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A Genre - Based A Genre - Based ApproachApproachTo Teach Grammar
GenreGenre
French Word means ‘kind’ or ‘sort
Latin Word – Genusa loose set of criteria for a category of composition
GenreGenreA vague categories with no fixed
boundaries. It is sometimes confined to art and culture, literature particularly.
In genre, works are recognized as either reflecting on or participating in the conventions of genre.
Genres are not fixed. They change over time, reflecting changes in society.
GenreGenreIt allows teacher to :Collect real samples of appropriate textsDesign activities to foster understanding of
the genreDraw attention to key vocabulary and
grammatical structures associated with that genre
Demonstrate to the students how these interact with the who, what, where, when, how, and why of the text in terms of situation and context, allowing relationship between culture and language to be directly addressed.
Descriptive TextDescriptive TextA descriptive text is a text which
lists the characteristics of something.
Type of Descriptive TextAutobiography, magazine (car magazine, fashion magazine, etc)
Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo describe a particular person,
place or thing
Generic StructureGeneric StructureIdentification
Identify phenomenon to be described.Introduction where or who is the
subject being described.
DescriptionDescribe parts, qualities, characteristics, appearance, use, habit.The supporting part of the paragraph to describe in detail to assist the reader to ‘ see’ and ‘ feel ‘ the subject.
Language FeatureLanguage FeatureFocus on specific participantsThe use of adjectives and
compound adjectivesDebby is brown – skinnedDebby looks attractive and beautiful
The use of linking verbsShe always appears youngJohn is a model from Jakarta
The use of Simple Present TenseThe use of Degree of comparison
ProcedureProcedureA factual piece of writing that
instructs the reader how to do something.
Examples of a procedure :Recipes, sets of instructions, manuals, directions, science experiment, rules of games.
Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo describe (or instruct) how
something is done through a series of sequences and steps
Generic StructureGeneric StructureStatement of goal
Title of an introductory paragraphThe final goal of doing instruction
List of materialsNeeded for doing the procedure which may be a list or a paragraphIngredients, utensils, materials to do the instruction
Sequence of stepsIn the order they need to be done which may use numberA set of instruction to achieve the final purposeIt uses words such as now, next and after this. Each step usually begins with a command such as add, stir or push.
Language FeatureLanguage FeatureWritten in the imperative
Sift the flour
In chronological orderFirst, next
Use of number, alphabet or bullet points and color to signal order
Focus on the generalized human agents rather than named individuals
NarrativeNarrativeTo entertain and inform
Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo amuse or entertain the reader
/ listener with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deal with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into the solution to the problems.
Generic StructureGeneric StructureOrientation
Introduction of setting and charactersComplication
A problem arises followed by other problemsEvaluation
Reaction to the complicationResolution
Solution to the complication are foundCoda (optional)
Message to the reader
Language FeatureLanguage FeatureThe use of dialoguesThe use of Simple Past TenseThe use of :
◦ Action Verbs : walk, sleep, wake up◦ Saying Verbs : say, tell, ask◦ Thinking Verbs : think, assume, decide◦ Feeling Verbs : feel◦ Verbs of senses : smell, taste, hear
The use of adverbial phrase of time and placein the garden, two days ago
The use of connectivesfirst, before that, then, finally
The use of noun phrase
Recount TextRecount TextA Recount is the reconstruction
of past experience. It is the use of language to share a past experience and to interpret it.
Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionExpressions of attitude and feeling –
made by the narrator about the events.
To retell and document a series of past events, experiences or achievements, and evaluate their significance in some ways.
Generic StructureGeneric StructureOrientation
Sets time, place and participants. Provides information about 'who', 'where' and when'
EventsA record of events, usually in temporal sequence (chronological order).
Evaluative RemarksThese are interspersed throughout the record of events. / evaluate the events.
Re-orientation (Optional)rounds off the sequence of events. May end with personal comment or return to the present.
Language FeaturesLanguage FeaturesFocus on specific or individual
participants (e.g. our dog, Mrs Jones)Focus on temporal sequence of events
(e.g.then, On Monday, next, later)Use of past tense to locate events in
relation to speaker’s or writer’s time(e.g. she smiled, it barked, he ran)
Use of nouns and pronouns to identify people, animals or things involved
Use of adjectives to describe nounsUse of adverbs or adverbial phrases
to indicate place and time.
ReportReportReport is a text which presents
information about something, as it is.
It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis
Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo describe they way things are.
The things must be a representative of their class.
Generic StructureGeneric Structure1. General classification
Introduces the topic of the reportStating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. DescriptionDescribing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materialsTell the shape / form, parts, behavior, habitat, way of survival
Language FeatureLanguage FeatureIntroducing group or general aspect
Sparrows in general, not Sam the sparrow.
