functioning and liquidation of insurance

companies The 1992 convention harmonizing the banking legislation in central

African states

the convention of 12 October 1990 creating the banking commission of

central Africa (COBAC) which is the regional supervisory authority for banks,

financial institutions, specialized financial institutions and MFI;

The decisions taken by the president of the republic and the ministry of

finance on the functioning of the national credit Council, banking conditions,

minimum guaranteed free services to be rendered by banks to their customers,

licensing of these institutions including microfinance institutions (MFI)

Supervisory and regulatory authorities

The 1999 law establishing and organizing a financial market

The 2002 regulating MFI

It is worth noting that Cameroon did not opt for an integrated and

combining supervisory mechanism in charge of banks, insurance companies,

financial market operations, MFI.

Thus, we have specialized structures for each category;

The Ministry of Finance is in charge of bank and MFI registration, licensing of

banks and MFI, their General managers and auditors, passes same for COBAC approval.

The Central Bank ensures the monetary stability and directs the monetary

policy;

CFM is responsible for the supervision of the national financial market;

The regional commission for insurance supervision and the national Brigade

National Financial investigation Agency: preventing and sanctioning of money

laundering related activities.

COBAC

(emanates from BEAC though independent, its president is the governor of

the central bank (BEAC))

Regulatory power: defines prudential norms of banks and MFI

Power of control: ensures their application; Administrative power: can put

financial institutions under provisional administration or appoint a liquidator

Power to sanction: vested with the powers to sanctions defaulters (penalties,

suspension, and withdrawal of licenses.etc.)

Give its approval or rejection in issues like licensing of banks, MFI, and their

General managers, determination by the minister of finance of banking conditions;

BANKING IN CAMEROON

INTRODUCTION

Progressive investment and development today cannot be achieved without a

secured legal and commercial environment and a strong independent court system.

The era of globalization tremendously affected the Banking Sector in Cameroon. It is

thanks to globalization that most modern States have abandoned their fundamental

principles and attitude of non-interference for interdependence and mutual suspicion

for mutual interaction. There is free movement of goods and services across the

frontiers which indicate a borderless economy. This therefore calls for improvements

on security measures as far as commerce is concerned. Investors will not appreciate

investing in a State where their investments cannot be guaranteed. It is against this

backdrop that Cameroon in response to this pertinent global problem modified its

Banking Regulations to guarantee foreign investment.

Cameroon today is a member State of the Bank of Central African States (B.E.A.C.)

and also a member of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community

(CEMAC). These two bodies, BEAC and CEMAC constitute part of the “Franc Zone”.

Franc Zone simply means those African States whose monetary policy is being

directed by France especially in the domain of exchange rate with respect to

currencies of other countries, convertibility to other currencies, centralization of

international exchange reserves and harmonization of regulations.

The Banking Industry in Cameroon is governed by laws and regulations whose

sources are listed seriatim: International Conventions, Customs Laws, Ordinances,

Presidential Decrees, Ministerial Orders, Circulars and Court Decisions. These

regulatory instruments are flexible in character, meaning they can be a subject of

modification based on some socio-cultural, political and economic development

within Cameroon. Banking regulations vary between jurisdictions.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BANK REGULATIONS

MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS

In order to promote the objectives of the regulator, certain requirements are imposed

on banks. The most important minimum requirement in banking regulation is

minimum capital ratios (MCR).

SUPERVISORY REVIEW

To operate as a bank, the bank must first obtain a License from the regulator in

order to carry on business in Cameroon. The regulator has the obligation to

supervise licensed banks for compliance with the requirements and responds to

breach of the requirements through obtaining undertakings, giving directions,

imposing penalties or revoking the bank’s license.

MARKET DISCIPLINE

The regulator requires banks to publicly disclose financial and other information and

depositors and other creditors are able to use this information to assess the level of

risk and to make investment decisions. As a result of this, the bank is subject to

market discipline and the regulator can also use market pricing information as an

indicator of the bank’s financial health.

REGULATORY BODIES

- COBAC (The Banking Commission for the six Central African member States).

- MINFI (The Ministry Finance).

- NCC: The National Credit Council.

- BEAC: The Bank of Central African States.

- APECAM: The Banking and Credit/Finance Association.

SUPERVISORY AUTHORITIES/CONTROL

This role devolves mainly upon the Ministry of Finance and COBAC. The Ministry of

Finance controls all banking activities especially the terms and conditions for

banking services. It also receives applications for licensing and the appointment of

General Managers of banks and other financial institutions and passes same to

COBAC for approval/rejection. COBAC has up to six months within which to decide

on such applications. In conjunction with the National Credit Council, the Governor

of the Central Bank rules on the following:

- Minimum capital for banks and finance houses;

- Conditions for opening up branch offices;

- Anti-trust issues and collaboration amongst the institutions.

The Central Bank performs the role of a Regional Central Bank as indicated above

as well as issues notes. It also acts as clearing house for the banks. However, for its

functions of directing monetary policy and acting as lender of last resort, it falls wide

off the mark.

The law does not expressly prohibit certain banking practices but the following are

covered in general terms by the Penal Code: Money laundering, constructive

capital/currency exports, Bureau exchange, holding of undue credit balances in

nostro accounts for periods over one month.

INSTITUTION OF CROSSED CHEQUES

The institution of crossed cheques was contained in a communiqué of December 06,

1996 by the Secretary General of the Cameroon Association of Professional Credit

Establishment (APECAM). This communiqué was to the effect that banks would

henceforth respect scrupulously the decision of the National Credit Council

instituting the obligatory crossing of cheques in Cameroon well before their

issuance. Here, before delivering cheque booklets to their clients, the banks ensure

that there are two parallel lines on the face of each cheque leaf. This is actually

being enforced. This condition was designed to guarantee security.

INCORPORATION PROCEDURE

As at now, only Commercial Banks exist in Cameroon and operate as Public

Limited-liability Companies though shares are not listed. For incorporation and

registration of banks, documents to be forwarded in two copies to the Ministry of

Economy and Finance against acknowledgment of receipt are:

- The draft Memorandum and Articles of Association;

- List of shareholders;

- A business plan, budget, management structure and proposed branch network;

- Proof of deposit of the required paid-up capital and

- The names of the proposed General Manager (GM) and Deputy General Manager

(DGM).

For purposes of proper identification of job managers by MINFI, the following

documents are required:

- A copy of Birth Certificate;

- Two passport-size photographs;

- A Certificate of non-conviction dated not later than three months from the date of

signature;

- A Curriculum Vitae (CV);

- Copies of relevant Diplomas;

- Minutes of Board meeting confirming appointment;

- A Certificate of residence and

- A residence permit (for foreigners).

All of the above documents are sent to COBAC and if within six months the answer

is in the affirmative, MINFI issues the License. COBAC’s silence at the end of the six

months period is also considered as a favorable response. The License is published

in the Official Gazette and in at least one widely circulated national newspaper. The

NCC grants the new institution a registration number, which must feature in all future

correspondences of the Bank or Finance House. Once the License is granted, the

new bank has up to 12 months to start functioning failing which the License will be

withdrawn.

RESTRICTION ON INCORPORATION

Since the enactment of the 1985 Ordinance, there is no restriction on ownership,

hence the existence of 100% privately-owned banks and the possibility to have

offshore offices in the country. Also, by Ordinance N° 90/7 of 18 November 1990 a

new Investment Code was instituted in Cameroon. Its all-embracing purpose is to

encourage and promote productive investment in the country. This Investment Code

offers alluring conditions to investors in the form of guarantees. Investment in the

Banking Sector is opened to all natural persons or corporate bodies of Cameroonian

or foreign nationality, irrespective of their place of residence. Hence foreign nationals

have the right to enjoy the same liberties and protection of the law as those granted

Cameroonian natural persons or corporate bodies.

Foreign nationals also have the right to enjoy the manifold rights governing property

ownership, concession and administrative authorizations. They also enjoy the right

to compensation in the case of illegal expropriation. Foreign investors have the right

to hire and fire labor in compliance with the Labor and Social Insurance legislations

in force.

There is also the right to freely transfer proceeds of all kind from the invested capital

and in case they cease to operate, the balance of the liquidation. They are also free

to transfer out of Cameroon, funds representing normal and current payments for

supplies and services effectively performed, particularly in the form of royalties and

sundry remuneration.

BANK CHARGES

Bank charges are regulated by the Ministry of Finance. The lending rate is

approximately 22% without taxes. (This has recently been increased from 17%).

Foreign exchange commission’s of between 1.5% and 4% apply both to selling and

buying. Deposit rates apply at a maximum rate of 8% with a base rate of 4.5%.

Other charges apply, on average at a rate of 15% on the transaction amount. A

single borrower’s limit must not exceed 45% of the Bank’s capital funds.

RETAIL BANKING SERVICES

These include:

- Deposits, withdrawals and small loan facilities;

- Travelers cheques/bank drafts and other money transfers;

- Cheque certifications and custody.

MINIMUM SHARE CAPITAL

The minimum share capital requirement varies with the type of credit institution. For

banks, the fully paid-up capital is US $ 2.000.000, although a proposal that this be

increased to US $ 4.000.000 is under consideration.

No fixed legal reserve requirement exists in the Cameroon Banking Industry. The

capital and equal ratio is 8%. Generally, very detailed and complex calculations are

provided to arrive at the respective prudential ratios.

LENDING LIMITS

- Total loans to one borrower must not exceed 45% of capital funds.

- Total loans to borrowers representing over 15% of capital fund, must not in

aggregate exceed the total of net capital.

There are no protection schemes in the form of deposit insurance or reserve asset

requirements, save the prudential regulations in place and monitored by COBAC -

the banking police.

DOMESTIC BANKS

With the liquidation of BanqueMeridien BIAO Cameroun (BMBC) in 1996,

CréditAgricole du Cameroun (C.A.C.) in 1997 and the incorporation of the

Commercial Bank of Cameroon (C.B.C.) in 1998, there exists 10 functional

Commercial Banks in Cameroon.

These include:

- SociétéGénérale des Banques au Cameroun (SGBC);

- Standard Chartered Bank of Cameroon (SCBC);

- SCB - Crédit Lyonnais du Cameroun (SCB-CL);

- Amity Bank Cameroon PLC;

- ECOBANK;

- Afriland First Bank;

- CITIBANK;

- Commercial Bank of Cameroon (CBC);

- Union Bank of Cameroon (UBC);

- Banque International du Cameroun pour l’Epargneet le Crédit (BICEC). BICEC was

created following the restructuring of “BanqueInternationale pour le Commerce et de

l’Industrie du Cameroun” (BICIC).

Apart from Amity Bank PLC, Afriland First Bank, Commercial Bank of Cameroon,

Union Bank of Cameroon, ECOBANK, CITIBANK and Standard Chartered Bank,

which are privately owned, the other banks above have government share holdings

of between 35% to 83% and are heavily influenced by the latter. Banks in Cameroon

are all commercial banks mainly handling traditional banking functions, lending

short-term and specializing in short-term self-liquidated trade finance. Long-term

loans are accorded by the Central Bank (BEAC).

OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN CAMEROON

- Insurance/Re-Insurance Companies.

- Hire Purchase/Leasing Companies.

- Real Estate Companies.

- Loan Funds for Investing In Real Estate.

- Investment Corporations.

- Recovery Corporations.

BANKING SECRECY

In Cameroon, banking secrecy is contained in the internal regulations of each bank

and even on employment contracts. The Cameroon Penal Code in its Sections 74

and 310 lays down the penalties for breach of confidentiality. The Penal Code also

provides sanctions for counterfeit and laundering. The practice of usury is a common

and very dynamic phenomenon in Cameroon. Non-financial institutions and

individuals sometimes lend money at exorbitant interest rates of more than 3O%

against normal bank rates of 22%. The Cameroon Penal Code in its Article 325 also

sanctions this illegality.

RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THEDOUALA STOCK EXCHANGE

The Stock Exchange of Cameroon or the Stock Exchange or the Douala Stock

Exchange or the DSX was created by, and is organized in accordance with the

provisions of Law N° 99/015 of the 22nd December, 1999. The Stock Exchange of

Cameroon shall be sole agent authorized to carry out the trade of stocks, shares,

transferable securities and other investment products.

The present Rules and Regulations shall determine the rules relating to:

-the organization of the market

-the negotiation of transferable securities

-the acceptance, the listing and delisting or stocks, shares and transferable

securities

-special operations

-the conclusion of transactions

-the setting of prices for services

And on a general basis, shall enact all necessary measures in order to ensure the

respect of the provisions of Article 46 of the General Rules and Regulations of the

Financial Markets Commission.

The Stock Exchange of Cameroon shall be charged with organizing the trade of

transferable securities and other investment products registered in any of its

departments. To this effect, it shall take upon itself the exclusive rights to regulate:

access to the market

admission to quotation

organization of transactions and the markets

suspension of negotiations

recording and publication of negotiations

The Stock Exchange shall monitor the legality of the operations carried out by the

stockbrokers (Investment Service Providers or PSIs) acting as negotiators –

compensators or by any persons acting on their behalf.

It shall ensure especially the legality of negotiations during trading sessions.

The Stock Exchange undertakes to inform the Financial Markets Commission of any

irregularities, disrespect of market regulations, collusion between two or more

participants or any other abnormality likely to negatively affect the integrity of the

market. The Financial Markets Commission has sole powers to carry out

investigations of the Investment Service Providers concerned or any other persons

or body that cause, by their behavior, a risk to be run by the Stock Exchange.

By special authorization given to it by the Financial Markets Commission (FMC), the

Stock Exchange shall have the power of immediate sanction in case of actions

contrary to the interests of the market. This power shall be a protective measure

aimed at immediately stopping any action prejudicial to the market. This power of

sanction of the Stock Exchange applies to all participants in the markets as well as

to those working for the DSX.

The Stock Exchange has the power to expel an Investment Service provider from a

trading session as well as any other person concerned. The Stock Exchange shall

draw up and be responsible for the presentation, content and regularity of the Official

Bulletin of the Douala Stock Exchange – BOCDSX. It shall be published under the

responsibility of the DSX.

The Official Pricelist Bulletin shall be the means of official communication of:

- Market information

- Information on quoted shares

- Information necessary for the smooth functioning of the market.

Information other than that relative to the markets directed by the Stock Exchange

may be published in the BOCDSX.

In order to clarify or rule on the interpretation of any of its Rules and Regulations, as

well as any other decisions it may take, the Stock Exchange shall issue:

1) Directives

They shall clearly state the scope and means of application of the general

provisions. They shall be published in the Official Bulletin of the DSX and displayed

in the premises of the Stock Exchange.

2) Notices

They shall give information on the conditions of application of the Rules and

Regulations as well as instructions concerning a particular transaction. They shall be

published in the Official Bulletin and displayed within the premises of the Stock

Exchange premises.

3) Circulars

They shall apply to decisions concerning a specific group of people, but shall have

no influence on the organization or the running of the market as a whole. They shall

not be made public but simply communicated to the persons concerned.

THE FUNCTIONING OF THE MARKET

GENERAL REGULATIONS

The market of transferable securities, as well as all other markets related to new or

existing investment products shall be organized under the authority of the Stock

Exchange of Cameroon.

Organization of Trading Sessions

The Stock Exchange shall draw up the timetable of trading sessions for the year

.Opening and closing hours of the trading sessions shall equally be fixed by the

Stock Exchange.

This information, as well as any modifications, shall be published by means of a

notice. The principle of uniqueness of quotation shall be respected for each of the

securities admitted for quotation at the Stock Exchange of Cameroon. This principle

shall be the application of a single price for all transactions concluded during a given

session on the national Stock Exchange Market.

The transactions carried out on the Markets of the DSX shall be done on a cash

basis. The buyer shall be liable for the capital, the seller for the securities, as soon

as the order shall have been placed. The credit or debit movements of a negotiable

securities account shall be carried out on the day of the execution of the order.

