› fileadmin › 2019 › documentos › ... · 2019-02-21 · 2 Abbreviations COL$ Colombian peso DANE National Department of Statistics DEA US Drugs Enforcement Agency DIRAN Colombian

ColombiaCoca cultivation survey 2009

June 2010

Government of Colombia

2

Abbreviations COL$ Colombian peso DANE National Department of Statistics DEA US Drugs Enforcement Agency DIRAN Colombian Anti-narcotics Police DNE National Narcotics Office DNP National Planning Department GME Mobile Eradication Groups IGAC Instituto Geografico Agustin Codazzi INCB International Narcotics Control Board OAS Organization of American States PCI Presidential Management against Illicit Crops GDP Gross Domestic Product ICMP Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme SIMCI II Integrated Illicit Crops Monitoring System II m.t. Metric tons USAID United States Agency for International Development UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime US$ United States Dollar ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following organizations and individuals contributed to the implementation of the 2009 coca cultivation survey in Colombia and to the preparation of this report: Colombian Government: Ministry of the Interior and Justice Colombian Anti-narcotics Police - DIRAN Ministry of Defence National Narcotics Office -DNE Presidential Agency for Social Action and International Cooperation UNODC: Hyarold Leonardo Correa, Technical Coordinator (Project) Orlando González, Expert in Digital Processing (Project) Sandra Rodríguez, Expert in Digital Processing (Project) Zully Sossa, Expert in Digital Processing (Project) María Isabel Velandia, Expert in Digital Processing (Project) Alfonso Zuluaga, Expert in Digital Processing (Project) Martha Paredes, Expert in Research and Analysis (Project) Juan Carlos Parra, Editing Engineer (Project) Martha Luz Gutierrez, Logistic and Technical research in support (Project) Oscar Espejo, Engineering Assistant (Project) María Ximena Gualdrón, Engineering Assistant (Project) Marye Saenz, Statistics (Project) Ana Donato, Chemistry (Project) Aldo Lale-Demoz, Representative in Colombia Angela Me, Chief, Studies and Surveys Section, Vienna. Coen Bussink, Expert in Remote Sensors and GIS, Studies and Surveys Section, Vienna Martin Raithelhuber, Programme Officer, Studies and Surveys Section, Vienna. Antoine Vella, Statistician, Studies and Surveys Section, Vienna. Thomas Pietschmann, Research Officer, Studies and Surveys Section, Vienna. The implementation of the Illicit Crops Monitoring Programme of UNODC for 2009 was possible thanks to the financial support of the governments of Austria, Colombia, France and United Kingdom. Unless another source is specified, the source of all the graphs of this report is the Colombian Government, within the context of the Monitoring System supported by UNODC. Photo credits: UNODC/SIMCI unless otherwise specified. ISSN – 2011-0596

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PREFACE

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4

TABLE OF CONTENT SUMMARY FACT SHEET 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7

1. INTRODUCTION 8

2. FINDINGS 10

2.1 COCA CULTIVATION 10 Total national cultivation 10 Regional Analysis 21 Analysis of the coca cultivation dynamics 36 Deforestation due to coca cultivation 36 Areas of possible new coca fields 38

2.2 PRODUCTION OF COCA LEAF, PASTE AND COCAINE BASE 40 Potential production of coca leaf, base and cocaine 47

2.3 COCA PRICES 51 Coca leaf, cocaine base and cocaine prices 51 Coca leaf prices 51 Coca paste prices 52 Cocaine base prices 53 Cocaine prices 54 Annual income per hectare under coca cultivation 55

2.4 OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION 58 Latex and heroin production 59 Latex and heroin prices 60

2.5 RELATED RESEARCH AND STUDIES 61 Regional approach for the integral monitoring of coca cultivation 61 Characterization of the transformation process of coca leaf into cocaine chlorhydrate 62

2.6 ILLICIT CROPS AND ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES 64 Alternative development programmes 64 Coca cultivation and Forest Warden Families Programme 67 Coca cultivation in coffee growing area 69 Coca cultivation and illegal armed groups 71

