1¢

GlancE at a Freedom

Class of 2013

Pages: Articles: People:

3, 4 Election 1824 Allyson A.

Mexican Cession

Susan B. Anthony

5, 6 Democrats Dillon B.

Working in a Factory

William Wells Brown

7, 8 Whigs Heather B.

Santé Fe Trail

Elizabeth Cody Stanton

9,10 Election of, 1828 Austin C.

Underground Railroad

Washington Irving

11,12 Election of 1832 Chris C.

New Immigrants 1840-50

Nathaniel Hawthorn

13,14 Spoils System Luke D.J.

Dividing Oregon

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

15,16 Election of 1836 Kyle G.

Clipper Ships

Walt Whitman

17,18 Election of 1840 Cameron H.

Steam Power

Ralph Waldo Emerson

19,20 Bank of The U.S. Jocelyn H.

Election of 1848

Elizabeth Blackwell

Pages: Articles: People:

21,22 Tariff of Abominations Josh H.

Second Great Awakening

George Catlin

23,24 Indian Removal Bret J.

First Railroads

James Marshall

25,26 Panic of 1837 Brittanae J.

Bear Flag Republican

Sarah Grimke

27.28 Death of Harrison Mikayla M.

Mexican War

Emily Dickinson

29,30 Oregon Trial Davi R.

Farming Inventions of 1800‟s

Lucretia Mott

31,32 New Country of- Jessica R.

Texas Rebellion

Mormons Move

Harriet Tubman

33,34 Election of 1844 Logan R.

Discovery of Gold in the West

Gilbert Stewart

35,36 The Alamo Coryn V.B.

U.S. Annexing Texas

Sojourner Truth

37,38 Manifest Destiny Mariah W.

Trade Unions

Angelina Grimke

There are some ponies for

sale. There are 2 boy po-

nies and 3 girl ponies.

One of the girl ponies is

going to have a baby so it

will cost more. They range

in price from $100 to

$200 dollars. The mother

pony will cost up to $200.

One of the ponies has a

broken leg.

Sales stable is open

from 11 am till 4

pm. We are open

Monday, Wednes-

day, Friday. We

sometime aren't

open all the time

from 11 to 4. Some-

times we close early.

Time to come in

Ponies

Page 3 Allyson A. 8-1

John Quincy Adams was

most popular in New England.

Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson

supported the West. Henry Clay

was a Kentuckian. Andrew Jack-

son was known as General Jack-

son, the hero of New Orleans

during the war of 1812. Farmers

and workers admired Jackson as

a self-made man. On Election

Day, Jackson won majority of the

popular votes. Henry Clay fin-

ished fourth and couldn‟t be

elected. With Clay‟s help John

Quincy Adams was made Presi-

dent by the House.

to boarding school. She

ended up being fined $100.

This is a fine she never

paid. She wanted to make

alcohol limited or stopped

completely. She passed

away on March 13, 1906.

Susan B. Anthony was a so-

cial reformer, editor, and

writer. She was born on Feb-

ruary 15, 1820. Her parents

were Daniel and Lucy An-

thony. Born second out of

eight children, She was sent

Election of 1824

Susan B. Anthony

The Mexican government didn‟t have a

choice but to make peace. In 1848, Mex-

ico signed the treaty of Guadalupe Hi-

dalgo. Mexico ended or gave all of Cali-

fornia and New Mexico to the United

States. The United States paid Mexico

$15 Million.

Mexican Cession

Adams and Clay had made a “Corrupt

Bargain,” to steal the election. They

couldn‟t deny that the election had

been decided as the Constitution said,

“The President‟s Lady.”

Allyson A. 8-1 Page 4

rats were the dominant political

parties. The Democrats split dur-

ing the Civil War (1861-65), with

the support mainly from the

In the early 1800s, Andrew Jack-

son formed a new political party.

They were known as the Democ-

rats. Today, the Democratic

Party can trace its roots back to

President Andrew Jackson. Most

supporters of Jackson were farm-

ers in the West, and factory

workers and craft workers in the

East. From the election of Tho-

mas Jefferson in 1801, to the

election of James Buchanan in

1857, the Federalists and Democ-

South and West. Today, the De-

mocratic Party is one of the U.S.

Republicans being the other.

William Wells

Brown died on

November 6,

1884. He

showed that if

you work hard

with lots of

stick-to-it-

refutation of the doctrine of

the inferiority of the Ne-

gro.”

tiveness,

you can

succeed in

almost

anything.

P a g e 5

Democrats

1834, he escaped. After his escape, he

changed his name to Quaker. One of his

friends helped him by giving him food,

clothes, and money. After he gained his

freedom, he met and married a girl

named Elizabeth Schooner. She was a

free African-American. Together, they

had three children. From 1836 to 1835,

he lived in Buffalo, New York. He

worked as a conductor for the Under-

ground Railroad and as a steam-boatman

on Lake Erie. Later, he became active in

the Abolitionist Movement by joining

severy anti-slavery societies, and the Ne-

gro Convention Movement. An article in

the Scotch Independent newspaper

wrote the following about him:

“By dint of resolution, self-

character, and force of

character, he has rendered

himself as a popular lec-

turer to British audience,

and vigorous expositor of

the evils and atrocities of

William Wells Brown was born on

Mach 12, 1814, in Lexington, Kentucky.

He was born into slavery on a plantation.

His mother was a black slave named

Elizabeth. His father was a white man

named George Higgins. Even though he

was promised never to be sold, he was

sold many times before the age of twenty.

He spent most of his childhood as a

slave in St. Louis. During that time, he

attempted several escapes, but didn‟t

succeed. Finally, on New Year‟s Day,

D i l l o n B . 8 - 1

William Wells Brown

In the 1840s and 1950s,

factories were very different than

the earlier mills. For example,

they used steam powered ma-

chines instead of water-powered

ones. As more and more facto-

ries were built in the Industrial

North, the demand of factory

workers went up as well. Owners

started hiring entire families, even

mothers and children. Few facto-

ries had heating/cooling systems

or windows. A factory‟s whirling,

pounding machine had no safety

devices. Courts did not fine fac-

tory owners for injuries or unsafe

conditions. If a

worker was in-

jured, he just sim-

ply lost his job and

was replaced. He

received no money

to make up for his

lost wages. By the

1830s, the work-life

of many craft work-

ers was changing.

Shop owners and others saw that

Johnny can be yours for only a

small wager of $25.69! Plus, if

you buy within this week, I‟ll

throw in another slave for half

price! That‟s right half price! If

you would like to buy this price-

less slave, you can find me at my

river home. To the right is a

picture.

Fellow southerners, if you

would like to buy a young, hard-

working slave, this is just the slave

you want! His name Johnny

McFerrald. He is very reliable and

has a knack for picking cotton. He

doesn't need much food and will

work for at least 12 hours a day.

Slave For Sale!

Working in a Factory

Dillon B. 8-1 Page 6

The Whigs were formerly called

the National Republicans. Busi-

ness people from the East and

large planters from the South of-

ten became Whigs. They sup-

ported John Quincy Adams and

his programs for national growth.

They also wanted the federal gov-

ernment to spur the economy.

The Election of 1840

really brought them to light. Wil-

liam Henry Harrison, a frontiers-

man from Ohio, was chosen to

represent them. After an ugly

John Tyler took his place and

disappointed them greatly.

campaign process, Harrison won.

He died less than a month after

tak-

ing

of-

fice.

The Whigs

Buy Brand New Horseshoes For Only 5¢!