Quotation, listing and trading of shares shall be carried out by computer. In the case

where it is impossible to carry out computerized trading, trading may be carried out

manually, while respecting the same basic principles of market organization.

A Directive of the Stock Exchange shall define the procedures and obligations of

manual Quotations carried out under the responsibility of the Stock Exchange. Any

modification made to the procedures for trading of a specific share shall be the

subject of a Notice. The procedures for the listing and trading of shares put in place

by the Stock Exchange shall be quotation by fixing through the application of the

principles of centralized market directed by orders.

The fixing shall be the balance price applying to all the purchase and sales orders

carried out, which allows the transactions to be maximized. Each fixing shall start

with an accumulation period during which the orders shall be registered without any

transactions taking place. During this period, members can place new orders as well

as modifying or cancelling orders already placed. An indicative theoretical price,

which represents the price at which the algorithm of the system would arrive at while

taking into account the situation of the central order book, shall be continuously

transmitted, being updated continually as the situation of the central order book

evolves.

At the end of the accumulation period, the system shall try to determine a price

maximizing the volume to be carried out, in accordance with Article 55. During this

phase, it shall not be possible to enter new orders, nor modify or cancel existing

orders.

The Stock Exchange may suspend the quotation of one or several shares. A

coordinatedSuspension measure could equally affect the quotation of any secondary

services related to this share.

INSURANCE AND REINSURANCE IN CAMEROON

The insurance sector as a whole is small relative to the country’s economy. Nonlife

companies dominate the industry. Major nonlife companies include AXA and

CHANNAS and for the life sector the leading companies are beneficial life and

SNAC. A regional body, the Inter professional Committee of the Insurance Market

(Conference International des Marchés assurances-CIMA) acts as regulator and

supervisor. CIMA has played a powerful and executive role in Cameroon’s insurance

sector since its inception in 1992. Since 1992 it has revoked the licenses of four

insurance companies and liquidated a reinsurance company in the country.

Insurance and Reinsurance organizations in Cameroon

Activa Assurance

AGF Cameroun Assurances

All Life Insurance Co. S.A.

Alpha Assurances

Area Assurances

Ascoma Cameroun

Assurance S.A.

Axa Assurances Cameroun

Azur Assurances

Beneficial Life Insurance

Bimassur Assurances

Chanas Assurances S.A.

Dick Insurance

Direct Insurance S.A.

Euro Assurance Cameroun

http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/agf_cameroun_assurances_/

http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/all_life_insurance_co_sa/

http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/alpha_assurances/

http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/area_assurances/

http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/ascoma_cameroun/

http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/assurance_sa/

http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/axa_assurances_cameroun/

http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/azur_assurances/

http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/beneficial_life_insurance/

http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/bimassur_assurances/

http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/chanas_assurances_sa/

http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/dick_insurance/

http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/direct_insurance_sa/

http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/euro_assurance_cameroun/

FINANCIAL SERVICE SECTOR OF CAMEROON & INDIA

Financial Regulatory Bodies in INDIA

The financial system in India is regulated by independent regulators in the field of

banking, insurance, capital market, commodities market, and pension

funds. Government of India plays a significant role in controlling the financial system

in India and influences the roles of such regulators at least to some extent.

(A) Statutory Bodies via parliamentary enactments:

1. Reserve Bank of India : Reserve Bank of India is the apex monetary

Institution of India. It is also called as the central bank of the country. The Reserve

Bank of India was established on April 1, 1935 in accordance with the provisions of

the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The Central Office of the Reserve Bank

Mumbai. The Central Office is where the Governor sits and where policies are

formulated. The reserve bank of India is as follows:"...to regulate the issue of Bank

Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and

generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage."

2. Securities and Exchange Board of India: SEBI Act, 1992: Securities and

Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was first established in the year 1988 as a non-

statutory body for regulating the securities market. It became an autonomous body

in 1992 and more powers were given through an ordinance. Since then it regulates

the market through its independent powers.

3. Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority : The Insurance Regulatory

and Development Authority (IRDA) is a national agency of the Government of India

and is based in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh). It was formed by an Act of Indian

Parliament known as IRDA Act 1999, which was amended in 2002 to incorporate

some emerging requirements. Mission of IRDA as stated in the act is "to protect the

interests of the policyholders, to regulate, promote and ensure orderly growth of the

insurance industry and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto."

http://rbi.org.in/home.aspx

http://rbi.org.in/scripts/OccasionalPublications.aspx?head=Reserve%20Bank%20of%20India%20Act

http://www.sebi.gov.in/

http://www.irda.gov.in/

4. Forward Market Commission India (FMC): Forward Markets Commission

(FMC) headquartered at Mumbai, is a regulatory authority which is overseen by the

Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Govt. of India. It is a

statutory body set up in 1953 under the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952

This Commission allows commodity trading in 22 exchanges in India, out of which

three are national level.

5. PFRDA under the Finance Ministry: Pension Fund Regulatory and

Development Authority: PFRDA was established by Government of India on 23rd

August, 2003. The Government has, through an executive order dated 10th October

2003, mandated PFRDA to act as a regulator for the pension sector. The mandate of

PFRDA is development and regulation of pension sector in India.

BANKING SECTOR IN INDIA

Banking in India in the modern sense originated in the last decades of the 18th

century. The first banks were The General Bank of India, which started in 1786, and

Bank of Hindustan, which started in 1770; both are now defunct. The oldest bank still

in existence in India is the State Bank of India, which originated in the Bank of

Calcutta in June 1806, which almost immediately became the Bank of Bengal. This

was one of the three presidency banks, the other two being the Bank of Bombay and

the Bank of Madras, all three of which were established under charters from the

British East India Company. For many years the presidency banks acted as quasi-

central banks, as did their successors. The three banks merged in 1921 to form the

Imperial Bank of India, which, upon India's independence, became the State Bank of

India in 1955.

Adoption of banking technology

The IT revolution had a great impact in the Indian banking system. The use of

computers had led to introduction of online banking in India. The use of the modern

innovation and computerization of the banking sector of India has increased many

folds after the economic liberalization of 1991 as the country's banking sector has

http://www.fmc.gov.in/

http://pfrda.org.in/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Bank_of_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Calcutta

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Calcutta

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Bengal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Bombay

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Madras

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Bank_of_India



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_banking

been exposed to the world's market. The Indian banks were finding it difficult to

compete with the international banks in terms of the customer service without the

use of the information technology and computers

STOCK MARKET IN INDIA

What is financial market?

Financial market is a market where financial instruments are exchanged or traded

and helps in determining the prices of the assets that are traded in and is also called

the price discovery process.

Indian Financial Market consists of the following markets:

• Capital Market/ Securities Market

Primary capital market

Secondary capital market

• Money Market

• Debt Market

Functions of Stock Exchanges

• Liquidity and marketability of securities

• Fair price determination

• Source of long-term funds

• Helps in capital formation

• Reflects general state of economy

INSURANCE SECTOR IN INDIA

Indian insurance sector has remained on rails even in the toughest of the

times, thanks to the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA)'s

tough and conservative apparatus.

A sound insurance segment ensures better economic development as

indicated by a study which states that 1 per cent increase in insurance penetration

leads to 13 per cent reduction in uninsured losses and 22 per cent reduction in

taxpayers' contribution to recovery following a natural catastrophe.

Keeping pace with international happenings, Indian insurance industry has

remained in a good health and maintained absolute transparency and highest

standards of corporate governance.

Assets under management (AUM) of the Indian insurers are slated to touch

Rs 20 trillion (US$ 376.51 billion) while the general insurance sector is anticipated to

grow 18 per cent in 2012-13, said J Hari Narayan, Chairman, IRDA.

He further reported that the insurance sector has grown substantially over the

last few years, with its AUM from Rs 8 trillion (US$ 150.57 billion) in 2008 to Rs 18

trillion (US$ 338.82 billion) in 2011-12.

Government Initiatives

IRDA has recently formed four working groups to standardize products

offered by life insurance companies, wherein the groups would consider unit-liked

investment plans, linked variable insurance plans, non-linked variable insurance

plans and other non-linked plans. Each group, with six members from life insurance

companies along with an IRDA representative, would focus on bringing uniformity in

the designs of the products, determining relevant parameters for each product and

ensuring that these parameters are aligned with IRDA stipulations. They would also

mention the numerical range within which the parameters could be allowed.

Energy Sector Summery

Enrollment No Students Name Faculty Guide


Prof. Ruturaj Doshi






Energy Sector Summery

Cameroon is a central African country on the Gulf of Guinea, between the 2nd and

13th northern parallels and between longitudes 9° and 16° east. The country's

surface area is 475,650 km2. In 2010, its population was estimated to be

16,647,000, with 50 percent living in urban areas. 64 percent of the population was

made up of young people less than 25 years in age. Cameroon's key environmental,

economic, technical, social and civic vulnerabilities give rise to a number of

observations. According to a UNDP report on climate change, published in 2008,

Cameroon's average annual temperature increased by 0.7°C between 1960 and

2007, whereas its annual rainfall has diminished by 2.9 mm each month (2.2

percent) per decade since 1960.

Cameroon's energy balance shows a clear predominance of Renewable Energy

(RE) sources and, above all, a marked dependence on biomass in the country's

energy supply. In a progress report on attaining the Millennium Development Goals,

published in 2003 Cameroon showed progress towards the Goals in several areas.

In terms of housing, the national structures for financing and creation of social

housing have increased the housing stock for the poorer members of the population

and have simplified the registration process. Procedures introduced under new land

ownership rules have made ownership more accessible to the poor. However,

access to drinking water in urban centers has not improved since 1996, the year in

which privatisation of the national water company began. At the start of the 1990s,

Cameroon, like numerous other African countries, adjusted its relations between the

State and national and international institutions as well as with civil society. It was in

this context that a freedom of association act was passed in 1990.

Between 1990 and 2003, energy sector CO2 emissions remained stable and at a

low level. Although Cameroon is an oil exporting country, its energy vulnerability

increased between 1990 and 2003. The proportion of energy from biomass in the

national balance remained very high between 1990 and 2002, although registering a

slight drop. The predominance of biomass in energy consumption and of

hydroelectricity (97 percent) in the country's electricity supply sector is at the origin

of this trend. Analysis of energy system indicators shows that the country's gross

domestic product (GDP) and domestic saving are estimated at USD18,526 million in

2006 and USD974.3 million per year respectively, and that planned investment in

the energy sector is USD1,745 million (2005 – 2015). A national disaster response

plan has been introduced progressively and current participation of citizens in major

energy related projects has been far more evident during environmental impact

assessments and audits, where local populations are invited to participate via

consultation exercises and public meetings. Actions have been undertaken to

increase the resilience of Cameroon's energy systems in the short-, medium- and

long-terms, including:

1. Required inclusion of climate change indicators amongst the parameters to be

measured during environmental impact assessments and audits, and instituting of

an insurance scheme to cover natural hazards in the country under an appropriate

regulatory framework.

2. Mobilization of financing and of investment in bio-energy infrastructure by

introduction of micro-credit loans and financial support programmes in the form of

subsidies benefiting Renewable Energy (REn) development technologies.

3. Improving energy efficiency.

4. Organizing civil society participation in decision-making on energy projects, by

putting in place an appropriate regulatory framework.

Renewable energy

Solar energy

Some important solar energy resources are available throughout the country. In the

most suitable parts, the average solar irradiance is estimated at 5.8 kWh/day/ m2,

while the rest of the country commonly sees 4.9kWh/day/ m2 . Solar power is

currently used in distributed generation systems, particularly for powering the cellular

telecommunications network. However, only approximately 50 PV installations

currently exist.

Wind energy

Other renewable energy resources such as wind energy exist in the north of

Cameroon and the littoral region. However, the wind speeds as reported by

meteorological services are not sufficient for the development of wind energy

projects.

Biomass energy

Cameroon also has the third largest biomass potential in sub-Saharan Africa, with

25 million hectares of forest covering three-quarters of its territory. However, the

unsustainable use of this resource has led to significant deforestation throughout the

country, with an annual clearance rate of 200,000 hectares/yr and regeneration of

only 3,000 hectares/yr. Primary uses for biomass in the country include heating and

light for the majority of the rural population.

Utilization of palm oil for biodiesel is also a viable prospect for the country. At

present, around 108,000 hectares of land are affected by oil palm growing. However

between 2007 and 2010 a total of 30,000 hectares of forest were cleared to allow for

the expansion palm oil crop.

Geothermal energy

Hot springs are found in extensive areas: Ngaoundéré region, Mt Cameroon

region and Manengoumba area with Lake Moundou. However this potential not been

seriously examined.

Hydropower

Cameroon has the second largest hydroelectric potential in sub-Saharan Africa.

Total potential is estimated at 23 GW, with a production potential of 103 TWh per

year. There are three main facilities in the country: EDEA (263 MW); Songloulou

(388 MW) and Lagdo (72 MW).

The potential for small Hydro Power installations (up to 1 MW) is estimated at

1.115 TWh, mainly in the eastern and western regions of Cameroon, however this

potential is yet to be properly exploited.

Petroleum and natural gas market

Cameroon has committed to the privatisation of its state oil company, the National

Hydrocarbons Company, SNH (www.snh.cm). SNH engages in exploration and

production in conjunction with several Western oil companies. SNH is the state

controlled oil producer and exploration company.

State of Energy Sector in Cameroon (Supply/Demand)

Major sources of commercial energy in Cameroon are petroleum, hydropower and

coal. 90 % of population use traditional solid fuels in residential sector for heating,

light and cooking. According to different estimations between 65% and 88% of the

urban population has access to electricity. Only about 14% of rural population has

access to electricity. Electricity supply is unevenly distributed within the country with

no connection to neighboring countries.

http://www.snh.cm/

Energy sector reforms to be implemented

In Cameroon, the government has prepared development strategies for the

electricity sector. Some measures have been implemented in this area with a view to

facilitating the introduction of renewable energies. However, no fiscal provision has

been made to encourage their promotion. The State has set up bodies and

introduced regulations to facilitate setting up by private operators in the electricity

sector. There is also some self-generation using biomass, mainly in the agricultural

industries, with plants attempting to meet their own heat and electricity needs. In

general, SMEs in Cameroon are dependent on the electricity grid for their energy.

Even the units outside of the grid have difficulty in meeting their own needs. In these

areas, petroleum products are the most common source for self-generation.

Cameroon's Current Energy Situation

Structure of Modern Energy Production in Cameroon

Cameroon's energy balance shows a clear predominance of renewable energies

and, primarily, a marked dependence on biomass in the country's energy supply

Proportions of different types of energy

Main Energy Issues in Cameroon

Energy sector reforms to be implemented

In Cameroon, the government has prepared development strategies for the

electricity Sector. Some measures have been implemented in this area with a view

to facilitating the introduction of renewable energies. However, no fiscal provision

has been made to encourage their promotion. The State has set up bodies and

introduced regulations to facilitate setting up by private operators in the electricity

sector. There is also some self-generation using biomass, mainly in the agricultural

industries, with plants attempting to meet their own heat and electricity needs. In

general, SMEs in Cameroon are dependent on the electricity grid for their energy.

Even the units outside of the grid have difficulty in meeting their own needs. In these

areas, petroleum products are the most common source for self-generation.

Unbalanced governance

Reform aimed at liberalizing the energy sector, mainly under impetus from the World

Bank and IMF, led to the following situation:

1. Controlling ministry in charge of policy design, energy sub-sector planning and

Follow f up/monitoring of activities.

2. A consultation/regulation structure for oil related activities.

3. Mainly private oil operators.

4. A regulation agency for the electricity sector.

5. A privatized electricity company whose activity is limited to within a profitable

Perimeter.