2.7 SUPPLY REDUCTION 73 Forced manual eradication 73 Aerial spraying 76 Integral Consolidation Plan 80 Seizures 83

3. METHODOLOGY 88

3.1 COCA CULTIVATION 88 Accuracy assessment 98

APPENDIX 1: CORRECTION IN HECTARES OF CLOUDINESS, GAPS, AERIAL SPRAYING AND IMAGE DATES IN 2009 100

APPENDIX 2: LIST OF SATELLITE IMAGES USED IN THE COCA SURVEY, 2009 102

APPENDIX 3: ADJUSTMENTS ON THE HISTORICAL SERIES OF COCAINE PRODUCTION IN COLOMBIA. 103

APPENDIX 4: COCA CULTIVATION IN INDIGENOUS TERRITORIES. 2009. 106

Coca Cultivation Survey 2009

5

INDEX OF MAPS Map 1. Coca cultivation density in Colombia, 2009 9 Map 2. Changes in the coca cultivation density in Colombia, 2008-2009 13 Map 3. Coca cultivation density in Colombia, 2008 15 Map 4. Coca cultivation density in Colombia, 2009 15 Map 5. Coca cultivation density in the Andean Region, 2009 16 Map 6. National parks and coca cultivation in Colombia, 2009 18 Map 7. Coca cultivation in Colombia by regions, 2004-2009 20 Map 8. Coca cultivation density in the Pacific region, 2009 22 Map 9. Coca cultivation density in the Central region, 2009 24 Map 10. Coca cultivation density in Putumayo-Caquetá, 2009 26 Map 11. Coca cultivation density in Meta-Guaviare region, 2009 28 Map 12. Coca cultivation density in Orinoco region, 2009 30 Map 13. Coca cultivation density in the Amazon region, 2009 32 Map 14. Coca cultivation density in the Sierra Nevada region, 2009 34 Map 15. Changes in coca cultivation, 2001-2009 37 Map 16. Yield of coca cultivation by region in Colombia, 2008 39 Map 17. Annual production of coca leaf by region in Colombia, 2009 46 Map 18. Investment on alternative development and illicit crops in Colombia, 2009 63 Map 19. Agricultural land and forest warden families Programme in Colombia, 2009 66 Map 20. Coca cultivation in coffee plantation areas in Colombia, 2009 68 Map 21. Illegal armed groups and coca cultivation in Colombia, 2009 70 Map 22. Forced manual eradication and coca cultivation in Colombia, 2009 72 Map 23. Aerial spraying and coca cultivation in Colombia, 2009 75 Map 24. Coca cultivation density changes in PCIM area in Colombia, 2009 79 Map 25. Clandestine laboratories destroyed and coca cultivation in Colombia, 2009 82 Map 26. Drug seizure by department and coca cultivation in Colombia, 2009 85 Map 27. Satellite images used for the coca cultivation survey, Colombia 2009 89 Map 28. Study area distributed by regions and coca cultivation in Colombia 95

6

SUMMARY FACT SHEET – COLOMBIA COCA CULTIVATION SURVEY, 2009

2008

Variation

2009

Area cultivated with coca (rounded total) 81,000 hectares -16% 68,000 hectares

Pacific Region 29,920 hectares -16% 25,170 hectares

Central Region 18,730 hectares -14% 16,130 hectares

Meta-Guaviare Region 12,150 hectares +4% 12,620 hectares

Putumayo-Caqueta Region 13,960 hectares -35% 9,070 hectares

Elsewhere 6,240 hectares -20% 5,010 hectares Cumulative aerial spraying area 133,496 hectares -22% 104,771 hectares Reported manual eradication 96,115 hectares -37% 60,544 hectares

Average farm-gate price of coca paste US$ 963/kg COL$ 1,878 /kg -1% 9%

US$ 956/kg COL$ 2,048/kg

Total farm-gate price of coca leaf and its derivatives. US$ 623 million

-21% US$ 496 million

In GDP percentage1 In agricultural sector GDP percentage

0.3% 3%

0.2% 3%

Number of households involved in coca cultivation 59,328 households -4%

56,910 households

Annual household gross income from the production of coca leaf and its derivatives US$ 10,508

-17%

US$ 8,710

Potential production of cocaine 450 m.t -9% 410

Average Price of cocaine US$ 2,348 /kg COL$ 4,580,000/kg

-9% 0,2%

US$2,147/kg COL$4,587,000/kg

Area cultivated with opium poppy 394 hectares

-10%

356 hectares

Potential production of opium latex 10.3 m.t +7% 11 m.t

Potential production of heroin 1.3 m.t 0% 1 m.t

Average farm-gate price of opium latex US$ 318/kg +13% US$ 358/kg

Average price of heroin US$ 9,950/kg 0,4% US$ 9,993/kg

Seized cocaine 198,366 kg +3% 203,416 kg

Seized heroin 646 kg 13% 732 kg

Illegal laboratories destroyed2 3,209 -10% 2,888

1 GDP of the year according to Colombian government. 2 Includes laboratories where the following are processed: coca base and paste, cocaine chlorhydrate, heroine, morphine, potassium permanganate, ammonia and others.