Heather B. 8-1 Page 7

known as the Sante Fe Trail. The Sante Fe Trail was a very

popular route of travel during the

expansion period. William Beck,

a merchant and adventurer, was

the first to head for Sante Fe

from St. Louis in 1821. Carrying

tools and rolls of cloth, he led a

group of traders on the long trip

across the plains. When they

reached Mexico, they found

Mexicans eager to buy goods.

Other Americans soon followed

Becknell‟s route. It became

Sante Fe Trail

and Robert. After this, she met

Susan B. Anthony, who became

her first friend and crusader for

the next fifty years.

In 1848 Stanton

and other abolitionists held

the first women‟s rights

convention. In 1869 she

formed the more liberal Nation- Elizabeth Cady Stanton

was born on November 12, 1815,

in the town of Johnstown, New

York, to her loving parents

Daniel and

Mary. She was

the seventh of

eleven chil-

dren. Her fa-

ther was a well

known New York Judge. Clerks

in her father‟s law read her laws

that denied basic rights to

women. This drove her to do

many great things.

Elizabeth married Henry

Brewster Stanton and had seven

children: Daniel, Henry, Garrit,

Theodore, Margaret, Harriot,

“Oh my daughter! How I

wish you were a boy!” -

Daniel Stanton

Obituary

Page 8 Heather B. 8-1

later known as the Whigs. His run-

ning mate was Richard Rush.

Jackson was born on March

15, 1767, in Carolina. He was the

only opponent to Adams. He was

famous for winning the Battle of

New Orleans and was known as a

hero. His party was the Democrats

and his running mate was John C.

Calhoun.

The Election of 1828 was

one of the dirtiest campaigns ever.

Adams told everyone about Jackson

marrying his wife before she was

In 1828 the only candidates for

President were John Quincy Adams

and Andrew Jackson. Adams wasn‟t

very popular, but he ran for re-

election anyways.

Adams was born on July 11,

1767, in Braintree, Massachusetts,

which is now Quincy Massachusetts.

He won his last election with the

help of another candidate, Henry

Clay. They made it so that Adams

won because Clay used his seat in

the House of Representatives to

make him win. His political party

was the National Republic and then

fully divorced to her first husband.

In this election, three times more

people voted than in the 1824 elec-

tion. That showed how the country

was growing and how they were let-

ting more people vote.

Jackson ended up winning

with 54% of the popular vote and

178 of 261 electoral votes.

Election of 1828

tors of the escapes were very brave and

smart. One conductor was Harriet Tub-

man. She herself was a runaway slave.

She conducted more than three hun-

dred slaves to freedom. On one rescue,

she saved her brothers, and another she

saved her aged parents. Slave owners

offered $40,000 for her capture.

Another conductor was

John Fairfield. He was the son of a

slaveholding family and made many dar-

ing and brave rescues. A conductor that

led an amazing amount of slaves to free-

dom was Levi Coffin. He was a Quaker

that helped more than

3,000

slaves

to

safety!

From 1810 to 1859 a network

of abolitionists secretly helped run-

away slaves reach freedom in the

North and Canada.

Whites and free

blacks served as “conductors”, guiding

slaves to “stations” where they could

eat and rest. The stations would be

housed of abolitionists, churches, and

sometimes even caves. The conduc-

Underground Railroad

Cotton Mill Worker

You will be paid 20¢ per hour

Your work hours will be from 6 A.M. to 8 P.M. from Monday through Saturday

If you want the job come to 169 Cotton Road in Houston, Texas

Help Wanted!

Page 9 Austin C. 8-1

he worked for the U.S. Embassy

in Madrid, Spain, from 1826 to

1829. He was the president of the

Astor Library in New York from

1848 to 1859. Washington wrote

many books, including The Leg-

end of Sleepy Hollow and Rip

Van Win-

kle. He

wrote The

Legend of

Sleepy Hol-

low in 1809

after the

story by

On April 3, 1783, Wash-

ington Irving was born. He was

the youngest of eleven kids. His

parents were Scottish-English im-

migrants named Sarah Sanders

and William Irving. He was

named after George Washington

because his parents idolized him.

Irving traveled all

over Europe throughout his life.

He was engaged to Matilda Hoff-

man, but she died at the age of

seventeen in 1809. He lived in

Europe from 1815 to 1832 where

Karl Masaus.

Washington

Irving died in

Tarrytown, New

York, on Novem-

ber 28, 1858.

Washington Irving Obituary

We have 10 cows here on my farm

They cost $20 for each or $30 for 2

If you want a couple of cows

Come down to 169 Cotton Road in Houston, Texas

Cows For Sale!

Austin C. 8-1 Page 10

The election of 1832 was

between Andrew Jackson and

Henry Clay. Andrew Jackson was

for the Democrats and Henry

clay for the National Republican.

Andrew Jackson was from Ten-

nessee and his running mate was

martin van Buren. They got

701,000 of the popular votes and

219 of the Electoral college votes.

Henry Clay is from Ken-

tucky. His running mate was John

Sergeant. And they received

484,000 of the popular vote and

49 of the electoral votes. The

other two candidates were James

Floyd from Virginia., whose run-

ning mate was Henry Lee. He

was a Nullifier. He received

eleven electoral votes. William

I sold my slaves so now I need

new ones: I need a hard worker

that doesn't expect any money in

return

PO: 14 years

young and

will work hard

if you make

him. His wage

here is noth-

ing.

Help Wanted

Slave Auction

Election of 1832

Henry Clay

SLAVE Slave name: PO

5$

Expiration Date: 00/00/00

Horseshoe Drive, Texas

Andrew Jackson

Page 11 Chris C. 8-1

craftsman. He died on May 19,

1864. Nathaniel Hawthorn was born

on July fourth in Salem, Massa-

chusetts. He was an American

novelist and short story writer.

He published his first book in

1828 titled “Fanshawe”. He usu-

ally wrote romantic books. He

also was a descendant of puri-

tans. His great-great-grandfather

took part in the Salem witch tri-

als. He was a skilled literacy

Bill and George

Bill: is 34 and a hard

worker

George: is 15 and has a

Nathaniel Hawthorn

MY Favorite slaves for sale

Another group was the

Germans. The main reason

that almost one million Ger-

mans came to America is that

in Germany a revolution broke

out, where the rebels fought for

democratic government. When Immigrants on a boat

Some of the Immigrants that came

to America in the 1840‟s and 50‟s

were the Irish and Germans.

The Irish came here be-

cause of a potato famine in Ire-

land, diseased their potato plants,

so they came to America for new

jobs and new opportunities, over

1.5 million Irish came to America.

Page 12 Chris C. 8-1

Obituary

Spoils System When Andrew Jackson was elected the 7th

President of the U.S.A. in 1828, his supporters wanted

a change, and boy did they get it. Andrew Jackson set

up the Spoils System. The Spoils System fired most of

the federal employees, and he replaced them with his

friends and loyal supporters. All but one of his cabinet

members were unqualified. The only person qualified

was Martin Van Buren.

He put his friends and supporters I his cabinet

because he thought that ordinary people should serve

and have as much say in the country as educated politi-

cians. The U.S.A. was astonished and happy about

President Jackson‟s bold move. They loved the idea of

common people getting to serve their country as high-

ranking officials.

The Spoils system is

a great idea and is a great

idea and is still used today,

but there was one major

flaw in President Jackson‟s

approach: his cabinet was

uneducated and unquali-

fied, with the exception of

Martin Van Buren. The

Spoils System didn‟t work for Andrew Jackson. So,

every day during breakfast, he had the Democratic

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow died on March 24,

1882. His life was claimed by peritonitis, or inflamma-

tion of the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.