6. Independent electricity generators.

7. A facilitating body for rural electrification, common to different operators.

8. A rural electrification fund.

Low (or inexistent) public participation in making of important decisions

for energy development

In the early 1990s, Cameroon, like numerous other African countries, adjusted

Relations between the State and national and international institutions as well as

with civil society. It was in this context that a freedom of association act was passed

in 1990, followed by acts in 1992 governing communal initiative groups, cooperative

saving and loan societies, and economic interest groups, etc. Associations are

permitted to form by presenting a simple declaration while Act No. 99-14 of 22

December 1999 regulates the operation of non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

as well as establishing the conditions for the emergence of NGOs able to participate

effectively in the fight against poverty and carry out assignments in the public

interest. Civil society participation in the energy sector is very low. Energy policies

are made without consulting civil society. Product prices were the subject of regular

publication by the State until 2004 but prices were fixed without any consultation of

sector stakeholders (consumers in particular). This situation led to strikes in the

transport sector in protest against the fuel price increases introduced in 2003 and in

2008.

Explicit national policy

There is no such an explicit energy policy. In 1990, Cameroon had an energy policy

well defined and a National Energy Plan, which integrated all the energy sources

available. But the law N° 98/ 022/ of December 24, 1998 related to energy policy of

Cameroon is focusing only on the development of the hydroelectricity. It acts on a

law adopted by the French National Assembly and promulgated by the President of

the Republic in 1998. Except the National Energy Plan of 1990, which has not yet

been revised, and the above-mentioned law, Cameroon does not have an

elaborated energy policy document, which can be placed at the disposal of the

public. Following the public meeting held in Hilton Hotel, Yaounde on September 02,

2005, the Minister for Energy and Water affirmed that the new Energy Plan in

process would put emphasis on the development of the economy of Cameroon by

2030.

Ownership structure of energy enterprises

Oil:

Para-public company.

Gas:

The natural gas is not yet an exploited resource. The distribution of domestic

gas is assured) 50% by a national company and the remaining percentage by

foreign companies (Total, Mobil, Texaco, Shell).

Electricity:

The production, transportation and distribution ofelectricity in Cameroon are

managed by a AES-SONEl company, resulting from the privatisation (on July 18,

2001) of the National Company of Electricity (SONEL) to the American company

AES - SIROCCO. According to experts, Cameroon has a superabundant

hydroelectric potential, the second of Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo,

which would confer self-sufficiency and even the possibility of exporting electricity

the border countries (Chad, RCA, Nigeria, Guinea Equatorial, Gabon). However,

only 2% of this potential is exploited. Thus lest than 40% of the urban areas have

access to electricity, 11% villages (about 800 villages) out of thousands identified in

the country are electrified. Droughts for the past 7 years have accentuated the

energy insecurity. The implication of private companies would allow the development

of renewable energies.

Share of foreign ownership

To follow the recommendations of the IMF, the government of Cameroon decided to

privatized the state company SONEL in 2000, hoping to gain between 80 and 90

million of US dollars from the sales.In February 2001 AES was the only company

among five companies pre-selected after the international call for tenders. The

government accepted a foreign participation by selling 56% of the shares of the

company to AES- SIROCCO for 70 million US dollars. The contract isa 20 years

concessions and the State remains owner with 44%. The company is now called

AES-SONEL. Within the framework of the co-operation, China will grant 40 million

Euros to finance the construction of three hydroelectric plants in Cameroon.

Renewable Energy Policies and Programmes

We cannot affirm that there is a specific policy for renewable energies.

– the Agency of Regulation of the Electricity sector (ARSEL) and the

Rural Electrification Agency are in charge of the promotion and the

follow-up of the use of the primary sources of energy, in particular

renewable

– valorization of renewable energies in Cameroon is very poor.

– But development of renewable energies offers interesting opportunities

Hydroelectricity is largely developed to the detriment of the other renewable energy

sources available in the country. It does not promote the wind, the sun and the

biomass energy resource. The urban areas are much more considered than the rural

ones where the incomes of the populations are very low.

The Higher National Polytechnic School and the Energy Research Laboratory (ERL),

which study pilot projects in the research framework, assist those private technically.

Their primarily work concerns:

– Identification of the resources (potential) and possible funding bodies

in the renewable energy sector;

– Technological, financial and environmental feasibility of these

infrastructures;

– Various financial arrangements concerning renewable energies;

– Contractual process for the implementation of clean technologies.

The provinces are not autonomous in the promotion of renewable energies.

However it is noted that certain areas present potentialities for certain sources of

energy such as the sun, the biomass, the wind and mini/micro hydro and awaits only

the application of the law on decentralization to develop these potentialities. Thus,

the orientation and the local planning of electricity demand and supply are drown up

by REA.

It Offers much investment appropriateness in the electricity sector as that of

renewable energies. But the private operators hesitate to take the risk because of

the weak purchasing power of the populations and the tax on the imported

equipment estimated at 31 and 32 % of the prices.

The law is not explicit regarding whether it is allowed to transfer profits of foreign

enterprises abroad, especially for energy sector enterprises and manufacturers of

renewable energy equipment on this point, but it is proven that the companies that

operate in this sector transfer their profits to their country of origin.

There is not such example of joint ventures in RE inducting in this country. But there

are prospects in this direction with the setting-up a Cameroon Renewable Energy

Fund. Even there is no such specific legalization concerning foreign RE investment.

There is hope that while setting up the CRF, a new law biding foreign investment in

renewable energy will be put in place.

Hydro energy

Hydroelectric resources remain the most readily exploitable form of energy in

Cameroon, which, together with the Democratic Republic of Congo, is considered to

have the greatest hydroelectric potential in Africa. Electrical energy is produced

primarily by two hydroelectric stations on the Sananga River. Nearly 60% of the

power from these stations goes to the aluminum smelter at Edéa. Cameroon's

electrical capacity was 810 MW in 2002, for which output for that year was

3.249 TWh, of which about 90% was from hydropower and the remainder from fossil

fuels. Consumption amounted to 3.022 TWh in 2002. In the 1980s, hydroelectric

capacity was expanded by an additional complex on the Sananga River (Song-

Loulou) and a 72 MW generator (built with Chinese aid) on the Bénoué River.

The future of hydropower in Cameroon

In partnership with the American Cameroonian company AES Sonel and ANDRITZ

HYDRO Ltd, the authorities are to employ strategies, the following main aspects of

which, will contribute greatly to improving hydropower cover in Cameroon:

The modernization of existing electrical installations through foreign

investment

The building of new, modern equipped hydropower plants, f.i. in Lom Pangar

(50 MW ), Nac htigal (400 MW ) , Memvélé (230 MW), Songmbengué (900

MW), Bini - Wara ( 75 MW ) , Vogzom (80 MW), Ngassona (2 MW), in order

to stepup electricity production in rural areas

The complete refi tting of public lighting networks

The improved access of domestic households to electricity.

Opportunities and threats of climate change for hydropower projects in

Central Africa and Cameroon

Increased expected rainfall improves the economic attractiveness of small

scale and large scale hydropower projects

Hydropower offers significant mitigation opportunities to reduce greenhouse

gas emissions, for example by

1. Replacing polluting thermal power stations

2. Creating environmental offsets for water reservoirs

At the same time, the impact of large-scale water reservoirs brings new

challenges (methane)

New financing opportunities in addition to existing government, donor and

investor funds (CDM, CTF, et al.)

Climate risk management needs to be a core component of project development

Hydro energy in India

Government Policy on Hydropower Development

Despite hydroelectric projects being recognized as the most economic and preferred

source of electricity, the share of hydropower in our country continued declining

since 1963. The hydro share declined from 50% in 1963 to about 25% in 2010. For

grid stability the ideal hydro-thermal mix ratio for Indian condition is 40:60. In order to

correct the hydro-thermal mix to meet the grid requirements and peak power

shortage, in August, 1998 and thereafter in Nov 2008, the Government of India

announced a Policy on ‘Hydro Power Development’.

Bio-energy

Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from

biological sources. Biomass is any organic material which has stored sunlight in the

form of chemical energy. As a fuel it may include wood, wood

waste, straw, manure, sugarcane, and many other byproducts from a variety of

agricultural processes. By 2010, there was 35GW of globally installed bioenergy

capacity for electricity generation, of which 7GW was in the United States.

PREDOMINANCE OF BIO-ENERGY

The constant decrease in consumption of petroleum products is a result of the

constant increase in their price. This situation has led to increased consumption of

fuel wood. Fluctuations in electricity consumption are a result of decreases in

households' incomes that occurred after devaluation of the local currency.

At the national level, production and transportation of fuelwood or charcoal forms

part of the informal sector: current knowledge of the organisation of the system is

therefore highly approximate. However, a study of wood consumption in Yaounde,

conducted in 1994, indicated that, on average, 2,400 to 3,600 tonnes of charcoal are

supplied to the city per year.

Other sources of biomass are the by-products from Cameroon's agricultural activity:

the second source of biomass in the country, after forests. Agriculture covers a wide

range of crops generating different quantities of wastes. Most of those producing

high yields are farmed on small holdings with plots of just a few hectares. Unlike

cotton or coffee, these holding do not benefit from facilities that are clustered;

gathering of sufficient quantities of waste viable for energy recovery remains costly.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States

Bio mass to fuel technology in India

Biomass contributes over a third of primary energy in India. Biomass fuels are

predominantly used in rural households for cooking and water heating, as well as by

traditional and artisan industries. Biomass delivers most energy for the domestic use

(rural - 90% and urban - 40%) in India (NCAER, 1992). Wood fuels contribute 56

percent of total biomass energy (Sinha et. al, 1994). Consumption of wood has

grown annually at 2 percent rate over past two decades

Biomass energy in India

India produces about 450-500 million tonnes of biomass per year. Biomass

provides 32% of all the primary energy use in the country at present.

The potential in the short term for power from biomass in India varies from

about 18,000 MW, when the scope of biomass is as traditionally defined, to a

high of about 50,000 MW if one were to expand the scope of definition of

biomass.

The current share of biofuels in total fuel consumption is extremely low and is

confined mainly to 5% blending of ethanol in gasoline, which the government

has made mandatory in 10 states.

Plants like Jatropha curcas, Neem, Mahua and other wild plants are identified

as the potential sources for biodiesel production in India .Bio-fuel sector

Biofuels are defined as organic primary (such as firewood) or secondary

(such as bioethanol, biodiesel or biogas) fuels derived from biomass which

can be used for the generation of thermal energy by combustion or by other

technology (FAO, 2000).

Africa is at a defining moment in trying to meet its development and energy

challenges while trying to preserve its natural and cultural heritage and

studies are now emerging to assess this impact (ABN 2007). The

development of biofuels can be divided into two main processes. First, we

have the production of the biofuel (crop and non-crop) sources and secondly,

we have the end-use technologies which must be compatible with the fuels.

According to the government report, other investors are taking an increasing

interest in renewable energy projects in Cameroon because of the availability

of land and rich soils for the cultivation of palm trees, cassava and jatropha,

which are important feedstock (raw materials) for biofuel production.

Biofuel production initiatives are gaining ground in Cameroon as the

government seeks to reduce the Central African country's energy deficit while

fighting climate change.

Although biofuel production has not yet reached a large scale, the

government is optimistic about the prospect of boosting the economy through

a new source of much-needed renewable energy to complement hydroelectric

power generation.

At the same time, biofuels - made from vegetation such as palm and jatropha

- are seen as a way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute

to global warming.

INDIA

The tag of developing country and a huge energy demand (India stands at 5 th

position in energy consumption in the world) has forced India to depend on other

countries for oil. This has increased the risk exposure of the country to the high price

of the crude oil in the international market. With the increasing oil prices and being a

part of the clean environment policies, India commenced on its Biofuels use journey

in 2003. Basically, the Indian Biofuels sector is driven by ethanol and in case of

biodiesel, the phase one consisting of pilot projects has almost been completed and

the commercial production is expected to start in 2007 onwards.

Wind energy system

CAMEROON

Wind energy in Cameroon has never been studied thoroughly; a few attempts have

been made using wind speed data published by the Cameroonian meteorological

services. The far northern regions of Cameroon were favorable for the use of wind

energy. Meteorological data from NASA revealed that the northern regions of

Cameroon have annual mean wind speeds that are equals to or exceed 3m/s for

over 80% of the time and the Adamawa region has annual wind speeds that are

equals to or exceed 2m/s for over 60% of the time, while the rest of the country has

wind speeds greater than or equals to 1m/s for over 50% of the time.

As this type of energy is very little developed in Cameroon, there are currently no

national regulations requiring wind turbines to be built to withstand the highest

anticipated wind speeds in the country.

INDIA

India has a vast supply of renewable energy resources. India has one of the world’s

largest. Programs for deployment of renewable energy products and systems, with

wind energy being one of the highest with 11087MW installed. The Indian wind

energy scene is upbeat, with a large number of forays being made by multinationals

and with suzlon making brisk pace in the international market, the nations wind

potential is rightly being tapped. Here we analyze the wind potential of four distinct

spots on the subcontinent.

Solar energy

CAMEROON

Cameroon being a tropical country is well endowed with solar energy resources,

receiving mean annual hours of sunshine per year of over 3000 hours and an

average solar radiation intensity of 240W/m2. Some important solar energy

resources are available throughout the country. In the most suitable parts, the

average solar radiance is estimated at 5.8 kWh/day/ m2, while the rest of the country

commonly sees 4.9kWh/day/ m2. Therefore conditions seem to be ideal throughout

the country for the exploitation of Cameroon’s solar energy resources through

various conversion technologies. Solar power is currently used in distributed

generation systems, particularly for powering the cellular telecommunications

network. However, only approximately 50 PV installations currently exist.

INDIA

Solar power has so far played an almost non-existent role in the Indian energy mix.

The grid-connected capacity in the country now stands at 481.48 MW, while the total

solar energy potential has been estimated at 50,000 MW. On the upside, the market

is set to grow significantly in the next ten years, driven mainly by rising power

demand, escalating fossil fuel prices, the ambitious National Solar Mission (NSM),

various state level initiatives, renewable energy quotas (including solar energy

quotas for utilities), as well as by falling international technology costs. India has

great potential to generate electricity from solar energy and is on course to emerge

as a solar energy hub. The techno-commercial potential of photovoltaic’s (PV) in

India is enormous. With GDP growing in excess of 8 percent, the energy gap

between supply and demand will only widen. Solar PV is a renewable energy

resource capable of bridging this gap.

Tourism Sector Summery



Prof. Mahipal Gadhavi






Tourism Sector Summery

Cameroon known as the Republic of Cameroon is located in West Africa and

bordered by six main countries, which are: Nigeria to the west, Chad to the north

east, the Central Africa Republic to the east, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the

Republic of Congo to the south. Cameroon‟s coastline lies on the bight Bonny, part

of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean (See graph 1).

Cameroon is commonly known as “Africa in miniature” due, to its different diversities

such as natural features, which include fauna and flora, beaches, mountains,

rainforests savannas and its cultural diversity. It is a country with over two hundred

different ethnic groups and two official languages which are English and French. It

has a total area of 465,500km2 and a total population of 20,129,878 statistic of July

2012 (Cameroon demographics profiles 2012).

Cameroon‟s early inhabitants were the Sao civilization around the Lake Chad and in

the south east rainforest were the Baka hunters. The name Cameroon come from

the Portuguese explorers who arrived at the coast of Cameroon in the 15th century

and named the area Rio dos camaröes meaning “Rive r of Prawns” After the

Portuguese explorers, came the Germans in the 19th century with aim of colonizing

Cameroon they established powerful chiefdoms and fandom in various regions, such

as the north, the west and the northwest region. In 1884, Cameroon became a

German colony. (Africa history 2012).