7

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Illicit Crops Monitoring Global Programme of UNODC has been assisting the Colombian Government in the implementation and improvement of a Coca Cultivation Monitoring System since 1999. Annual surveys have been carried out since 2001, covering the entire Colombian territory; this report presents the coca survey results for 2009. The methodology used by the Project is based on the interpretation of medium resolution satellite images and field verification. With this verification, the office interpretation is edited and the extension of coca cultivation is calculated; for the areas in which the images do not provide information (covered by clouds or other factors), corrections are estimated based on vicinity criteria. The results of the survey show that in December 2009, Colombia had 68.000 hectares planted with coca, distributed in 22 out of the 32 departments of the country. This represents a reduction of 13.000 hectares (-16%) as compared to 2008, and this is the lowest level of coca cultivation in this century until now. The most important reduction between 2008 and 2009 took place in the regions of most concentration: Putumayo-Caqueta (-35%) and Pacific (-16%). The majority of the cultivated area (79%) is still distributed in eight departments: Nariño, Guaviare, Cauca, Putumayo, Bolivar, Antioquia, Meta and Caqueta. The estimation of the precision of the interpretation results is part of quality control. As from September 2004, the Natural Resources and Applied Sciences Institute of the BOKU University in Vienna (Austria) has carried out technical evaluations on the methodology used for the measurement of the areas cultivated with coca plants. It is worth noting that the average size of the coca fields stayed the same as in 2008 (0.66 hectares). Between 2008 and 2009, the Colombian Government reported the manual eradication of 60.544 coca hectares and the aerial spraying of 104,771 hectares. The total eradicated area (manual and aerial spraying) is 165,315 hectares in 2009, 28% less than the previous year. UNODC/SIMCI have been carrying out studies on the production and yield of the coca leaf since 2005. So far, the results show a reduction in the capacity of the coca fields to produce coca leafs. However, the estimation made in 2009 in the Pacific region shows that both the number of crops and the yield per crop grew in 50%. This had an incidence on the fact that for 2009 the reduction in the production (-9%) is less than the reduction in the area (-16%). In this year, the total cocaine production was 410 tons, which represents a reduction of (9%.) as regards to 20083. The illegal coca leaf and its derivatives market has a gross farm-gate value of US$ 496 million, equivalent to 0.2% of the 2009 GDP or to 3% of the agricultural GDP. It is important to consider that these values do not include the costs of herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers and salaries. The study of the coca leaf yield in 2009 also enabled to estimate the total number of households involved in coca cultivation, which was around 56.900 (without floating population). These values represent a gross annual household income of US$ 8.700, equivalent to a gross per capita income of US $2.120. As a comparison, the per capita GDP in Colombia was estimated to be approximately US $4.900 in 2009.

3 The production data have been updated considering new available information.

8

1. INTRODUCTION

Among the objectives of the Illicit Crops Monitoring Programme (ICMP) there is to establish methodologies for data collection and analysis. The object of such methodologies is to increase the ability of the governments to monitor illicit crops in their territories and assist the international community in the monitoring of the extension and evolution of illicit crops. This is in line with the strategy of elimination adopted by the Member states in the United Nations General Assembly Session on Drugs, in June 1998. Currently, the ICMP is covering seven countries: Colombia, Bolivia and Peru for coca, Afghanistan, Laos and Myanmar for opium poppy and Morocco for marihuana; UNODC has recently begun monitoring coca cultivation in Ecuador.. During the 80’s and 90’s, Colombia became the country with the largest area of coca cultivation and the highest production of cocaine in the world; coca cultivations constantly grew in the country, especially in remote areas of the Amazon basin, although these cultivations started to decrease in 2001. UNODC supports the monitoring of coca cultivations since 1999, and has produced eleven annual surveys based on the analysis of satellite images. The two first surveys (1999 and 2000) did not cover the entire country but since 2001, the survey covers the entire national territory to assure the monitoring of the possible expansion of illicit crops. In October 2006 UNODC signed an agreement with the Colombian Government to continue and increase the monitoring and analysis tasks, and to assure the sustainability of the project. On these grounds, SIMCI II was required to carry out additional tasks within the framework of a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the drug problem in Colombia. Moreover, they must assist in the monitoring of special areas, such as fragile eco-systems, National Natural Parks, Indigenous Territories, expansion of agricultural boundaries, deforestation processes; this is in addition to providing direct support to the Productive Projects and Forest Warden Families Programmes executed by the Colombian Government. The project operates with an interinstitutional group permanently appointed to work in the project, in charge of assuring the transfer and adoption of the technologies in the benefited national institutions. SIMCI II is a joint project within UNODC and the Colombian Government, represented by the Ministry of the Interior and Justice and the Colombian Agency for International Cooperation. The national counterpart is the Ministry of the Interior and Justice, President of the National Board of Narcotics. The Project is managed by a technical coordinator and comprised by the following engineers and technicians: four experts in digital processing, one field engineer, one cartographic edition engineer, one specialist in analysis and research, two engineering assistants and one technician in logistics and databases. In 2009, one expert in digital processing, one statistician and a chemist joined the team to do two annual estimations between the two cut dates of each survey, and to carry out specific studies in the chemical characterization of the coca leaf transformation process. In addition, the team is permanently assisted by technicians from the Anti-narcotics Police (DIRAN) and the National Natural Parks Administration. It has cooperated in several studies of the Colombian Government and private entities related to land use, environment, illicit crops, etc. Moreover, the SIMCI project gives other entities access to their Spatial Data Bank -BIE-, provides technical training and technology transfer to achieve their objectives. Some of these entities are: the National Statistics Administration Department (DANE), local governments, the National Coffee Growers Federation, several NGO’s, as well as other agencies and projects from the United Nations System in Colombia and other countries. The Project has established agreements for mutual cooperation with several national and foreign universities to exchange and share knowledge, training and joint projects. Among these, there are the BOKU University in Vienna, Austria; Zaragoza University in Spain; Harvard, Michigan and Maryland Universities in the United States; los Andes, Antonio Nariño and other local universities.

