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Presented by Laurra Olmsted
UniWater Education LimitedMarch 2012
Traditional Funding MethodsHistorical Journey of AfricaWangari Maathi’s VisionHow Funding needs to changeHow UniWater fits into this scenario
About ¼ of world’s population exists in water-scarce areas
By 2050 ¼ of population will be affected by chronic or recurring shortage of fresh water
• Climate change will lead to starvation, mass human migration and conflict
Big problems of poverty, AIDs and other diseases, education, water, famine
Large NGOs – charities are challenged• Millions of dollars thrown at problems by government, corporations and individuals• Problems still exist
Africans aren’t involved in delivery of aidGiving creates dependency on aid• Crisis assistance vs preventative• No buy-in from community, no maintenance • Wait for next hand-out – disempowers people to help themselves
Many NGOs wish to attach their name to an actual piece of hardware
But many wells fail to provide water within months/year after installation due to improper placement of wells (location/depth), pump problems or a lack of maintenance
Many NGOs use the driller to do the hydrogeological assessment (if its done)
Easy targets are prime targets for NGOsEasy targets tend to be over-exploited,
and often aren’t drilled for dry season fluctuations in water table
• Often ‘problems’ are identified by people wishing to help, but the local people haven’t identified it as needing help
Established in 2000 by United Nations with timeline of 1990 to 2015
8 goals, each with specific targetsAccess to safe drinking water underlies each
of the goals
1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger- halve # earning less than $1/d- full & productive employment for all- Halve proportion of people suffering from hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education for boys and girls
3. Promote gender equality and empower women, particularly in education and employment
4. Reduce child mortality - Under 5 years, reduce by 2/3 - Not on target due to pneumonia, diarrhea,
measles5. Improve maternal health
- Reduce by ¾ mortality ratio- Universal access to reproductive health
6. Combat HIV/AIDs, Malaria, other diseases - Halt spread by 2015, begin reversal of spread
7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability - Integrate principles of sustainable development into
country policies and programs, reverse loss of environmental resources (deforestation, climate change)
- Reduce loss of biodiversity - Halve proportion without access to safe water and
basic sanitation - By 2020 significant improvement in lives of slum
dwellers
1.7 billion (2010) people have gained access to safe drinking water since 1990 but 884 million are left
2.6 billion (2006) people
lack access to adequate sanitation, projected to increase to 2.7 billion by 2015 (69% of SSA)
8. Develop Global Partnership for Development
- open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
- special needs of least developed countries - special needs of landlocked developing
countries - debt problems of developing countries - affordable pharmaceuticals for developing
countries - make available benefits of new technologies,
especially in information/communications
Native Kenyan, educated in USABiologistFounder of Green Belt Movement – raise
awareness of environmental degradation in rural areas and demonstrate how this was leading to unsustainable economic development
Goal: plant 40 million trees in her lifetime from 1977 Deputy Kenya Minister for Environment and Natural
Resources (2002 to 2007)Nobel Peace Prize Laureate in 2004 for her global workAwarded Legion d’Honneur (France)Order of the Rising Sun (Japan)
Pre-Colonization (before late 1800s)advanced civilizations in
Kongo, Songai (University of Sankore at Timbuktu, one of
oldest universities in the world was very active)Ashanti of West AfricaMali EmpireKingdoms of Benin,
Dahomey (Ghana and Benin) Zulus and Boerscity of Great Zanzibar
Berlin Conference (1884-1885)- Britain, Spain, France, Belgium, Italy and Portugal carved Africa up for
strategic purposes, and to develop the raw materials to support industrialization; sought to Christianize population
- Continent known for supply of humans, rubber, gold, diamonds, cacao, timber and fertile land
Social problem-makers in African society became Administrators for the colonizers – many were more brutal than the colonizers. They became the new African elite.