After the first world word, Cameroon territory was divided between two countries

France and Britain and became known as the League of Nation mandates. The long

years of Europeans colonization in Cameroon brought about revolt between

Europeans and the local communities and by so doing the idea of advocating for

independence came into place and this was through a movement known as UPC

(Union des Population du Cameroun).In 1960, the French administered part of

Cameroon gained her independence as the Republic of Cameroon under president

Ahmadou Ahidjo while on the other hand in 1961,the southern part of Cameroon that

is British Cameroon merged with the French part to form the Federal Republic of

Cameroon. In 1972 the country was renamed the United

Republic of Cameroon and in 1984 the Republic of Cameroon (African history 2012).

After a comparative study with other African countries it can be clearly stated that

Cameroon enjoys a relatively high political and social stability and these positive

aspects of the country has brought about the development of agriculture,

infrastructures, large petroleum resources, timber industry and above all tourism.

Cameroon tourism is a growing but relatively minor industry wish stands out with a

genuine identity expressing diversity and stability. It is also known for its modernity,

Traditional dynamism and calmness. Cameroon has all the beauties of Africa and

this explains the author feels no explorer could really discover Africa without having

visited Cameroon.

The country‟s melting and contrasting views provide tourists with unique spectacles,

such as the ancestral land laying on the sea, deserts, waterfalls, Sahara zone and

the temperate climate in the south, and it great heat in the north.

The different aspects of Cameroon ,such as the relationship between tribal societies

and modern cities, the diversity in fauna and flora, and the cohabitation of traditional

and democratic leadership, gives tourists the impression that they are visiting

different countries at the same time. When tourists visit Cameroon, the feeling of

harmony is created by arts, the nature of the people, and sometimes, the tourists go

a long way to experience the soul of Africa.

The unique and multiple aspects of Cameroon greatly represent the values of Africa.

In the 1970s, the government of Cameroon came to realize the importance of

tourism which aimed at encouraging investment by airlines, hotels and travel

agencies. Cameroon‟s government to increase the investment in tourism began on 3

December 1974 when the former president Amadou Ahidjo issued an order that set

the tourism industry aside as having special status. During this period, a General

Commissariat of tourism was being established and in 1975, the president

reconstituted the body as the General Delegation for tourism. (Travel and Tourism in

Cameroon 2012).

The birth of the new delegation improved the tourism infrastructure, such as roads

and today, the country has different means used by tourists to ease their movement

between various destinations. A majority of tourists visiting Cameroon mostly uses

road transport followed by air and finally marine. Moreover, the large number of

tourists arriving to Cameroon usually land at the Douala international airport, the

economic capital of the Country followed by the international airport of Yaoundé –

Nsimalen.

Types of Tourism in Cameroon:

Cameroon has basically two types of tourism which is well established and the

government also have enormous support for developing such types of tourism. The

first is Cultural tourism and another one is Eco-tourism.

CULTURAL TOURISM

In Africa, Cameroon represents a country of its own, enriched with a cultural

diversity. It concentrates the best of Africa. This exceptional heritage offers a mosaic

of cultures for the satisfaction of all tourist expectations. In short, the outstanding

originality of the country is expressed in its cultural diversity.

The population is a great melting pot of 250 ethnic groups, attached to the protection

of their customs and lifestyle. In the North and the West regions, the authentic

traditional palaces are very popular among tourists. They are independently ruled by

chiefs in a peaceful cohabitation with the democratic central power, customs and

modernity, economy and human values. Nevertheless, the territorial areas seem to

follow the inherited pre-colonial subdivisions. Traditional chiefs play an important

role in the cultural and political fields, and also maintain a moral and religious order

at their local level

Each traditional territory is organized around the symbolic figure of the Chief.

According to the region, he is called Fo or Lamido, even Sultan in some Muslim

kingdoms. He stands in the heart of the social organisation and exercises political

and spiritual functions. The thriving of its reign strongly depends on his capacity of

mediating between the living and the forefathers, hierarchy inside and danger

outside his administrative territory.

ECO TOURISM

Cameroon promotes ecotourism in order to allow the largest number of tourists

discover different modern and adapted ways of visiting the country. Nowadays, their

‘’adventure at the furthermost bounds’’ of Cameroon occurs in safe conditions.

Among the beautiful mountains, there are Mount Cameroon in the West coast,

Mount Manengouba at the turning point between the French and English-speaking

‘’Cameroons’’, and the Dschang climatic centre located on plateau towering 10,800

metres over the sea.

The Mount Cameroon flora dates from the Quaternary, and the site is registered in

the World Heritage list for its ascent. Every year, competitors from all over the world

take part in the ‘’race of hope’’ that is broadcasted by the biggest international TV

channels. Cameroon is a heaven for ecotourism, hosting numerous and famous

parks and natural reserves.

Located in the South, the Dja reserve stretches to 5,260 km2 and has been

registered in the UNESCO heritage list in 1987. It conceals about 1,500 vegetable

species, over 107 mammals and approximately 320 species of birds living in and

around the reserve.

The Korup national park in the South West covers 1,259 km2 in the oldest humid

and tropical forests of the world. It is considered as a real living museum of more

than 60 million years old. Its flora and fauna is rich and unique because the site is

reported to have dated from the Ice Era! Different studies have allowed the

identification of over 400 varieties of trees of which several medicinal plants. A liana

with positive effects against cancers and aids is reported to have been recently

discovered there. There are more than 300 species of birds living in the park along

with 174 species of reptiles and amphibians, without forgetting the 140 species of

fishes stocked in the river across.

Finally, passionate of Prehistory would delight the visit of Mayo Rey in the North.

Discovered in 1988, the site dates from 120 million-years and reveals about 240

tracks of fossilized dinosaurs.

Tourist Attractions

1) Belo:

2) Bénoué National Park:

3) Boubandjidah National Park:

4) Dja Faunal Reserve:

5) Douala:

6) Waza National Park:

7) Kalamaloué Reserve:

8) Korup National Park:

9) Kribi

10) Lobéké National Park:

11) Mile Six Beach:

12) Mount Cameroon:

13) The Ring Road:

14) Yaoundé

Useful Information About Cameroon:

There are three international airports: Yaoundé, Douala and Garoua. The flights with

Europe are direct (6-hour flight over 5 000 km), there’s at least one every day.

CamAir, AirFrance, Gabon Airlines, Air Ivoire, Kenya Airways, Ethiopian Airlines,

Royal Air Maroc, Afriqiyah Airways, Bellview Airlines et Toumai Air Tchad, SN

Brussels, Swiss.

The currency on use is the CFA franc. The foreign currencies commonly accepted

are Euro and US dollar. Only banks, international hotels and some tourist agencies

are allowed to change money. Banks are usually opened from 7:30 am to 3:30 pm

International hotels do accept certain major credit cards.

Trips inside the country could be done by plane or train. There are also aerodromes

in Ngaoundere, Bertoua, Bafoussam and Maroua. A 1 500 km railway link called

“Transcamerounais’’ crosses the country from West to East, joins Douala to

Ngaoundere passing through Yaounde. A regular service of minibus and auto bus is

organized between the main towns.

COMPARISION OF INDIA AND CAMEROON (IN TERMS OF CONTRIBUTION TO

TOURISM SECTOR TO ECONOMY)

1) World ranking (out of 184 countries): Relative importance of travel & tourism's

total contribution to GDP

India Cameroon

Ranked 12th : Absolute Size in 2012 Ranked 127Th : Absolute Size in 2012

Ranked 128th : Relative Size in

Contribution to GDP

Ranked 151st : Relative Size in

Contribution to GDP

Ranked 28th : Growth Ranked 111th : Growth

Raked 3rd : Long Term Growth Ranked 46th : Long Term Growth

2) Contribution To GDP:

In India, The total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP (including wider

effects from investment, the supply chain and induced income impacts, see

page 2) was INR6,385.1bn in 2012 (6.6% of GDP) and is expected to grow by

7.3% to INR6,853.7bn (6.7% of GDP) in 2013. It is forecast to rise by 7.9% pa

to INR14,722.3bn by 2023 (7.0% of GDP).

In Cameroon, The total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP (including

wider effects from investment, the supply chain and induced income impacts,

see page 2) was XAF705.2bn in 2012 (5.2% of GDP) and is expected to grow

by 2.5% to XAF722.6bn (5.1% of GDP) in 2013. It is forecast to rise by 5.4%

pa to XAF1,219.1bn by 2023 (5.3% of GDP).

In India, Travel & Tourism generated 25,041,000 jobs directly in 2012 (4.9%

of total employment) and this is forecast to fall by 0.6% in 2013 to 24,899,000

(4.8% of total employment).

In Cameroon, Travel & Tourism generated 94,500 jobs directly in 2012 (2.0%

of total employment) and this is forecast to grow by 0.4% in 2013 to 95,000

(2.0% of total employment).

The tourism policy of Cameroon is, to develop the Sustainable Tourism to reduce

the poverty. Where in India, the tourism policy The policy proposes the inclusion of

tourism in the concurrent list of the Constitution to enable both the central and state

governments to participate in the development of the sector. As well as the

Automatic approval for Technology agreements in the hotel industry, subject to the

fulfillment of certain specified parameters.

The Cameroon tourism faces the following problems:

• Non prioritization of the travel and tourism industry

• Absence of a national tourism board

• Absence of a marketing plan

• No branding

• Corruption and abuse of Power

• Lack of education

• Limited Financial resources

• Lack of national tourism

The opportunities the Cameroon tourism have is,

• Development of ICT networks in West Africa

• Revival of the national airline

• Football success

• Growing population of ecotourism

• Education in tourism

• Tourism Diversity

Apart from that India is likely to receive the medical tourists from Cameroon as India

is specialized in low cost yet efficient health services in India Specially the Cardiac

and Coronary heart diseases as well as joint replacement.

Cameroon is having vast health issues regarding Viral and infectious diseases as

well as the Cardiac problems. Non Availability of Private health sevices will drive

Cameroon patients to india.

Suggestions are,

1) Cameroon being gifted various natural resources, it is advisable for

Cameroon tourism to use them and have growth on their own.

2) In Cameroon there is very less availability of on the road transportation

means. Hence lack of such facility hinders the growth of tourism, developing

roads and means of transportation is a key to develop tourism

3) Apart form eco and cultural tourism there are certain types of tourism such as

medical tourism, research tourism, educational tourism and resort tourism

have greater growth potentiality due to beaches and growth of ict in

education.

4) Health and safety is very crucial for the tourists, and very less private

hospitals cater that need in Cameroon. Cameroon’s moral standards are

often questioned hence, improving the health and safety of tourists is also

necessary.

5) Cameroon has got a wide range of Handicraft products, which has a huge

market in world. Through tourism it can be developed.

Education Sector Summery

117340592057 MONIKA PRAVINSINH PARMAR

Prof. Pradip Mitra






Education Sector Summery

Education Sector of Cameroon:

A qualitative study carried out in the Far North, Littoral and North West

regions of Cameroon shed light on the governance challenges in primary and

secondary education. It showed that the significant differences in education

outcomes among regions and the overall poor performances of the education

systems can be partly linked to two main concerns: the inefficient management of

the education system and the lack of accountability regarding the allocation of

government resources.

Despite recent progress, significant challenges remain to achieve equitable

access and quality in educational achievements,

Over the past two decades, Cameroon’s primary and secondary education

systems provided significant improvements in educational opportunities for children

and youth. Nearly 3.4 million children enrolled in primary education in 2009, up from

just under 2 million in 1991. More than 90% of school-age children enrolled in

primary school in 2009, compared to only 69% in 1991. The abolition of school fees

in primary education in 2000 spurred some of this increase in total enrolment. Total

secondary enrolment more than doubled in the past two decades, reaching nearly

1.3 million total students in 2009. Overall, children spend 2.5 more years in school

than two decades ago, totaling an average 10 years of education, well into

secondary school.

However, the Cameroonian education system still faces many challenges in

providing a quality education to all children .Compared to some countries in sub-

Saharan Africa which made great strides in expanding educational opportunities,

such as Burundi and the United Republic of Tanzania, Cameroon is lagging behind

in some respects.

Regional, wealth and gender disparities take a toll on children and put

vulnerable groups at risk for not attending school and being further disadvantaged in

life opportunities. Nearly 250,000 children of primary school age are out of school,

either because they dropped out, never enrolled or are expected to enroll late. Living

in a rural area doubles the risk of not attending school and poor children are five

times more likely to be out of school than children from rich households.

Household surveys also highlight significant disparities in education

opportunities within and among regions. Primary school attendance in 2004 was

below the national average for all children from the Far North, but children from poor

households fared worse than those form the richest households. Wealth differences

were much less pronounced in the Littoral and North West regions, where all net

enrolment ratios were higher than the national average.

Unequal learning outcomes also reflect the inequitable quality of learning

environments in Cameroonian schools. Depending on where children live, their

household wealth or gender, some youth faced lower likelihoods of completing basic

education. Primary completion rates for girls were about 36% in the Far North

region, compared to 88% in the Littoral region. Some children remain therefore ill-

equipped to make the transition to secondary school, let alone to enter the labor

market.

Role of education and economic development in Cameroon:

The actual and potential impact of higher education on the development of

Cameroon. Using household survey data from the first Cameroon household survey,

we analyze the effect of education attainment on earnings and private returns to

education. The econometric work uses Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) to estimate

earning equations for full time workers across educational levels. The results confirm

a relatively high premium on higher education. In effect, an additional year of

schooling is expected to increase earnings implying that individual investment in

education is profitable. However, the private returns to post secondary education

are greater for men than for women. Next, we use the short-cut method to estimate

social returns to investments in higher education. The results equally show that

social returns to higher education are quite substantial but are also higher for women

than for men. Finally, we determine the link between higher education measured

with enrollment and gross domestic product as a proxy for national income. The

findings reveal positive and significant relationship between higher education and

economic growth.

The study concludes that higher education plays an important role in the

development process of Cameroon and that this role can be enhanced provided

measures are taken to improve the efficiency of the higher education system,

improve equity in attainment and ensure greater professionalism of academic

programs. The study also underscores the need to reduce inequity in the distribution

of benefits from higher education in Cameroon.

INTRODUCTION

At independence, higher education in Cameroon like in many other African

countries was viewed as a vehicle for training high level manpower for the new

nation to consolidate its autonomy and as a driving force for the nation’s economic

development (Comité technique de Réflexion pour l”Amelioration du System

Nationale de L”Enseignement Supérieure, Rapport, Avril, 2004). To achieve these

goals, the government of Cameroon devoted a large share of its budget to the

expansion of education including higher education. The expansion in higher

education was motivated by the conviction that it was a benchmark for the training of

manpower at lower levels of education and was an important source of economic

growth.

The interest in the growth effect of education dates back to the time of Adam

Smith when he made his inquiry into the wealth of nations. However, it was not until

the 1960s that economists attempted to study the link between education and

economic growth (Saxton 2000). The pioneering works of Becker (1964), Schultz

(1961), and Denison (1985) provided a new link between education and economic

growth. Early estimates of economic growth with the application of the growth

accounting often resulted in a large residual indicating a change in output that was

not accounted for by the explanatory variables. This shortcoming in the estimation of

economic growth was resolved with the introduction of human capital into growth

accounting (Jorgenson and Griliches, 1967) and the development of endogenous

growth models (Lucas, 1988; Romer. 1986). Higher education contributes to

economic development through the creation and dissemination of knowledge.

Higher education also enables those who have acquired it to become more

productive thus contributing to the overall economic growth. Investments in higher

education provides benefits to the individual and such benefits include higher wages,

which may lead to better health and improved quality of life. Although no empirical

evidence on the link between higher education in Cameroon and economic

development has yet been established, there is little doubt that higher education

indeed plays a key role in the development process of the country. Higher earnings

for highly educated individuals for example help to raise tax revenue for the state

and the society at large.

