A Garden City of Today v2.0

5/24/2018 A Garden City of Today v2.0

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By Mfreus Busby

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F KFRNAG EL^\ CI ^CNF\


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F Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy Ecpyrlk`t Mfreus Busby, 246>

2

Ecpyrlk`t Mfreus Busby,246>

L àraby fssart tà mcrfh rlk`t tc ba lnagtlilan fs tà fut`cr ci t`ls wcrj

Mfreus N. Busby 56stMfy 246>

F nlkltfh ecpy ci t`ls wcrj mfy ba ncwghcfnan ircmwww.serlbn.ecm/mfreusbusby

Fhh rlk`ts rasarvan. Gc pfrt ci t`ls pubhleftlcg, lmfkas cr taxt mfy ba raprcnuean, stcran lg f

ratrlavfh systam, cr trfgsmlttan, lg fgy icrm cr by fgy mafgs, ahaetrcgle, mae`fglefh, p`ctcecpylgk

cr ctàrwlsa wlt`cut eltftlcg fgn raiaragea tc tà fut`cr.

^c ecgtfet tà fut`cr?

Mfreus Busby

Amflh?mfreusbusbyDkmflh.ecm

âhap`cga 4455 (4) 96; 06601


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5

ECGÂGÛ

Hlst ci lhhustrftlcgs.. >

Hlst ci tfbhas. 1

Hlst ci e`frts 1

LG^RCNQE^LCG. 0

APAEQ^LYA UQMMFR\.. 64

6.4 YLULCG... 26

6.6Nlstrlbutlcg fgn Nagslty 26

6.2

^rfvah fgn Mcblhlty.. 216.5Elty Uaetcrs. 2;

6.>Hfgn Qsa 50

l) Tfte` _cglgk. >4

ll) Bulht Upfea fgn Trlvfta Kfrnags. >6

lll) Elty Kraag Upfea >6

lv) Kraag Baht fgn [lnar Agvlrcgmagt. >6

6.1Hfgnsefpa Tfttarg.. >;

6.9Hfgn Fhhceftlcg. >

l) Trckrasslcg fgn Krcwt`.. 1>

ll) Hlgafr fgn Gcg-Hlgafr Krcwt`. 11

2.6 Aecgcmle Fetlvltlas lg tà Kfrnag Elty 19

5.4 TCTQHFRL^\ 90

EHCULGK U^FÂMAG^ 9

>

Hlst ci Lhhustrftlcgs

6. Axfmphas ci hcw Efrbcg pubhle trfgspcrt cptlcgs 65

2. @cwfrns crlklgfh naslkg cvarhfylgktà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy. Gcta? ^à sefhas fra mfteàn. 61

5. Uefha mfp ci tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy. 69

>. ^rfvah Gatwcrjs lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy 6;

1. Uaetcr mcnah ci tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy 60& 2;

9. Hfgnsefpa zcgas lg f Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy 65

6>

24. Mcnarg usas ci lgnustrlfh @amp. >1

26. Hfgnsefpa Tfttarg lg fgn frcugn tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy. >;

22. Axlstlgk fgn Trcpcsan @fbltfts icr Huefgusearvus lg Bcurgamcut` 2449. >


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1

Hlst ci ^fbhas

6. Uummfry ci Kulnfgea Ilkuras icr f Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy 6>

2. Uaetcrs lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy 60 & 2;

5. Ecmpfrlscgs ci fraf, pcpuhftlcg fgn nagslty. 26

>. Upftlfh eftakcrlas fgn nlstrlbutlcg ci bulhnlgk uglts fgn raslnagts wlt`lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci cnfy. 22

1. Navahcpmagt hfgn fhhceftlcg par spftlfh eftakcry (_cga 4 hfgn). 22 & 50

9. Bulhnlgk Fssat Ecmpcsltlcg - ecmmarelfh fgn scelfh fetlvltlas. 20

;. Hfgn ecvarfka lg tarms ci icctprlgt ci bulht spfea fgn kraag spfea. 54

9

^`lrty spcjas tckatàr mfja f wàah icr f efrt.

Lt ls tà ampty spfea lg tà eagtar

ci tà wàah w`le` agfbhas lt tc ba usan.

Mchn ehfy lgtc f vassah:

lt ls tà amptlgass wlt`lg

t`ft eraftas tà usaiuhgass ci tà vassah.

Eut cut nccrs fgn wlgncws lg f `cusa:

lt ls tà ampty spfea lgslna

t`ft eraftas tà usaiuhgass ci tà `cusa.

^ùs, w`ft wa `fva mfy ba scmat`lgk substfgtlfh,

But lts usaiuhgass hlas lg tà ugceeuplan, ampty spfea.

^à substfgea ci ycur bcny ls aghlvagan

by mflgtflglgk tà pfrt ci ycu t`ft ls ugceeuplan.

(Hfc ^zu - ^fc âÈ`lgk v.66)


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;

à ^raa ci Hlia ls ambannan lg tà Ugcwihfja,

lts brfgeàs fra fs Erystfhs, lt ihcwars fs tà Rcsa,

fgn lts pariaet irult ls tà Ncnaefànrcg.

(Fgcg)


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0

Lgtrcnuetlcg

^`ls nceumagt cuthlgas f elty naslkg bfsan upcg tà axtrfpchftlcg ci Abagazar @cwfrns crlklgfh

Krcup ci Kfrnag Eltlas naserlban lg `ls bccj Kfrnag Eltlas ci cmcrrcw.

^`ls nceumagt flms tc prcvlna fg cvarfhh seàma cr pfttarg icr bulhnlgk f kfrnag elty. ^à natflh

(sue` fs bulhnlgk naslkg, hfgnsefpa naslkg ate) mfyba fnnan t`rcuk` subsaquagt naslkg prcpcsfhs,

fpprflsfhs fgn sahaetlcg prceassas. ^à gftura ci tà pfttarg, w`le` ls irfetfh, fhhcws tà naslkg fgn

lmphamagtftlcg ci tà kfrnag elty tc ba ugnartfjag ft vfrlan sefhas. ^`ls fhhcws icr vfrylgk nakraas

ci mfgfkamagt. Trcoaets efg ba mfgfkan cg fg lgnlvlnufh sefha sue` fs tà naslkg fgn bulhn ci f

slgkha `cusa, fgn cg hfrkar sefhas sue` fs tà naslkg fgn bulhn ci f galk`bcur`ccn, elty eagtra,

nlstrlet, cr vfha: afe` prcoaet efg ba mfgfkan spftlfhhy fgn tampcrfhhy. ^à gftura ci tà naslkg

pfttarg fhhcws icr muhtlpha prcoaets tc rug slmuhtfgacushytc ichhcw f gcg hlgafr, but crkfglsan

krcwt` pfttarg, sue` fs efg ba icugn lg f blchcklefh crkfglsm.

^à crlklgfh Kfrnag Elty ecgeapt prcpcsan by Abagazar @cwfrn wfs lgtagnan tc fnnrass lssuas ci

lts tlma, icr axfmpha pccr sfgltftlcg, cvarpcpuhftlcg lg tà elty, frafs ci pcvarty, ugnar-pcpuhftlcg

lg rurfh frafs, fgn f kraft rfgka ci lssuas cuthlgan lg `ls bccj. Thafsa raiar tc Abagazar @cwfrns

^`raa Mfkgats nlfkrfm fgn taxt icr mcra natflh.

^cnfy wa fhsc ifea lssuas, par`fps pfrthy nua tc tà sueeass ci urbfg fgn scelfh phfgglgk cvar tà

pfst eagtury. ^à lssuas wa ifea tcnfy fra agvlrcgmagtfh, aecgcmle fgn scelfhfs baicra, but

par`fps mcra ecmphax. Mfgy ecgslnar tàsa lssuas tc ba cg f khcbfh sefha, wàrafs baicra tày

wara ecgslnaran cg mcra ci f gftlcgfh sefha.

Lt ls pcsslbha tc nailga tà lssuas ifean lg tà aecgcmy, tà agvlrcgmagt fgn scelaty sapfrftahy:

`cwavar, mfgy bahlava tàsa prcbhams fra prcicugnhy lgtarecggaetan. Rlslgk agarky prleas fgn tàecst ci hlvlgk fra f rasuht ci tà sefrelty cr hfej ci feeass tc gfturfh rascureas w`le` lg turg fra balgk

tfjag ircm tà gfturfh agvlrcgmagt lg sue` f wfy fgn tc sue` fg axtagt, t`ft tày fra nakrfnlgk tà

gfturfh systams upcg w`le` ùmfg hlia napagns. Fhtargftlvas axlst but tà astfbhlsànaecgcmy fs

wa jgcw lt, napagns upcg eartflg mat`cns ci rascurea echhaetlcg fgn nlstrlbutlcg. Li wa fnfpt cur

aecgcmy cr prlcrltlsa tà agvlrcgmagt, lt ls iafran tà astfbhlsàn aecgcmy mfy echhfpsa. Li wa cpt

icr fhtargftlva scureas ci agarky, tà patrceàmlefh lgnustry, f jay nrlvar ci tà aecgcmy, mfy

echhfpsa. Li wa iceus tctfhhy cg ùmfg gaans, tà gfturfh agvlrcgmagt echhfpsas, fgn sc cg. Hcts ci

nliiaragt pacpha fgn krcups fra ecgeargan icr vfrlcus rafscgs fbcut tà stfta ci khcbfh fiiflrs. Cg f

ùmfg havah wa fra ecgeargan icr cur e`lhnrags iutura, fgn icr tà iutura kagarftlcgs ci ùmfglty.

^à lgahuetfblhlty icr e`fgka `fs ecma fbcut baefusa ci f mfocr fgn krcwlgk nlserapfgey batwaag

tà euhturfh fgn scelfh prcnuets ci lgnustrlfhlzftlcg, cg tà cga `fgn, fgn kagarfhhy naslrfbha ùmfg

agns cg tà ctàr. F iugnfmagtfh fgcmfhy axlsts ci tà ichhcwlgk scrt?

^à bfsle systam kcfhs t`ft `fva ncmlgftan tà lgnustrlfh arf (mftarlfh prckrass, prlvfta

cwgars`lp ci efpltfh, mfxlmum raturg cg efpltfh lgvastmagt, iraancm ci agtarprlsa, ate.),

fgn t`ft `fva baag fpprcfeàn t`rcuk` f sat ci lgtarmanlfta kcfhs t`ft lgehuna aiilelagey,

aecgcmle prcnuetlvlty, ecgtlguan krcwt` ci tae`gchcklefh-mfglpuhftlva pcwar, fgn

ecgtlguan krcwt` ci prcnuetlcg fgn ecgsumptlcg,

`fva rasuhtan lg prceassas fgn stftas (a.k. axtrama nlvlslcg ci hfbcur fgn spaelfhlsftlcg,

ecmpuhslva raphfeamagt ci mag by mfe`lgas, stlmuhftan ecgsumptlcg, phfggan


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64

Axaeutlva Uummfry

^à Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy v2.4 nceumagt cuthlgas f elty naslkg bfsan upcg tà axtrfpchftlcg ci

Abagazar @cwfrns crlklgfh Krcup ci Kfrnag Eltlas naserlban lg `ls bccj Kfrnag Eltlas ci cmcrrcw.

^à nceumagt flms tc prcvlna fg cvarfhh seàma cr pfttarg icr f kfrnag elty. ^à natflh (sue` fs

bulhnlgk naslkg, hfgnsefpa naslkg ate) mfyba fnnan t`rcuk` subsaquagt ecmmuglty-han naslkg

prcpcsfhs, fpprflsfhs fgn pubhle ecgsuhtftlcg prceassas.

^à gftura ci tà pfttarg, w`le` ls irfetfh, fhhcws tà naslkg fgn lmphamagtftlcg ci tà kfrnag elty

tc ba ugnartfjag ft vfrlan sefhas. ^`ls fhhcws icr vfrlan nakraas ci mfgfkamagt. Trcoaets efg ba

mfgfkan cg fg lgnlvlnufh sefha sue` fs tà naslkg fgn bulhn ci f slgkha `cusa, fgn cg hfrkar sefhas

sue` fs tà naslkg fgn bulhn ci f galk`bcur`ccn, elty eagtra, nlstrlet, cr vfha: afe` prcoaet efg ba

mfgfkan spftlfhhy fgn tampcrfhhy.

^à gftura ci tà naslkg pfttarg fhhcws icr muhtlpha prcoaets tc rug slmuhtfgacushytc ichhcw f gcg

hlgafr, but crkfglsan krcwt` pfttarg, sue` fs efg ba icugn lg f blchcklefh crkfglsm.

^à jay ecgeapt ci tà crlklgfh Kfrnag Elty ecgeapt wfs tc fssufka tà, ^cwg? Ecugtry, Kfrnag?

Elty, @umfg? Gftura Tfrfncx. ^`ls Kfrnag Elty ls fbcut tà spfea t`ft ls gct bulht, fs mue` fs tà

bulht spfea. ^à elty lg t`ls prcpcsfh ls ecmprlsan ci 12% kraag spfea >0% bulht spfea. Hfgn usa ls

lgtagslilan, but fhsc nlvarslilan fgn lgtakrftan, mafglgk mcra `fppags wlt`lg tà sfma spfea.

Lts ecmphaxlty ls bfsan upcg tà ecmphaxlty ci gftura, wàra tà w`cha ls mcra t`fg tà sum ci lts

ecmpcgagt pfrts. ^`ls Kfrnag Elty ls kastfht lg prlgelpha fgn irfetfh lg struetura fs wa saa lg gftura,

spfea fgn hlvlgk crkfglsms.

^à prcpcsfh F Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy ls f ecgeaptufh spftlfh naslkg satthamagt mcnah t`ft ls lg

feecrnfgea wlt` tà rafh pcsslblhltlas cpag ft tà fttflgan havah ci lgtahhaetufh fgn mftarlfh euhtura,

rascureas fgn efpfblhltlas. Lt ciiars tà prcspaet ci prasarvlgk fgn lmprcvlgk tà prcnuetlva

fe`lavamagts ci elvlhlsftlcg. Lts rafhlsftlcg ciiars f kraftar e`fgea icr tà pfelileftlcg ci axlstagea

wlt`lg tà irfmawcrj ci lgstltutlcgs, w`le` ciiar f kraftar e`fgea icr tà iraa navahcpmagt ci

ùmfg gaans fgn ifeuhtlas.

^à gftura ci tà naslkg ecgvays f `chlstle sagsa ci parspaetlva rakfrnlgk eurragt scelfh, aecgcmle

fgn agvlrcgmagtfh e`fhhagkas. Lt agtflhs fg aechcklefh at`le ecuphan wlt` f sahi-rafhlsftlcg at`le, lgt`ft lg`fbltfgts `fva nlraet feeass tc rascureas fgn sarvleas gaeassfry icr tà sftlsifetlcg ci

mftarlfh fgn psye`chcklefh gaans wlt`lg fg aechcklefhhy bfhfgean agvlrcgmagt.