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Norte deSantander

Nariño

Meta

Magdalena

LaGuajira

HuilaGuaviare

Guainia

Cundinamarca

Cordoba

Choco

Cesar

Cauca

Casanare

Caqueta

Caldas

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Bolivar

Atlantico

AraucaAntioquia

Amazonas

VENEZUELA

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Neiva

Tumaco

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Cartagena

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Medellin

Barranquilla

Bogota

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70°W

70°W

75°W

75°W

10°N

10°N

5°N

5°N

0° 0°

5°S

5°S

South America

Source: Government of Colombia - National monitoring system supported by UNODCThe boundaries and names shown and the designations used in this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations

Coca cultivation density in Colombia, 2009

Colombia

Geographic coordinates WGS 84

1500 300km

Cultivation density

International boundariesDepartment boundaries

0.1 - 1.01.1 - 4.0> 4.0

(ha/km²)

10

2. FINDINGS

2.1 Coca Cultivation

Total national cultivation

In the period 2008 - 2009, the total area of coca cultivation decreased to 68,000 hectares; this maintains the reduction trend that started in the period 2007 - 2008. This reduction was 16% of the 81,000 hectares of the previous year and is the smallest area of coca cultivation recorded ever since UNODC has been measuring this phenomenon. Similarly to the previous ten surveys, this one represents the situation of coca cultivation as of 31 December 2009. It covered the entire country and detected coca cultivation in 22 out of the 32 departments of the country; this is two departments less than in 2008. In 2009, the area cultivated with coca was 1.6 % of the total agricultural land in Colombia. Figure 1: Coca cultivation in Colombia, 1999 – 2009

* In the period 1999-2000, only coca growing areas previously detected were evaluated. Since 2001 all the territory has been monitored, including areas without coca where preventive monitoring are made. Acording with UNODC data, in not evaluated areas during 1999 and 2000 there were 1.9% of 2001 coca cultivation and 3.3% of coca cultivation in 2009.

During 2009, 60,544 hectares of coca cultivation were manually eradicated and 104,771 hectares were object of aerial spraying. This level of manual eradication is 35,571 hectares lower than the record of 96,115 hectares reached in 2008. The aerial spraying of coca cultivation also dropped from 133,496 hectares in 2008 to 104.771 hectares in 2009. During this same year, 58,491 beneficiaries joined the Forest Warden Family Programme in 1,650 rural settlements, 19 departments and 77 municipalities, with an investment of $92,594 million; likewise, $504,718 million were invested in alternative development projects, from which 55% were local resources (savings from the farmers, private sector, local and regional public sector). The Consolidation Plan in La Macarena has an investment of $231,242 million pesos for 2009.