• Confiscated livestock and land – degraded sense of local ownership, honesty, honor and local economiesPrimitive spears/knives no match for guns
Slave trade in 18th/19th centuries – 25 million people removed
In time, dictatorial regime was cultivated, imposed and eventually tolerated
Deliberate move to keep Africans from being educated
• Destroyed heritage and culture …labeled the Dark Continent by Europeans
Native religion was oralMissionaries brought written ‘word of God’Long term Effect: An outside force would
help them, that they were incapable of helping themselves
Native Africans drafted to fight on behalf of colonizers
Returned after the war with knowledge of guerilla warfare
Contact with other colonized nationals where independence was actively being pursued
Independence gained by:Kenya (UK)Nigeria (UK)Mauritania (F)Sierra Leone (UK)Tanzania (UK)Rwanda (B)Burundi (B) - Uganda (UK)Algeria (F) - Zambia (UK)Lesotho (UK) - The Gambia (UK)Malawi (UK) - Botswana (UK)
New leaders were often good orators, but didn’t have the skills or motivation to run a country
Often put personal gain ahead of gain for the betterment of all
Corruption ensued as gov’t officials took kick
kick-backs
Approx 1945 to 1991 between USA and Russia
Many African countries needed to take sides, resulting in distrust and a lack of co-operation between African countries
Friction resulted between neighbours – both on a micro or macro scale
Many coups, civil unrest1965 – Chad, southern Rhodesia, Burundi1966 – CAR, Upper Volta (Burkina Faso),
Ghana and Nigeria1967 – Nigeria – Biafran war, killing 3 million people1956 – 2005 – civil war in Somalia
Independence has taken 40+ years yet problems still exist, such as
1.poverty is still rampant - in 2005, 380 million people (1/2 of total SSA population) live on less than $1.25/day, same proportion as in 1981)
2.¼ of African children under 5 are underweight (UNICEF, 2006)
3. Life expectancy – effect of HIV/AIDs
rose from 40 (1960) to 47 (2006) in SSA, in Botswana it dropped from 65 (1995) to 40 (2005) due to HIV/AIDS
4. Cost of civil war $64 billion
Establish in 1963 to work together (north and SSA) for collective independance , economic/social development – huge task
African’s are capable of taking charge of their own affairs
Current ‘definition’ of Africans: poverty-struck, corrupt, always at war
Civil frameworks need to be strengthen by leaders
Revolutionized to macro-nation focusPeople need to believe that they have the
resources to solve their own problemsInternational community needs to support
this change to ensure that natural resources are developed responsibly, in an equitable manner, and sustainably.
For Development efforts to succeed, three legs neededDemocratic space – respect for women,
children and men;Environment, sustainable use of resourcesPeace – where fairness, compassion,
forgiveness and justice is valued
From 1970 to 2002 the IMF, World Bank and wealthy countries loaned Africa $500 billion. This amount was repaid, but the interest equals $300 billion.
African countries were not made accountable and much was ‘lost’
New loans taken out to pay interest – with conditions imposed by lenders.
Foreign banks charge higher interest rates for African countries
Africa has 5% of world’s income, but 2/3 of the world’s debt. As of 2007, $255 billion remains, paying it off at $14.5 billion/year
Cheap imports sold for less than locally- produced
1960 – 1980 the mix of commodity exports remained the same, but their competitors expanded their markets so Africans are at a disadvantage
Prices for raw materials are set by other countries
Today’s economies are unstable
Cash crops don’t feed local people, prices set externally
Most industries are foreign owned
Raw materials exported because Africans lack knowledge, education and skills to manufacture goods.
No ‘rainy day fund’ for when resources run out
One way trade imposed on bank loans – tshirts can be made in Kenya, but USA insists that American cotton is used, even though Kenya produces cotton
Add value to manufactured itemsMake chocolates from cacaoColtran added to capacitorsElectricity generated from foreign-
manufactured solar panelsManufacture cell phones/TVs in country
International community could make education in science and technology available and cost effective
Need buy-in from local community for longterm solutions
Need Africans to believe that they are to source of their solutions
Need to feel what culture meansNeed good leadershipNeed three legs of the stool - democracy - protection of natural resources- peace
Sach’s “Big Five” for economic sustainability:Agricultural inputsInvest in basic healthImprove educationMore efficient power, transportation and
communicationProvide clean water and proper sanitation
New Non-profit Established to focus on starting MSc programs
in SSA, water resources for domestic purposesFacilitates north-south and south-south
exchange of talent and skillsWorks with government to ensure
graduates have jobs1 year MSc to maximize graduatesWorking on starting 3 to 5 programs
per year, starting with 2013
Program outline being reviewed18 modules proposedNext step to create justifications/outlinesWrite lecture notes (including references,
diagrams, field camps)Class set: binders/CDsApproval process 6 steps
UniWater is looking for partnersTechnical – to help build the
curriculumFunding – corporations who
support development, water, educationEstablished NGOs to partner with to access funds from
CIDA
MatrixContacts with corporations who share visionTechnical help (writing curricula on oil & gas, field
sampling methods, ?)Spread the message