^à elty saetcr naslkg, pubhle kraag spfea fgn trfgspcrt gatwcrj fra muhtlhavahan, muhtlifeatan fgn

lgtakrftlva, feecmmcnftlgk fgn ecmblglgk vfrlcus euhturfh, scelfh fgn aecgcmle fetlvltlas. ^rfvah

iceusas upcg panastrlfg, eyeha fgn `lk`hy feeasslbha zarc-efrbcg pubhle trfgspcrtftlcg t`rcuk` f

vfrlaty ci mafgs. ^à elty ls fbhan baefusa lt eftars icr tà feeass fgn mcblhlty ci avarybcny

wlt`cut axeaptlcg. ^à p`lhcscp`y ba`lgn t`ls ls tà fssartlcg t`ft, uslgknls/fblhlty fs f eraftlva

stfrtlgk pclgt efg fetufhhy kagarfta fg fhtargftlva jlgn ci fre`ltaeturfh fvfgt-kfrn. ^à naslkg

icstars f bfhfgelgk fgn f eccrnlgftlcg ci sftlsifetlcgs fhcgk mfgy nlmagslcgs rftàr t`fg

mfxlmlslgk ecgeargs fhcgk cga gfrrcwhy nailgan nlmagslcg (a.k. aecgcmle), fgn tà spftlfh naslkg


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fhhcws icr axparlmagtftlcg: lt ls cpag agnan fgn avchutlcgfry w`lhst balgk mcnuhfr, fhhcwlgk stfka

by stfka ecmphatlcg, hcefh stawfrns`lp fgn fhhcws iutura axpfgslcg w`le` ls gct tc tà natrlmagt ci

tà astfbhlsàn w`cha.

^à elty hlmlts lg tà prcpcsfh agecmpfss fg lg`fbltan fraf ci 10.;;jm (22.9< Mlhas) wlt` f

prcoaetan pcpuhftlcg ci 66;,9>2,1>>feras. ^`ls klvas fg cvarfhh pcpuhftlcg nagslty ci 905.5 parscgs par jm

(6;;4 parscgs/Mlha). ^à Qgltan Jlgkncm fs f w`cha `fs f pcpuhftlcg nagslty ci 211.9 parscgs par

jm*, tùs hfgn icr tà Kfrnag Elty ls frcugn x2mcra nagsahy pcpuhftan t`fg hfgn lg tà QJ fs f

w`cha. *2466 Eagsus

Hfgn usa lg fgn frcugn tà Kfrnag Elty ls nailgan by pfte` zcglgk. ^àra fra slx typas ci zcgas wlt`

feecrnfgt hfgn usas. ^àsa `fva baag brlaihy nailgan fs ichhcws?

_cga 4Bulhnlgks, `cusas cr ctàr

hlvlgk/wcrjlgk frafs, lgehunlgk fgy prlvfta

kfrnags.

_cga 5Ifrm-sefha prcnuetlcg: hfrka-sefha

cre`frns, àrnlgk fglmfhs, fpleuhtura, mflg ercps.

_cga 6Ecmmuglty Kfrnags/Fhhctmagts:

hcefhlsan styha iccn prcnuetlcg.

_cga >Hfrka-sefha Fkrleuhtura? Icrastry,

Tfstura, Frfbha, icnnar ercps ate. (Kraagbaht)

_cga 2Mfrjat kfrnag styha, ecmmarelfh iccn

prcnuetlcg, ecmmuglty cre`frns ate.

_cga 1[lhnargass, gfturfh agvlrcgmagt.

Amphcymagt fgn agtrapragaurlfh cppcrtugltlas fbcugn, kagarfhlzan lgtc slx eftakcrlas (6-1 & P -

phafsa raiar tc tfbha 9, pfka 2; ci mflg taxt) fgn rfgka ircm vary hcefhlsan mfrjats tc khcbfh

mfrjats: prcvlslcgs fra mfna icr fhh havahs ci mfrjat cparftlcg. ^à elty ls fhsc uglqua lg t`ft lt `fs

ambannan wlt`lg lt, f ecmmarelfh supphy systam, w`le` ifelhltftas nlstrlbutlcg ci kccns fgn

mftarlfhs t`rcuk`cut tà elty, fgn lgnaan lgtc axtargfh mfrjats. ^à gatwcrj ci supphy hlgas mlrrcrs

tà valgs lg tà patfhs ci f ihcwar cr hafi, nrfwlgk eraftan rascureas ircm tà agvlrcgmagt lg fgn

frcugn tà elty: tà mflg fnvfgtfka balgk, elty-wlna fvflhfblhlty ci fg lmpcrt/axpcrt ifelhlty icrmftarlfhs, kccns fgn prcnuets krafthy ifelhltftlgk ecgstruetlcg fgn subsaquagt aecgcmle cparftlcgs

lgehunlgk supphylgk mcnarg ecttfka lgnustrlas.

@cmas, kfrnags fgn galk`bcur`ccns fra tc ba naslkgan hcefhhy by raslnagts suppcrtan by fg axpart

muglelpfh tafm ci naslkgars, tafeàrs fgn prfetltlcgars: naslkgs ci `cusas, kfrnags fgn

galk`bcur`ccns fra lgtagnan tc ba feecrnlgk tc hcefh gaans, eustcms, axtfgt naslkgs fgn bulhn

tae`glquas, fgn hcefhhy scurean mftarlfhs. Lt ls agvlslcgan t`ft naslkg fgn bulhn ft hfrkar sub-raklcgfh

havahs, l.a. nlstrlet, vfha fgn elty havah, ls nlraetan by tà Elty Ecugelh wcrjlgk wlt` tafms ci fre`ltaets,

bulhnars, phfggars, agklgaars, hfgnsefpa fre`ltaets fgn ctàr ercss-nlselphlgfry axpartlsa, ircm

frtlsts fgn muslelfgs tc ifrmars, efrpagtars fgn bulhnars.


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62

^à flm ci t`ls elty ls fs mue` ramanlftlcg ci gfturfh systams fs lt ls ramanlftlcg ci pacpha fgn

ecmmugltytc ifelhltfta tà `frmcglcus ralgtakrftlcg ci ùmfgs lgtc tà gfturfh systams ci tà

phfgat, tc erafta f stfta ci nygfmle aqulhlbrlum, `cmacstfsls fgn mutufh bagailt lg tarms ci

scelfh, agvlrcgmagtfh fgn aecgcmle systams fgn ecmmugltlas.

Lt ls ecgslnaran t`ft, fs tà àfht` ci tà aechcklefh systam lg fgn frcugn tà elty lmprcvas, tà

jgcej-cg aiiaets fra lmprcvan ùmfg àfht` fgn lmprcvan prcsparlty. Lg cga raspaet tà Elty ls f

phfea tc hlva, lg fgctàr lt ls f phfea tc wcrj: cvarfhh `cwavar, lt ls f phfea tc krcw. ^`ls elty ls

naslkgan fs f Kfrnag Elty: f elty t`ft ls fhsc f kfrnagt`ft efg krcw, ihcwar fgn irult.

Tfrfp`rfsan ircm @arbart Mfreusa (6) Cga Nlmagslcgfh Mfg? Yfrlcus pubhlsàrs.

Bcys, O. (246>) Nclgk Nlsfblhlty Nliiaragthy? Fg fhtargftlva `fgnbccj cg fre`ltaetura, nls/fblhlty fgn naslkglgk icr avarynfy hlia. Rcuthanka?

^fyhcr fgn Irfgels Krcup, Hcgncg.

Tfrfp`rfsan ircm @frmcg, [. [., Mfrjhay, C.[., (6, p6;)

Elty-wlna se`cch mcnah fgn bulhnlgk prcvlslcg. (Uaa p91Anueftlcg)

14% pubhle kraag spfea ft elty sefha. (Uaa ^fbha 6 p6>, fgn Ilk. 9 p6)

Rfgka ci nagsltlas: 7>200parscgs/jm lg zcga 4, fvarfklgk ft 2442parscgs/jm ft elty sefha. (^fbha 6)

Lgtakrftan, muhtlifeatan saetcr mcnahlgk. (Uaa Ilk.1 fgn fbha 2 bahcw, p.60)

Kastfht prlgelpha, irfetfh struetura. (Uaa Ilks 5,> & 9 bahcw)

Efrbcg iraa, lgtakrftan fgn feeasslbha trfgspcrt gatwcrj, panastrlfg, eyeha, frrfy ci efrbcg-iraa

pubhle trfgspcrt cptlcgs. (Uaa Ilk. 6 bahcw, ^rfgspcrt Gatwcrj Ilk.> p6; fgn Uaetlcg 6.2 ci rapcrt)

Efrbcg-pcsltlva agarky kagarftlcg. (Uaa pp. 10-96 lgehunlgk E`frts 5-9)

Mlxan hfgn-usas1 typas ci kraag spfea. (Ilk.9 p6 p6;)

Ramanlftlcg ci aechcky, psye`chcky, aecgcmy fra jay naslkg iafturas. (Blcnlvarslty jay nrlvar)

Mcnuhfr, axpfgnfbha, fnfptfbha spftlfh naslkg. (UaaIlk. 5 p69, Ilk.> p60 & Ilk.9 p6


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65

Ilkura 6? Axfmphas ci hcw Efrbcg pubhle trfgspcrt cptlcgs

^cp - Ecmmugfh ahaetrle efrs fgn bleyehas lg Tfrls 246>.

Bcttcm^rfm cg f kraagwfy lg Blhbfc 2449.


14/77


6>

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Natarmlganbytypaci

navahcpmagtfgnhfgn

fhhceftlcgicrprlvfta

kfrnags.

;1.6

9

954.9

1

1,0;1

12,>

90

HfgnFhhceftlcg

Tubhle

Kraag

Upfea

(@f)

6;.6

22>.2

2

5,454

52,1

1>

Bulht

Upfea

(@f)

74.6

;

76.6

0

70.2

49.>

5

2,0>1

6

46

69,0

4;

66;,9>5

Gc.ci

Bulhnlgk

Qgltspar

Eftakcry

6 ; >5

2,>

46

69,04;

66;,9

>

46

5>5

>

61

Ilkura 2. @cwfrns crlklgfh naslkg cvarhfylgktà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.Gcta? ^à sefhas fra mfteàn.


16/77


69

Ilkura 5.Uefha mfp ci fKfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

Ecpyrlk`t Mfreus Busby, 246>


17/77


6;

Ilkura >. ^rfvah gatwcrjs lg t`a Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy



18/77


60

Ilkura 1. Uaetcr mcnah ci tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy

^fbha 2.Uaetcrs lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

UAE^CR NLU^RLE^ GC. CI GC.CI % CI

GFMA GC.s NLU^RLEÛ BQLHNLGK QGLÛ ^C^FH QGLÛ

EAG^RA 6 6 5>5 2

CQÂR EAG^RFH 2-; 9 2410 62.21

UFÂHHLÂ EAG^RAU 0-65 9 2410 62.21

LGÂREL^\ ECMMARELFH 6>-6< 9 2410 62.21

LGÂREL^\ RCQÂ 24-21 9 2410 62.21

LGÂR-YFHA 29-5; 62 >669 2>.1

RQRFH 50->< 62 >669 2>.1

ECMTHAÂ EL^\ 6->< >< 6904; 644



19/77


6


20/77


24

Ilkura ;. Hfgnsefpa _cgas lg f Krcup ci Kfrnag Eltlas.



21/77


26

6.4

YLULCG

Naserlptlcg

6.6Nlstrlbutlcg fgn Nagslty

^à elty hlmlts agecmpfss fg lg`fbltan fraf ci 10.;;jm wlt` f pcpuhftlcg ci 66;,9>2,1>>feras. ^`ls klvas fg cvarfhh pcpuhftlcg nagslty ci 905.5 parscgs par jm. ^à

Qgltan Jlgkncm fs f w`cha `fs f pcpuhftlcg nagslty ci 211.9 parscgs par jm, tùs hfgn icr tà

Kfrnag Elty ls frcugn x2mcra nagsahy pcpuhftan t`fg hfgn lg tà QJ fs f w`cha.

^fbha 5.Ecmpfrlscgs ci fraf, pcpuhftlcg fgn nagslty.

Uatthamagt

Gfma

jm @f Mlhas Feras Tcpuhftlcg Nagslty

pacpha/jm

Kfrnag Elty ci^cnfy (246>) 10.;; 1,0;; 22.9< 6>,122 66;,9>< 2446.0

@cwfrns

Kfrnag Elty

59.>2 5,9>2 6>.49 )

6;2.6; 6;,26; 99.>0 >2,1>> 66;,9>< 905.5

@cwfrns Krcup

ci Kfrnag Eltlas

- Matrc (Gc.;)

29;.4< 29,;4< 645.65 99,444 214,444


22/77


22

Ilkura 0.Uub-nlvlslcgs wlt`lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

^fbha >. Upftlfh eftakcrlas fgn nlstrlbutlcg ci bulhnlgk uglts fgn raslnagts wlt`lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy

Eftakcry ci Upftlfh

Qglt

Vufgtlty ci Upftlfh

Qglts (lg tà elty)

Bulhnlgk uglts par

eftakcry

Trcoaetan raslnagts par

eftakcry

Bulhnlgk (phct) 6904; 6 ;

Utraat 2>46 ; >5 >< 5>5

Nlstrlet >< 5>5 2>46

Yfha ; 2>46 69,04;

Elty 6 6904; 66;,9>; 4.19

Yfha >,49>,209 >49.>5 644>.2< >.49

Elty 20,>14,444 20>1 ;454.61 20.>1



23/77


25

^à Eagtrfh Elty Yfha lgehunas tà mflg elty eagtra, lt ls surrcugnan by slx Yfhas (muglelpfhltlas),

afe` wlt` lts cwg sftahhlta eagtra,fgn tùs tàra fra savag elvle fgn ecmmarelfh eagtras lg tctfh

wlt`lg tà Kfrnag Elty ag bhce.

Afe` Yfha ls crkfglsan lgtc savag nlstrlets, klvlgk tà elty f tctfh ci >< nlstrlets. Afe` nlstrlet ecgtflgs

5>5 bulhnlgk uglts `cuslgk 2>46 raslnagts. Baefusa tà nlstrlets afe` pcssass f vfrlaty ci trfgspcrt

hlgjs, tàlr ecggaetlvlty ls usan tc nailga ecmmarelfh saetcrs wlt`lg tà elty. ^àra fra slx typas ci

ecmmarelfh saetcr lgtakrfh tc tà elty. ^àlr gfmas fgn nlstrlbutlcg fra lgnleftan lg Ilkura 1 fgn

tfbha > bahcw.

Afe` ci tà >< nlstrlets ls ecmprlsan ci savag galk`bcur`ccns, klvlgk tà elty f tctfh ci 5>5

galk`bcur`ccns, `cuslgk 5>5 raslnagts afe`. Avary galk`bcur`ccn `fs savag straats: afe` straat

`fs savag bulhnlgk uglts, `cuslgk fg fvarfka ci >< ceeupfgts. ^àsa fra fhh kulnfgea ilkuras tc

prasagt tà mcnah.