THE STATE OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN CAMEROON:

Pre-university education in Cameroon lasts for approximately 13 years

distributed as follows: 6 years of primary education, 5 years of secondary education

and 2 years of upper secondary education. However, not all students can afford

nursery education and it is not compulsory in Cameroon. Higher education in

Cameroon consists of various forms of educational institutions beyond high school

education. These institutions include conventional universities which offer courses in

both the sciences and humanities, polytechnics which provide advanced vocationnal

training, professional schools for management, public administration, and higher

teacher training. (Some universities example, The university of Douala offers

courses in engineering).

The development of higher education in the country dates back to June 1962

when the Federal University of Cameroon was created. The university began in

September 1962 with a student enrollment of 600, all Registered in the Faculty of

Arts and Social Sciences, the Faculty of Science, and the Faculty of Law and

Economics.

In addition to the three faculties, specialized schools or the grandes écoles

attached to the university and other professional institutions of higher learning were

created to prepare graduates for professional careers. Particularly prominent among

these specialized institutions attached to the university were the school of medicine

(CUSS) created in 1969, the Institute of International Relations (IRIC), the school of

engineering (ENSP) created in 1971 and the School of Journalism (ESIJY) created

in 1970.

The rise in student enrollment and the desire to decongest the university, led

to the creation of the university center for languages, translation and interpretation in

Buea; the university center for Agriculture in Dschang; the university center for

Business studies and training of technical teachers in Douala; the university center

for Food Science and Food Technology in Ngaoundere in 1977.

Specialized schools not attached to the university such as the school of public

works (ENSTP), the military academy (EMIA), the school of administration (ENAM),

were also created. Unlike the university where entrance was based on a pass at the

general certificate of education examination at advanced level for English speaking

students or the baccalaureate for French speaking students, entrance into the

specialized institutes and other professional schools not attached to the university is

competitive.

The expansion in student enrollment, and eventual congestion in the

University of Yaounde, in addition to other social and political exigencies led to the

university reforms in 1993 which saw the splitting of the lone university into six

independent state universities. The reforms led to the suspension of stipends and

called for the involvement of other external stakeholders in the financing and

management of higher education thus introducing some form of privatization. Private

higher education institutions particularly vocational and professional institutions have

been authorized to operate and are expanding rapidly although a number of them

especially universities are yet to be legalized. Today, with the creation and opening

of the University of Maroua (1998), there are in total seven state universities in

Cameroon.

Active population distributed by level of education in percentage.

The conceptual links from higher education to economic development:

Higher education is an important form of human capital investment. It has the

potential of being the driving force of economic development in Africa. In fact,

Castells (1994), describes it as the “engine of development in the new world

economy”. Higher education does not only enable those with such capital to earn

higher, it also contributes to economic growth. Higher education affects the

participation of individuals in economic activities and the overall economic

development; it contributes in the development of human capital by expanding the

size and skills of the work force. Higher levels of education are accompanied by

higher wages, lower unemployment probabilities and higher labour participation

rates. It also increases the returns and consequently the productivity of workers

(Since wages are often seen as reflecting marginal labour productivity, this implies

that the link between higher education and wages can be used to analyze the

productivity effects of higher education) ( Psacharopoulos, 1994 ; Todaro, 1989 ;

Mingat and Tan, 1996 ; Gallup et al., 1998). Thus higher education provides

knowledge and professional skills capable of contributing significantly to the growth

of the economy.

Second, higher education and especially universities promotes economic

development through the production and dissemination of new knowledge (Rosa,

2002). It expands technological capacities and enhances progressive innovations

that are required in a more competitive global economy. The creation of new

technological knowledge through research and innovations can create more

employment, promote capital formation and create surpluses for reinvestment and

can in turn lead the development of human resources (ADB, 1998, p. 195). New

research creates new openings, jobs and new wealth which expand the economy.

Once knowledge is created, it becomes possible for it to be transferred and

disseminated throughout the economy so that it is almost assumed to be a public

good due to its non-excludability and no rivalry characteristics.

Third, higher education can well play the role of a basic income generating

industry. Universities generate revenues from sponsored research, tuition, support

services and state appropriations which help to provide jobs and pay for services in

the community. Sponsored research enables researchers in universities to bring to

their communities money that would not have been earned in its absence. Higher

education can spare a community from costs such as unemployment, declining

welfare and crime. Services provided by the community to universities generate

income that helps in improving lives and economic development. Lastly, higher

education offers the society with both cultural and political benefits (TFHES 2000). It

creates attitudes and causes attitudes necessary for the socialization of individuals.

Higher education enhances democracy and good governance by producing higher

quality administrative personnel that can manage economic development.

HIGHER EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN CAMEROON:

Empirical analysis This study does not estimate the production function

augmented with human capital but rather examines the causal relation between

income per capita and higher education attainment. GDP is measured with 1995

constant prices as a proxy for income and education attainment is measured with

enrolment into higher education institutions in Cameroon. Enrollment into higher

education in Cameroon has expanded substantially since 1962 indicating an overall

expansion in the higher education system. The stock of working age population with

higher education is an important indicator of the extent of the development of the

sector and represents the efforts made by the Government of Cameroon since the

past years to expand higher education. This indicator is important because the stock

of working age population with higher education forms a large part of the skilled and

educated workforce. The growth in overall output will be higher, the higher the stock

of population with skilled labour.

Using data on Cameroon from 1965 - 2002, to regress constant GDP on

enrollment, the trend line in Figure 2 indicates that the regression coefficient is

positive and statistically significant at one percent level showing a strong relationship

between higher education and national income. The positive slope of the trend line

depicted in the Figure shows in effect that higher education attainment enhances the

growth of national income.

The estimated equation as well as the trend line clearly indicates that higher

education has a significant and positive contribution to output and it may be

inadmissible to minimise this role. It may be argued that simple regression of gross

national output on higher education only suggest a correlation between the two and

necessarily not a cause and effect relationship. Since a time lag is allowed for higher

education to cause increases in output, the argument is uncalled for.

The fact that higher education contributes to economic development growth

gained grounds in the theoretical growth literature only recently. Human capital

represented here by higher education is considered as an input into production.

Although, our study did not do this, it recognized the role of HE as an input into the

production function. If this is the case, then there exists a correlation between the

two which gives us an approximate relationship between them.

The results have shown a strong and positive relationship between higher

education and national income which indicates that higher education contributes to

output growth. Since Higher Education plays an important role in the economic

development of Cameroon. Government needs to put in place economic policy

strategies that (or with the potential to) can create jobs to enable graduates to use

the skills acquired through human capital investments which will in turn engender

output growth.

Relationship between Higher Education and National Income.

Conceptual Framework.

Source: Seidman L. M. (2005). Research Institute, W. P. Carey School of Business,

Arizona State University

Structure of education sector in Cameroon:

Primary Education

Education in the West African country of Cameroon is compulsory through to

age 14 when 6 years of primary schooling are complete. Unfortunately parents are

expected to pay for uniforms and book fees, which no doubt contributes to a 67%

literacy rate that’s skewed in favor of males.

Secondary Education

There are 2 separate secondary schooling systems depending on whether

the French or British colonial models apply. In broad terms though, the secondary

phase comprises a lower and an upper level. For the majority of young people this

distinction remains academic, because their parents are unable to afford secondary

school fees at all.

Vocational Education

Vocational training is the responsibility of the ministry of employment and

vocational training. Challenges faced include reaching out to youths who are

unemployed, and see little hope of any formal work.

Tertiary Education

All but one of 7 universities teach in French, with the British-modeled

University of Buea being the single exception. State control is strict and the minister

of education is chancellor of all 7. Unfortunately, many students join the brain

drain after graduating, and the community at large receives little benefit for all the

effort. The English-medium University of Buea was founded 1985 on the back of

extensive education reforms. Its departments include engineering, technology, arts,

education, natural and social sciences, and agricultural medicine.

Grading System in Cameroon

Grading Scales

French System

Universities in Cameroon

This list includes universities, colleges, vocational schools, and other higher

education institutions.

Web

Rank English Name Local Name City

1 International University International Université Bamenda

2 University Institute of the Diocese of

Buea Institut universitaire du diocèse de Buéa Buea

3 University of Maroua Université de Maroua Maroua

4 University of Buea Université de Buea Buea

5 University of Douala Université de Douala Douala

6 University of Dschang Université de Dschang Dschang

7 University of Yaoundé II Université de Yaoundé II Yaoundé

8 University of the Mountains Université des Montagnes Bangangté

9 University of Yaoundé I Université de Yaoundé I Yaoundé

10 Protestant University of Central

Africa Université Protestante d'Afrique Centrale Yaoundé

11 Catholic University of Central Africa Université Catholique de l'Afrique Centrale Yaoundé

12 University of Bamenda Université de Bamenda Nkwen –

Bamenda

13 University of Ngaoundéré Université de Ngaoundéré Ngaoundéré

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/-?Grid-sort=UniversityRankByCountry-asc


http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/-?Grid-sort=UniversityNameEnglish-asc

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/-?Grid-sort=UniversityName-asc

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/-?Grid-sort=CityEnglish-asc

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/International-University-25166

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/University-Institute-of-the-Diocese-of-Buea-25170

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/University-Institute-of-the-Diocese-of-Buea-25170

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/University-of-Maroua-25164

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/University-of-Buea-25157

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/University-of-Douala-25159

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/University-of-Dschang-25160

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/University-of-Yaound%C3%A9-II-25163

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/University-of-the-Mountains-25168

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/University-of-Yaound%C3%A9-I-25162

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/Protestant-University-of-Central-Africa-25174

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/Protestant-University-of-Central-Africa-25174

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/Catholic-University-of-Central-Africa-25167

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/University-of-Bamenda-25158

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/University-of-Ngaound%C3%A9r%C3%A9-25161

Web

Rank English Name Local Name City

14 Catholic University of Cameroon Université Catholique du Cameroun Bamenda

15 Cosendai Adventist University Université Adventiste Cosendai Yaoundé

16 PK Fokam Institute of Excellence Yaoundé

17 University College of Technology

Buea Collège Universitaire de Technologie Buea Buea

18 Cameroon Christian University Bali

- Protestant University of Elat Edwin

Cozzens Université Protestante Edwin Cozzens d'Elat Ébolowa

- University of South Yaounde Université de Yaoundé Sud Ndi Samba Yaoundé



http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/-?Grid-sort=UniversityNameEnglish-asc

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/-?Grid-sort=UniversityName-asc

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/-?Grid-sort=CityEnglish-asc

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/Catholic-University-of-Cameroon-25171

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/Cosendai-Adventist-University-25165

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/PK-Fokam-Institute-of-Excellence-25173

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/University-College-of-Technology-Buea-25176

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/University-College-of-Technology-Buea-25176

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/Cameroon-Christian-University-25175

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/Protestant-University-of-Elat-Edwin-Cozzens-25172

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/Protestant-University-of-Elat-Edwin-Cozzens-25172

http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Cameroon/Universities/University-of-South-Yaounde-25169

After completing primary education, a student can pursue higher education,

depending upon the financial condition of the family. The secondary educational

system is divided into three parts namely, secondary schools, vocational schools

and apprenticeships. For further studies a student can take admission in any of the

six public varsities of Cameroon.

Functions:

There are three ministries in charge of education in Cameroon.

1. The Ministry of Basic Education. This takes charge of Nursery and Primary

Education.

2. The Ministry of Secondary Education. This takes charge of Secondary General

and Secondary Technical Education.

3. The Ministry of Higher Education. This takes charge of Higher Education –the

Universities and other Institutions of Higher learning. Education in Cameroon is

generally oriented by the State through these ministries that supervise the

curriculum and pedagogic activities in all schools. This is ensured by the fact that

End-of-Course Certificate examinations at all levels of education are either directly

administered by the State or by the Examination Boards controlled by the State.

Each University of course is free to administer its examinations and issue its

certificates which are recognized if the state authorized or created the university.

Private Universities are yet a novelty in Cameroon! The organization of education in

Cameroon:

In Cameroon, we have Public Schools and Private Schools at all levels.

Public Schools are set up, financed and managed by the State while Private

Schools are set up, financed and administered by their proprietors with the State

only exercising pedagogic control. The authorization to create or open a Private

School is given by the State.

Parents/Teachers Associations (PTAs) play a significant role in financing

education in both the public and the private schools. In addition to the school fees,

PTAs also levy parents a yearly amount for specific PTA projects in each school.

Private schools are organized into agencies; viz:

1. The Catholic Education Agency controls schools set up by the Roman Catholic

Church.

2. The Protestant Education Agency controls schools set up by the Protestant

churches in Cameroon notably, the Presbyterian Church and the Baptist Church.

3. The Islamic Education Agency controls schools set up by the Islamic Council of

Cameroon.

4. Secular Education Agency controls all other private schools set up by

nondenominational individuals and groups.

In each ministry, there is a department in-charge of overseeing the activities

of Private Schools and ensuring compliance with government policies on education.

All schools, irrespective of their ownership, write the same certificate

examinations at the end of course. The First School Leaving Certificate is written at

the end of 6 or 7 years of elementary School by 11-year old children. This

examination is solely organized by the Ministry of Basic Education.

The General Certificate of Education examination (GCE) ordinary level is

written by 16-yearold children after 5 years of secondary education. The GCE

Advanced Level examination is written by 18-year old children after two years of

High School. The GCE A/L certificate qualifies students to enter the University or

other institutions of higher learning. The GCE examinations are organized by the

GCE Examination Board created by the government to handle examinations at the

secondary and high school levels in the Anglophone sub-system. There is a

Baccalaureat Board handling high school examinations for the French Educational

sub-system in Cameroon.

A. The Organizational Chart of the Ministry of Basic Education in Cameroon

THE MINISTRY

Headed by a Minister

(Several Directorates headed by Directors)

controls Basic Education in the whole country

THE PROVINCIAL DELEGATIONS

(Headed by a Provincial delegate)

control basic education in the Province.

there are ten Provinces in Cameroon

THE DIVISIONAL DELEGATIONS

(Headed by Divisional Delegates)

control basic education in the Division

there are 52 divisions in the country

SUB DIVISIONAL INSPECTORATES

(Headed by Inspectors of Basic Education)

control Basic Education at the sub divisional levels

there are more than 350 subdivisions in the country

SCHOOLS

(Headed by Head teachers)

B. The organizational Chart of the Ministry of Secondary Education:

THE MINISTRY


(Several Directorates headed by Directors)

controls Secondary Education in the whole country

THE PROVINCIAL DELEGATIONS

(Headed by Provincial Delegates)

control Secondary Education in the Province and co-ordinates

the Divisional delegations.(there are ten Provinces in Cameroon)

THE DIVISIONAL DELEGATIONS

(Headed by Divisional Delegates)

control Secondary Education and co-ordinates colleges in the division.

there are 52 divisions in the country

COLLEGES

(Headed by Principals)

C. The Organizational Chart of the Ministry of Higher Education:

THE MINISTRY


Several Directorates headed by Directors

They control higher Education in the whole country.

THE UNIVERSITIES & INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING

Headed by Rectors or Vice Chancellors

The Two Sub Systems of Education in Cameroon. There are two sub-systems of

education in Cameroon. These are

1. The Anglophone sub-system which follows the system of education operational in

the English speaking part of the country before unification.

2. The Francophone sub-system which follows the system of education practised in

the French speaking part of the country before unification. Each of the sub-systems

is allowed by the law on education to develop its distinctive features.