He died within five days of the diagnosis.

Henry was born on February 27, 1807, In Port-

land Maine‟ at the time it was a district of Massachu-

setts. He was named after his uncle who died in the

Navy. He was the second son born. He had three

brothers and four sisters.

He was an incredibly smart child. At age four-

teen he attended Bowdoin College. After college, he

taught at Harvard University for eighteen years. He re-

signed because it interfered too

much with is writing.

In 1831, Henry married

Mary Poter. They spent four won-

derful years together. In 1835,

marry died in Rotterdam, Nether-

lands.

In Henry Wadsworth

Longfellow‟s career, he wrote over

twenty books and numerous poems. Cards and flowers

Answer Will Be In

Next Week‟s Issue Word Search

Page 13 Luke D. 8-1

Ask Edith Dear Edith,

I have been married to

“Joseph” for 18 wonder-

ful years. But I have re-

cently noticed that some-

one is coming between

us. He isn‟t home as

much as he used to be and when I ask him about it he says

he‟s working overtime. So I walked to his boss‟s house to

ask him and he said that he hasn‟t been working overtime,

and sometimes leaves early. So then I questioned him fur-

ther and then he said that he was working a second job. So

I believed him until I saw him holding hands with another

woman that is much younger than him. I saw them at the

market and became angered, and I got out of there as fast

as I could. Should I ask him about it or leave him? What

do I do? Angered in Virginia.

Dear Virginia,

I am deeply sorry to hear about your husband. You should

ask him about this woman and see what he has to say. If he

denies it who knows how long this has been going. If you

still love him, ask him to go to couples therapy with you.

Dear Edith,

Ever since going into a new, higher level school house,

my “friends” have always been mean to me. In the one

room country school house they were nice to me but

now they are mean. They are constantly making fun of

me and call me names. Yesterday they made fun of me

because my lunch pail is starting to rust, and my clothes

have a couple rips. They laugh at me because I have

enough money to buy better stuff, but I don‟t because I

don‟t feel the need. Sometimes they even make fun of

me for being polite to people. I can‟t stand this much

longer. I can‟t fight back because it‟s just not my nature.

Some days they‟ll be nice to me but usually it‟s only to

go to my house or play with my toys and pony. My fam-

ily is very wealthy, but I never told anyone. My

“friends” just think I have a larger than average sum of

money. All they do is use me and make fun of me.

What should I do? Depressed and Wealthy in rural

Massachusetts.

Dear Depressed,

It saddens my heart to hear about your troubles. I sug-

gest that you don‟t talk to them anymore or hang out

with them. If you tell them that their being mean they‟ll

just make fun of you. Just hang out with them less and

less and find some other friends to hang out with. If

there aren‟t, try finding some friends of the other gen-

der. If none of this works, talk to your minister.

James K. Polk was elected the 11th President of

the United States in 1845. He served for four years

(1845-1849). He won with his great campaign. In his

campaign he promised to gain control of the Oregon

Territory. There was one big problem: Britain also

wanted the Oregon Territory.

President Polk didn‟t want to go to war over this

dispute, so he proposed a compromise. In 1846 Britain

agreed to get the land

north of 49°N, and U.S.

would get all the land

south of 49°N.

Britain‟s present

day portion is part of

Canada. U.S.‟s present

day portion is three states:

Oregon, which became

Dividing Oregon

The famous anonymous column writer Edith

Luke D. 8-1 Page 14

The Election of 1836 was a good

one. The first candidate was Mar-

tin Van Buren, he was from New

York. He was in the Democratic

Party. He had 170 electoral votes

and 764,176 popular votes. His

running mate was Richard John-

son. The second candidate was

William Henry Harrison. He was

from Virginia. He was in the

Whigs party. He had seventy

electoral votes and 550,816

popular votes. His running mate

was Francis Ganger. Third was

Hugh L. White. He was from

North Carolina. He was in the

Whigs party. He had twenty-six

electoral votes and 146,107

popular votes. His running mate

president from 1837-1841. He

was born on Dec. 5 1782 and

died on June 24 1862. He was

seventy nine when he died.

was John Tyler. Next, was

Daniel Webster. He was

from New Hampshire. He

was in the Whigs party he

had 41,201 popular votes

and fourteen electoral votes.

His running mate was Fran-

cis Ganger. Next, was W. P.

Magnum he was from the

“Anti Jackson,” party he had

eleven Electoral votes. It is

unknown how many popular

votes he had. His running

mate was John Tyler. Martin

Van Buren won the election

of 1836. The first lady was

Hannah Hoes Van Buren.

Martin‟s nickname was

“Little Magein.” Martin was

Clipper ships are boats that haul cotton,

fur, wheat, lumber, and tobacco. In 1845

an American named John Griffiths

launched the Rainbow. It was the first clip-

per ship. These boats have narrow hulls

that clip easily through the water. In the

1840‟s, an American ship broke every

speed record in the ship records. One

ship speed from New York to Hong Kong

in eighty-one days. This would have taken

older ships five months to do. These ships

passed older boats. This trade brought

wealth to port cities.

Introduction of the Clipper Ships

Election of 1836

Page 15 Kyle G. 8-1

Walt‟s family lived in North America in the

first half of the seventeenth century. Walt‟s

mother was Louis Van Vealson, and she was

Dutch. Walt‟s father was Walter Whitman,

and he was English. His family owned a

large track of land, but almost all of it was

sold when Walt was born. Walt‟s father was

a carpenter. Walt had eight brothers and

sisters. Walt was born in 1819, and Walt

died in 1892. Walt learned the printing

trade at age twelve. When Walt was twenty-

three, he became the editor of the Brooklyn

Daily Eagle.

Walt Whitman

Help Wanted A 160 acre farm with 80 acres of pasture for

about 40 cows and 80 acres for crop this will

be a full time job working with horses doing

field work and helping calve the 40 cows

and feeding them every day. This will

include a small house and food. Come

over for more information 1 mile west of

Pasture for rent I have 120 acres of pasture for rent. There is a

creek running through for water and a fence of

barb wire all the way around. It will hold about

55 cow calf pairs. For more information meet

me at the saloon on the 1st of April at 6:00 p.m.

Page 16 Kyle G. 8-1

The election of 1840 was

between William Henry Harri-

son and Martin Van Buren. Mar-

tin Van Buren. Van Buren was

from New York. Martin Van Bu-

ren was running for the Democ-

rat‟s. They called Martin Van Bu-

ren” Slippery Elm” Van Buren.

Van Buren is a very wealthy man,

and he is a well educated man.

He is running for the election by

himself.

William Henry Harrison

was a Whig candidate. They

Harrison made his own campaign

speech. He traveled all across the

nation for voters to vote for him.

training. He went to the

school of Cambridge:

Harvard Divinity School

from, 1825-1829. Many

Americans in the mid

1800‟s shared Emer-

son‟s feelings. They

were proud of what the

On May 25, 1803, Ralph

Waldo Emerson was born. Ralph

died on April 27, 1882. He died in

Boston, Massachusetts, and here he

lived his whole life. He was born in

Boston, Massachusetts. He was a

very well-educated man. He went to

college in 1821 for theological

United States had accomplished. The years

between 1820 and 1860 were a period of

great idealism in the United States. Countless

reform movements sprang up to cure the

nation‟s ills. Reformers worked to end slav-

ery, to gain equal rights for the

women, to and ensure kind treat-

ments of prisoners and the men-

tally ill.

called him the “common man”.