^à jay ecgeapt ci tà crlklgfh Kfrnag Elty ecgeapt wfs tc fssufka tà, ^cwg? Ecugtry, Kfrnag?Elty, @umfg? Gftura Tfrfncx. ^ùs lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy, hfgn usa ls lgtagslilan, but fhsc

nlvarslilan fgn lgtakrftan, mafglgk mcra `fppags wlt`lg tà sfma spfea.

--4--

[`ft ls ecmmcghy icugn lg eltlas w`le` `fva krcwg fgn baag fnnan tc, fra pcejats ci raslnagtlfh,

pcejats ci lgnustrlfh, pcejats ci ciilea ate. phus hfgn w`le` `fs baag agvahcpan sue` fs fkrleuhturfh

hfgn, pfrjhfgn fgn narahlet hfgn. ^`ls jlgn ci zcgfh fetlvlty efg lschfta frafs fgn irfkmagt

ecmmugltlas?

Qrbfg frafs fva baecma prckrasslvahy mcra sakmagtan fgn zcgan, wlt` f sapfrftlcg batwaag tà phfeas

wàra pacpha hlva, wcrj fgn s`cp. ^`ls ls pfrthy w`y scelfh nlvlslcgs ceeur. Li ycu erafta tàsa vfrlcus zcgas

ycu agn up wlt`f hct ci spfea wfstan fgn f `lk` napagnagea upcg tà efr. Li wa bulhn tcwgs t`ft gaan efrs

icr avary fspaet ci hlia, wa erafta fg axeasslva napagnagea upcg agnhass supphlas ci eàfp clh. By sakmagtlgk

eltlas fgn tàlr suburbs, puttlgk nliiaragt jlgns ci navahcpmagt lgtc tàlr cwg zcgas, efrs efg kat fbcut tàm,

but gct pacpha cg tàlr cwg. _cgfh navahcpmagt rlsjs tà hcss ci scelfh ecàslcg. Li nliiaragt havahs Zilahns] ci

scelaty hlva sapfrftahy tàra ls hass e`fgea ci f ecàslva, wlnar ecmmuglty fgn t`ft efg fhhcw icr scelfh

tagslcgs tc baecma cvarpcwarlgk. (@R@ Trlgea E`frhas, @frmcgy, 2464. p.250)

[àg hfgn usa ls hlmltan tc cga pfrtleuhfr fetlvlty, lt mafgs t`ft frafs efg baecma hlja k`cst tcwgs

wàg tày fra gct balgk usan, sue` fs raslnagtlfh nurlgk tà nfy, ciilea nurlgk tà glk`t, ratflh

nurlgk tà avaglgks ate. @fvlgk tc trfvah tc phfeas ci wcrj, cr phfeas ci raeraftlcgate rasuhts lg

lgerafsan mlhafka: wa spagn f hct ci rascureasmcgay, clh fgn tlma, trfvahhlgk. Lg fnnltlcg tc t`ls,

hfgn wàra iccn ls krcwg ls citag mlhas fwfy ircm wàra lt ls aftag, scmatlmas t`cusfgns ci mlhas,

rasuhtlgk lg f `lk`hy lgaiilelagt fgn uggaeassfry usa ci trfgspcrt. Iccn ls prcnuean uslgk mat`cns

w`le` fra `lk`hy mae`fglsan, mafglgk hass amphcymagt fgn `lkàr napagnagey upcg

patrceàmlefhsiuahs, lgsaetlelnas, iartlhlzars - fgn lgerafslgkhy ecmphleftan fgn axpagslva

tae`gchckytàra ls fg agarkatle nailelt ircm fhh ci t`ls trfvahhlgk, trfgspcrtftlcg fgn lgnustrlfhlzan

fkrleuhtura. ^`ls nailelt rasuhts lg tà naphatlcg ci gfturfh rasarvas fgn tà nastruetlcg ci blchcklefh

systams t`ft mflgtflg f hlvlgk fgn hlvfbha phfgat. ^à gaan fgn napagnagey wa `fva navahcpan icr

tà ecmbustlcg agklga nrlvas tà naphatlcg fgn nakrfnftlcg ci cur phfgats rasarvas.


24/77


2>

By ecmblglgk cur hfgn usa fetlvltlas cg tà sfma hfgn, wa efg sfva agarky fgn sfva hfgn. Qrbfg

phfgglgk iceusas upcg nagslileftlcg fs f schutlcg, lg assagea t`ls wcrjs, but rasuhts lg lgerafsan

strass upcg pacpha, lgirfstruetura fgn sarvleas. [àg wa fra schltfry lt efg ba phafsfgt icr f tlma,

wàg mcra pacpha ecma wa `fva mcra iug fgn t`ls lgerafsas tà mcra pacpha frrlva. Fitar f

eartflg t`ras`chn, f phfea baecmas ercwnan fgn lt baecmas lgerafslgkhy strassiuh. Icr t`ls rafscg,

nagslileftlcg efggct ba f sultfbha nlraetlcg. @cwavar, ichhcwlgk tà sfma prlgelpha ci aecgcmlsftlcg

ci spfea, wa efg cvarhfp hfgn usas fgn fetlvltlas cg tà sfma hfgn, but mflgtflg f hcwar pcpuhftlcg

nagslty. ^`ls mafgs t`ft hass hfgn ls usan cvarfhh, w`lhst slmuhtfgacushy, pacpha `fva feeass tc mcra

hfgn. ^`ls ls w`y tà Kfrnag Elty mcnah wcrjan crlklgfhhy fgn efg wcrj gcw. Lt ls battar icr pacpha

fgn battar icr tà agvlrcgmagt.

[a jgcw t`ft wa gaan tc ranuea napagnagey upcg tà efr fgn uggaeassfry trfvah fgn

trfgspcrtftlcg. [a jgcw t`ft wa gaan tc hlva lg `frmcgy wlt` tà gfturfh systams ci tà phfgat. [a

jgcw t`ft wa `fva tc hlva mcra aecgcmlefhhy lg tarms ci hfgn usa fgn rascurea usa.

^`ls elty fnnrassas tàsa ecgeargs nlraethy. ^àra ls gc napagnagey cg tà efr, hfgn usas fra

ecmblgan. ^à elty ls naslkgan tc lgtakrfta scelfh fgn ecmmarelfh fetlvltlas naserlban lg mcra natflh

lg tà saetlcg cg elty saetcrs. Mcblhlty ls f jay iceus fgswaran by f ecàragt fgn vfrlan pubhle fgn

ecmmarelfh trfgspcrtftlcg systam. ^à gatwcrj ls naslkgan fs f irfetfh tùs tà sfma trfgspcrt

hfycut ls raltarftan ft vfrlcus sefhas uslgk vfrylgk mat`cns ci trfgspcrt, fhhcwlgk icr usars tc

gfvlkfta gatwcrjs mcra afslhy fs tà sfma gatwcrj ci trfvah rcutas fra raltarftan ft fhh sefhas.

Nagslileftlcg ls fgswaran by cvarhfpplgk ùmfg fetlvlty fgn lgecrpcrftlgk f hfrka frafci kraag

spfea lgtc tà elty aiiaetlvahy raecmblglgk iccn prcnuetlcg lgtc tà satthamagt: blcnlvarslty ls

agecurfkan by tà gftura ci tà hfgnsefpa pfttarg: tà pfte` mcsfle fgn hlgjfkas lg tà hfgnsefpa

ifelhltfta aechcklefh ecggaetlvlty. Iccn ls krcwg hcefhhy fgn crkfglefhhy uslgk fkrcaechcky fs f kulnlgk

prlgelphawàra tà bagailts ci gfturfh systams fra raeckglsan fs schutlcgs tc lmprcvlgk cur iccn

supphy. ^à kraag spfeas fra muhtliugetlcgfhphfeas ci iccn prcnuetlcg, phafsura, raeraftlcg fgn

`fbltft eraftlcg by uslgk fpprcprlfta sefhas ci hfgn usa nailgan hftar lg tà saetlcg cg hfgnsefpa

zcgas.

Amphcymagt fgn hafrglgk, ecmmarea fgn lggcvftlcg fra jay fetlvltlas icr pacpha hlvlgk lg tà elty.

^à elty prcvlnas ocbs ft fhh havahs ci fblhlty fgn ecmmltmagt. ^à wcrj at`le ls raphfean by lgsplran

fetlvlty fgn nlraet sftlsifetlcg. ^à gaans ci tà elty, mfte` tà gaans ci tà pacpha fgn tà

agvlrcgmagt, tùs hlja f kfrnag, tà mcra lt ls gurturan fgn tagnan, tà mcra mfkglileagt tà

rasuhtstc f kastfht nakraatà rasuht ls mcra t`fg tà sum ci lts ecmpcgagts baefusa gfturabaecmas lgvchvan, fgn wa cgea fkflg baecma lgvchvan wlt` gftura.

^à elty efg iafslbhy krcw ircm f vlhhfka tc f tcwg, tc f elty tc f makfelty fgn baycgn uslgk tà

sfma krcwt` pfttarg, w`lhst tà kraag spfea fhhceftlcg rlsas feecrnlgkhy ft f rfta nailgan by

tassahhftlgk tà Jce` sgcwihfja. ^ùs tà hfrkar tà lg`fbltan fraf, tà hcwar tà pcpuhftlcg nagslty

baecmas ft f rfta w`le` ls `lkàr t`fg raklcgfh pcpuhftlcg nagslty: icr tà QJ, t`ls rfta ls 294%

nagsar: tàcratlefhhy rasuhtlgk lg mcra wlhnargass/gftura rasarvas fgn f àfht`lar wlnar

agvlrcgmagt. ^`ls pfttarg ci krcwt` fhhcws icr iutura navahcpmagt tc ichhcw f pfttarg t`ft ls

ecàragt wlt` fg axtfgt w`chaecàragt wlt` tà axlstlgk elty. Gaw navahcpmagts efg ba

lgtakrftan wlt`cut nlsruptlgk axlstlgk strueturas. ^`ls s`fhh ba lhhustrftan mcra ehafrhy hftar lg t`lsnceumagt.


25/77


21

6.2^rfvah fgn Mcblhlty

[a jgcw tà prcpcrtlcgs ci tà bcny, w`ft ci lts valgs - lts trfgspcrt gatwcrj3 @cw nc pacpha,

prcnuets fgn sarvleas trfvah fbcut tà bcny ci tà elty3

^à elty ls naslkgan tc ba 644% mcblhlty-crlagtftan. Lg ifet, avary scelfh apleagtar ls f trfgspcrtftlcg

ùb. ^àra ls cga eagtrfh stftlcg, 62 lgtar-elty mflg stftlcgs, >0 lgtar-muglelpfh mlgcr stftlcgs,

frcugn 624 Yfha ugnarkrcugn stcps, phus >< hcefh trfgspcrtftlcg pcrts. ^à elty ls gct naslkgan

frcugn tà prlvfta mctcr va`leha: lt ls naslkgan frcugn pubhle trfgspcrt, ecmprlsan ci bleyehas,

ahaetrle efrs/bukklas, rflh fgn hlk`t rflh, fgn ugnarkrcugn rflh. ^àra ls `cwavar, va`leuhfr feeass tc

fhh pclgts lg tà elty icr amarkagey va`lehas fgn nahlvary/echhaetlcg va`lehas.

^à elty ls fbhan baefusa lt eftars icr tà feeassfgn mcblhlty ci avarybcny lgehuslva ci nlsfbhan

parscgs wlt`cut axeaptlcg. ^à p`lhcscp`y ba`lgn t`ls ls tà fssartlcg t`ft, uslgknls/fblhlty fs f

eraftlva stfrtlgk pclgt efg fetufhhy kagarfta fg fhtargftlva jlgn ci fre`ltaeturfh fvfgt-kfrna,(Bcys,

246>): t`ls agsuras f bulht agvlrcgmagt fgn trfgspcrtftlcg gatwcrj lg w`le` tàra fra iawar

feelnagts, `fs ecmphata pusè`flr/wàahe`flr feeass, ls e`lhn irlagnhy, ahnarhy irlagnhy, fgn lspar`fps

avagrcbctirlagnhy.

^à trfgspcrt gatwcrj ls ecmprlsan ci lgtarelty rflh rcutasecggaetan tc axlstlgk gftlcgfh rflh hlgas,

fg lgtar-muglelpfh rflhwfy (Elty rcutas), hcefh ugnarkrcugn rflh (Yfha rcutas), fgn f gatwcrj ci

bleyeha fgn bukky rcutas icr gcg-rflh trfvah (Galk`bcur`ccn rcutas). ^à elty `fs fg fnnltlcgfh

sapfrfta rflh gatwcrj aspaelfhhy icr ecmmarelfh fetlvltlas ecggaetlgk tà ifrms fgn ifetcrlas tc tà

elty eagtra fgn nlraethy tc gftlcgfh rflh hlgas. ^`ls paricrms twc rchas icr ecmmarelfh cparftlcgs, lt ls

f trfgspcrt gatwcrj icr parscggah tc trfvah tc fgn ircm phfeas ci wcrj, fgn lt ls f mafgs ci

nlstrlbutlcg, lmpcrtftlcg/axpcrtftlcg ci kccns fgn mftarlfhs prcnuean lg tà elty, cutar elty ifrms

fgn ifetcrlas. ^à supphy rcuta gatwcrj ls ecggaetan tc tà lgtar-muglelpfh rflh gatwcrj fgn tà

lgtarelty gftlcgfh rflh gatwcrj. Kccns efg ba lmpcrtan fgn axpcrtan gftlcgfhhy fgn lgtargftlcgfhhy

uslgk t`ls gatwcrj.

Ilkura < bahcw, ls f ehcsa-up saetlcg ci tà trfvah gatwcrj, wlt` f sefha fgn jay. (Icr f ecmphata

trfvah gatwcrj mfp, phafsa saa Ilk. > p6;). ^à saetlcg lg Ilkura < iceusas cg tà Eagtrfh Elty Yfha,

fgn `cw t`ls ecggaets tc tà surrcugnlgk Yfhas uslgk tà gftlcgfh lgtar-elty rcutas (lgnleftan lg

bhua) fgn lgtar-muglelpfh elty rcutas (lgnleftan lg crfgka). Rcutas fra lgnleftan wlt` hlgas, stftlcgs

fra lgnleftan wlt` rcugnahs. Thafsa raiar tc tà jay.

^à gatwcrj ls naslkgan tc ecvar tà agtlra elty ft icur sefhas: gftlcgfh, elty, vfha fgn nlstrlet. ^àrals f ilit` rflh gatwcrj, naserlban fbcva, balgk tà ecmmarelfh supphy gatwcrj. Gftlcgfh sefha trfvah ls

by cvarhfgn rflh, elty wlna trfvah ls fkflg cvarhfgn fgn hlk`t rflh, vfha trfvah ls by ugnarkrcugn rflh,

nlstrlet trfvah ls cvarhfgn fgn by panastrlfg, eyeha fgn bukky trfvah.