Using simple present tenseThey nest
Using conditional logical connectionwhen, so, etc
Non Chronological
News ItemsNews ItemsA text which informs readers
about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social Functionto inform readers about events of
the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Generic StructureGeneric StructureNewsworthy event
Main EventRecounts the event in the summary form
Background eventIt is an elaboration of what happened, to whom, in what circumstances (background, participant, time, place)
Resource of informationComments by the participants in witnesses to and authorities expert on the event
Language FeatureLanguage FeatureInformation on the use of
headlinesThe use of action verbs
hit, attack, joltThe use of saying verbs
said, added, claimedThe use of passive sentences
The victim was hit by Tsunami in 2004
SpoofSpoof
A text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending.
Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo entertain and share the storyTo tell an event with humorous
twist
Generic StructureGeneric StructureOrientation
Who were involved in a story, when, and where
EventsTell what happened in chronological order
TwistProvide the funniest part in the story
Language FeatureLanguage FeatureFocusing on people, animals or
certain thingsThe use of simple past tenseThe use of action verbs
ate, ran, walked, laughedThe use of connective
first, then, finallyThe use of adverbial phrases of time
and placein the park, a week ago
Told in a chronological order
Explanation TextExplanation TextA text which tells processes
relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena.
Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' of the forming of the phenomena.
It is often found in science, geography and history text books.
Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo explain the processes
involved in the information and working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena
Generic StructureGeneric StructureGeneral Statement
Positioning the reader
Stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained
Sequenced ExplanationStating a series of steps which explain the phenomena
Closing
Language FeatureLanguage FeatureFeaturing generic, non human
participantssun, rain, etc
The use of general and abstract nounThe use of action verbsThe use of passive voiceThe use of simple present tenseThe use of conjunction of time and
causeThe use of technical language
Analytical ExpositionAnalytical ExpositionA text that elaborates the
writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding.
Types of analytical exposition textNewspaper editorials, debates, speeches
Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionIts social function is to persuade
the reader that the idea is important matter.
Generic StructureGeneric StructureThesis
Introduces topic and indicates writer’s position / opinion. The writer also outlines the main arguments to be presented. ( Issue of concern)
ArgumentArguments for and against the main points outlined in thesis in a series of statement that supports the writer’s point of view. (Reasons)Each argument stage consists of a ‘point and elaboration’ . In the elaboration, the argument is supported by evidence
ReiterationThe final stage restates the writer’s point of view.
Language FeatureLanguage FeatureThe use of emotive words
alarmed, worried, disappointedWords that qualify arguments
firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
The use of simple present tenseThe use of compound and
complex sentence
Hortatory ExpressionHortatory ExpressionA text which represent the
attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way.
Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo persuade the readers /
listeners that something should be / should not be done in the case
Generic StructureGeneric StructureThesis
Issue of concern
The writer’s opinion Arguments
ReasonsRecommendation
Stating what should be / should not be done
Language FeatureLanguage FeatureFocusing on the writerThe use of emotive words
alarmed, worried, disappointedWords that qualify argument
firstly, however, on the other hand, thereforeThe use of present tenseThe use of compound and complex sentenceThe use of modal and adverbs
can, may, certainly, surelyThe use of subjective opinion using pronoun
I, weThe use of passive voice
DiscussionDiscussionA text which present a
problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints.
It is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo present information and
opinions about more than one side of an issue
Generic StructureGeneric StructureStatement of issue
Stating the issue which is to discussedPresenting the issue
List of supporting pointspresenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
List of contrastive pointpresenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
Recommendationstating the writer' s recommendation of the discourseA conclusion
Language FeatureLanguage FeatureIntroducing category or generic
participantUsing relating verbs
is, are, etcUsing thinking verb
feel, hope, believe, etcUsing additive, contrastive, and causal
connectionsimilarly, on the hand, however, etc
Using modalitiesmust, should, could, may, etc
Using adverbial of mannerdeliberately, hopefully, etc
ReviewReviewA criticize or evaluation of an art
work or event for a public audience
Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo summarize, analyze, and
respond to art worksTo criticize an art work or event
for public
Generic StructureGeneric StructureOrientation
Background information on the textInterpretative Recount
Summary of an art workIncluding characters and plot
EvaluationConcluding statement, judgment, opinion or recommendation
Evaluative Summation The last opinion consisting of the appraisal of the art work being reviewed.
Language FeatureLanguage FeatureFocus on specific participants Using adjectivesUsing long and complex clauses Using metaphor
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