0

20.000

40.000

60.000

80.000

100.000

120.000

140.000

160.000

180.000

1999* 2000* 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Hec

tare

s


11

Analysis of changes in coca cultivation

Coca cultivation is very dynamic in Colombia. Within a one-year period, there are different variations that have incidence on the reduction or increase of the area under cultivation. Factors such as favourable prices, pressure on farmers by illegal armed groups, legal economy and temporary crises contribute to the increase of the cultivated area. On the other hand, factors such as forced manual eradication, aerial spraying, interdiction, public order, illnesses of the plants, are key for the reduction. These conditions have an impact in different moments of the year and although the survey does not show the particular effect of each one of them, it does show the situation on a specific date (31 December of every year). In 2009, the area under the influence of coca cultivation increased in 48.524 hectares, from which 145 hectares were cultivated with coca. These areas were included in the survey as from 2009, due to which they were excluded from the changes analysis. The multitemporal analysis of coca cultivation corresponds to a time period between January and December 2009. Hence, the definitions of “abandoned” or “new” fields refer exclusively to this period. The comparison of the location of coca fields identified in 2009 with those identified in 2008 revealed that 29% of the cultivated area by the end of 2009 was in the same place than it was at the beginning of the year, which means it is “stable”. 13% of the area under coca cultivation replaced primary forests, so it may be considered “new” for this period. The remaining 58 % replaced other types of vegetation, such as grass or bare soil; from these, 28% have been under coca cultivation in previous years, and no coca cultivation had been found in 30% of them since 2001. Table 1.New and stable coca fields in 2009

Stable area 2008-2009

New areas in 2009

Total Primary forest in 2008

Other type of vegetation 2009 No coca

cultivation found before

2009

Under coca cultivation before 2008

Area (hectares) 19,920 8,730 20,313 18,917 67,879

4

Percentage 29% 13% 30% 28% 100% The multitemporal analysis in the past eight years shows that 57% of the coca fields identified in 2009 have been previously under coca cultivation for one or more years throughout this period. The analysis of the survey information also shows that the average size of the coca field did not change as compared to 2008; it remained stable in 0.66 hectares after a continuous decrease since 2001, when the average size was 2.05 hectares. The decrease in the size of the coca fields may be viewed as a strategy of the coca growers to prevent manual eradication and aerial spraying. The ten municipalities shown in the following table are classified as having the largest areas under coca cultivation in 2009. Together, they represent 37% of the area cultivated with coca and 37% of the cocaine production at the national level. The municipalities of Magui and El Charco (Nariño), and Puerto Asis (Putumayo) were replaced by Timbiqui and Olaya Herrera (Nariño), and Miraflores (Guaviare) in the list of the 10 municipalities with the largest extensions of coca cultivation in 2009. The municipality of Tumaco (Nariño) has the greatest area under coca cultivation in the country (6.9% of the country total) and Cumaribo (Vichada) has the greatest production of cocaine (7.5% of the country total). 4 145 hectares located on recently added coca growing regions, were excluded.

12

Table 2.The ten municipalities with the greatest area under coca cultivation and the highest production of cocaine, 2009

Municipality Department Area under coca

cultivation (hectares)

% of the area under coca cultivation in Colombia

Production of pure cocaine (in m.t)

Tumaco Nariño 4,681 6.9% 27 Cumaribo Vichada 3,093 4.5% 31 Barbacoas Nariño 2,928 4.3% 15 San Jose del Guaviare Guaviare 2,906 4.3% 15 El Retorno Guaviare 2,371 3.5% 14 Miraflores Guaviare 2,325 3.4% 11 Mapiripan Meta 2,123 3.1% 13 Timbiqui Cauca 1,699 2.5% 7 Roberto Payan Nariño 1,539 2.3% 10 Olaya Herrera Nariño 1,452 2.1% 7

Total 25,117 36.9% 150

Coca growing field.