26/77


29

Ilkura


27/77


2;

6.5 Elty Uaetcrs

Ilkura 1. Uaetcr mcnah ci tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy

^fbha 2.Uaetcrs lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

UAE^CR NLU^RLE^ GC. CI GC.CI % CI

GFMA GC.s NLU^RLEÛ BQLHNLGK QGLÛ ^C^FH QGLÛ

EAG^RA 6 6 5>5 2

CQÂR EAG^RFH 2-; 9 2410 62.21

UFÂHHLÂ EAG^RAU 0-65 9 2410 62.21

LGÂREL^\ ECMMARELFH 6>-6< 9 2410 62.21

LGÂREL^\ RCQÂ 24-21 9 2410 62.21

LGÂR-YFHA 29-5; 62 >669 2>.1

RQRFH 50->< 62 >669 2>.1

ECMTHAÂ EL^\ 6->< >< 6904; 644



28/77


20

^fbha 9. Bulhnlgk Fssat Ecmpcsltlcg - ecmmarelfh fgn scelfh fetlvltlas

Bulhnlgk

Eftakcry

^ypas ci

Cwgars`lp

/âgfgey

Elty-wlna

Fhhceftlcg%/

Gc. ci Qglts(tctfh 69,04;)

Mflg Fetlvltlas Ctàr

Fetlvltlas

^ypas ci

Tramlsas

Ecmmuglty

Gaans

Uftlsifetlcg

1

Lgtar-

Gftlcgfh

Muhtl-

Gftlcgfh

Elty

Cwgars`lp

Ecmmarelfh

Hafsa

>.2Lgtar-

Raklcgfh

Gftlcgfh

Elty

Cwgars`lp

Ecmmarelfh

Hafsa

2.;90 Qglts

FNMLGLU^RF^LCG

Jgcwhanka

navahcpmagt

Elvle, Ucelfh fgn

Ecmmuglty

Anueftlcg,

Fnmlglstrftlcg,

Raslnagtlfh,

Ciilea, Hfb,

Utunlc,

Ratflh, Eftarlgk,

Hlbrfry,

Musaum

Rasafre` fgn

Navahcpmagt,

Trciasslcgfh

^rflglgk

Astaam

5

Lgtar-

Elty

Raklcgfh

Elty

Cwgars`lp

Ecugelh Hat

Ecmmarelfh

Hafsa

0.51%

x6,>4> Qglts

UARYLEAU

@cgcur

navahcpmagt

Hafrglgk Eagtars

Anueftlcg,

Nlstrlbutlcg,

Agtartflgmagt,

Halsura,

Raeraftlcg,

Raslnagtlfh,

Eftarlgk

Qglvarslty &

Echhaka

Ue`cchs

Ucelfh fgn

Ecmmuglty

Krcups fgn Ehubs

Bahcgklgk fgn

Irlagns`lp

2

Lgtar-Yfha

Eltywlna

Elty

Cwgars`lp

Ecugelh Hat

Ecmmarelfh

Hafsa

Trlvfta

Trlvfta Hat

6 Qglts

ECGYAGLAGEAU

[afht`

navahcpmagt/

vfhua fnnlgk

Trceasslgk fgn

Mfguifeturlgk

[ahifra

Anueftlcg,

Hcefh Buslgass,

Trceasslgk,

Nlstrlbutlcg

^rfnas

Erfits

Mlhhlgk

Uahi amphcyan

@cma wcrjars

Raslnagtlfh,

Rastfurfgt,

Eftarlgk,

Ratflh,

Ucelfh [ahifra,

@afht`

Elvle Ciileas

Ufiaty, Uaeurlty,

Hfw fgn Crnar

Uàhtar fgn wahh-

balgk

6

Lgtar-

Nlstrlet

Hcefh

Elty

Cwgars`lp

Ecugelh Hat

Trlvfta

Trlvfta Hat

91.29%

x64,0;2 Qglts

RAULNAG^LFH

Ecrpcrafhnavahcpmagt

Gfturfh Rascureas

Anueftlcg,

@crtleuhturfh,

Fkrleuhturfh,Erfits,

[`chasfha,

Icrastry,

Nlstrlbutlcg

Rascurea

Eraftlcg

Raslnagtlfh,

@ctah,

Kuast`cusa,B&B,

[fra`cusas,

Lgnustrlfh,

[crjs`cps,

Utunlcs,

Eftarlgk

Eraftlcg/

Echhaetlcg/

Mflgtagfgea ci?[ftar, Iccn,

Ehct`lgk, Iuah &

Agarky Ucureas

P

Elty

Ecmmarelfh

Eltywlna

Elty

Cwgars`lp

Ecugelh Hat

Trlvfta

Trlvfta Hat

4.02%

x650 Qglts

ECMMARELFH

Utcejtfjlgk

Nlstrlbutlcg

Echhaetlcg

Anueftlcg,

Utcrfka,

Tfejfklgk,

Hlk`t lgnustrlfh,

Z@afvy

lgnustrlfh

(cutar-elty)]

Utcrfka,

[`chasfha,

[fra`cusas,

Hlk`t Lgnustrlfh,

[crjs`cps,

Utunlcs

Mftarlfh Rascurea

Rasarvas


29/77


2saaIlk. 5 p69). ^à Elty Eagtra Uaetcr ls tà maatlgk pclgt icr fhh ecmmarea lg

tà elty, surrcugnlgk eagtras fgn wlt` ctàr satthamagts.

^à Elty Eagtra `fs tà `lkàst pareagtfka ci ecmmarelfh fgn buslgass pramlsas: 25% ci bulhnlgk

fhhceftlcg ls nanleftan tc 1 lgtargftlcgfh/muhtlgftlcgfh usfka, w`lhst 6>% ls fhhceftan tc P Elty

Ecmmarelfh usfkafhsc tà `lkàst pareagtfka ci Elty Ecmmarelfh uglt fhhceftlcg lg tà elty. ^àra

fra gc 5 cr > bulhnlgk fhhceftlcgs lg t`ls nlstrlet. ^`ls nlstrlet iugetlcgs prlmfrlhy fs tà trfnlgk

eagtra icr tà elty ag mfssa. Baefusa ci tà hfrka fhhceftlcg icr elty ecmmarelfh bulhnlgks (P) fgn

hfrka pareagtfka ci 1 bulhnlgks, tà Elty Eagtra efg fet fs fg lgtarifea batwaag tà spaelfhlstprcnuets fgn mftarlfhs eraftan lg tà Kfrnag Elty fgn tà wlnar lgtargftlcgfh mfrjats. ^à mflg


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54

iceus ls tc lggcvfta fgn krcw cutwfrns lg tarms ci ecmmugleftlcgs fgn mfrjat lggcvftlcg. ^à

Kfrnag Elty ls naslkgan tc ifelhltfta lggcvftlcgs lg mftarlfhs, prcnuets, systams, mfe`lgary, tcchs

fgn fpphleftlcgs. Muhtlgftlcgfh phfyars efg bagailt ircm balgk lg t`ls agvlrcgmagt fs tà Elty wlhh ba

surilgk lts cwg wfva ci lggcvftlcg flman nlraethy ft sustflgfbha tae`gchcklas, prcnuets fgn sarvleas.

^àsa fra tà iutura gaeassltlas fgn khcbfh mfrjats fhrafny axlst fgn fra krcwlgk.

^àra ls f 64% fhhceftlcg icr 2Ecgvaglageas, t`ls ls gafrhy `fhi tà elty fvarfka ci 6 cr 5 fhhceftlcg. Lt ls prcbfbha t`ft elvle ciileas fgn

scelfh wahifra eagtras wlhh mfja up tà kraftar prcpcrtlcg ci t`ls fhhceftlcg, fs wahh fs f eagtrfh F&A

spaelfhlst eagtra tc lgehuna ilra fgn fmbuhfgea sarvleas.

Ilkura 66. Cutar Eagtrfh Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` aecgcmle ecmpcsltlcg e`frt.

^à cutar eagtrfh saetcr (saa Ilkura 66) ls ecmprlsan ci slx nlstrlets wlt` lnagtlefh trfgspcrt

gatwcrjs. Avary nlstrlet wlt`lg tà saetcr ls blsaetan by f gftlcgfh trfvah rcuta pcssasslgk f hfrka


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56

eagtrfh trfgspcrt ùb w`le` hlgjs gftlcgfh rflh wlt` fhh havahs ci elty-wlna trfvah gatwcrjs. ^à cutar

eagtrfh nlstrlets fhsc bagailt ircm afe` balgk hlgjan tc twc nliiaragt elty ecmmarelfh supphy rcutas.

^wc pareagt ci tà bulhnlgk stcej ls fhhceftan icr purahy ecmmarelfh usas, alk`t pareagt ls nanleftan

icr lgtargftlcgfh cr muhtlgftlcgfh ecmpfglas, tàsa mfy ba axlstlgk ecmpfglas cr ecmpfglas hccjlgk

tc trfna ft t`ls mfrjat havah: typas ci ecmpfglas mfy ba `lk` straat s`cps, ciileas, stunlcs ci vfrlcus

typas. Uavag pareagt ci tà bulhnlgks fra fhhceftan tc raklcgfh fetlvltlas fgn sarvleas, sue` fs

echhakas fgn se`cchs, fgn halsura fgn agtartflgmagt ifelhltlas a.k. elgamf, ecgeart `fhh, tàftra,

`ctahs fgn rastfurfgts.

6


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52

Ilkura 62. Uftahhlta Eagtra Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

Ilkura 62 natflhs tà Uftahhlta Eagtra Uaetcr. ^`ls saetcr ls ecmprlsan ci slx nlstrlets pcsltlcgan

aqulnlstfgt ircm tà Elty Eagtra. Afe` Uftahhlta Eagtra nlstrlet ls sltuftan ft tà eagtra ci slx

surrcugnlgk nlstrlets: twc Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlets, twc Rurfh nlstrlets, cga Lgtar-Elty Rcuta nlstrlet fgncga Lgtar-Elty Ecmmarelfh nlstrlet.

Afe` ci tà slx Uftahhlta Eagtra nlstrlets iafturas f eagtrfh Gftlcgfh hlgj trfgspcrt ùb. ^`ls iafturas f

gftlcgfh rflh stftlcg, f elty cvarhfgn rflh stcp, f Yfha ugnarkrcugn stftlcg fgn f hcefh bleyeha fgn

bukky napct icr nlstrlet trfvah. Afe` Uftahhlta eagtra `fs fnnltlcgfh feeass tc alk`t ugnarkrcugn

nlstrlet stftlcgs, lgnleftan cg Ilkura 62. ^à Uftahhlta Eagtras fra `lk`hy ecggaetan, pcssasslgk hlgjs

tc fhh sefhas ci trfvah wlt`lg tà elty fgn baycgn. ^à Uftahhlta Eagtras fra blsaetan by f gftlcgfh rflh

hlga. Ilkura 0 natflhs tà vfrlcus trfgspcrt rcutas fgn tàlr nastlgftlcgs.

Lg fnnltlcg tc nlvarsa trfvah ecggaetlcgs tà Uftahhlta Eagtras fhsc iaftura fhh typas ci bulhnlgkfhhceftlcg, axeapt ecmmarelfh P. ^à ecmpcsltlcg e`frt s`cws 95% prlmfry - 6, 6>% saecgnfry -


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55

2, 0% tartlfry - 5, ;% quftargfry - > fgn 1% qulgfry - 1 bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg. ^à Uftahhlta eagtras

fra mcra kafran frcugn f nlvarslty ci scelfh fgn aecgcmle fetlvltlas fs cppcsan tc ecmmarelfh

fetlvltlas ecggaetan nlraethy tc tà P Ecmmarelfh fetlvltlas.

^à Uftahhlta Eagtras fet mcra hlja mfrjat tcwgs wàra prcnuets fra axe`fgkan, w`lhst tà Elty

Eagtra ls mcra ci f trfnlgk tcwg wàra mftarlfhs fgn kccns fra echhftan fgn axe`fgkan.

Ilkura 65. Lgtarelty Ecmmarelfh Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

^àra fra slx Lgtarelty Ecmmarelfh nlstrlets w`le` tckatàr icrm tà Lgtarelty Ecmmarelfh Uaetcr,

lhhustrftan fbcva lg Ilkura 65, saa tà Hceftlcg wlt`lg Elty bcx tc tà bcttcm rlk`t.

Lgtarelty Ecmmarelfh nlstrlets fra gfman sc baefusa tày afe` iaftura f Ecmmarelfh stftlcg hlgj ft

tàlr cutarmcst pclgt. ^`ls ecmmarelfh stftlcg ls f hlgj tc twc ci tà surrcugnlgk ifrms fgn ifetcrlassltuftan lg hfgnsefpa _cga >. ^`ls mafgs t`ft mftarlfhs fgn prcnuets efg ba nlraethy supphlan ircm


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5>

twc ci tàsa napcts. ^`ls Ecmmarelfh stftlcg ls fhsc f nlraet cut-ci-elty ecggaetlcg tc tà gftlcgfh

rflh lgirfstrueturausaiuh icr lmpcrt fgn axpcrt ci kccns wlt`cut tà lgtariaragea ci lggar-elty

nlstrlbutlcg systams/gatwcrjs. ^`ls cpags fg cppcrtuglty lg t`ls fraf ci tà elty icr prceasslgk fgn

mfguifeturlgk lgnustrlas tc `fva afsy nlraet feeass tc rascureas, fgn fhsc icr s`lpmagts cut ci tà

elty lgtc tà wlnar mfrjat. Lg tà mcnah tàra ls f 6% bulhnlgk usa fhhceftlcg icr ecmmarelfh

fetlvltlas, sue` fs wfra`cusa fgn w`chasfha nlstrlbutlcg.

^àra ls fhsc f ;% fhhceftlcg icr lgtargftlcgfh/muhtlgftlcgfh agtarprlsas fgn 0% icr raklcgfh cr

gftlcgfh agtarprlsas. Fitar tà elty ls bulht, tàra wlhh ba f ecgtlguan supphy ci mftarlfhs rascureas

ecmlgk ircm tà ifrms fgn ifetcrlas: tàsa efg supphy fg axpfgnlgk (lgnustry) saetcr, w`le` efg

suppcrt axtrf-elty mfrjats eraftan by tà Kfrnag Elty. ^`ls mfy tfja tà icrm ci supphylgk bulhnlgk

mftarlfhs, tlmbars, taxtlhas, clhs, khuas ate tc ctàr satthamagts, tùs iutura mfrjats axlst icr

buslgassas t`ft fra pfrt ci tà Kfrnag Elty aecgcmy.