He was an Ohio farmer who

lived in a log house. His vice-

president was John Tyler. Wil-

liam Henry Harri-

son and John Ty-

ler‟s slogan was

“Tippecanoe and

Tyler, too”. Whigs

built log Cabins as

head quarters. Van

Buren was losing

support, and the

Whigs easily won.

William Henry

methods, inventions, and develop-

ments. By the 1830‟s factories be-

gan to use steam driven machines.

They were powerful and cheap to

run. Also, steam allowed factory

owners to build factories almost

anywhere, not just alongside swift

flowing rivers. At the same, time

new machines cut the costs of

manufacturing goods. The lower

priced goods attracted eager buy-

ers. Families no longer made

In 1834 a young French engi-

neer, Micheal Chevalier, toured the

North. He was really impressed by

the burst of industry there- the tex-

tiles factories, shipyards, and iron

mill. The northern industry did in

fact, grow steadily in the mid-1800‟s.

The population grew large due to

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Invention of Steam Power

Election of 1840

Cameron H. 8-1 Page 17

people to custom feed pigs for us. We sell all sizes of feeder pigs. We will sell

feeder pigs and Isoweens. We have Chester

white pigs and Duroc pigs we also have

Hamp. They have really good blood lines.

We will be selling from 20 pigs to 50 feeder

pigs. We have a great team of helper and we

would love to sell you all sizes of feeder pigs.

If you don't like what the pigs look like and

they get sick in the first week we will take the

sick pigs and trade you for the pigs that

aren't sick. We also have vaccines and feed

that we can grind and bring to your place

and fill the feeders. We also are looking for

We sell from 10 to 20 Ewes and lambs at a time. We

will sell the lambs off the Ewes if that‟s what you want.

We have speckles, hamp, and suffix sheep. For more

information please come to my farm four miles west of

Rock Rapids, IA.

Thanks for your service, CAM

Sale for feeder pigs at Hasche Farms

Sheep for sale

to start breeding

sows and farrowing

pigs. We will breed

them for

the first

time until

you get a

BOAR

Come to our office and we can

make a deal with you and get a

arrangement to get you pigs and

get as many

pigs as you

would like. We

will sell sows if

you would like

Feeder pig sale in Rock Rapids Iowa

Page 18 Cameron H. 8-1

The Bank of the United

States has been causing quite a bit

of trouble for our government

lately. It is directed by private

bankers and controls the loans

made by state banks. Nicholas

Biddle, President of the bank

since 1823, is very well educated,

rich, and from a prominent fam-

ily. You would think he would be

perfect to run the bank, but think

again. He also uses his power to

influence the members of Con-

gress. I don‟t think that‟s a very

good way to handle our money,

do you?

President Andrew Jackson, along

with many people from the West,

disliked the bank. He and the

other Democrats objected the

way the bank was run.

the bank was unconstitutional.

Even though Congress had ruled

it constitutional, and the bank

gave advantages to the rich and

powerful; he thought it was wrong

of the government to allow that.

Meanwhile, the Whigs

were sure Jackson‟s veto was a

mistake, so they chose Henry

Clay to run against him in the

election of 1832. The Whigs

were stunned when Jackson won

the election by far. With the

bank‟s vetoed charter, it was due

to close its doors in 1836. That

wasn‟t early enough for President

Jackson. He ordered his Secre-

tary of State, Roger Taney, to

stop putting government money

into the bank, and to put it into

state banks instead. The bank

failed and closed without the help

of the government money.

Henry Clay and Daniel

Webster, two Whig senators,

supported the bank. Since Presi-

dent Jackson was trying to get rid

of the bank, the two stepped in

and devised a plan to save the

bank and weaken President Jack-

son at the same time.

The Bank‟s charter was

not due for renewal by Congress

until 1836. Clay and Webster

wanted to make the Bank of the

United States an issue in the elec-

tion of 1832. They convinced

Nicholas Biddle to apply for a

renewal of the charter early. Con-

gress then decided to renew the

Bank‟s charter. Jackson was very

angry; he said, “The bank is try-

ing to kill me, but I will kill it!”

He vetoed the bank bill as soon

as he got it. He gave two reasons

for his veto: his opinion was that

Lewis Cass is from Michi-

gan and his running mate was

William Orlando. He also won

fifteen states with 127 electoral

votes and 1,223,460 popular

votes.

Both the candidates knew

it was just them. President James

Polk wasn‟t very healthy and

promised not to run for a second

term.

From 1846-1847, the

Whigs focused all their energy on

trying to get rid of Polk‟s war

policies. They had to change

course because Polk made the

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,

which ended the war and gave the

United States some new territory.

In the end, though, Tay-

lor came out over Cass 47.3% to

42.5% and won the election.

The election of 1848

brought along two new candi-

dates for each party. Zachary

Taylor, a Whig and Lewis Cass, a

Democrat.

Taylor is from Louisiana

and his running mate is Millard

Fillmore. He won over fifteen

states with 163 electoral votes and

1,361,393 popular votes.

The Election of 1848

The Bank of the United States

Jocelyn H. 8-1 Page 19

ary 3, 1821, in Bristol, England.

She was the third of nine children

of Samuel Blackwell, a sugar re-

finer, and his wife,

Hannah neé Lane.

Her father believed

that his children

should get an edu-

cation, so he had

the house servants

tutor them. While

Elizabeth was grow-

ing up, six of her

sisters and two of

her brothers died.

A t a g e

eleven, Elizabeth

and her family moved to the

United States because her father

Elizabeth Blackwell was

an amazing woman. She had

many accomplishments in her life

including being

the first woman

doctor in the

United States

and the first

woman to gradu-

ate from medi-

cal school. She

also educated

many other

women in medi-

cine and was

important in the

women‟s rights

movement.

She was born on Febru-

lost his business in a terrible fire.

They set up a new sugar refinery

in New York City in 1832.

Later, her father got a

great opportunity to move to Cin-

cinnati, Ohio, to have their refin-

ery there. Sadly, her father got

sick with biliary fever and died

three months after moving to

Ohio.

Elizabeth went off to col-

lege at Geneva College in New

York. ON January 11, 1849, she

graduated first in her class as the

first woman with a medical de-

gree.

She opened up the New

York Infirmary for Indigent

Obituary of Elizabeth Blackwell

Circus!

A circus is coming to your town!

Get ready to have some fun!

Paid Advertisement:

The Barnum and Bailey

Circus is coming to a town

near you soon. The circus

will include all different

types of animals, stunts,

juggling, clowns, unicy-

clists, and acrobats. The

circus is making a tour

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and would like for you to

come and visit. Make sure

you try our amazing pop-

corn! Enjoy the show!

Jocelyn H. 8-1 Page 20

The Tariff of Abomina-

tions, was a crisis for some and

great for others.

In 1828, Andrew Jackson

was faced with the tariff passed by

Congress in 1828.

The tariff would help the

Northern manufactures,

but hurt the Southern

farmers, because the farm-

ers sold their cotton in

Europe. They then bought

European goods, they had

to pay a tariff on the goods

The Second Great

Awakening started in

the 1800‟s. It was a

powerful religious

movement. One of

its leaders was a min-

ister named Charles

Grandison Finney.

At the beginning of the

awakening, Finney

asked the faithful to pu-

rify their own lives. He

warned them to give up

sin and “Walk with

God.” Then, he urged

them to outlook and

take up the banner of reform.