However, the Ministries of Education set the broad line educational policy that

applies to both sub-systems. Both sub-systems are free to operate in any part of the

country and parents choose which sub-system they want their children to follow. The

government gives some financial assistance to recognized private institutions but the

financial management of private schools is the responsibility of their proprietors. The

amount given in principle is based on the qualification of teachers, the quality of the

school infrastructure, didactic materials available and the school’s performance at

official certificate examinations

Comparison of Education stats: Cameroon vs India

Cameroonian

Education stats

Indian Education

stats

Adjusted savings:

education

expenditure > % of

GNI

3.2 % of GNI 3.99 % of GNI

Ranked 115th in 2005. Ranked 88th in 2005. 25% more

than Cameroon

Average years of

schooling of adults 3.5 5.1

Ranked 77th. Ranked 65th. 46% more than

Cameroon

Duration of

compulsory

education

6 years 8 years

Ranked 153rd. Ranked 116th. 33% more than

Cameroon

164thDuration of

education >

Primary level

6 6

Ranked 77th. Ranked 96th.

http://www.nationmaster.com/country/cm-cameroon/edu-education

http://www.nationmaster.com/country/cm-cameroon/edu-education

http://www.nationmaster.com/country/in-india/edu-education

http://www.nationmaster.com/country/in-india/edu-education

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_adj_sav_edu_exp_of_gni-education-adjusted-savings-expenditure-gni




http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_ave_yea_of_sch_of_adu-education-average-years-schooling-adults

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_ave_yea_of_sch_of_adu-education-average-years-schooling-adults

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_dur_of_com_edu-education-duration-of-compulsory



http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_dur_of_edu_pri_lev-education-duration-of-primary-level



Duration of

education >

Secondary level

7 5

Ranked 37th. 40% more than

India

Ranked 164th.

Education

enrolment by level

> Tertiary level

81,318 11,295,041

Ranked 84th in 2002. Ranked 3rd in 2002. 138 times

more than Cameroon

Education, primary

completion rate 62 90

Ranked 101st in 2005. Ranked 71st in 2005. 45% more

than Cameroon

Education

spending (% of

GDP)

3.8% 4.1%

Ranked 90th. Ranked 82nd. 8% more than

Cameroon

Education

spending (% of

total government

expenditure)

17.3% 12.7%


India

Ranked 68th.

Female enrolment

share > Primary 46.2% 43.6%

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_dur_of_edu_sec_lev-education-duration-of-secondary-level



http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_edu_enr_by_lev_ter_lev-education-enrolment-by-level-tertiary



http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_edu_pri_com_rat-education-primary-completion-rate

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_edu_pri_com_rat-education-primary-completion-rate

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_edu_spe-education-spending-of-gdp



http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_edu_spe_as_per_of_tot_gov_exp-education-spending-total-government-expenditure




http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_fem_enr_sha_pri_lev-female-enrolment-share-primary-level

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_fem_enr_sha_pri_lev-female-enrolment-share-primary-level

level


India

Ranked 161st.

Female enrolment

share > Secondary

level

43.7% 39.6%


India

Ranked 152nd.

Geographical

aptitude results 69.543 77.883

Ranked 102nd. Ranked 17th. 12% more than

Cameroon

Illiteracy rates by

sex, aged 15+

25.4%

40.5%

Ranked 43rd in 2003. Ranked 26th in 2003. 59% more

than Cameroon

Literacy rate, adult

total > % of people

ages 15 and above

67.9 % 61.01 %

Ranked 89th in 2006. 11%

more than India

Ranked 95th in 2006.

Primary school

girls out of school 40% 39%


India

Ranked 31st.

Public spending on 17.32 % 10.74 %

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_fem_enr_sha_sec_lev-female-enrolment-share-secondary-level



http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_geo_apt_res-education-geographical-aptitude-results

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_geo_apt_res-education-geographical-aptitude-results

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_ill_rat_by_sex_age_15-illiteracy-rates-sex-aged-15

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_ill_rat_by_sex_age_15-illiteracy-rates-sex-aged-15

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_lit_rat_adu_tot_of_peo_age_15_and_abo-total-people-ages-15-above



http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_pri_sch_gir_out_of_sch-education-primary-school-girls-out

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_pri_sch_gir_out_of_sch-education-primary-school-girls-out

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_pub_spe_on_edu_tot_of_gov_exp-public-spending-total-government-expenditure

education, total >

% of government

expenditure


more than India


Public spending

per student >

Primary level

8.3 7.2


India

Ranked 107th.

Pupil-teacher ratio,

primary 53.9 40.2


more than India


Tertiary enrollment 4.9% 10.5%

Ranked 113rd. Ranked 94th. 114% more than

Cameroon

Women to men

parity index, as

ratio of literacy

rates, aged 15-24

0.8 0.68

Ranked 93rd in 1984. 18%

more than India


Source: UNESCO UIS Data | UNESCO Institute for Statistics

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_pub_spe_per_stu_pri_lev-spending-per-student-primary-level



http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_pup_rat_pri-education-pupil-teacher-ratio-primary

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_pup_rat_pri-education-pupil-teacher-ratio-primary

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_ter_enr-education-tertiary-enrollment

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_wom_to_men_par_ind_as_rat_of_lit_rat_age_1524-literacy-rates-aged-15-24




http://data.un.org/Browse.aspx?d=UNESCO

January 4, 2012.

Textile sector Summery


117340592073 PRATIK ASHOKBHAI SOLANKI

Prof. Pradip Mitra






Textile sector Summery

Cameroon has cotton and textile industries based in the northern provinces.

Sodecoton gins Cameroon's raw cotton and sells 7 percent of its product to Cicam, a

textile company. Cicam employs 1,500 workers at factories in Garoua and Douala,

producing fabric sold on regional markets. Cicam is the largest textile producer in the

Central African region.

The cotton sector of Cameroon is unique among its West and Central African

peers in that no major structural reforms have been implemented over the last 20

years. SODECOTON, the national cotton company, remains under the control of the

Government of Cameroon's (GoC). It has nevertheless expanded its operations and

is able to operate without external support, in spite of the strong appreciation of its

currency (the CFA Franc) against the US dollar in recent years. However, the

company’s suppliers continue to operate under difficult conditions, one of the major

constraints being that the cotton growing area in the North is landlocked. Land

pressure is also very high. As a result, farmers’ holdings are small (incurring high

extension costs) and chronic soil fertility problems only limit production.

Importance of cotton in the economy:-

Representing only six percent of total exports in 2005, (22 percent of

agricultural exports), cotton does not play a prominent role in the national economy.

It is however the only cash crop cultivated on a large scale in the Northern part of

the country and is vital to the rural livelihoods, social well-being and political stability

in this poor, landlocked region.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

• To know trade relation between India and Cameroon.

• To identify the growth opportunities of textile industry of Cameroon.

• To identify the business opportunities available in Cameroon.

Significance of study

From this report we can able to know the textiles industry of cameroon in

detail.

Small-scale farmers in the north of the country, is Cameroon’s fifth-largest

foreign exchange earner.

Cameroon’s only cotton company, is 59 percent- owned by the government,

while the rest is held by the Compagnie Francaise de Developement du

Textile.

in the year of 2010/11 output of the cotton is 136000 and it is increse by

36.03 % in 2011/12.it is predicated 227000 tones in the 2012/13.

So textiles industry has many opportunity in future.

CAMEROON: POTENTIAL FOR ADDING VALUE TO COTTON

Investment Climate:-

Cameroon’s Industrial Free Zone appears to have an excellent investment incentive

package to attract industrialists, and, by all accounts, they have managed to attract

major investments in the minerals beneficiation fields such as aluminum, iron ore,

nickel and cobalt. In the cotton value-adding sector investment is still negligible, but

may be about to change.

The Industrial Free Zone incentives are as follows:

1. 100% tax exemption for the first 10 years, followed by a flat corporate profit tax of

15% thereafter.

2. Complete and perpetual exoneration of all customs duties and taxes.

3. No price controls or profit restrictions.

4. No restrictions on foreign ownership.

5. Freedom to hold foreign currency accounts.

6. Free repatriation of profits and capital.

7. Flexibility in hiring/firing workers.

8. Liberal expatriate work visas.

9. Freedom to operate private zone-based power and telecommunications systems.

Apart from the industries mentioned earlier, the only textile and clothing

enterprise registered in the Industrial Free Zone is Ken Atlantic.

POLITICAL SYSTEM, ECONOMY & INFRASTRUCTURE

Cameroon revised its constitution in 1996. Paul Biya is the head of state.

Presidential elections are held every seven years with the President allowed two

seven-year terms in office. The last election was held in 2004. The move to

democratic reform, however, has been slow.

Cameroon has a population of 17.3 million people and a literacy rate of 79%.

GDP growth was 2.8% in 2005. The CFA has been relatively stable, around 500-520

to the dollar, over the 2004-06 period. Cameroon’s electricity production was 3 billion

kWh in 2003 with consumption at 2.8 billion kWh. However, the aluminum industry

absorbs 40% of its electricity capacity, at 4 CFA/kWh, and is about to expand

fourfold. Much of its electricity generation is now in private hands and new major

hydroelectric power projects are being implemented which are expected to come on

stream in 2011-12. There is also a planned gas turbine electricity generating plant.

RECENT FACTS ABOUT CAMEROON’S TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Cameroon - 2011/12 Raw Cotton Output Hit 185,000 Tons:-

Dated- 07 Nov, 2012 - Cameroon

o Cameroon's Cotton Development Company SODECOTON said it

produced 185,000 tons of raw cotton in the 2011/12 season, up from

136,000 tons in 2010/11, and predicted another increase in the coming

season.

o They are looking forward to raising production of raw cotton to 227,000

tons in the 2012/13 season," said SODECOTON General Manager Iya

Mohamed in a press release. He said increases in cotton output were

due to the introduction of new high-yield varieties.

o Cameroon's cotton industry employs about 250,000 farmers. The

central African country, which also produces oil and cocoa, was the

continent's ninth largest cotton producer in 2010/11.

o SODECOTON's annual turnover rose by 32 percent to 98.6 billion CFA

francs in the 2011/12 season, up from 74.6 billion in 2010/11.

Mohamed said turnover is expected to rise to 120 billion CFA francs in

the 2012/13 season.

o The company produced 77,800 tons of refined cotton in 2011/12, up

from 57,300 tons in 2010/11.

Cameroon plans $10 million cotton mill:-

Dated- 23 Nov , 2011 - Cameroon

o Cameroon will start construction of a $10 million cotton mill next year in

an effort to boost value-added exports.

o The Development Bank of Central African States and Societe

Generale de Banque de Cameroun have agreed to raise 1 billion CFA

francs -- about 20 percent of the total cost of the project.

o "At the moment, local processing of cotton is about 5 percent, with the

remaining 95 percent exported. This is about raising processing to 40

percent at least and cutting raw exports," Martin Yankwa, an official at

the Ministry of Industry.

o The general manager of the project, Robert Kemajou, told Reuters on

Wednesday that construction would start in mid-2012 in the industrial

district of Douala, and the total cost would be at least 5 billion CFA

francs ($10.4 million).

o It was not clear where the remainder of the funds would come from.

o Cameroon's raw cotton production rose 47 percent to 161,900 tons

during the 2010-11 season and could increase to 200,000 tons during

2011-12 -- though efforts to raise official output are being hampered by

smuggling to Nigeria.

o Some 25,000 tons of cotton may have been smuggled across the

border in 2010-11 due to higher prices there, Yankwa said, cutting

revenues to the state cotton firm SODECOTON.

o Cameroon also produces oil and cocoa, and is seeking to develop its

mining industry.

Cameroon may increase cotton output 35%:-

Dated- 25 Feb, 2011 - Cameroon

o Cameroon may increase cotton output by as much as 35 percent this

season by using higher yielding strains and improving agricultural

techniques, according to Sodecoton, the state-owned producer.

o “We intend to produce at least 39,000 metric tons more of the crop,”

Ibrahim Ngamie, director of agricultural productio, Yaounde. That

would boost output of the fiber to about 150,000 tons, up from 111,000

tons last year.

o Cotton, mostly grown by about 227,500 small-scale farmers in the

north of the country, is Cameroon’s fifth-largest foreign exchange

earner, according to the government. The West African nation plans to

boost output by reorganizing the industry, training farmers and

increasing the use of more resistant and higher-yielding crop strains.

o Cameroon’s annual output four years ago was nearer 300,000 tons,

according to Iya Mohammed, Sodecoton’s general manager.

o Sodecoton, Cameroon’s only cotton company, is 59 percent- owned by

the government, while the rest is held by the Compagnie Francaise de

Developement du Textile.

Cameroon - Government strategy to jump-start cotton-textile industry:-

Dated- 16 Jun, 2008 - Cameroon

The cotton and textile industry in the Cameroon can be very rewarding if only

appropriate decisions to harness the available potentials are taken. This is the crux

of what the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Technological Development has decided

to tackle head-long, through the transformation of locally produced cotton, the yearly

production of which presently stands at 120 000 tons. According to the Director of

Industries, Martin YANKAM, less than 4% of home-grown cotton is transformed in

the countr+y. He says the government’s idea is to move this percentage up to 40 by

2015, three years after Cameroon’s electricity supply would increased substantially

thanks to the development of several electricity projects like the Lom-Pangar whose

development will bring about an increase of 170 mw.

Textile industry

In and around Palladam there are many weaving and knitting centres mostly

meant for export to foreign countries, thus earning a considerable foreign exchange.

Most of the major textile houses are set up as vertically integrated units enabling

them to produce clothing at a better quality and competitive price. This sector along

with the poultry sector provides direct and indirect employment to numerous people

in the region. The region also attracts labourers from other part of the nation.

Nowadays many Hi-Tech weaving machines like sulzer and Airjet looms are

installed.

Textile mills

There are many Textile mills are located in and around Palladam. They

provide the essential raw materials for the Textile industry in and around Palladam

as well as Exports to various other countries.

Various Categories

Indian textile industry can be divided into several segments, some of which can be

listed as below:

Cotton Textiles

Silk Textiles

Woolen Textiles

Readymade Garments

Hand-crafted Textiles

Jute and Coir

Trade Policy:-

Cameroon’s trade policy is primarily based on the Common External Tariff

(CET) of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC), which

the country adopted in 1993. The CEMAC CET rates are generally higher than those

of other countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region as reflected in

Cameroon’s MFN Tariff Trade Restrictiveness Index (TTRI) 1 of 14.7 percent, which

is higher than both the SSA and lower-middle-income country averages (11.6

percent and 8.6 percent, respectively). One of the few African countries approaching

food security, Cameroon provides higher tariff protection to its agricultural sector at

17.1 percent versus 14.2 percent for its non-agricultural sector.

Based on the TTRI, it ranks 117th out of 125 countries (where 1st is least

restrictive). The country’s average MFN applied tariff has remained relatively stable

over time and is currently 17.8 percent. In line with the CEMAC’s policy, the

maximum MFN tariff imposed on imports (excluding alcohol and tobacco) is 30

percent. The country’s trade policy space, as measured by the wedge between

bound and applied tariffs (the overhang), is 57.9 percent. Regarding its commitment

to liberalizing services trade, Cameroon ranks 135th (out of 148) on the GATS

Commitments Index.

Bilateral Trade:

India’s trade with Cameroon is over US$ 200 million as the bilateral trade accounts

for only 2% of Cameroon’s global external trade, considerable potential for

enhancing trade exist.

Trade: In US$ million

Indian Exports to Cameroon Indian Imports from Cameroon

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2007-08 2008-

09

2009-10 2010-11

72.61

92.46 77.21

(-16%)

118.07

(+53%)

18.81 30.97 137.35

(+343%)

138.10

(+1%)

(Apr-Sept 11, nearest USD Million)

India’s Exports India’s imports Total Trade with %

Growth

Partner Country Apr-

Sept

10

Apr-

Sept11

(%

growth

Apr-

Sept10

Apr-

Sept11

(% growth)

Apr-

Sept 10

Apr-Sept

11

(% growth)

Cameroon 93 72(15%) 56 319(467%) 119 392(215%)

Fishery Sector Summery


117340592097 TRUSHA KAMLESHBHAI BHUT

Prof. Amar Gandhi





117340592134 HARSHVARDHANSINH RAJENDRASINH RANA

Fishery Sector Summery

INTRODUCTION

Cameroon is located on the west coast of the wet forested Equatorial Africa. It

is bordered on the west by Nigeria and the Gulf of Guinea; on the east by Chad and

Central African Republic; and on the south by Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the

Republic of Congo. Cameroon has a shape of a triangle, the top of which is on Lake

Chad, about 1400 km from the southern border with Gabon. Cameroon lies between

9° 30'E and 16°00'E and extends from 2° N to 12° 30'N. Its coastline is about 360

km in length.