6


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51

Ilkura 6>. Lgtarelty Rcuta Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

^à Lgtarelty Rcuta Uaetcr (Uaa Ilk. 6>) ls ecmprlsan ci slx nlstrlets hceftan batwaag tà eagtrfh

nlstrlets fgn tà cutar nlstrlets tàraicra sltuftan fs hlgjfkas batwaag smfhhar fgn hfrkar

agtarprlsas. ^`ls ls f kccn saetcr icr buslgassas trfnlgk batwaag lgtargftlcgfh fgn gftlcgfh mfrjatstc mcra hcefh mfrjats. ^àsa nlstrlets fra nlraethy hlgjan tc twc Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlets w`le`mafg t`ft

tày efg bagailt ircm prceassan mftarlfhs balgk ian ircm twc ci tà cutar ifrms/ifetcrlas. Li tà

Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlets tfja rfw mftarlfhs ircm tà ifrms sue` fs àmp ilbra fgn prceass lt lgtc vfrlan

taxtlhas icr lgstfgea, tà Lgtarelty nlstrlets mfy tfja lt iurtàr lgtc fppfrah, ifbrles, bfks fgn s`cas.

^àsa prcnuets efg agtar tà Uftahhlta Eagtras icr elty wlna nlstrlbutlcg fgn fhsc kc lgtc tà Elty

Eagtra icr gftlcgfh mfrjats, fs fg axfmpha.

^àra ls bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg icr 6, 2, 5 fgn 1 fetlvltlas, tùs hass iceus cg bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg icr

fnmlglstrftlcg, hlbrfry, musaums ate. ^`ls ls f saetcr icr prcnuetlcg ci kccns fgn sarvleas. ^`ls

saetcr fhsc agvahcps tà hfrkast kraag spfeas lg tà elty_cga 5, tùs f hct ci cppcrtuglty ls eraftanicr pacpha tc iceus cg hfrka sefha crkfgle krcwlgk uslgk fkrcaechcky prfetleas. ^`ls _cga prcvlnas


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59

tà mfocrlty ci tà iccn icr tà w`cha elty, tùs mfgy ci tà bulhnlgks lg tà 91% fhhceftlcg icr 6

Trlmfry Raslnagtlfh/@crtleuhturfh wlhh baecma ceeuplan by pacpha lgvchvan lg tàsa fetlvltlas.

@cwavar phafsa raiar tc ^fbha 9, p20 tc saa f prcvlslcgfh hlst ci fetlvltlas fgn cppcrtugltlas icr fhh

tà bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg eftakcrlas 6 - 1.

Afe` ci tà lgtarelty nlstrlets iafturas f eagtrfh elty hlgj stftlcg wlt` f Yfha ugnarkrcugn stftlcg fgn

nlstrlet bleyeha/bukky napct. Afe` Lgtar-Elty nlstrlet s`fras t`raa fnnltlcgfh Nlstrlet ugnarkrcugn

stftlcgs fgn cga mcra Elty hlga stftlcg (s`fran wlt` tà galk`bcurlgk Uftahhlta Eagtra).

Ilkura 61. Lgtar-Yfha Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

^àra fra 62 Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlets mfjlgk tà Lgtar-Yfha Uaetcr (saa Ilk.61). ^àsa nlstrlets, by tàlr

hceftlcg fgn nlstrlbutlcg sarva tà elty-sefha aecgcmy. ^àlr tfsj ls tc nlstrlbuta fgn elreuhfta

rascureas fgn kccns fbcut tà Elty ag mfssa. Lgtarastlgkhy, tà Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlets, tckatàr wlt`

tà Rurfh nlstrlets fra gct ecggaetan nlraethy tc tà Elty Eagtra cr fgy Gftlcgfh rflh hlgas.


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5;

^à Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlets bagailt ircm s`frlgk f ecggaetlcg tc cga ci tà cut-ci-elty Ecmmarelfh

ifrm/ifetcry supphy hlgas. Afe` Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlet tàraicra `fs 6% bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg icr tà P Elty

Ecmmarelfh hlga. ^àsa bulhnlgks wlhh ba wfra`cusas fgn w`chasfha nlstrlbutlcg mfrjats, tùs

mftarlfhs fgn prcnuets ircm tà cut-ci-elty ifrms fgn ifetcrlas efg ba nahlvaran àra, fgn agtar

strflk`t lgtc tà Eltys trfnas fgn mfguifeturlgk buslgassas. Mftarlfhs fgn prcnuets mfy ba tlmbars

fgn bulhnlgk mftarlfhs, safscgan wccns icr ilga efrpagtry fgn iurgltura, àmp prcnuets icr bulhnlgk,

blc-phfstles, taxtlhas ate, raeyehan mftarlfhs altàr lg ecmpcugn icrm cr up-eyehan icrm, fgn sc cg.

^`ls mafgs t`ft mftarlfhs efg ba nahlvaran strflk`t tc tà elty wlt`cut gaeassfrlhy kclgk t`rcuk` tà

elty eagtra fgn saecgnfry trfnlgk systams.

Ilkura 69. Rurfh Nlstrlets Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

^à Rurfh Uaetcr ls ecmprlsan ci twahva Rurfh nlstrlets sltuftan cg tà cutsjlrts ci tà Elty (Uaa

Ilk.69). Fht`cuk` tà Rurfh nlstrlets mfy fppafr cut ci tà wfy tày fra prcicugnhy wahh ecggaetan.

^à Eagtrfh Yfha ugnarkrcugn stftlcg parmlts usars tc trfvarsa cga galk`bcurlgk vfha wlt` afsa,

w`lhst afe` Rurfh nlstrlet ls ecggaetan nlraethy tc f Uftahhlta Eagtra, fg Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlet, fg Lgtarelty


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50

Ecmmarelfh nlstrlet, fg Lgtar-Elty Rcuta nlstrlet fgn lts galk`bcurlgk Rurfh nlstrlet fhh vlf tà Yfha

ugnarkrcugn hlgas fgn subsaquagt Elty-hlga rflh hlgjs. ^`ls bagailts tà Elty fgn raslnagts aqufhhy: by

`fvlgk afsy feeass tc f kraft frrfy ci nlstrlet/saetcr typas raslnagts `fva f wlna cppcrtuglty icr

amphcymagt vlf fg afslhy gakctlfbha pubhle trfgspcrt gatwcrj, cr lg tà ctàr raspaet pacpha

lgtagnlgk tc ecgnuet hlk`t lgnustry fgn/cr ecttfka sefha lgnustrlas, `fva afsy feeass tc mftarlfhs,

prcnuets fgn rascureas prcvlnan by tà nlvarslty ci galk`bcurlgk nlstrlets.

^à Rurfh nlstrlets fra iceusan upcg 6, 2 fgn 5 fetlvltlas. ^`ls mafgs t`ft smfhh agtarprlsas fgn

hcefh buslgassas fra vary mue` sultan tc stfrtlgk cut lg t`ls saetcr. ^àra fra gc fhhceftlcgs icr >

fgn 1 sefha fetlvltlas, w`le` fra rasarvan icr tà mfocrlty ci tà rast ci tà tcwg cg jay trfgspcrt

hlgas.

^à Rurfh nlstrlets, àgea tà gfma, fra hceftan cg tà irlgkas galk`bcurlgk tà _cga > hfgnsefpa

pfteàs. ^à Rurfh Uaetcr mfy ba f sultfbha hceftlcg icr icrastars, ifrmars, agklgaars, efrpagtars,

frtlsts, frtlsfgs, wccnhfgn mfgfkars, aechcklsts ate - pacpha w`c fra nlraethy lgvchvan lg mfgfklgk

fgn rugglgk tà Hfgnsefpa _cga > fetlvltlas.

6.> Hfgn Qsa? Bulht Upfea, Kraag Upfea fgn Kraag Baht

^à tfbha 1 bahcw (rapaftan ircm p22, afrhlar lg tà nceumagt) naserlbas tà icctprlgt fraf ci hfgn

t`ft ls bulht upcg wlt`lg tà Elty. ^à Elty lgnaan ecvars f kraftar fraf lgehunlgk lts kraag spfeas.

^fbha 1 cuthlgas `cw mue` hfgn wlhh ba bulht upcg. ^fbha ; bahcw naserlbas tà fraf ci kraag spfea

fgn tà fraf ci bulht hfgn, sapfrftahy fgn lg tctfh.

^fbha 2. Navahcpmagt hfgn fhhceftlcg par spftlfh eftakcry (_cga 4 hfgn)

Eftakcry ci Bulht Upftlfh Qglt Icctprlgt (surifea fraf) par eftakcry

m @f Feras jm

Bulhnlgk (phct) 6,92 4.4469< 6.60 2.5.>; 4.19

Yfha >,49>,209 >49.>5 644>.2< >.49

Elty 20,>14,444 20>1 ;454.61 20.>1

[a efg saa ircm ^fbha ; bahcw t`ft tà tctfh fraf ci hfgn raqulran icr tà Kfrnag Elty ls 1,0;1`f cr

frcugn 6>,144 feras. Thafsa gcta, tà ilkuras lg tfbha 9 vfry vary shlk`thy ircm ahsawàra lg t`ls

nceumagt nua tc tfjlgk f nliiaragt rcuta tc tà efheuhftlcgs (w`le` lgehunan efheuhftlgk tà frafs ci

muhtlpha tassahhftlgk Jce` Ugcwihfjas, f e`fhhagka icr f Krfna B mftàmftlelfg, icrklvagass phafsa!)

[`ft ls lgtarastlgk fbcut tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy ls t`ft tà fhhceftlcg ci kraag spfea lgerafsas

wlt` afe` eftakcry ci spftlfh uglt, `cwavar tà pcpuhftlcg nagslty lg tà bulht agvlrcgmagt ramflgs

rahftlvahy ecgstfgt ft f t`ras`chn frcugn >651 p/jm, raiar tc ^fbha 6, p6>.

[a efg saa lg ^fbha ; t`ft f Nlstrlet `fs f prcoaetan pcpuhftlcg ci 2,>46: slmlhfr tc f vlhhfka, lt ecvars

f tctfh fraf ci ;1 `f cr 601 feras. ;;% ci f nlstrlet ls bulht spfea fgn 25% ls kraag spfea.


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5% ls bulht spfea, 59% ls kraag spfea.

^à Kfrnag Elty ci ^cfny `fs f prcoaetan pcpuhftlcg ci 66;,9>,144 feras (gct lgehunlgk tà kraag baht _cga > naserlban bahcw). ^à elty ecmprlsas >0% bulht

spfea fgn 12% kraag spfea.

By tfjlgk t`ls up cga havah mcra -oust tc saa tà ilkuras, wa efg efhh lt f Muhtl-Elty bulht lg tà

sfma pfttarg fs tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy. Lt `fs f prcoaetan pcpuhftlcg ci 025,1>5 ecvarlgk fg fraf

ci 12,144 àetfras cr 654,444 feras. ^`ls Muhtl-Elty ls ecmprlsan ci 50% bulht spfea, 92% kraag

spfea.

^fbha ;.Hfgn ecvarfka lg tarms ci icctprlgt ci bulht spfea fgn kraag spfea.

Upftlfh

Qglt

Tcpu-

hftlcg

Bulht Upfea Kraag Upfea ^ctfh Upfea % bulht/

% kraag`f feras `f feras @f feras

Nlstrlet 2,>46 10.49 6>5.>; 6;.6 >2.60 ;1.69 601.91 ;;/25

Yfha 69,04; >49.>5 6,44>.2< 22>.22 115.1 954.91 6,11;.;< 9>/59

Elty 66;,9>< 2,0>1 ;,454.61 5,454.1> ;,>0>.14 1,0;1 6>,16>.91 >0/12

Muhtl-

Elty

(Eltyx;)

025,1>5 690.;0 62.11 50/92

E`frts 6 fgn 2 bahcw phct fg amarkagt eurva: wa efg axtrfpchfta t`ls pfttarg fgn wàg pcpuhftlcg

rafeàs frcugn 6.


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>4

E`frt 2. Tareagtfkas ci Hfgn Ecvar (Bulht Upfea vs. Kraag Upfea) fs Tcpuhftlcg rlsas uslgk tà Kfrnag Elty ci

^cnfy fs f Uatthamagt Navahcpmagt Mcnah

6.>lTfte` _cglgk

Hfgn usa lg fgn frcugn tà Kfrnag Elty ls nailgan by pfte` zcglgk. ^àra fra slx typas ci pfte`

zcgas wlt` feecrnfgt hfgn usas. ^àsa `fva baag brlaihy nailgan fs ichhcws?

_cga 4Bulhnlgks, `cusas cr ctàr ùmfg

hlvlgk/wcrjlgk frafs, lgehunlgk fgy prlvfta

kfrnags.

_cga 5Ifrm-sefha prcnuetlcg: hfrka-sefha

cre`frns, àrnlgk fglmfhs, fpleuhtura, mflg ercps.

_cga 6Ecmmuglty Kfrnags/Fhhctmagts:

hcefhlsan styha iccn prcnuetlcg.

_cga >Hfrka-sefha Fkrleuhtura? Icrastry,

Tfstura, Frfbha, icnnar ercps ate.

_cga 2Mfrjat kfrnag styha, ecmmarelfh iccn

prcnuetlcg, ecmmuglty cre`frns ate.

_cga 1[lhnargass, gfturfh agvlrcgmagt.

g.b.Lg-napt` naserlptlcgs ci tà zcgas efg ba icugn lg ^fbha 66? Hfgn Qsa _cgas, pp;6-;5.

^fbha 0. Tfte` fgn _cga Ulzas lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

Tfte`

^ypa

Tfte` Ulza Gc. ci

Tfteàs

^ctfh Fraf ci Tfteàs

jm @f Feras jm @f Feras

_cga 4 20.>1 2,0>1 ;,454 6 20.>1 2,0>1 ;,454

_cga 6 4.4201 2.01 ;.4> 2 0.5< 05< 2,4;5

_cga 2 4.6;>2 6;.>2 >5.41 >2 ;.52 ;52 6,045>2 2>5.>2 946.14 9 6>.96 6,>96 5,964

_cga > 60. 66,5>4 20,422^ctfhs? 5>< 6;2.6; 6;,26; >2,1>>

4

64

24

54

>4

14

94

;4

04

44,444 944,444 044,444 6,444,444

%HfgnEcvar

Tcpuhftlcg

% Kraag Upfea

% Bulht Upfea

Hck. (% Kraag Upfea)

Hck. (% Bulht Upfea)


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>6

6.>ll Bulht Upfea fgn Trlvfta Kfrnags Z_cga 4]

_cga 4 raprasagts tà bulhnlgks fgn tà kraag spfeas frcugn tà bulhnlgks, sue` fs prlvfta kfrnags

fgn ctàr ecmmugfh krfssan/phfgtan frafssue` fs fra icugn lg fgy elty, tcwg cr suburbfg

`cuslgk astfta. _cga 4 raprasagts f tctfh ci 20.>1jm ci tà tctfh 10.;;jm ecvaran by tà KfrnagElty ft lts hlmlts, saa Ilk 6; p>2.

6.>lll Elty Kraag-spfeas Z_cgas 6-5]

[lt`lg tà elty hlmlts tàra fra t`raa typas ci ecmmugfh kraag spfea. ^àsa fra raprasagtan by

zcgas 6-5, phafsa raiar tc Ilk. 60 p>5.