Tariff of Abomination

Jackson‟s Vice-President, John C. Cal-

houn, disagreed with him. He agreed

with Thomas Jefferson, who tried to

say that a state had the power to cancel

a federal law. But a serious question

that if the state had the power to cancel

a federal law, then the federal govern-

ment would be

powerless.

In 1830 Daniel Webster

attacked the nullify on the

senate floor.

At a dinner party in

1830, that Jackson and Cal-

houn attended, Jackson

rose up and said, “Our Fed-

eral Union – it must be pre-

served!”, then Calhoun rose

and said, “The Union –

next to our liberty, most

dear.” After the debate Cal-

houn resigned from Vice-

President and became the

governor of South Carolina

and Martin Van Buren be-

came Vice-President in

1833.

He especially called on Christians

to join a crusade to stamp out the

evil of slavery. He said, “It is a great

national sin….Let Christians of all

denominations meekly but firmly

come forth . . . and wash their

hands of this thing. Let them give

forth and write on the head and

front of this great, SIN.”

The Second Great Awakening

Page 21 Josh H. 8-1

George Catlin

was born on July

6, 1796, in

Wilkes-Barre,

Pennsylvania. He

passed away on

December 23,

1872, in Jersey

City, New Jersey.

He

started his career

going to school to become a lawyer.

Then, he saw some Indians and

wanted to study, and draw them.

Obituary of: George Catlin

have fifty head of laying chickens,

and four roosters. I have

one-hundred and fifty head of

pigs. Four oxen, and eight horses.

You‟ll have to put up fence, do

pig, cow, chicken, ox, and horse

chores . During planting season

you will have to run a brand new

John Deere steal plow, behind

one of my working horses or one

of my oxen. For harvesting you

will have to pick my crop. You

might also have to bring some of

my crop to town to sell. If you

are interested in the job, go to

the local saloon and just ask for

the awesome Josh.

Help wanted: for a farm

worker. Willing to work hard

long hours for low pay. $0.05 an

hour, or for field work; $0.10 per

bushel of crops. Hours are 4 a.m.

to 7 p.m. on average besides

planting and harvesting times. I

have one hundred head of cattle

on fifty acres of prairie. I also

He made a bunch of crea-

tion. In 1841, he pub-

lished his most famous

book, Letters and Notes

on Manners, Customs,

and Condition of North

American Indians. Then

in 1845, he wrote Hunting

Scenes and Amusement

of the Rocky Mountains

and Prairies of America.

In 1848, he wrote Catlin's Notes

of Eight Years' Travels and Resi-

dence in Europe. Plus two books

in 1867 which were, Life

Amongst the Indians and Last

Rambles Amongst the Indians of

the Rocky Mountains and the

Andes.

Help Wanted!

Josh H. 8-1 Page 22

This big sale in Boston. Was said that

300 pure bred mares were to be sold in

an auction house south of the old general

store on 236 South Second Avenue. It is

an auction house slash rode home. It is

home to the most famous horses in the

world. Home to the richest horse riders

ever. To reunite the horse a race is being

held July 27, 1803. You will find Betty,

Olga, and the classic Helga. These horse

are big buggy riders and famous horse

racers. They were said to win every race

they were placed in and they could go

non stop no matter what the challenge

may be. They can gallop for 30 miles

straight without being winded.

beauty. He weighs 310 lbs of pure

muscle. He is 6.4 ft tall. He is fero-

cious horse who can travel a barreling

40 mph. Its quite an amazing ride with

this beautiful young horse. This auc-

tion isn‟t something you would want to

miss. It‟s one in a life time deal, and

you could be one of the ones to buy

the great Leroy. COME ON IN!!!

Big Auction Sale, Come get your horse.

Buy one get one free! Its an unbelievable

deal. Pure bred to bred. At Saturday,

August 3, 1804. This sale is unbelievable

you can find 900 horse for sale. Young

man Gelding is selling is ranch along with

his million dollar horses for only a few

dollars! One is a beautiful mare Leroy.

He is worth a amazing $20. He is a

born to run and born to ride. She was in

the Durby 200 and got Second and

barely lost to Helgo a first class horse

champion. She is now 10 years old and

still young. She

will do almost

anything for you.

She was said to

be unstoppable.

This beauty is Bertha. She was born Oc-

tober 20, 1803. She‟s a beautiful 7 year

old. That is found in New York City. She

was said to

be a race

horse but

the rest is

unknown.

This brand new horse bred horse named

Betsy is a female horse just on a ranch

north of New York City. She is a beauti-

ful 290 lbs. brown mare. She was born

October 7, 1801. She

was born with a weak

leg, but now it is well

and she can run in

many races. She was

Horse Sale in Philadelphia

Horse Sale in New York

Horse Sale in Boston

Bret J. 8-1 Page 23

ida, a group of Indians called the Semi-

noles fought back, and fought back

hard. There leader Osceola, led this

group to their victories and defeats

The things that led up to the

Indian Removal Act, is the gold they

found in Georgia. It wasn‟t legal for An-

drew Jackson to remove them. He

forced them out by gun point. The Su-

preme Court ruled that they had a right

to stay there. The ironic thing is that An-

drew Jackson forced them out. He was

famous for the Battle of New Orleans.

Sixty percent of his soldiers were Indi-

ans.

He basically betrayed this big

group of people. This led to the “Trail of

Tears.” Most tribes left without resis-

tance, but on tribe fought back. In Flor-

against the American army. This war was

abused him as a kid and left him in his

teenage years. James Wilson Marshall

didn‟t know his mother.

She died when he was born.

He didn‟t have any brothers or sisters.

He never married. He died in 1890 of a

stroke. He was one of the most famous

men in California for his gold discovery

James Wilson Marshall was born Octo-

ber 8, 1810. He discovered gold in Cali-

fornia in 1860. He was the first person

too discovered gold who didn‟t want to

discover gold. He wanted to keep it a

secret, but it got out and 80,000 people

moved to California because of it. His

dad James Marshall, a Baptist priest

forced James into many harsh things. He

and he shall be

remembered

as that still

today.

Trail of Tears

Obituary of James Wilson Marshall

An English family developed a steam

powered train, it traveled thirty m.p.h.

There was a race held in 1830, to deter-

mine which was

faster. The horse

barely kept up, but

the steam engine one

died and the horse

won the game. This

didn‟t put an end to

the steam powered engine. It only started

the railroad revolution. Business bought

land and built these railroads. They were

rich and

wealthy

busi-

nesses.

Railroad was invented in Eng-

land and brought to the U.S. through

news of the Iron Horse. Railroads were

being set up all over the

U.S. when they

heard of it in the

late 1800‟s. It was

a horse drawn

train, it had wood

railroad, and iron

strips. In 1819,

First Railroads

Bret J. 8-1 Page 24

Three full years of panic,

confusion were lost in the „Panic of

1837‟. Many people were put out of

jobs and kicked out of their homes

due to lack of payment. These were

some of the, worst economic crisis

in the nation‟s history.

Van Buren took office in

1837, and Jackson stood promptly at

his side; Van Buren was known to

be intelligent, but as President he

would face a crisis that not even the

sharpest politician could solve. He

won his spot in office by a popular

vote, but within two months of being

began to print off more dollar bills.

Soon the price of the cotton also

began to fall because of oversupply.

New York Banks were jammed with

depositors, and able to pay leaving

them empty handed.

The blame was put on Van

Buren and he earned himself a the

nickname “Van Ruin”. But to show

his concern he cut the White House

Expenses.

in office, he faced the nation‟s worst

economic crisis: “ The Panic of

1837”.