The hydrography and the marine fisheries are influenced by several rivers,

the Wouri which waters Douala, the Sanaga River; the Nyong River; and the Ntem

River in the extreme south of Cameroon. The rainfall pattern also influences river

discharge and the shrimp and finfish fisheries. Rain water is variable and substantial

along the Atlantic coast. Debunscha near Limbe has an annual average of 12.47 m

(possibly the heaviest rainfall in Africa). Tiko, located between Douala and Limbe, on

the Bimbia River has an average annual rainfall of 2.42 m. The annual rainfall for

Douala is 3.78 m whereas Kribi on the estuary of Kienke River has an annual rainfall

of 3.29 m.

The marine fisheries are divided into two major sectors:

a. The artisanal fishery operating in the creeks, estuaries and shallow inshore

waters within a depth of 25 m and above the thermocline, an area dominated

by “white fish” (mostly Clupeidae and Carangidae).

b. The industrial fishery (trawlers/shrimpers) supposedly exploiting the deeper

waters beyond the 25 m depth contour, that is beyond the thermocline, an

area dominated by red fish (mostly demersal fish) but where some white fish

also extend.

Cameroonian fisheries have undergone considerable development during the

last two decades (1960–80). The industrial sector has undergone relatively more

development than the artisanal sector which is still in use at a subsistence level. The

fishery manager is now concerned with appropriate fishing innovations and

exploitation of “new” untapped resources, possibly off the slope. It is not clear if

greater fishing intensity will result in a significant increase in catch of those dominant

species now exploited by artisanal and industrial “fleets”. Attention should be

focused on control and adjustment of fishing effort.

It is observed and noted that fair progress has been made in the collection of

fishery statistics, but there are still a lot of information gaps on landings by artisanal

fishing boats, as well as on by-catch of shrimpers and finfish trawlers. There is a

need to update the inventory of all types of canoes, number of fishermen, fishing

gears and landing sites along the entire coast of Cameroon. Additionally, it is

necessary to revise the inventory of all industrial fishing vessels, indicating

nationality of vessel, type of boat, horsepower, overall length, Gross Registered

Tonnage (GRT) as well as fishing gear characteristics and fishing grounds.

Catch data on the artisanal fisheries are not still adequate; but on the basis of the

work of SCET - International (1980), the total artisanal annual catch is estimated to

be 55 000 t of which bonga/Sardinella, white shrimp and demersal fish contribute

58%, 27% and 15% respectively.

The industrial task force expanded rapidly during the sixties and by 1973 there

were 29 trawlers and 13 shrimpers which landed a total of about 17 600 t of fish and

shrimp. The total catch of the industrial fisheries peaked at about 20 400 t in 1976

and since then catches have generally declined.

Given present-day fishing activities in Cameroonian waters, it is vital to determine

the magnitudes of available fishery resources and their potential yields compared to

present levels of harvest in order to be able to ascertain the long-lasting economic

benefits that can accrue from various fishery development activities and

management policies. Thus this study focuses on the magnitudes of the demurral

and pelagic stocks, assesses the species composition of exploitable stocks,

compares the productivity and catch rates of artisanal and industrial fisheries, and

also describes the contact between various fisheries.

TOPOGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS

The topography and oceanographic conditions of the West African

Continental Shelf affect the distribution and composition of fish communities.

Longhurst (1958) considers the absence of building corals of many tropical waters

and accounts for the high proportion of sand, silt and shells in bottom deposits.

Oceanographic surveys indicate that the prevailing hydrographic conditions are of

biological significance to fisheries. This study gives a summary of topographic and

hydrographic factors which influence fish productivity on the continental shelf of

Cameroon.

Topography

The Cameroonian coastline stretches for about 360 km, extending from the

border with Equatorial Guinea, south of the Campo River estuary to the Nigerian

border north of Akwayafe River. The present-day shoreline of Cameroon shows a

number of depositional and erosional features (that is, sandy beaches and spits;

lagoons; estuaries; corals; mangrove swamps, etc.). The general topography of the

coastal sector is shown in. The continental shelf area (up to 200 m depth) is about

12 900 km2.

Bottom Types and Littoral Morphology

The bottom deposits consist of sand, coastal hard deposits, coral, muddy

sand, sandy mud and mud. There is useful information concerning bottom deposits

of the continental shelf (Figure 2). The sedimentary sequence of the coastline is a

result of interaction of fluvial and marine processes. The series of beds deposited

reflect a seaward advance of the shoreline starting with mud in quiet waters outside

the estuary, overlaid with muddy sand and sandy mud. There are considerable

deposits of mud and sandy mud caused by tidal action in the intertidal flats on which

mangroves grow. Extensive mangrove swamps are located around the estuaries of

Rivers Manyu (Cross River), Rio del Rey, Bimbia, Cameroon, Sanaga and Nyong. It

is observed that the distribution of the estuarine sciaenid sub-community is

associated with the type of bottom deposit and hydrographic conditions. This type of

bottom deposit affects fishing performance, rocky bottoms and areas with corals

being difficult to trawl.

Oceanographic Conditions

The prevailing temperatures, humidity and rainfall influence the

oceanographic conditions and the fisheries of Cameroon. The mean annual

temperature is 25°C (= 79°F) at Douala. The climate is generally characterized by

two distinct seasons: the dry season (November-March) and the rainy season (April-

October) (Njock, 1985). The heaviest rainfall usually occurs during August-

September. Trends in the rainfall pattern are shown in Table 1.

The hydrographic regime of Cameroonian waters is characterized by: the

relatively stable shallow thermocline, steep temperature gradient and stable

oceanographic conditions below the mixed layer throughout the year. The Eastern

Tropical Zone (ETZ) of the Gulf of Guinea from Cotonou (Benin) to Cape Lopez

(Gabon) is not affected by seasonal upwelling. However, even in this sector, the

surface water temperature fluctuate between 25° and 30°C (Williams, 1968). The

hydrographic conditions in the coastal area are greatly affected by the affluent rivers.

The effect of the affluents on the oceanographic condition depends on the average

annual discharge. It was greatest for River Sanaga (1896 m3/sec) at Edea in 1980.

Generally, the annual ejection is more for rivers north of Nyong River estuary. A

summary of the annual discharges of some coastal rivers is given.

Temperature, Salinity and Thermal Stratification

During the dry season (November-March), the southwesterly winds

(southwest monsoon) are weak in the Gulf of Guinea. In this period, the equatorial

under-current (Lomonosov current) attains maximum speed and penetrates the

Bight of Biafra. The oceanographic conditions are more stable during the dry season

than during the rains.

The Gulf of Guinea is a region where the surface waters remain warm in all

seasons. The surface temperatures are mostly above 25°C and the salinity is always

low, less than 35°/oo. These two factors characterize the surface waters of

Cameroon and the entire Gulf of Guinea. The zone of warm and less saline waters is

between 0 and 30 m. below the warm layer lies the thermo cline which extends from

30 m to 50 m. The thermo cline is marked by low temperatures varying from 26°C (at

the upper end of the thermo cline) to 18°C (at the lower end). The salinity of thermo

cline is higher (from 30 to 35%). Thermal stratification is of significance in the

distribution of fish on the continental shelf as. The warm surface and less saline

waters are under enemy control by white fish consisting of croakers, bonga,

sardine, Caranx, threadfins, catfish, soles, grunters, etc. The zone of cold waters

below the thermo cline is dominated by demersal red fish (croakers, snappers,

redseabreams). The thermocline has a mixture of white and red fish.

Water Masses

One of the significant factors influencing the productivity of Cameroonian waters

is water movement. The thermo cline oscillates vertically in accordance with the

oscillation of the equatorial current system. There are also some effects of

Lomonosov current (equatorial under-current) which is the most productive part of

the equatorial area (Herbland and Le Bouteiller, 1982). The continental shelf of

Cameroon is under the influence of the following water masses:

a. Guinea surface water; uniformly warm and of low salinity (ca 28°C, 32 °/ooS)

b. Benguela surface water, cooler and of higher salinity (23–27°C, 34 °/ooS)

DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES

Cameroon: As already mentioned, the marine fisheries of Cameroon are divided

into two major sectors: the artisanal fishery and the industrial fishery.

ARTISANAL FISHERY

Detailed information on the structure of the artisanal fishery is given by Njock

(1985a) and FAO (1986). Artisanal fishing units (fleets) operate mostly within

a distance limit of ca 3.2 km (2.1 mi) from the shoreline. The canoes

concentrate within the estuaries, creeks and coastal inshore sector of surface

warm waters above the thermo cline.

The artisanal fishery was sampled in 1983 using the five administrative

regions (Ndian, Fako, Wouri, Sanaga and Ocean) as a basis. Below table

shows the main estuaries and coastal fishing settlements as well as the five

administrative statistical regions surveyed.

It led to determination of the following features of the artisanal fishery:

(i) number of main fishing villages 57

(ii) number of canoes 6 011

(iii) range of canoe length 4–17 m

(iv) non-motorized canoes 67%

(v) motorized canoes 33%

(vi) total number of fishermen 18 625

(vii) contribution of indigenous fishermen ca 10%

(viii) contribution of immigrant fishermen ca 90%

Brief fisheries characterization

Cameroon fisheries are dominated by artisanal fishers. An industrial fleet is

poorly managed and little (if any) information is recently available about target

species. Shrimp trawling is one of the most major industrial fisheries. Artisanal

fishers are less discriminate in their target species, but gillnet is the most common

gear-type used by these fishers. The most of the information is outdated, with a UN

document from the late 70’s being the most recent summary on Cameroonian

fisheries.

Cameroon fishing industry.

The fishing industry is not highly developed. Most portions of fish are caught by

artisan fishermen in rudimentary motorized pirogues. The total catch was an

estimated 112,109 tons in 2000.

Forestry and Fishing

Timber is traditionally one of Cameroon's most valuable exports, consisting mainly of

mahogany, ebony, and teak. The annual timber cut in the early 1990s amounted to

some 14.6 million cu m (515 million cu ft). Fishing is dominated by freshwater

subsistence activity. However, deep-sea fishing activity is increasing, especially from

the port of Douala. About 78,000 metric tons of fish are caught annually.

Economic role of fishing in Cameroon

Agriculture, forestry and fisheries contribute 21% of Cameroon’s GDP (2008).

Cameroon has both an inland and marine fisheries sector. Inland fisheries across

the country’s numerous inland waterways are virtually artisanal. There are not more

than 50 vessels in the country’s marine fleet.

Cold storage infrastructure along the coast allows the country to trade in

frozen and fresh fish. Exports are very low, invariably less than US$200,000

annually (2010). They include mackerel, shrimps, cod and sardine. Overall

Cameroon has limited marine resources partly because its economic exclusive zone

(EEZ) is interrupted by the island, Bioko which belongs to Equatorial Guinea(FAO).

Catch-limit violations and illegal fishing are cited as important problems by the Food

and Agriculture Organization. The Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries influences

developments in the sector.

OVERVIEW OF INDIA

Introduction

Fisheries development concerns the processes leading to the progress in

harvesting, processing, marketing and utilizing the yields from the natural resources

of aquatic animals and plants for the benefit of the people and the country. Fishing

has been one of the oldest methods of gathering food adopted by people living close

to seas / rivers and was a small scale, poor, nourishment level community based

activity. Fisheries development has progressed considerably since World War II and

the estimates of world marine capture fisheries production was 84.2 million metric

tons in the year 2005 (FAO, 2006). While in the past, fisheries resources far

exceeded the human capacity to exploit them, since the last two decades,

technological changes have paved the way for a situation where increasing annual

catches of fish is no longer a simple matter of increasing fishing effort.

The rate of increase in fish production is increasingly becoming difficult to

maintain as a consequence of many of the stocks having reached or even more than

their limits of sustainable exploitation. Fish is a important donor to the livelihood,

nutritional, trade and economic security of countries and hence concerns are being

voiced about the rational development and management of fisheries where new

terminologies like “sustainable development” and “responsible fishing” are currently

being widely used.

Indian Scenario

Marine fisheries

India’s estimated marine resources potential is 3.9 million tones . During

1998, the marine fish catch was 2.95 million tonne, with over 70% coming from the

west coast. There were 220 903 traditional craft, 39444 traditional motorized craft

and 51 744 mechanized boats operating in Indian waters.

There are nearly 6 million fishermen in India, of which 2.4 million are full-time,

1.45 million part time and the rest occasional. They use a wide range of fishing gear,

including seines, stake nets, lines, bag nets, encircling nets and lift nets.

During 1987-97, there was a gradual increase in fish production, growing 44.1% in

the ten-year period, of which pelagic species contributed 51.6%, the rest being

demersal species. Among the species caught, Indian oil sardine

(Sardinellalongiceps), Indian mackerel (Rastrelligerkanagurta) and Sciaenidae are

dominant. Bombay duck, anchovies, cephalopods, perches and Carangidae are also

abundantly seen. Marine shrimp, although contributing only 10% of the total catch, is

still commercially a most important one. Indian Fisheries often fluctuate, and depend

largely on the vagaries of the monsoons. Conservation measures have been

adopted in both the east and west coasts by enforce closed seasons during the

breeding seasons of important species.

There have been important inputs to marine fisheries development in recent

years. Plans have been approved for 6 major and 45 minor fishery harbours and 158

modern Fish Landing Centres (FLCs), of which the 6 major harbours have been

completed, together with 30 minor fishingharbours and 130 FLCs. In order to

improve the marketing of fresh fish internally, a number of cold storage, ice plants

and cold chains have also been established. Export trade is completely in the hands

of the private sector. Inland fisheries During the time of 1987-1997, there was a

steady increase in inland fisheries production, registering 45.4% during the ten-year

period. Inland production, including farming, is now catching up with production from

the marine sector and is likely to overtake marine capture fisheries in the next

millennium. Inland production includes catch from rivers, upland lakes, peninsular

tanks, reservoirs and oxbow lakes. The major states contributing are West Bengal

(33%), Andhra Pradesh (9.09%), Bihar (8.71%), Assam (6.92%) Uttar Pradesh

(6.49%), Orissa (6.01%), Tamil Nadu (4.82%), Madhya Pradesh (4.07%), Karnataka

(3.89%) and Maharashtra (3.4%). Phases of Fisheries Development

Fisheries Development is influenced by a variety of factors such as the economic

status of the country and the importance of fisheries to the people by way of

availability of fish as well as socio-political reasons. Broadly speaking, the following

four development phases have been recognized for the fisheries sector:

• An initial phase of slow development characterized by the absence of any

major fisheries or only a traditional fishery

• A steady phase with significant increase in catch rate and production

• An over-development phase characterized by declining catches and catch

rates

• Management phase arising out of the above developments and aimed at

regulating fishing and arresting the decline.