PacificOcean

Caribbean Sea

PANAMA

VENEZUELA

PERU

ECUADOR

BRAZIL

Vichada

Vaupes

ValleTolima

Sucre

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Norte deSantander

Nariño

Meta

Magdalena

LaGuajira

Huila

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Cundinamarca

Cordoba

Choco

Cesar

Cauca

Casanare

Caqueta

Caldas

Boyaca

Bolivar

Atlantico

AraucaAntioquia

Amazonas

Neiva

Tumaco

San Jose

Mocoa

Popayan

PuertoAsis

Cucuta

Cartagena

Pasto

Cali

Florencia

Medellin

Barranquilla

Bogota

Mitu

Leticia

Arauca

PuertoCarreño

70°W

70°W

75°W

75°W

10°N

10°N

5°N

5°N

0° 0°

5°S

5°S

South America


Coca cultivation density change in Colombia, 2008 - 2009

Colombia


1500 300kmInternational boundaries

Department boundaries

Strong decreaseDecreaseStableIncreaseStrong increase

14

The most important reductions in coca cultivation between 2008 and 2009 took place in the departments of Putumayo (-4,342 hectares) in the south of the country, Nariño (-3,184 hectares) in the southwest, and Antioquia (-1,502 hectares) in the Central region. The reduction in the area under coca cultivation in Putumayo is 33% of the total reduction in the area under coca cultivation in 2009. Coca cultivation in Putumayo has had three different periods; in the first one, between 1999 and 2004, there was a trend to decrease, dropping from a peak of 66,022 hectares in 2000 to 4,386 hectares in 2004, which was the smallest area of coca cultivation so far. As from this year, the trend was to increase, and the cultivation went up until it reached 14,800 hectares in 2007; finally, there is another reduction period that remains in 2009 dropping to 5,316 hectares. Likewise, it is worth highlighting the constant reduction of the area cultivated with coca in the Meta department, dropping from 18,740 hectares in 2004 to 4,295 hectares in 2009, which represents a reduction of 77 % between 2004 and 2009. Three departments reported an increase in the area under coca cultivation, namely Guaviare (+1,694 hectares), Cordoba (+1,072 hectares) and Cauca (+722 hectares). It is worth noting the permanent increase of coca cultivation in the department of Cauca, where the cultivated area has grown 385% since 2004, reaching 6,144 hectares in 2009. Nariño and Guaviare are the departments with the greatest extension of coca fields, with 36% of the country total. Putumayo went from the second to the fourth place in area under coca cultivation. 45% of the country total is only in three departments: Nariño, Guaviare and Cauca. Table 3.Coca cultivation by department in Colombia, 2004 – 2009 (hectares)

Department Dec.- 2004 Dec.- 2005

Dec.- 2006

Dec.- 2007

Dec.- 2008

Dec.- 2009

Change % 2008-2009

% of the 2009 total

Nariño 14,154 13,875 15,606 20,259 19,612 16,428 -16% 24% Guaviare 9,769 8,658 9,477 9,299 6,629 8,323 +26% 12% Cauca 1,266 2,705 2,104 4,168 5,422 6,144 +13% 9% Putumayo 4,386 8,963 12,254 14,813 9,658 5,316 -45% 8% Bolívar 3,402 3,670 2,382 5,632 5,847 4,777 -18% 7% Antioquia 5,168 6,414 6,157 9,926 6,096 4,554 -25% 7% Meta 18,740 17,305 11,063 10,386 5,525 4,295 -22% 6% Caquetá 6,500 4,988 4,967 6,318 4,303 3,760 -13% 6% Vichada 4,692 7,826 5,523 7,218 3,174 3,139 -1% 5% Córdoba 1,536 3,136 1,216 1,858 1,710 2,782 +63% 4% N, de Santander 3,055 844 488 1,946 2,886 2,713 -6% 4% Chocó 323 1,025 816 1,080 2,794 1,666 -40% 2% Santander 1,124 981 866 1,325 1,791 953 -47% 1% Valle del Cauca 45 28 281 453 2,089 929 -56% 1% Guainía 721 752 753 623 625 538 -14% 1% Arauca 1,552 1,883 1,306 2,116 447 418 -6% 1% Vaupés 1,084 671 460 307 557 351 -37% 1% Amazonas 783 897 692 541 836 277 -67% 0.4% Boyacá 359 342 441 79 197 182 -8% 0.3% Caldas 358 189 461 56 187 166 -11% 0.2% La Guajira 556 329 166 87 160 163 +2% 0.2% Magdalena 706 213 271 278 391 151 -61% 0.2% Cundinamarca 71 56 120 131 12 0 -100% n.a Cesar 0 0 0 0 5 0 -100% n.a

TOTAL 80,350 85,750 77,870 98,899 80,953 68,025 -16% 100%

Rounded total 80,000 86,000 78,000 99,000 81,000 68,000 -16%

Number of affected departments 23 23 23 23 24 22

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70°W

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20°S

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Nariño

AltoHuallaga

Putumayo -Caqueta

ApurímacEne

La Convencionand Lares

BRAZIL

BOLIVIA

Catatumbo

VENEZUELA

CHILE

South America

Peru

Putumayo

Amazonas

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Coca cultivation density in the Andean Region, 2009

Caribbean Sea

Pacific

Ocean

Sources: National monitoring systems supported by UNODC - Governments of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and PeruThe boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations

Cultivation density(ha/km )2

0.1 - 1.01.1 - 4.0> 4.0InternationalboundariesDepartmentboundaries


Lake

Titicaca


17

The area under coca cultivation in Colombia is 43% of the world total, while the cultivated areas in Peru and Bolivia are 38% and 19% respectively. Figure 2: Coca cultivation in the Andean Region 2001 – 2009

Table 4.Coca cultivation in the Andean Region 2001 - 2009 (in hectares)

Sources US State Department National Monitoring System –SIMCI- assisted by UNODC

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Hecta

res

Bolivia Peru Colombia

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 % Cambio 2008-2009 Bolivia 19,900 21,600 23,600 27,700 25,400 27,500 28,900 30,500 30,900 +1,3% Perú 46,200 46,700 44,200 50,300 48,200 51,400 53,700 56,100 59,900 +6,8% Colombia 145,000 102,000 86,000 80,000 86,000 78,000 99,000 81,000 68,000 -16%