There are many of causes

for the downward spiral of the econ-

omy. The only income for the gov-

ernment came either from the tariffs

or the sales on land, most of the

land was sold to people in the west.

Some land was bought by farmers

but even more was purchased by

speculators. Soon people be-

gan to barrow money from the

state banks, in order to meet

the demand on money. They

symbol of a bear on it.

Later in the War Fre-

mont joined forces

with U.S. Army, a

third army was led by

American‟s in Northern Califor-

nia had risen against the Mexican

rule. John Fremont and a Band

of Frontiers Man led the rebels.

On June 14, 1846, they declared

California an independent coun-

try.

In their flag that they had

risen for their country had the

The Bear Flag

The Panic of 1837

Brittanae J. 8-1 Page 25

Canoe for sale!

cal one. Despite the fact that an

around her people recognized

her remarkable intelli-

gence and abilities as an

orator, she was prevented

from substantive or from

pursuing her dream of be-

coming an attorney.

In 1821, after her

father died she moved to

Philadelphia, she then be-

came a Quaker. On De-

cember 23, 1873 she died,

knowing that she had done

Sarah Moore Grimke was

born on November 26, 1792 in

South Carolina; she was an

American Abolitionist, writer,

and suffragist. She was the daugh-

ter of Mary and John Grimke a

rich plantation owner he was also

an attorney and judge in South

Carolina.

Sarah‟s early experiences

with education shaped her future

as an abolitionist and feminist.

Throughout her childhood, she

was keenly aware of the infer-

nality of her own education when

compared to her brother‟s classi-

Sarah Grimke Obituary

This canoe is priceless. it is great condi-

tion and has never been taken farther

than the northlands! You‟ll always have a

great time in this canoe, it was made for

comfort and enjoyment of the time you

spend out on the river! It is for sale at

only $5.87 and we will through in an ex-

tra paddle!

Page 26 Brittanae J. 8-1

William Henry Harrison died

April 4, 1841. He is the first

president to have the shortest

term in office. His term was only

thirty-two days. His nickname

was “Old Tip,” or “Old

Tippecanoe”. He ended up leav-

ing his wife, Anna Tuthill Sym-

mes, and his seven children:

Elizabeth Bassett, John Cleves

Symmes, Lucy Singleton, James

Frindley, John Scott, Mary

Symmes, and Carter Bassett.

William was the first person in

the Whig party for President. He

was also the oldest man

inaugurated at the age of sixty-

eight. The doctors said he died

from pneumonia after he caught

a cold. After his death, John Ty-

ler took over presidency after he

died. John was the first Vice

President to take office because

of a death of the President.

was ordered to set up posts along

the Rio Grande. He was ordered

to set up posts along the Rio

Grande. Polk then knew that the

Mexicans had claimed this land,

and knew that this would spark

some sort of war. By 1846,

Mexican troops were on their

way crossing the Rio Grande and

fought very briefly with both

sides. After the battle, both sides

had soldiers killed. President

Polk then states “shed American

blood on American soil.”

Congress then declared war on

Mexico. All the Northerners

opposed the war because they

saw this as a plot to add slave

states to the Union.

The United Sta tes

Attacked on several fronts,

causing the Mexican War to

begin. General Zachary Taylor

crossed Rio Grande into

Northern Mexico. Taylor had

won many battles there against

the Mexican army. On February

1847, he defeated General Santa

Anna at the Battle of Buena

Vista. By then, General Winfield

Scott landed another American

Army at the Mexican Port of

The United States and Mexican

started off on the brink of war.

Mexico never accepted the

independence of Texas, which

called for the annexation of

Texas. This actually made the

Mexicans furious, and Ameri-

cans, in turn, were mad with

Mexico. By then, President Polk

offered to pay Mexico thirty mil-

lion dollars for California and

New Mexico. Mexico strongly

refused and opposed losing any

of their territory.

In January of 1846, Polk

offered General Zachary Taylor

to cross the Nueces River. He

Mexican War

Death of William Harrison

Mikayla M. 8-1 Page 27

During her middle years,

she was an outstanding poet. She

was one of the Nation‟s best po-

ets. During her lifetime, she

wrote over 1,750 poems. Only

seven of those poems were pub-

lished in her lifetime. The most

amazing thing about her poems is

that she would write over 366

poems in a year. She wrote a

poem called “Like Walt Whit-

man.”

Her life became very

rough later. She had fallen in love

with the wrong man named

Charles Wadsworth. The only

thing in the way was his wife, so

Emily Dickinson was

born December 10, 1030, in

Armherst. Her mother‟s name

was Emily Norcross Dickinson

and her father‟s name was Ed-

ward Dickinson. During her

younger days, she studied Latin,

geology, botany, and philosophy

in school. She was only nine at

the time. At the age of sixteen,

she had no friends. No one really

liked her at the time. The only

friends she really had were her

brother, Austin, and her sister,

Lavinia. They went to the Con-

gregational Church, so she was a

strong believer in God.

he told her he would have to be-

come friends. Two things went

wrong at their house. First, she

was starting to recluse, or hide in

her name. Second, she was losing

more and more relatives within a

year. Of all the deaths, her father

was the first to leave this world.

Her mother left shortly after her

father, and lost her little nephew,

Gib. He was only eight, which

was very heartbreaking to her.

She lived only a few years after all

this, but suddenly became very

i l l .

She

Mikayla is wanted Dead or Alive for shooting at

the school kids this past Tuesday. She also had a shoot

out at the Colonial Bank. If you find her dead or alive,

you will get $25 for the reward. Hurry up and find her,

she is on the run. We do not want her kind messing up

the society.

Obituary of Emily Dickinson

Wanted Dead or Alive

Page 28 Mikayla M. 8-1

Cyrus McCormick spent hours tinkering with tools. He later turned his tal-

ents into inventing a machine to harvest wheat. In 1831 he created a

“mechanical reaper”. He hitched the reaper to a horse that pulled it

through a wheat field. He soon realized that by inventing this machine, he

could save farmers money and make a fortune for himself. The mechanical

reaper became very popular and successful. Another man was a

part of the inventions of the 1800s. His name was John Deere.

He invented a light weight plow. Earlier plows were made of

wood or iron. What made John Deere‟s invention so special is

that he built it with steel. The early plows weighed so much they

had to be pulled by a slow-moving oxen. By making a lighter

weight plow that could be pulled by a horse. This helped farm-

ers raise more grain with fewer hands.

Despite Whitman‟s

death, the settlement in Oregon

grew. News about Oregon coun-

try trickled back to the United

States. Farmers marveled at sto-

ries of wheat that grew taller than

a man, the Oregon turnips were

five feet round. “Oregon Fever”

broke out. Soon, pioneers

clogged the trails in the west. Be-

ginning in 1843, wagon trails left

every spring for Oregon. The

route they followed was called the

Oregon Trail.

to fall in the mountains. This

meant that pioneers had to cover

2,000 miles on foot in five

months.

Life on the trail, pioneer

families woke to a bugle blast at

down. Each person had a job to

do. Young girls helped their

mothers prepare breakfast, men

and boys harnessed the horses

and oxen. By 6 a.m., the cry

“Wagons Ho”, stop for a break at

noon and then continue on, at

night wagons were drawn in a cir-

Families planning to go

west met at Independence, Mis-

souri, in the early spring. They

camped outside town with their

cattle and other animals. When

enough families had gathered,

they formed a wagon train. Each

group elected leaders to make

decisions along the way.