Objectives of Fisheries Development

• Increase export of fish and fish products

• Increase supply of fish to domestic market

• Increase level of fishermen’s income

• Provide new employment opportunities in the fisheries sector

• Sustain the fishery

Time Line of Fisheries Development in India

The development programmes for Indian fisheries have always aimed

at increasing fish production and nutritional security, creating employment

opportunities, improving welfare of fishermen and promoting exports. The first

step for developing fisheries in India was mainly in response to the famine of

1898 where an immense need for cheap protein rich food was felt. The Royal

Commission on Agriculture (1928) noted that nothing was being done to

develop the country’s fishing industry and recommended various actions to be

taken to develop Indian fisheries sector. Grow More Food Campaign launched

in 1940 recommended an organized thrust for development of fisheries. This

resulted in a number of detailed studies on fisheries of British India besides

commission of a separate department of fisheries in many province and also

the provision of some support to the fish curing industry.

Despite this, the full potential for growth was never realized. A Fisheries

Experimental station was set up at Barrackpore, West Bengal, which later

became the Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI). Training centers

on fisheries were established in Barrackpore, Calcutta and Mandapam in 1945.

Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) was established in 1947

and since then it is carrying out pioneering research and development work in the

field of marine capture fisheries with the objective of ensuring sustainability of

fisheries resources and their ecosystem as well as living security of the coastal

fisher-folk.

The first All-India Fisheries Conference (1948) convened in New Delhi

recognized the importance of fishing industry and focused its attention on the

need to develop fisheries industry. On these lines, it was decided to seek foreign

co-operation to create necessary infrastructure for modernizing the fisheries

sector. Thus in 1952, a tripartite agreement was signed by the Governments of

Norway, India and the United Nations, with the objective of mechanizing the

Indian fisheries sector and popularizing diversified methods of fishing such as

trawling, purse seining and pole-and-line fishing. This resulted in the Indo-

Norwegian Project (INP), which was set up at Quilon (Kerala state) in 1953

where the process of modernization/mechanization of marine fisheries was

initiated. In the fifties, small-mechanized boats with bottom trawl nets were

introduced. The establishment of Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT)

during 1957, gave a foundation for research in the aspects of design of various

fishing crafts, gears, fishing techniques, methods of handling and post-harvest

processing and utilization. Since 1963, the activities of INP were directed to

exploratory and experimental fishing while CIFT took up research work on

designing of new craft types. The development of fishing harbours also played a

key role in marine fisheries development of India, starting from 1954 when the

Government of India solicited the services of Technical specialists in FAO to

locate best possible sites for fishing harbors’ in the country. Since 1965 the Port

Trust Authorities have played a key role in implement fishing harbor projects.

Currently there are about 2251 traditional landing centers, 33 minor and six major

fishing harbor. These serve as base for 104,270 traditional non-motorized craft,

75,591 small scale seaside landing, motorized craft, 58,911 mechanized craft

(mainly bottom trawlers, drift gill-netters and purse seiners) and 120 deep sea

fishing vessels of >20 m OAL. Thus the development of harbors and landing

jetties, motorization of artisanal crafts and rapid expansion of mechanized fishing

have contributed towards a significant increase in fish production, employment

generation and revenue earnings.

Automobile Sector Summery


117340592138 JIGNESH VINODBHAI PATEL

Prof. Amar Gandhi







Automobile Sector Summery

CAMEROON AUTOMOBILE POLICY

Overview:

It was formed by the 1961 merger of French Cameroon and part of British

Cameroon Gained independence on January 1, 1960 under French administration UN

trusteeship. Before the trust was a German colony.

Introduction:

Cameroon and the local subsidiary of the manufacturer of China have signed a

memorandum of understanding to establish a plant for several million dollars for

environmentally friendly vehicles in the country.

The plant will be located in the coastal town of Kribi in the South Region, because the

city has a deep water port, hosts a number of other Chinese companies and is a

gateway to other African markets, according to Mr. David Yonguet , a director with

Cameroon First Automobile Manufacture Company Limited, the local subsidiary.

Sonalika's Production Unit In Cameroon Goes On Stream

The large tractors Sonalika Tractors based Punjab announced he had begun

commercial production of its vehicles in the African nation of Cameroon. With the

commissioning of a new plant in that country, it is the Indian player inaugural foray in

the African region. In developing the new plant in Cameroon, LD Mittal, Chairman of

Somalia Group said: "We have entered alliance with few established players in the

automotive field in Cameroon According to our plan, we will be exporting our wide range

of engines. To African nation, while local equipment manufacturers are responsible

automatic supply from us in order to use our products from the plant. "

China opening bus assembly plant in Cameroon

China is opening a factory in Cameroon to manufacturer buses for West and Central

Africa. China is the third largest trading partner in Africa with a jump of ten times in

commercial transactions in the last decade.

Cameroon industry policy

National Industrial Policy

Industrial policy in Cameroon has historically been guided by five-year plans ("plans

quinquennaux"), implemented from 1961-1991. These plans aimed at both import

substitution and increased exports. Industrial production is often performed directly by

the State through public enterprises. While the strategy has been successful in

expanding and diversifying the local industrial production, industries suffered from a

serious lack of infrastructure (which partly explains its geographical concentration

around the city of Douala) and competitiveness. In 1998, therefore adopted an Industrial

Cameroon Master Plan, or the Plan Director deindustrialization (PDI), which, however,

was never implemented.

Trade and Tariff Policy

Manufacturing activities in Cameroon are mainly based on national processing sourced

commodities (oil refining and agribusiness), although the non-ferrous metals sector

(aluminium) depends on imported raw materials. In 2004, almost half of the value of

companies was imported inputs and a third of the products are exported. Consequently,

trade policy, including duties and taxes and Cameroon’s customs policies are generally

those of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), particularly

the CEMAC CET, which is made up of five rates:

- zero rate, applied mainly to pharmaceutical products, books and brochures, and

aviation products (0.7 per cent of tariff lines);

- 5 per cent, applied to staple goods (3.7 per cent of tariff lines);

- 10 per cent, applied to raw materials and capital goods (42.7 per cent of tariff lines);

- 20 per cent, applied to intermediate goods (12.2 per cent of tariff lines); and

- 30 per cent on wage goods (40.7 per cent of tariff lines).

Sectorial Policies

To strengthen the industrial sector further, the Government has launched a number of

programmers in specific sectors. Notably, the Competitiveness Committee (see Section

D below) has completed a study analyzing the competitiveness of various industries and

identifying those with the greatest growth potential. The sectors identified are textiles,

wood, energy and hydrocarbons, sectors undergoing change (plantains, maize,

oilseeds), “configuration” sectors (cocoa, coffee, rubber) and high-tech sectors (ship

building and repairs, information and communications technology, pharmaceuticals).

Sectoral interventions include:

• In the textiles industry, a strategic audit was performed on Cotonnières Industrial's du

Cameroun and reforms are being implemented. In particular, an ad hoc committee and

provincial units have been established to combat fraud, counterfeiting and contraband.

Other Measures to Promote Industrial Development

The most comprehensive effort to diversify production and indirectly promote

industrialization lies in Cameroon's Competitiveness Committee established by the

Prime Minister. The Committee aims to identify factors that hinder economic

competitiveness, formulate proposals to reduce production and transaction costs and

monitor the implementation of recommendations. Actions relate to the business

environment and economic governance. One of the objectives is to improve the

competitiveness of existing industries, particularly in the context of trade liberalization

under the interim EPA with the EU.

INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY

Introduction

The Indian car industry has become a "sunrise industry 'in the Indian economy. India is

being considered as one of the world markets fastest growing passenger car

manufacturer and the second largest two-wheeler's Also home the largest motorcycle

manufacturer and the fifth largest commercial vehicle manufacturer.

Major Developments & Investments

Volvo Group plans to invest Rs 3,800 crore (US$ 710.28 million) in India over the next

few years. Honda Car India, the wholly-owned subsidiary of Honda Motor Co, plans to

set up a greenfield diesel engine factory at its second industrial location in Rajasthan

Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) will incur capital expenditure worth US$ 3.26 billion per year

over the medium term mainly for product development, according to Crisil.

The research and development (R&D) team of Fiat India will assist Chrysler to design

and develop the smallest Jeep, to be launched globally by mid-2014.

Hero MotoCorp has started construction of its fourth manufacturing plant and a new

Global Parts Centre (GPC) at Neemrana, Rajasthan Luxury carmakers like BMW, Audi

are planning more 'Made in India' products to increase the number of offerings in the

sub Rs 2.5 million Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M) plans to invest US$ 900 million over

the next four years in SsangYong Motor for developing three new vehicles and six

engines.

Automotive mission policy:

Regulatory framework:

In India the Rules and Regulations related to driving license, registration of motor

vehicles, control of traffic, construction & maintenance of motor vehicles etc are

governed by the Motor Vehicles Act 1988 (MVA) and the Central Motor Vehicles rules

1989 (CMVR). The Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways (MoSRT&H) acts

as a nodal agency for formulation and implementation of various provisions of the Motor

Vehicle Act and CMVR.

EMMISSIONS NORMS

THE PARAMETERS DETERMINING EMISSION FROM VEHICLES

Vehicular Technology

Fuel Quality

Inspection & Maintenance of In-Use Vehicles

Road and Traffic Management

Vehicular Safety Standards & Regulations

Environmental imperatives and safety requirements are two critical issues facing

the automotive industry, worldwide. Indian Automobile Industry in the last decade

has made significant progress on the environmental front by adopting stringent

emission standards, and is progressively aligning technically with international

safety standards.

Central Motor Vehicle Rules (CMVR) came into force from 1989 and serious

enforcement of regulations came into effect. Chapter V of the Central Motor

Vehicle Rules, 1989 deals with construction, equipment and maintenance of

vehicles and in addition to rules governing emission limits, there are several rules

in this chapter requiring motor vehicles to comply with safety regulations

India Automobile Industry Growth

Facts & Figures

India, in auto sector, is turning to be a sourcing base for the global auto majors. The

passenger car and the motorcycle segment is set to grow by 8-9 per cent in coming

couple of years, says the ICRA report. The industry is likely to maintain the growth

momentum picked up in 2002-03.

The ICRA's analysis points on the auto sector that the passenger car market in the

country was inching towards cars with higher displacements. The sports-utility-vehicle

(SUV) that was getting crowded everyday, would witness intense competition as many

SUVs had been competitively priced, the report said.

Honda, Suzuki, General Motors and Hyundai, the global automakers had already

launched their premium SUVs in the market to broaden their portfolio and create

product excitement in the segment estimated at about 10,000 units annually

Indian Auto Market Growth

The domestic automobile industry sales grew 12.8 per cent at 89,10,224 units as

against 78,97,629 units in 2004-05. The automotive industry crossed a landmark with

total vehicle production of 10 million units. According to the Society of Indian

Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), car sales was 8,82,094 units against 8,20,179 units

in 2004-05. The growth of domestic passenger car market was 7.5 per cent. Car

exports stood at 1,70,193 units against 1,60,670 units in 2004-05. Market Advantage

Fast paced urbanisation to rise from 28% to 40% by 2020.

Upward migration of household income levels.

Middle class expanding by 30-40 million every year.

Growing working population.

Government Policies on Indian Automobile Industry

The Indian Automobile Industry plays a major role in the economic scenario of the

country. The automobile sector in India, record sales of more than one million

passenger cars per year. The percentage of automobile exports has risen significantly

during the last few years. The government policies on Indian automobile industry have

been framed in order to aid in the expansion of the automobiles sector in India.

http://www.surfindia.com/automobile/hero-honda-motors-ltd.html

http://www.surfindia.com/automobile/suzuki-motor-corporation.html

http://www.surfindia.com/automobile/general-motors.html

http://www.surfindia.com/automobile/hyundai-motor.html

http://www.surfindia.com/automobile/automobile-industry.html

COMPARISION

Growth in Cameroon automobile industry:

Cameroon set to launch motor vehicle assembly

Cameroon will begin assembling cars next year, a Chinese manufacturer’s

executive has said.

Mr Lu Fuquing, the Chief Executive Officer of Funtian Automobile Industry

Company, made the revelation at the close of talks with Cameroon President

Paul Biya Wednesday.

Authorities say the car assembly plant will create more than 5,000 direct jobs and

employ many more indirectly.

The plant will assemble its first fleet of cars on Cameroon soil in mid 2013.

Industry performance in 2011-12

Production

The cumulative production data for April-March 2012 shows production growth of 13.83

percent over same period last year. In March 2012 as compared to March 2011,

production grew at a single digit rate of 6.83 percent. In 2011-12, the industry produced

20,366,432 vehicles of which share of two wheelers, passenger vehicles, three

wheelers and commercial vehicles were 76 percent, 15 percent, 4 percent and 4

percent respectively.

Domestic Sales

The growth rate for overall domestic sales for 2011-12 was 12.24 percent amounting to

17,376,624 vehicles. In the month of only March 2012, domestic sales grew at a rate of

10.11 percent as compared to March 2011.

Exports

During April-March 2012, the industry exported 2,910,055 automobiles registering a

growth of 25.44 percent. Passenger Vehicles registered growth at 14.18 percent in this

period. Commercial Vehicles, Three Wheelers and Two Wheelers segments recorded

growth of 25.15 percent, 34.41 percent and 27.13 percent respectively during April-

March 2012. For the first time in history car exports crossed half a million in a financial

year. In March 2012 compared to March 2011, overall automobile exports registered a

growth of 17.81 percent.

Production:

Production in Cameroon is increase due to the china established plant in Cameroon.

Where as in India production level are same as compared to past year.

Domestic sales:

Domestic sales of India are increase where as in Cameroon are same but the export of

the Cameroon are increase.

Exports:

Exports of the Cameroon automobile are increase where India export are also high but

in future Cameroon automobile sales are increased.

Factor affecting to new players:

Factors may be placed in to three basic categories:

1.NaturalAdvantage

2.AcquiredAdvantages

3. Government Advantages

The factors can be listed as follows:

a) Cost-[Acquired]

b) Closeness to a source of raw materials-[Natural]

c) Closeness to a source of power-[Acquired and/or Natural]

d) Closeness to a market-[Acquired]

e) Closeness to an educated working force-[Acquired]

f) Closeness to a method of transport-[Acquired]

g) Government Intervention-[Government]

h) In a suitable climate-[Natural]

i) In a stable political atmosphere-[Government]

j) Health facilities-[Acquired]

Challenges ahead for the Indian Automotive Industry

Never stopping Interest Rate hikes and Petrol hikes

Global Economic Slowdown, with manufacturing contributing almost 80% to

Indian IIP

Government’s indecisiveness on future Diesel policy clarity

No incentives provided by Indian government for carrying out research on

emerging technologies

Poor Infrastructure to bring in Electric Vehicles in India

Huge Supply Demand gap for alternative fuels like CNG, LPG

In Cameroon:

Cameroon and the local subsidiary of a Chinese manufacturer have signed a

memorandum of understanding to set up a multi-million dollar plant for environment-

friendly vehicles in the country.

The plant will be located in the seaside resort of Kribi in the South Region because the

town has a deep sea port, hosts a range of other Chinese companies and is a gateway

to other African markets, according to Mr David Youngest, a director with Cameroon

First Automobile Manufacture Company Limited, the local subsidiary.

The signing on Thursday comes after talks last October 24 between the CEO of China’s

Fountain Automobile Industry Company, Mr Lu Fuquing, and Cameroon’s President

Paul Biya.

SUGGESTIONS:

Once exploration is given greater emphasis in the business models of the players in this

sector, minning would become a lucrative activity with an increasing volume of proven

automobile across the country. Following are some suggestions for the Indian following

Industry which can lead India to a better country:-

CONCLUSION:

India, of late, has emerged as a significant player in world automobile sector. The

country must at the same time also identify the markets that can be tapped for similar

products. This will not only help the country to have a diversified export portfolio but also

avoid depletion or exhaustion of specific ores that may be critical for the development of

the country in the years to come.

Documents

A GLOBAL/ COUNTRY STUDY AND REPORT On CAMEROON To PDF 2013/734 Cameroon 12-.pdf · The Global Country Study and Report on “Cameroon” is an attempt to study various aspects of