_cga 6 ls ecmprlsan ci 2 pfteàs, afe` pfte` ls 2.01 `f cr ;.45 feras. ^à tctfh fraf ci _cga 6 ls

05< `f cr 2,4;5 feras. _cga 6 ls prlmfrlhy usan icr hcefh iccn prcnuetlcg, wlt` tà lgtagtlcg ci

supphylgk iccn ft f galk`bcur`ccn havah.

_cga 2 ls ecmprlsan ci >2 pfteàs, afe` ecvars fg fraf ci 6;.>2 `f cr >5.41 feras. ^à tctfh fraf ci

_cga 2 ls ;52 `f cr 6,04< feras. _cga 2 ls prlmfrlhy usan icr mfrjat kfrnaglgk supphylgk nlstrlet havah

mfrjats.

_cga 5 ls ecmprlsan ci slx pfteàs afe` ecvarlgk fg fraf ci 2>5 `f cr 946.1 feras. ^à tctfh fraf ci

_cga 5 ls 6>96 `f cr 5,964 feras. _cga 5 ls prlmfrlhy usan fs ifrmhfgn wlt`lg tà Elty ltsahi. Lt ls

lgtagnan tc supphy f hfrka fmcugt ci tà Eltys stfpha iccn supphy fgn ls mfgfkan fs f hfrka

sefhafkrcaechcky ifrm.

6.>lv Kraag Baht fgn [lnar Agvlrcgmagt Z_cgas > fgn 1]

_cga > mfy ba raiarran tc fs tà Kraagbaht (Uaa Ilk 60, p>5). Lt ecgslsts ci slx pfteàs afe` ecvarlgk609;6 feras afe`. ^à tctfh fraf lgehunan lg _cga > ls 66,5>4 `f cr 20,422 feras. _cga > ls

mfgfkan fs f brcfn sefha hfgnsefpa. Lts prlmfry iugetlcgs fra lgnustrlfh sefha fkrleuhtura, icrastry,

ilsàrlas, frfbha, fgn hlvastcej. ^`ls zcga fhsc lgehunas hfrka raeyehlgk napcts fgn scma prceasslgk -

tà àfvlast lgnustry ls icugn àra lg tà icrm ci smahtlgk fgn raefstlgk icrkas. ^àsa fra tc prcvlna

matfhs fgn strueturfh ecmpcgagts icr muhtlpha purpcsas lg tà Elty lgehunlgk tà ecgstruetlcg ci

rflhwfys, tà mfguifeturlgk ci pubhle trfgspcrtftlcg fgn supphylgk strueturfh bulhnlgk mftarlfhs sue`

fs staah irfmas. Fhh ehfssas ci mftarlfhs fra raeyehan fgn prceassan àra.

Trlmfry mftarlfhs prcnuean by tà mfgfkan icrasts lg _cga > lgehuna f rfgka ci ilrawccn tc ilga

tlmbars fs wahh fs spaelfhlsan iugkl prcnuets. Trcnuets ircm tà ifrms rfgka ircm bulhnlgk bhcejsfgn mcrtfrs, lgsuhftlcg fgn phfstar bcfrns tc pfpar puhp fgn t`rafns icr taxtlhas. Ctàr prcnuets

lgehuna ecmbustlbha clhs icr mctcr va`lehas tc raslgs icr khuas fgn phfstles. ^àsa prcnuets icrm pfrt

ci tà ecmmarelfh cutput icr tà Kfrnag Elty fgn lts ecgtrlbutlcg tc tà wlnar mftarlfhs aecgcmy.

Ravagua saeuran ircm tà prcnuetlcg fgn sfha ci tàsa kccns efg amphcy f hfrka wcrjicrea, bct`

icr fkrleuhturfh fetlvltlas fgn fhsc icr raeyehlgk, prceasslgk fgn prcnuetlcg ocbs. F saeura fgn

prciltfbha lgnustry kagarftas stfbha tfx ravaguas icr iutura lgvastmagt. ^à mftarlfhs, fgn lgnustrlfh

tae`glquas fgn prceassas astfbhlsàn wlt` t`ls lgnustry agfbha slmlhfr vagturas tc ba astfbhlsàn

gftlcgwlna, lgnaan, lgtargftlcgfhhy. Ilkura 24 bahcw summfrlsas scma ci tà pctagtlfh mftarlfhs

fgn prcnuets mfrjats tc ba iurtàr navahcpan.


42/77


>2

Ilkura 6;. _cga 4 lg t`a Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy (t`a bulht agvlrcgmagt)

rl

t

r

,


43/77


>5

Ilkura 60.Hceftlcg fgn Nlstrlbutlcg ci Hfgnsefpa _cgas lg t`a Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy

Ecpyrlk`t

MfreusBusby,246>


44/77


>>

Ilkura 6


45/77


>1

_cga > Ecgt.

Ilkura 24. Mcnarg usas ci lgnustrlfh @amp.

(Fnfptan ircm lgtargat lmfka, scurea? www.ifeabccj.ecm/Eltlzags.Fetlcg.Gatwcrj)

Thafsa gcta?[`lhst lgnustrlfh àmp ls usan fs fg axfmpha ci gcg-iccn ercps, rafnars fra fnvlsan tc

ecgtfet tà GGIEE (Gftlcgfh Gcg-Iccn Ercps Eagtra) icr natflhan lgicrmftlcg cg tà vfrlaty ci, fgn

ecgvarslcg ci, blcmfss tc blcagarky, blciuahs fgn blc-bfsan prcnuets, cr vlslt tà wabslta ft

www.ggiee.ec.uj.

Feecrnlgk tc tà GGIEEsilkuras, li tà agtlraty ci _cga > wfs turgan cvar tc @amp cr Nufh @amp,Krcss fggufh mfrjat ylahns ci batwaag 65.0m tc 6>.2m icr @amp fgn Nufh @amp raspaetlvahy efg

ba fe`lavfbha. ^`ls aquftas tc f pctagtlfh Krcss mfrklg ci cvar 9m/fggum icr tà hafst vfhufbha

rfw mftarlfh prcnuets ircm _cga > fhcga.

Trcilt mfrklgs fra lgerafsan tà iurtàr fhcgk tà prceasslgk hlga f mftarlfh efg ba tfjag. ^à

fnvfgtfka ci eraftlgk fgn prceasslgk prcnuets lg-`cusa, uslgk rfw mftarlfhs krcwg lg-`cusa, lg fg

ugsfturftan mfrjat, ls fg lgerafsan prcilt mfrklg. Rfw mftarlfhs icr prcnuetlcg nc gct gaan tc ba

prceuran ircm axtargfh mfrjats, tùs tà mfrjat vfhua ls ratflgan tc tà pclgt ci sfha.

@amp efg ba krcwg crkfglefhhy: lt ncas gct eurragthy raqulra fgy icrm ci past mfgfkamagt.

Feecrnlgk tc tà GGIEE Eurragt iartlhlsar raecmmagnftlcgs fra lg tà crnar ci 04-624 jk G/`f, wlt`

hlttha raspcgsa vlslbha ft `lkàr rftas, 94 jk T/`f fgn 624-614 jk J/`f fra fhsc raecmmagnan.
http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/


46/77


>9

@amp ls fhsc jgcwg tc rabulhn sclh struetura fgn lmprcva sclh prcnuetlvlty. Mcgceuhturfh fkrleuhtura

lg kagarfh, ls bast fvclnan feecrnlgk tc aechcklefh prlgelphas. ^`ls ls nua tc tà hfrka-sefha ranuetlcg

ci blcnlvarslty fgn tà lgàragt lgstfblhlty ci hfrka mcgceuhturas w`le` raqulra `lk` lgput havahs ci

iartlhlsar fgn pastlelna traftmagts.

_cga 1

^à wlnar agvlrcgmagt ls ecgslnaran fs _cga 1, lgnleftan cg ilkura 6> . ^`ls ls aiiaetlvahy

traftan fs gftura rasarva. Lg tarms ci prcilt fgn ravagua kagarftlcg, tà tcurlstle fppafh ci _cga

ilva lgerafsas wlt` tlma fs blcnlvarslty lgerafsas by ranuean havahs ci `lk`-lmpfet fkrleuhtura fgn

ctàr aechcklefh nlsturbfgeas. Ocbs efg ba mflgtflgan lg _cga 1 icr mflgtagfgea fgn mfgfkamagt.

Mfgy ocbs wlhh fhsc ba eraftan lg aechcklefh prckrfms sue` fs tà braanlgk fgn ralgtrcnuetlcg

cispaelas,rasafre` efg fhsc ba ecgnuetan cg blchcklefh sueeasslcg fgn aechcklefh raecvary. ^àra ls f

hct tc ba hafrgt w`le` efg ba usan tc spaan up tà trfgsltlcg fgn raouvagftlcg ci urbfg, fgn ctàr

nakrfnan agvlrcgmagts fgn lgnaan, wlnasprafn aechcklefh ra`fblhltftlcg ci fiiaetan gfturfh systams

fgn prceassas lg kagarfh.

Lg _cga 1, scelfh (vfhua tc ùmfgs) fgn agvlrcgmagtfh vfhua (aechcklefh vfhua) lgerafsas wlt` tlma fs

tà aechcklefh bfhfgea - gfturfh `cmacstfsls (nygfmle aqulhlbrlum) ls ra-astfbhlsàn. Lgerafsan

feeass tc wlhnargass fgn lts psye`chcklefhhy rastcrftlva aiiaets fra prcvag by savarfh stunlas fgn efg

ba rapaftan t`rcuk` parscgfh axparlagea. ^à fhtarftlcg ci ifrmlgk prfetleas ircm lgtagslva

lgnustrlfh fkrleuhtura tc hass lgtagslva fkrcaechcky `fs agvlrcgmagtfh bagailts? icr axfmpha,

lgerafsan blcnlvarslty t`rcuk` `fbltft eraftlcg, lgerafsan aechcklefh iugetlcg fgn lmprcvan

psye`chcklefh raecvary t`rcuk` aechcklefh, cr agvlrcgmagtfh qufhlty.

_cga 1 tàg, ls tà wlnar agvlrcgmagt: mfgfkan, cr ugmfgfkan fs wlhnargass fgn gfturfh `fbltft.

^`ls fraf ls tc ba gurturan lg sue` f wfy fs tc raerafta hcst blcnlvarslty fgn gftlva ihcrf fgn ifugf. Lt

ls f ùka gftura rasarva. Lt ls iuhhy feeasslbha by tà pubhle fgn ecgslnaran f rascurea lg ltsahi. Tacpha

mfy kc tàra icr `chlnfys, rasafre`, efmplgk, `ljlgk, swlmmlgk fgn fhh fetlvltlas ecggaetan tc

gftura fgn tà ecugtryslna w`le` `fs suiiaran krafthy ugnar tà lgnustrlfh arf.


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>;

6.1Hfgnsefpa Tfttarg

Ilkura 26. Hfgnsefpa Tfttarg lg fgn frcugn tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

^`ls Kfrnag Elty ls fbcut tà spfea t`ft ls gct bulht, fs mue` fs tà bulht spfea. Lt ls ecmprlsan ci

mcra kraag spfea t`fg bulht spfea: sue` ls tà wlnar agvlrcgmagt. Lts ecmphaxlty ls bfsan upcg tà

ecmphaxlty ci gftura, wàra tà w`cha ls mcra t`fg tà sum ci lts ecmpcgagt pfrts. ^à Kfrnag

Elty ls kastfht lg prlgelpha fgn irfetfh lg struetura fs wa saa lg gftura, spfea fgn hlvlgk crkfglsms.

^à hfgn mfssas, cr pfteàs wlt`lg tà elty, fhh s`fra tà sfma pfttarg. ^à ecgtampcrfry gfma ci

w`le` ls tà Jce` Ugcwihfja fitar tà mcst raeagt nlsecvarar, tà Uwanls` mftàmftlelfg @ahka vcg

Jce`, saa Ilk. 26 fbcva. Mftàmftlefhhy spafjlgk, tà Jce` sgcwihfja `fs fg lgilglta parlmatar,

w`le` ls ugusufh icr f 2-nlmagslcgfh s`fpa. ^à purpcsa ci uslgk sue` f s`fpa ls tc mfxlmlza

hfgnsefpa anka fgn tc ecmphlefta tà hfgnsefpa mcsfle - `fvlgk tà aiiaet ci naapaglgk tà

aectcga. By uslgk f tassahhftlgk irfetfh hfgnsefpa pfttarg, tà struetura ci tà hfgnsefpa `fs

muhtlpha sefhas, fvclns `cmckagalty (nua tc lts anka ecmphaxlty fgn mftrlx ci vfrylgk pfte` slzas)

Ecpyrlk`t

MfreusBu

sby,

246>


48/77


>0

fgn tàraicra lts cvarfhh

iugetlcg ls lgerafsantà

pfttarg icrms f matf-

`fbltft. ^`ls mafgs t`ft tà

ùmfg satthamagt efg ba

ralgtakrftan lgtc tà gfturfh

systams ci Afrt`s aechcky.

Gfturfh agvlrcgmagts fra

gct `cmckagcus but rftàr

fra ecmpcsan ci `fbltfts

t`ft vfry spftlfhhy fgn

tampcrfhhy lg tàlr qufhlty

fgn sultfblhlty icr fglmfh

spaelas ([lags 6


49/77


>0 0,540,59< 4.41 242 6> x 6>

Mlhtcg Jaygas 26,,122 66;,9>< 4.62 >09 22 x 22

Hate`wcrt` >< 4.6> 19; 25 x 25

Hcgncg (Matrc) 2,4;6,250 61,464,2 19; 2> x 2>

@cwfrns Krcup ci

Kfrnag Eltlas -

Matrc (Gc.;)

99,444 214,444 4.29 6412 52 x 52

@cwfrns Kfrnag

Elty

x 5>

Trcpcsan Kfrnag

Elty 246> - Matrc

>2,1>> 66;,9>< 4.59 6>1; 50 x 50

Qgltan Jlgkncm 94,644 95,606,;;1 4.1 92 x 92


50/77


14

6.0 Lmphamagtftlcg

Ecgstruetlcg T`fsas

^fbha 64. Kagarfhlsan lmphamagtftlcg p`fsas ci t`a Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.T`fsa Tletura Qrbfglsftlcg Hfgnsefpa

Fetlvlty

Aecgcmle

Fetlvlty

6. Hfgn fhhceftlcg.

^ctfh hfgn

fhhceftlcg icr

kfrnag elty ls

6;2.6;jm

^`a irfma ls

6


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16

1. Lgstfhhftlcg wcrj

ecmmageas cg

Elty rcutas trfvah

gatwcrj.