Oregon-bound pioneers

hurried to leave Independence in

May. Timing was important, and

travelers had to reach Oregon by

early October, before snow began

Farming Invetnions of the 1800s

Oregon Trail

Page 29 Davi R. 8-1

Missing Child!

Sophia Joanne McHoffin was reported missing last

Wednesday , her parents say she was last seen at a

family gathering at the lake, all the kids were down

there playing in the water, and when it was time to

come up to the cabin to eat, she was not to be found.

Sophia is two years old, blonde , about 3 feet, happy,

smart, and shy. If you have any information please

work your way to the post office and tell our manger all

the information you know thank you.

Obituary of Lucretia Mott Lucretia Coffin was born on January 3,1793. She was the daughter of Anna and Tho-

mas Coffin. She was the second of five children. She was the child of Quakers .She

went to school, but afterwards she became a teacher. Lucretia married a man by the

name of James Mott in 1811. In 1817, the death of Lucretia and James Mott‟s three

year old son occurred. The Motts had six children. Five of

whom survived to adulthood. In1821, Lucretia became a

Quaker minister. She was often threatened with physical vio-

lence due to her racial views. She was very opposed to slavery.

In 1848, Lucretia joined Elizabeth Cady Stanton in Seneca

Falls, NY for a convention. Lucretia outlived her husband.

Lucretia Coffin Mott died on the 11th of November in the year 1880 surrounded, by her

children and grandchildren.

Page 30 Davi R. 8-1

Moses Austin obtained a land

grant in the Spanish colony of

Texas. Austin‟s son, Stephen

Austin, took over the settling pro-

ject when Moses died. Stephen

Austin took three hundred care-

fully picked families to Texas to

settle among the four thousand

Mexicans living there.

This project went so well that by

1830, twenty thousand Ameri-

cans were living in Texas. Be-

cause of this, Mexico, who by

then gained independence from

Spain, passed a law to forbid any

more Americans to settle in

Texas. Mexico feared Americans

wanted Texas to be part of the

United States, due to the fact the

United States tried to buy it in

1828 and 1829.

Mexico then decided to make

Texans obey laws that had been

ignored for years. They banned

taken, Santa Anna began to mass

his troops together. The Texans,

meanwhile, met at Washington-

on-the-Brazos. It was there, on

March 2, 1839, that the Texans

declared independence from

Mexico. They then set up the

Republic of Texas. Sam Houston

became the commander of the

Texan army.

Sam Houston retreated the arm

to the Alamo were the Mexicans

defeated the Texans and exe-

cuted the five Texan survivors of

the battle.

On April 21, 1836, Sam Houston

attacked General Santa Anna at

the San Jacinto River. The eight-

een-minute battle was started with

cries of “Remember the Alamo!”

six hundred thirty Mexicans were

killed and seven hundred were

captured. Among those captured

was General Santa Anna. He was

forced to sign a treaty which

granted the Texans‟ independ-

ence from Mexico.

slavery and forced the Texans to

worship the Catholic Church.

Americans gained the support of

the Tejanos, the Mexicans living

there, and felt the time of action

had finally come. The Tejanos,

however, didn‟t want independ-

ence from Mexico, but they

hated General Antonio Copez de

Santa Anna. General Santa Anna

had become Mexico‟s military

dictator in 1832, and he had

thrown out of the Mexican Con-

stitution.

In October of 1835, the Texans,

in Gonzales, clashed with the

Mexican troops there. The battle

was nicknamed “The Lexington

of Teas” as the Mexicans were

defeated.

Following the Gonzales victory,

the Texans ambushed and took

San Antonio in December of

1835. After San Antonio was

Mormons’ Move

Texas Rebellion

The Mormon group of New York

has been moving for a while. The

Mormons belong to the Church of

Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

that was founded by Joseph Smith

in 1830. The Mormons believed

that property should be owned in

common and that a man could

have more than one wife. Many

Mormons followed Smith, but

their non-Mormon neighbors

were angered by them.

The Mormons were forced to

move from New York to Ohio.

From Ohio, they moved to

Missouri; after that to Illinois.

Non-Mormons really did not

like them.

In 1840, the Mormons built the

town of Nauvoo in Illinois and

by 1844; Nauvoo was the largest

Jessica Roetman Page 31

Once the Mormons moved to

the valley, Young once again

proved he was a gifted leader. He

planned an irrigation system to

bring much-needed water to the

Mormons‟ crops. Young also cre-

ated plans to build Salt Lake City.

In 1850, Congress recognized

Brigham Young as the Utah Ter-

ritory governor. When non-

Mormons moved into the terri-

tory, they once again stirred up

trouble, but Young restored

peace to the land. Utah finally

became a state in 1896.

town in Illinois.

Nauvoo still wasn‟t safe for the

Mormons. An angry mob of non-

Mormons came to the town and

killed Joseph Smith, who was still

leader of the Mormons.

Brigham Young was quickly

elected to become leader of the

Mormons. He realized Illinois

wasn‟t safe and decided to move

everyone to the Great Salt Lake

Valley.

With faith and careful planning,

Young overcame the challenge of

moving fifteen thousand Mor-

mons across the Midwest.

the last words she uttered. Because of Harriet Tubman‟s

self-sacrificing serviced to the

black race, Queen Victoria

awarded her a medal of honor.

Harriet met her death on March

10, 1913, of pneumonia. “I go to

prepare a place for you,” were

riet refused a slave master‟s orders

to grab another escaping slave.

The slave master, furious,

threw a heavy metal object

at the slave, but it hit

twelve-year-old Harriet

instead. She suffered

from seizures for the

rest of her life.

In 1844, Harriet re-

ceived permission from

her master to marry a free

black man, John Tubman.

Five years later, Tubman escaped

slavery and fled to the North with-

out her husband.

A year after Tubman‟s escape, she

was made an official conductor of

the Underground Railroad. As a

conductor, she returned to the

south nineteen times and con-

ducted over three-hundred slaves

to freedom. Among that number

were her aging parents. Because

of her great success in freeing

slaves, a $40,000 reward was of-

fered for her capture. Tubman,

however, was never caught, and

she never lost a passenger on

their way to freedom.

In 1869, Tubman married Nel-

son Davis after finding out John

Tubman had re-married then

died sometime later. She was

married to Davis for nineteen

years until he died.

Harriet Ross-Tubman died on

March 10, 1913, in Auburn, New

York. Labeled the Moses of

her people, her death was

indeed a tragedy.

Harriet Tubman was

boar as Araminta

Ross to Harriet

Greene and Benja-

min Ross. She later

took up her mother‟s

first name. Born a slave

in Edward Brodas planta-

tion in Dorchester County,

Tubman‟s birth was not re-

corded; although it is estimated

she was born in 1820 or 1821.

Being a devoted Christian, Har-

Death of Harriet Tubman

Page 32 Jessica R. 8-1

James K. Polk, who was

a democrat, was running with

George Mufflin Dallas. They

had 170 electoral votes, and

1,339,368 popular votes. They

won the election.

Henry Clay, who was a

Whig, was with Theodore

Frelinghuysen. They had 105

electoral votes and 1,300,687

popular votes. The last group

was the liberty. James G. Birney

and his vice president was Tho-

mas Morris. They had just over

60,000 votes.

The election was a very

important step in allowing other

states to join the United States.

This put everyone on edge be-

cause they didn‟t know how the

people would react to the an-

nexing of Texas.