Total 211,100 170,300 153,800 158,000 159,600 156,900 181,600 167,600 158,800 -5.3%

^PacificOcean

Caribbean Sea

RíoMag dalena

Río

M

eta

Río Vichad

a

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le

na

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Putuma yo

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MA

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Quindio

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Norte deSantander

Nariño

Meta

Magdalena

LaGuajira

Huila

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Guainia

Cundinamarca

Cordoba

Choco

Cesar

Cauca

Casanare

Caqueta

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Boyaca

Bolivar

Atlantico

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Antioquia

Amazonas

VENEZUELA

PERU

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BRAZIL

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Cucuta

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Pasto

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Florencia

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Mitu

Leticia

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PuertoCarreño

70°W

70°W

75°W

75°W10°N

10°N

5°N 5°N

0°

0°

5°S

5°S

South America

Sources: Government of Colombia; for coca cultivation National monitoring system supported by UNODC; for national parks UAESPNNThe boundaries and names shown and the designations used in this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations

National Parks and coca cultivation in Colombia, 2008

Colombia

International boundaries


National Parks

Coca cultivation 2008

La Macarena

Sierra Nevadade Santa Marta

Catatumbo

Paramillo

Nukak

Puinawai

La Paya

PicachosMunchique

Tinigua

Alto Fragua

Nukak National Park affected by cocacultivation in 2008


1500 300km

Yariguíes

Chiribiquete

El Tuparro

Utria


19

Coca cultivation in national natural parks

The presence of illicit crops both in National Natural Parks and in Indigenous Territories has been monitored by SIMCI since the 2001 survey. The data has been delivered to the relevant authorities as a support to the identification of actions and projects for the preservation of the social and environmental characteristics, causing the least harm possible. The boundaries of the National Natural Parks and Indigenous Territories have been determined by the official entities in charge of preserving and maintaining them. In 2005, the limits of the National Natural Parks were revised by the project, in cooperation with the technicians of the National Parks Administrative Unit. The editing improved the coherence between SIMCI cartographic material and the official boundaries of the Parks. The boundaries of the National Parks are not always accurate; hence, the coca cultivation estimated in each one of them depends on the accuracy of their delimitation5. In 2009, coca cultivation was found in 18 de out of 55 National Natural Parks in Colombia; this was 4 more than the reported in 2008. The Yaigoje Apaporis, Los Katios, Plantas Medicinales Orito Ingi Ande and Churumbelos parks were included for the first time in the list of parks affected by coca cultivation. The El Tuparro, Los Picachos, Selva de Florencia and Utria parks, where coca cultivation had been found in previous years, were free in 2009. The area under coca cultivation in National Parks (4,048 hectares) represents el 0.03% of the total area of National Natural Parks and 6% of the country coca cultivation total for this year. Opposite to the national tendency, the coca cultivation in National Parks increased in 17%. This growth is strongly concentrated in the Paramillo (+748 hectares), Macarena (+95 hectares) and Nukak (+69 hectares) parks. The findings on Indigenous Territories are presented in the Appendix 3. Table 5.Coca cultivation in National Natural Parks 2005 – 2009

National Parks 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Change % 2008-2009 Paramillo 686 236 420 464 1,212 +161% Nukak 930 779 1,370 1,033 1,102 +7% Sierra de la Macarena 3,354 1,689 1,258 581 676 +16% Catatumbo - Barí 55 22 38 477 339 -29% La Paya 728 527 358 377 293 -22% Munchique 13 6 55 96 147 +53% Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 95 119 94 170 95 -44% Puinawai 60 41 26 67 67 0% Los Farallones de Calí - - - 44 44 0% Sanquianga - - 41 33 17 -48% Yaigoje Apaporis na na na na 15 - Yariguies 2 4 12 - 15 - Los Katios - - - - 8 - Tinigua 155 122 63 37 8 -78% Plantas Medicinales Orito Ingi Ande na na na na 4 - El Cocuy - 2 1 3 3 0% Alto Fragua 25 1 5 4 2 -50% Churumbelos - - - - 1 - El Tuparro - - 14 18 - 0% Los Picachos 7 6 3 - - - Selva de Florencia - 2 - - - - Utria - - 12 44 - 0% TOTAL 6,110 3,556 3,770 3,448 4,048 +17% Rounded total 6,100 3,600 3,800 3,400 4,000

5 The analysis was made following the delimitation of National Natural Parks supported by SIMCI in 2005. New data will be avaliable soon.