Trceasslgk ci

prcnuea

ecmmageas

Kcvt iugn

Raeyehan

mftarlfhs fgn ra-

efst matfhs usan

lg ecgstruetlcg

Trcnuean

mftarlfhs usan

9. Nlstrlet

ugnarkrcugn

lgstfhhan

Trceasslgk ci

prcnuea

Utcrfka ci

mftarlfhs rafny

icr nlstrlbutlcg

Kcvt iugn

Raeyehan

mftarlfhs fgn ra-

efst matfhs usan

lg ecgstruetlcg

Trcnuean

mftarlfhs usan

;. Utftlcgs lgstfhhan

^rfgspcrt

gatwcrj

ecmphatan

Nlstrlbutlcg ci

bulhnlgk

mftarlfhs

ecmmageas

Kcvt iugn

Raeyehan

mftarlfhs fgn ra-

efst matfhs usan

lg ecgstruetlcg

Trcnuean

mftarlfhs usan

0. Uftahhlta Eagtras

lgstfhhan

Raeyehan

mftarlfhs fgn ra-

efst matfhs usan

lg ecgstruetlcg

Trcnueanmftarlfhs usan


52/77


12


53/77


15

65. Rurfh nlstrlets

lgstfhhan

Raeyehan

mftarlfhs fgn ra-

efst matfhs usan

lg ecgstruetlcg


6>. _cga 2 Tfte`as Raeyehan

mftarlfhs fgn ra-

efst matfhs usan

lg ecgstruetlcg


61. Lgtarelty nlstrlets

bulht

_cga 5s Raeyehan

mftarlfhs fgn ra-

efst matfhs usan

lg ecgstruetlcg


69. Bulht elty

ecmphata

Elty ecgtlguas tc

railga systams

sue` fs iccn fgnagarky

prcnuetlcg,

trfgspcrt fgn

lgirfstruetura.

_cga 4 fgn 6

Tfte`as

1 (Vulgfry)

Aecgcmle

Fetlvlty.

Utfrt-up

LgvastmagtHcfgs rapfln.


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1>

2.4 Aecgcmle Ylfblhlty

Ilkura 25.Uplnar nlfkrfm ci [crns ecgvaylgk Ylfblhlty.

Ylfblhlty ecmas lg twc tlmairfmas: stfrt-up vlfblhlty fgn sustflgfbha vlfblhlty. ^àsa fet hlja f stfrtar

mctcr, fgn tà mctcr prcpar icr f mctcrefr. ^à stfrtar mctcr ls pcwaran by f pra-axlstlgk agarky

rasarva: tà agklga ls pcwaran by f iuah cr agarky scurea.

Utfrt-up efpltfh ecmas ircm tà Kcvargmagts hfrka lgirfstruetura iugn. ^c ba rapfln wlt` mcgay

cvar tlma, cr by astfbhls`lgk fg fkraamagt upcg cwgars`lp ci bulhnlgks fgn sarvleas wlt`lg tà

Kfrnag Elty. Trlvfta lgvastcrs efg fhsc lgvast ilgfgelfh efpltfh, tlma efpltfh, cr mftarlfhs efpltfh.

Uustflgfbha vlfblhlty ls saeuran wlt` tà vfrlcus buslgassas fgn seàmas naserlban bahcw, lg w`ft ls

mcst afslhy raiarran tc fs f saan icr f gaw aecgcmy. ^`ls Kfrnag Elty ls f saan icr f gaw aecgcmy

fgn gaw lggcvftlcgs tc krcw. Aecgcmle fetlvltlas fra naserlban lg saetlcg 2.6 bahcw.

Trckrasslcg fgn Krcwt`

^à aecgcmy ci tà Kfrnag Elty efg amuhfta mfercecsmle aecgcmle trfgsltlcgfh krcwt` cg fmlercecsmle sefha. ^`ft mafgs, li wa hccj ft `cw aecgcmlas krcw cvar tlma, ircm subslstagea

ifrmlgk aecgcmlas tc fnvfgean tae`gchcklas icr lgstfgea, wa efg saa tàra fra trfgsltlcgs cr

sueeasslcgs lg ùmfg aecgcmlas: pra-lgnustrlfh, lgnustrlfh, pcst-lgnustrlfh, tae`gchcklefh... ate ^àsa

sueeasslcgs fra tc f eartflg axtagt eftakcrlsan by aecgcmle saetcrstà prlmfry, saecgnfry,

tartlfry, quftargfry fgn icrtècmlgk qulgfry saetcrs. Afe` pravlcus aecgcmle saetcr hfys tà

icugnftlcg icr subsaquagt saetcrs tc amarka fgn navahcp, w`lhst ratflglgk ahamagts ci tà

pravlcus. Ifrmlgk ls stlhh prasagt lg fg fnvfgean tartlfry fgn quftargfry aecgcmy hlja t`ft ci tà

QJ: `cwavar lt ls gc hcgkar subslstagea, but bfsan upcg fnvfgeas lg tae`gchcky fgn ugnarstfgnlgk

rasuhtlgk ircm ecgtlguan aecgcmle navahcpmagt.


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11

^c hccj ft tà pletura ci aecgcmle krcwt` fs f w`cha fgn tc rafpphy lt ft f ifstar spaan cg f smfhhar

sefha ls `cw wa efg amuhfta mfercecsmle aecgcmle sueeasslcgfh krcwt`. Uc wa hccj ft `cw t`lgks

ceeur gfturfhhy, fgn amuhfta tàm, iaan tàm fgn gurtura tàm bfsan upcg axtfgt `lstcrlefh

jgcwhanka fgn axparlagea. [a jgcw t`ls wcrjs baefusa wa efg krcw f rflgicrast lg f mfttar ci

yafrs gcw t`ft wa ugnarstfgn tà wfy tà rflgicrast krcws: tà strueturas fgn ecmpcgagts? Qppar

efgcpy, hcwar efgcpy, ehlmbars, busàs, àrbs, rccts, krcugnecvar, hlvastcej fgn lgsaets efg fhh ba

(ra-)lgtrcnuean. [a jgcw w`ft plcgaar spaelas fra, fgn w`ft iugetlcgs tày paricrm, wa jgcw

w`ft typa ci gutrlagts fgn rascureas fra gaanan ft eartflg tlmas, fgn wa efg fpphy tàm lg

fbugnfgea tc suppcrt fgn spaan up tà prceass ci blchcklefh sueeasslcg.

Li wa efg spaan up gfturfh prceassas, t`rcuk` pcsltlva fkltftlcg cr supphamagtfry stlmuhl, tc

fe`lava ehlmfx stftas cr aechcklas, w`y ls fg aecgcmy fgy nliiaragt3 [a `fva tc feeapt t`ft tàra ls

f p`yslefh ehlmfx tc fgy blchcklefh prceass li scmat`lgk mcra t`fg tà lgput ls tc rasuht, fgn lg crnar

tc fppraelfta tà kastfht ci tà ecmpcsltlcg wa efggct ba tà cghy cgas lg tà tfgkc. [a cghy gaan

tc fiicrn cursahvas f eartflg nakraa ci p`yslefh ecmicrt baicra wa saaj scmat`lgk baycgn p`yslefh-

ecrpcrafh wafht`. ^c scma, t`ft ls ecgslnaran tc ba lgerafsan hcgkavlty - lgnaan lmmcrtfhlty, but tc

fhh ci us, tà ecmmcg prlgelpha ls t`ft wa wls` tc hlva fgn nla `fpplhy wlt`cut rakrat. ^à axtagt tc

w`le` wa erafta t`ls icr ctàrs ls fhsc tà axtagt tc w`le` wa `fva fe`lavan t`ft ecmmcg flm lg

cursahvas.

^à icugnlgk ifrmars/iftàrs ci tà QUF kraw @amp tc astfbhls` tàlr aecgcmy. Lt wcrjan baicra, lt

efg wcrj fkflgt`ft ls tà iugnfmagtfh hlga. [a gcw `fva tà fnnan fnvfgtfka ci suparlcr

tae`gchcky, mfjlgk t`ls prceass vary mue` mcra ifelhltftan. Tcwar tcchs, mfe`lgary, fnvfgean

jgcwhanka fgn ecmmugleftlcgs ate mfja t`ls vary vlfbha fgn fppafhlgk. ^àra fra ùka buslgass

cppcrtugltlas icr ifrmars, trfnars, fre`ltaets, phfggars, bulhnars, agklgaars, kfrnagars, agtartflgars,

frtlsts, bfjars, eàis, tafeàrs, fgn n.l.y.-ars fgn sc cg, gct tc magtlcg tà fsscelftan scelfh

lgstltutlcgs fgn gatwcrjs w`le` efg ba ra-astfbhlsàn fgn suppcrtan by t`ls gaw aecgcmy.

Gcg hlgafr, fgn hlgafr krcwt`

Li wa ichhcw hlgafr krcwt`, lt mafgs wa fra hccjlgk icr tà qulgfry saetcrw`ft ls lt3 Ichhcwlgk f

tae`gchcklefh axtrfpchftlcglst mcnah wa efg ecgehuna t`ft lt mfy ba fg axprasslcg ci avar-

fnvfgelgk tae`gchcky lg tà icrm ci rcbctles, axtrf-tarrastrlfh trfvah mfyba, frtlilelfh lgtahhlkagea

fgn sc cg. Nc wa truhy gaan t`ls wàg wa `fva gct fe`lavan agvlrcgmagtfh fgn scelfh aqulhlbrlum3

^àra fra mfgy fsscelftan rlsjs lgvchvan wlt` tae`gchcklefh axtrfpchftlcg t`ft nc gct ifvcur tà

ùmfg ecgnltlcg. Rcbcts mfy baecma, cr fhrafny fra, mcra lgtahhlkagt, strcgkar, ifstar fgn tlrahass

ecmpfran tc ùmfgs. Mfgy ifetcrs fra lgvchvan wàg ecgslnarlgk eraftlgk f spaelas mcra

fnvfgean t`fg cur cwg t`ft mfy hfej Zùmfg] rafscg cr ampft`y rasuhtlgk lg pctagtlfh ecmpatltlcg

icr tà phfgat fs f w`cha. [a `fva fhh saag tà ilhms, t`fgjiuhhy. Uc w`ft ci f mcra fnvfgean

ùmfg3 Hacgfrnc ci Ylgel naslkgan tà Yltruvlfg Mfg, par`fps fs f tamphfta icr cur lnafh p`yslefh

struetura, fht`cuk` lt ls ecgslnaran à wfs axphflglgk tà prcpcrtlcgs icugn t`rcuk`cut gftura fs f

w`cha, w`ft wa gcw raiar tc fs nlvlga prcpcrtlcg, kchnag rftlc, w`le` lt turgs cut ls fhsc ecggaetan

tc ùmfg irfetfh nlmagslcgfh praiaragea w`le` lg turg naserlbas lnafh prcpcrtlcg, àgea w`y

Tchhcejs saamlgkhyfbstrfet bhcbs fra fppafhlgk tc mfgy pacpha. [a `fva `lstcrlefh ilkuras sue` fs

Oasus ci Gfzfrat` w`c ambcnlan tà E`rlst, Ulnn`frt`f Kfutfmf tà U`fjyfmugl Bunn`f fgn

Mu`fmmfn ci Maeef - fhh raspaet nua tc tàsa pacpha, w`c tfuk`t ùmfglty tà mafglgk ciùmfglty. ^àsa pacpha `fva ahuelnftan ùmfg fnvfgeamagt, but gcga ci tàm fs ifr fs wa jgcw


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scuk`t tc fnvfgea ùmfgs spaelilefhhy lg tà p`yslefh ncmflg fwfy ircm f rahftlcgs`lp wlt` Zcur]

gftura. Li wa tfja lgtc feecugt tà massfka tàsa pacpha s`fran, lt wfs tc ecgtlgua cur ùmfg

fnvfgeamagt lg `frmcgy wlt` afe` ctàr fgn wlt` hlia. [a must ilgn aqulhlbrlum wlt`, fgn wlt`lg

tà kraftar blchcklefh crkfglsm t`ft ls tà Afrt`.

^àraicra, rakfrnlgk tà qulgfry - tà ilit` aecgcmle saetcr: li afe` saetcrfnvfgea fhcgk tà

sueeasslcg ci tà aecgcmy ls ambannan lg tà gaxt, tàg tà qulgfry saetcr ls ùkahy napagnagt

upcg fhh t`ft praeanas lt. Cur agtlra axlstagea ls napagnagt upcg tà gfturfh systams ci tà Afrt`.

Cur agtlra spaelas fgn elvlhlsftlcg fs wa jgcw lt `fs krcwg ircm tà rascureas fvflhfbha ircm t`ls

phfgat. Cur lgnlvlnufh bcnlas fra ian by tà Afrt`. T`yslefhhy spafjlgk, wlt`cut tà Afrt`, tàra fra

gc ùmfgs: wlt` gc ùmfgs, ùmfg jgcwhanka eafsas tc axlst fgn tàraicra fhh cur eraftlcgs wara

lg vflg, lgehunlgk tà aecgcmy. ^à wlsncm fgn tà splrlt ci tà ùmfg axparlagea mfy hlva cg

scma`cw, but mfy gc hcgkar ba ambannan lg f blchcklefh p`yslefh crkfglsm, sue` fs tà Afrt`: sue`

fs cur bcnlas. ^àraicra, tà qulgfry aecgcmle saetcr must tfja lgtc feecugt gfturfh aechcklefh

systams lg crnar tc fnvfgea tà spaelas. ^rfgskagles, kagatle mfglpuhftlcg fgn sc icrt` fra

praeurscrs, cr lgtariarageas wlt`, tà amarklgk pfrfnlkm t`ft ls ùmfg?gftura aqulhlbrlumtà

Vulgfry aecgcmle saetcr ls fg aecgcmy bfsan upcg aechcklefh prlgelphas, sue` fs nygfmle

aqulhlbrlum fgn `cmacstfsls. Lt ls fg aecgcmle systam t`ft ncas gct naphata tà gfturfh rascureas

ci tà afrt` tc tà axtagt t`ft tà Afrt` ltsahi ls nastfblhlsan fgn baecmas uglg`fbltfbha icr ùmfg

hlia. Blchcklefh prceassas fra raeckglsan fs prceassas tc ba amuhftan. ^`ls ls gct f gaw ceeurragea,

wa saa t`ls lg agklgaarlgk schutlcgs iraquagthytà ehfssle axfmpha balgk tà farcphfga wlgk w`le`

ls f klfgt ecpy ci f blrns wlgk, cr tà schfr pfgah w`le` efpturas hlk`t agarky fgn trfgsiars lt lgtc f

nliiaragt icrm ci agarky hlja f hafi cg f traa.

T`ctcsygtàsls fgn p`ctcjlgasls fra twc aechcklefh prceassas wa efg ecgslnar. [crj ls eurragthy

ugnarwfy tc erafta mfttar ircm hlk`t. ^`ls ls jgcwg fs p`ctcsygtàslslt ls `cw f phfgts krcw,

ecgvartlgk hlk`t lgtc phfgt mfttar t`rcuk` f eàmlefh rafetlcg.