So over all the election

was very close, and the reason it

was so close was because of an-

nexing of Texas.

fornia from everywhere in the

world including Britain, Spain,

and other countries around the

world.

Mr. Shufelt, or S. Shufelt,

Wrote a letter to his cousin. The

James Wilson Marshall

Found Gold at A sawmill near

Present-day Sacramento. This

started the Gold Rush or “Gold

Fever”. It caused over eighty-

thousand people to go to Cali-

Discovery of Gold in the West!!

The Election of 1844

ANIMAL SKIN‟S FOR SALE

GREAT PRICE JUST GO

DOWN TO THE WORK SHOP

IN TOWN TO MAKE AN OF-

FER OF BUY SKINS

I hope you have a little more in-

cite about the Gold Rush.

Page 33 Logan R. 8-1

Gilbert Stuart was born in

North Lanston, Rode Island, in 1755.

He grew up in New Port. He was in

New Port a lot because his dad owned

a snuff farm-mill.

As a grown-up, he was a fa-

mous artist. One of his most famous

paintings was The Unfinished Portrait

of George Washington. He has also

painted many famous people too.

He was known by many fa-

mous people and presidents and was

also a teacher in the arts. He was a

mentor to many students. He was also

a teacher.

Gilbert Stuart’s Obituary

Page 34 Logan R. 8-1

In 1836, the United States refused to an-

nex or add, Texas to the nation. However, eight

years later, many Americans changed their minds.

In 1844 Sam Houston, the president of Texas

signed a treaty of annexation with the United

States. The United States Senate refused that it

would cause a war with Mexico. Houston did not

give up. To persuade Americans to annex Texas,

he pretended that Texas might become allies with

Britain. The trick worked. Since Americans did

not want an ally of Europe‟s greatest power on

their Western border, they agreed.

William Travis, hardly more than a

boy, commanded the troops. Some volunteers

inside the mission included famous frontiers-

men, Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett. The Te-

jano family helped nurse the sick and

wounded.

On February 23, 1836, a Texan look-

out spotted the gleam of swords in the

sunlight; Santa Anna‟s army was coming. The

first shots from the Alamo were rapid and

deadly and took the Mexicans by surprise.

Travis placed three or four rifles by each

mans side to cut down on reloading time. On

February 24, Travis sent for more soldiers, in

his note he added “Victory or Death!” In the

end sixty more men came to aid the Texans.

The Texans held off the Mexicans for twelve

days, but at dawn on March 6, 1836, Mexican

cannon broke through the tall, thick Alamo

The Alamo was built in the mid- 1700s by the

Spanish. It included a church, corrals, barracks,

storage rooms, and a blacksmith shop. The

Alamo was surrounded by walls twelve feet high

and five feet thick. “A strong place,” an observer

commented. Texan defenders who gathered in

the Alamo in the winter of 1835 and 1836 were

ill-prepared to fight. However, the fact that there

were only one hundred eighty- seven Texans to

defend against six thousand Mexican troops was

most concerning.

Remember the Alamo

Annexing Texas

Texas claimed that its Southern border was

the Rio Grande, but Mexico argued that it was the

Nueces River. The United States supported Texas‟s

claims, yet trouble with Mexico seem inevitable.

Coryn V. 8-1 Page 35

the Civil War for freed

slaves.

After a long, well-

lived life, Sojourner Truth

died on November 26,

1883, at her College Street

home in Battle Creek,

Michigan. Her funeral was

two days later. She was

buried in Oak Hill Ceme-

tery next to her grandson.

Isabella Baumfree was born into slavery on the

Hardenbergh Estate in New York. She was the daughter of

Betty and “Bomfreee” as they called her father. Isabella

had two sisters, Elizabeth and Sophia. Isabella ran away

from her owner just before the state law would have freed

her. After she escaped, she took her new name of So-

journer Truth, in 1827. She claimed that God had sent her

to declare truth unto people.

Truth became a powerful speaker for abolition

and woman‟s rights. Sojourner Truth married Thomas, a

slave. They had five children, four girls and one boy. So-

journer worked in the Union hospitals and camps during

Sojourner Truth

Wanted For Numerous Crimes and Murders

Baby Face Siep and Pretty Boy beek

Reward: $200

Page 36 Coryn V. 8-1

Manifest Destiny is but a notion;

however, it has a great meaning in

our nation‟s history. Some of the

definitions are:

Manifest: clear and obvious

Destiny: something sure to

happen

The U.S. thought that they

were clearly meant to spread to the

Pacific Ocean.

Americans also took up this

because they thought they were bet-

ter than the Native Americans and

the Mexicans. This is, of course, a

form of racism, and was unjustly

Manifest Destiny. It also included

expansionalism, American excep-

tionalism, and a belief of natural

superiority. Some thought it was des-

tiny under God to accomplish Mani-

fest Destiny, which, at the time, did-

n‟t have a name. The Monroe Doc-

trine also came into play with Mani-

fest Destiny. In the Monroe Doc-

trine, expansionalism was necessary

to enforce it.

The Whigs began to believe

that the U.S. should serve as virtu-

ous examples to the rest of the world

instead of expand.

treated. They also believed that this

justified taking over their lands be-

cause they weren‟t good enough to

have it.

Some Americans thought

that they were destined and divinely

ordained by God to spread from the

Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Some

people even believed that it meant to

take over all of North America.

(Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and Central

America) (Called continentalism)

Some people said it was not only

good but also “manifest” and certain

“destiny. Andrew Jackson and the

Democrats were the first ones to use

Fix it with Catmint Juice. This

juice is THE cough juice that

you need to have. We guarantee

that you will get rid of that trou-

blesome cough almost instantly,

or we‟ll pay you back! This is a

once in a lifetime offer, people! I

say: if you buy one gallon of this

juice, we‟ll give you two gallons

FREE!!! That‟s right: FREE!!!

Again: this is a once in a lifetime

opportunity. Telegram now at 1-

800– I HATE COUGHING or

at PO Box 12345 Cough Factory

Harris County, Iowa

56173! Send in, or telegram

NOW!!!

Got A Cough?

Manifest Destiny

Catnip

Juice: no

more

coughing

Page 36 Mariah W. 8-1

clar

e d

that

t h e

The trade unions is when skilled

workers banded together for

shorter hours.

First, the workers went on

strike. This is illegal at the time.

Second, in the 1840‟s

they won a small victory when

President Van Buren approved a

ten hour workday for government

employees.

The final action was in

1842, a Massachusetts court de-

people have a right to go on

strike.

The Trade Unions

Angelina Grimke died on

October 26th, 1879. She was 74

years old. We mourn along with

her family. Her sister, Sarah

Grimke, was devastated. Her fa-

ther, John Fauchard Grimke, did-

n‟t really have anything to say on

her part. Today, we will remem-

ber her. She was the first woman

to lecture for the Anti-Slavery

Society. She was also the first

woman to address a legislative

body. She was an abolitionist and

was against slavery. She was also a

celebrated politician and lawyer

as well as a public speaker. She

was born on February 20, 1805,

in Charleston, South Carolina. In

1829, she became a Quaker. In

1836, she was threatened to be

arrested if they ever returned to

their native state. On May 14,

1838, she married Theodore

Weld. Finally, in 1839, she had

to give up public speaking be-

Angelina Grimke Obituary

Women‟s Rights

Meeting!!!

All abolitionist

women that want slav-

ery to end: come to

the Boston Harbor

at 6:00 P.M. tonight

to have a few mo-

ments in memory of

Angelina Grimke.

Mariah W. 8-1 Page 37

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