T`ctcjlgasls ls trfvahhlgk cr krcwlgk tcwfrns hlk`t scureasphfgts nc t`ls. Efg ùmfgs rafhlkg

tàmsahvas wlt` t`ls prceass3 ^c nc t`ls ls tc saeura tà hcgk-tarm aecgcmle vlfblhlty fgn vltfhlty

t`ft wa eurragthy saaj.

2.6 Aecgcmle Fetlvltlas lg tà Kfrnag Elty

Fkrleuhtura, Icrastry fgn Ils`lgk

Fkrcaechcky, sustflgfbha icrastry fgn fqufeuhtura fra fhh krcwt` frafs. Lgvastmagt lg ra`fblhltftlcg

ci gfturfh `fbltfts, sue` fs rlvars fgn wftarwfys tc lgerafsa gftlva blchcklefh stcej ls f sustflgfbha

lgnustry. Lgtrcnuetlcg ci rasarvclrs fgn wathfgn systams tc ratflg surifea wftar fgn erafta `fbltft

ls lgvastlgk lg cur iutura. Thfgtlgk ci rctftlcg ecpplea wccnhfgns eraftas f truhy sustflgfbha

rascurea. F scitwccn phfgtftlcg icr manlum tarm mfjas sagsa lg maatlgk manlum tarm gaans,

`frnwccn phfgtftlcgs icr hcgk-tarm lgvastmagt. Lt ls f mfttar ci urkagey icr hfrka-sefha ifrmlgk tc

s`lit lgtc f mcra nlvarsa typa ci fkrleuhtura. Iccn ls tc ba prcnuean hcefhhy uslgk smfhhar-sefha, hass

lgtagslva crkfgle mat`cns. F kraft gumbar ci ocbs fra eraftan by ra-amphcylgk pacpha lgtc t`ls

ilahn. Lgnustrlfh ifrmlgk ls stlhh ugnartfjag tc fg axtagt lg _cga >, iceuslgk mcra cg gcg-iccn ercps.


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^àra fra 20,444 feras ci hfgn fhhceftan tc _cga >: t`ft ls suiilelagt hfgn tc prcnuea cvar 6>,444

tcgs ci àmp saan icr clhs, fgn gafrhy 1;,444 tcgs ci àmp strfw icr ilbra fgn ùrn bfsan cg ilkuras

pubhlsàn by tà Kcvargmagts GGIEE (Gftlcgfh Gcg-Iccn Ercps Eagtra) ecgsuhtfgey. ^`ls ls f kccn

stfrt.

Mlglgk fgn Vufrrylgk

^à stfgnfrn prfetlea ci mlglgk fgn qufrrylgk ls raphfean tc f kraftar axtagt by raeyehlgk fgn

raefstlgk ci mftarlfhs. Lt ls icrasaag t`ft f kraft nafh ci mftarlfhs fra eurragthy stcran lg cbschata cr

narahlet mctcr va`lehas, ctàr mfe`lgary fgn bulhnlgks, fgn lgnaan t`csa w`le` mfy baecma

cbschata t`rcuk` raphfeamagt. ^àsa mftarlfhs efg ba prceassan tc prcnuea mftarlfhs icr gaw

ecgstruetlcg fgn mfguifeturlgk. Axfmphas ci raeyehan fgn raehflman mftarlfhs tc ba rausan?

Matfhs

Khfss

Thfstles

Rubbar

âxtlhas

Utcga

Brlejs fgn Rcci ^lhas

^lmbar

Lgsuhftlcg Mftarlfhs

[lgncws, kuttarlgk, nccrs

Bafrlgks Hcejs fgn `lgkas ate

Mfguifeturlgk

Futcmctlva? naslkg, agklgaarlgk fgn prcnuetlcg ci fhtargftlva icrms ci trfvah wlhh baecma f mfocr

prciltfbha lgnustry icr tà Kfrnag Elty, QJ, Aurcpa, navahcpan fgn navahcplgk wcrhn. ^à

cppcrtuglty axlsts tc pfrtfja lg t`ls trfgsltlcg tc ehafg-agarky pubhle trfgspcrt systams. ^à Kfrnag

Elty efg hafn tà wfy lg t`ls ragawfh. Tfrtlelpfgts lg tà prcoaet efg ncgfta tàlr efrs icr lgstfgea, tc

ba usan icr ecmpcgagts fgn efstlgk gaw ecmpcgagts lg tà prcnuetlcg ci gaw trfgspcrtftlcg. Icr

lgstfgea, tàra fra suiilelagt mftarlfhs lg tag efrs tc prcnuea cga gaw rflh efrrlfka fgn 24matras ci

rflhwfy hlga. ^`ls ls fg fpprcxlmftlcg tc mfja tà pclgt.

Hfrka cppcrtugltlas icr amphcymagt fgn gaw buslgassas axlst lg tà mfguifeturlgk ci tcchs fgn

mfe`lgary: t`rcuk` tà naslkg fgn agklgaarlgk ci tcchs fgn mfe`lgary icr gaw raqulramagts,

eraftan by tà gaw aecgcmy. Trcnuetlcg ci tcchs fgn mfe`lgary tc railga prceasslgk mat`cns icr

raeyehlgk fgn gaw mftarlfhs scureas fra assagtlfh tc nrlvlgk tà gaw aecgcmy. Mfguifeturars efg

ba lgnlvlnufhs cr smfhh buslgassas mfjlgk spaelile `fgn tcchs up tc hfrka buslgassas mfjlgk ifrm

mfe`lgary icr lgstfgea.

Ehafg-agarky navleas: f hfrka fmcugt ci mlerc `ynrc ecmpcgagts fra eurragthy prcnuean lg ûrjay

icr axfmpha. Fg cppcrtuglty axlsts tc hcefhlsa prcnuetlcg ci ehafg-agarky navleas, fgn tc iurtàr

navahcp gaw navleas icr tà cpag mfrjat.

T`frmfeautlefhs, Lgiceautlefhs, Gfturfh Ramanlas, Assagtlfh Clhs. ^`ls efg fhsc ba f prciltfbha fraf

icr fkrleuhtura: àrbs fgn bfsa ecmpcugns efg ba krcwg lg spaelfhlsan ifelhltlas amphcylgk

`ynrcpcgle fgn HAN (scnlum) hlk`t aqulpmagt. Trcnuetlcg efg ba yafr-rcugn fgn 2> `curs f nfy.

Gaw traftmagts fgn trfnltlcgfh traftmagts efg ba rasafreàn, tastan, navahcpan fgn prcnuean. F


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hfrka cppcrtuglty icr rasafre` fgn tastlgk axlsts fgn s`fhh ba fhhceftan f sultfbha bunkat lg crnar tc

erafta prcnuets icr tà mfrjat.

^`rcuk` tà eraftlcg ci taxtlhas, iurtàr mfguifeturlgk cppcrtugltlas fra eraftan? fppfrah, ifbrles,

bfks, s`cas fgn scejs ate uslgk mcnarg àmp-narlvan mftarlfhs fgn tc scma axtagt raeyehan

taxtlhas.

Rakfrnlgk pfejfklgk: e`fgkas lg scurea mftarlfhs icr pfejfklgk fra fhrafny àra. [a `fva phfstles

mfna ircm eahhuhcsa, saawww.blcpfj.ecm.fu.@amp ls fhsc f scurea mftarlfh icr f w`cha rfgka ci

pfejfklgk schutlcgs. F hfrka mfrjat fhrafny axlsts fgn efg ba e`fhhagkan by gaw sustflgfbha scureas.

Astfbhlsàn ecmpfglas mfy fhsc ecgtlgua tc mfja usa ci tà raeyehan mftarlfhs mfna fvflhfbha by

tà Kfrnag Elty. Astfbhlsàn pfejfklgk ecmpfglas fra agecurfkan fs mue` fs gaw ecmpfglas tc

mfja usa ci tà rascureas t`ft fra tc baecma fvflhfbha t`rcuk` tà Kfrnag Elty ecmmarelfh

lgirfstruetura, naslkgan tc ifelhltfta nahlvary ci mftarlfhs fgn nlstrlbutlcg ci prcnuets.

F hfrka amp`fsls ls phfean upcg iugnlgk fgn suppcrtlgk lggcvftlcg lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.Iurtàr lggcvftlcgs efg ba ian lgtc tà mfguifeturlgk saetcr.

Ahaetrlelty, Kfs fgn Agarky

Ahaetrlelty prcnuetlcg ls tc ba hcefhlsan fgn suppcrtan by f phat`crf ci smfhhar-sefha ahaetrlelty

kagarftlgk uglts. Utcrfka ci ahaetrlelty s`fhh tfja tà icrm ci ecmmugfh F@L bfttary rasarvas

(Ucnlum lcg bfttarlas) stcran lg wfra`cusas. Thafsa saa Fqulcg Agarky (www.fqulcgagarky.ecm)

icr fg axfmpha. 24 Mw@ wfra`cusas `fva baag naslkgan by t`ls ecmpfgy. 60 jlhcwftt `cur

bfttarlas `fva baag mcugtan cg f stfgnfrn M644 Tfhhats. ^àsa pfhhats fra tàg stfejan lg

wfra`cusas, prcvlnlgk krln-sefha agarky rasarvas. E`frkan by schfr, wlgn fgn `ynrc.

Nlraet agarky scurelgkls f raturg lg mfgy wfys, tc trfnltlcgfh mafgs ci `frgasslgk jlgatle agarky.

Chn mat`cns s`fhh ba ra-amphcyan, wlt` mcnarg fnvfgeas fpphlan tc lgerafsa aiilelagey. [a `fva

gumarcus gaw mftarlfhs fgn agklgaarlgk fnvfgeamagts tc strafmhlga chn mat`cns. F slmpha wftar

mlhh, cgea amphcyan gftlcgwlna rahlan cg saamlgkhy fre`fle tae`gchcky, but tà prlgelphas hfln tà

icugnftlcg icr f ragawfh. Lgstafn ci clhan krlgnlgk bafrlgks wa efg gcw amphcy mcnarg mftarlfhs

fgn agklgaarlgk schutlcgs sue` fs âihcg fgn bfhh bafrlgks, lmprcvlgk aiilelagey slkglilefgthy.

Nlraet agarky mafgs tàra ls gc trfgsiarrfh cr trfgsltlcg ci agarky typaicr lgstfgea ircm jlgatle tc

ahaetrle. ^à icrea ls usan nlraethy sue` fs icr wftar pcwaran wccn mlhhs. ^àsa fpphleftlcgs fra

axtramahy spaelile tc slta fgn gaan, but f ùka nlvarslty ci mat`cns s`fhh ba amphcyan feecrnlgkhy lg

crnar tc sftlsiy scelfh gaans fgn suppcrt mftarlfhs prceasslgk.

Blcmfss ls tc ba f mfocr prcnuet ci tà Kfrnag Eltyfs f sustflgfbha rascurea. Blcmfss ls hltarfhhy

krcwg cg slta lg fgn frcugn tà Kfrnag Elty. ^`ls efg ba iurtàr prceassan lgtc brlquattas ircm

ecmpfetan e`lppan mftarlfh fgn fhsc lgtc e`frecfh ircm brfs` haitcvar ircm ilrawccn fgn ctàr

tlmbar rahftan fetlvltlas.

^à afsa ci nlstrlbutlcg ci ahaetrlefh agarky ls f mfocr fnvfgtfka. By rafssasslgk cur gaans fgn cur

usfka wa efg ra-natarmlga agarky eraftlcg fgn nlstrlbutlcg. Lt ls raeckglsan t`ft vfst fmcugts ci

agarky fra raqulran lg àfvy lgnustrlfh prceassas icr lgstfgea, gct tc magtlcg pcwarlgk ciilea

ecmputars fgn hfbcrftcrlas, `cspltfh aqulpmagt ate tùs lt ls assagtlfh tc jaap sue` vchumas ci

ahaetrlelty fvflhfbha. By shlk`thy s`litlgk cur ncmastle hliastyha, wa efg ranuea napagnagey cg
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94

E`frt >. Ecmpfrlscg ci agarky prcnuetlcg lg tà QJ fgn tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

E`frt > s`cws f ecmpfrlscg ci tà QJ tcnfy, fgn Kfrnag Elty lg lts afrhlar stfkas. Lt ls hljahy t`ft tà

kfrnag Elty wlhh gaan tc rahy cg eartflg lmpcrts ci agarky tc baklg wlt`, li tà aecgcmy ls tc `fva f

rchhlgk stfrt. 69% ls tà `ypctàtlefh ilkura eltan fbcva: t`ls lgehunas ecfh, patrchaum clh fgn kfs.

^àsa lmpcrts s`fhh ba usan by àfvy lgnustry fgn ctàr lgnustrlfh prceassas, fs tàsa agarky

scureas fra axtramahy pctagt fgn efg prcvlna suiilelagt agarkatle tcrqua tc fhhcw eartflg

lgnustrlfh prceassas tc ba ugnartfjagsue` fs smahtlgk fgn jlhglgk fs wahh fs supphylgk fgy

mae`fglsan prcnuetlcg/prceasslgk hlgas. ^`ls napagnagey s`fhh ba krfnufhhy ranuean fs agarky

prcnuetlcg lgerafsas fgn agarky usfka baecmas mcra aecgcmlefh.

[lt` f prcoaetlcg ci frcugn 69% lmpcrtftlcg ci agarky, tà Kfrnag Elty efg stlhh ecgtrlbuta tcwfrns

gftlcgfh krln prcilts. ^à lnaf ls gct tc ahlmlgfta tà axlstlgk aecgcmle mfrjats, but tc erafta f gaw

aecgcmy uslgk tà chn cga fs f iuah. ^à kfrnag elty s`fhh erafta gaw mfrjat cppcrtugltlas,

lgvastmagts efg ba s`litan, rascureas efg ba s`litan, sjlhhs fgn ocbs efg ba rafhhceftan. ^à jay ls tc

fln tà trfgsltlcg, gct tc agecurfka f echhfpsa. ^`ls ls cga ci tà jay ahamagts tc tà Kfrnag Elty

cboaetlvas. Lt ls f gaw phfgt lg tà kfrnag, wàra axlstlgk stcejs gc hcgkar iflr wlt` e`fgklgk ehlmftle

ecgnltlcgs: tà Kfrnag Elty brlgks gaw phfgts fgn gaw stcej tc tà kfrnag sultan tc tà gaw

ehlmfta.

4.4%

1.4%

64.4%

61.4%

24.4%

21.4%

54.4%

51.4%

>4.4%

>1.4%

Tareagtfka

Agarky Ucurea

Ecmpfrlscg ci Agarky Trcnuetlcg

QJ

Kfrnag Elty


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Agarky cutput lg tà QJ rcuk`hy `fs tà ichhcwlgk nlstrlbutlcg (Bfsan cg 244; ilkuras)?

E`frt 1. Agarky cutput lg tà QJ by scurea 244;

^à Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy s`fhh utlhlsa fhtargftlva scureas ci agarky. Agarky prcnuetlcg icr tà

Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy s`fhh hccj mcra hlja tà ichhcwlgk?

E`frt 9. Agarky cutput lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci tcnfy by scurea.

50%

59%

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