^PacificOcean

Caribbean Sea

PANAMA

Central

Meta -Guaviare

Putumayo -Caqueta Amazonas

Orinoco

Pacific

Sierra Nevada

VENEZUELA

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BRAZIL

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Putumayo

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Magdalena

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Choco

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Pasto

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Bogota

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70°W

70°W

75°W

75°W

10°N

10°N

5°N

5°N

0° 0°

5°S

5°S

South America


Coca cultivation by region in Colombia, 2005 - 2009

Colombia


Coca cultivation (ha)

25,1

67

12,6

18

16,1

279,

076

3,55

7

314

1,16

6


1500 300km

Valle

Meta

Bolivar

2009

2005

2006

2007

2008

San José


21

Regional Analysis

According to the 2009 survey, 80% of the coca fields are in the Pacific, Central and Meta – Guaviare regions. Most reduction has occurred in the Putumayo-Caqueta region (-4,885 hectares) and in the Pacific region (-4,750 hectares) in the south and south west respectively. The only place where there was an increase was the Meta - Guaviare region (+464 hectares) Table 6.Coca cultivation in Colombia by region 2004 - 2009 (in hectares)

Region 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Change % 2008 – 2009 % from

the 2009 total

Pacific 15,789 17,633 18,807 25,960 29,917 25,167 -16% 37% Central 15,081 15,632 12,131 20,953 18,731 16,127 -14% 24% Meta-Guaviare 28,507 25,963 20,540 19,685 12,154 12,618 4% 19% Putumayo-Caqueta 10,888 13,951 17,221 21,131 13,961 9,076 -35% 13% Orinoco 6,250 9,709 6,829 9,334 3,621 3,557 -2% 5% Amazon 2,588 2,320 1,905 1,471 2,018 1,166 -42% 2% Sierra Nevada 1,262 542 437 365 551 314 -43% 0.50%

Rounded total 80,000 86,000 78,000 99,000 81,000 68,000 -16% 100%

Figure 3: Coca cultivation per region 2004– 2009

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

Pacfic Central Putumayo-Caqueta

Meta-Guaviare

Orinoco Amazonas SierraNevada

Hec

tare

s

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

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RíoC

auca

Río M

agda

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u

PANAMA

ECUADOR

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R

ío Patía

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Nariño

MetaHuila

Cordoba

Choco

Cauca

Caqueta

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Bolivar

Antioquia

Buenaventura

Istmina

Monteria

Neiva

Manizales

Ibague

Tumaco

Quibdo

Puerto Asis

Popayan

Pasto

Cali

Florencia

Medellin

Bogota

76°W

76°W

78°W

78°W

80°W

80°W

8°N

8°N

6°N

6°N

4°N

4°N

2°N

2°N

0°

COLOMBIA

VENEZUELA

PERU

ECUADOR BRAZIL


Coca cultivation density in the Pacific region, 2009

0 200km

100


Cultivation density(ha/km²)

Department boundariesInternational boundaries

Pacific RegionRoads

> 8

0.1 - 1.01.1 - 2.02.1 - 4.04.1 - 8.0


23

Pacific region

This region is located in the south west of the country, from the border with Ecuador, following the pacific coast up to the border with Panama. Its relief goes from the highest lands in Colombia up to the Pacific Ocean coast. The constant presence of clouds in that area makes it difficult to measure the land coverage, including coca cultivation. Table 7.Coca cultivation in the Pacific region, 2004-2009 (in hectares)

Department 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Change% 2008-2009 Nariño 14,154 13,875 15,606 20,259 19,612 16,428 -16% Cauca 1,266 2,705 2,104 4,168 5,422 6,144 13% Choco 323 1,025 816 1,080 2,794 1,666 -40% Valle del Cauca 45 28 281 453 2,089 929 -56% Total 15,788 17,633 18,807 25,960 29,917 25,167 -16% Annual trend -19% +12% +7% +38% +15% -16% The coca cultivation in Nariño gained importance in 2002, when they dropped 40,000 hectares in the neighbour departments of Putumayo and Caqueta and reached 7,600 hectares in Nariño. As from 2003, Nariño has remained in the group of the three departments with the greatest area under coca cultivation; it occupied the first place in 2009 although it had a reduction of -16%. In 2009, the aerial spraying in this department reached 40,000 hectares, 35% less than in 2008. In addition, 16,822 hectares of manual eradication were reported, which is more than twice the area reported in 2008. In 2009, coca fields were found in 25 out of the 64 municipalities of the department. With a total of 16,428 hectares under coca cultivation, Nariño is the department with the greatest extension of coca fields, accounting for 24% of the country total. It is worth noting that in 2009, 35% of all the fields smaller than ¼ of hectare in the country were found in Nariño; this shows a recent smallholding tendency in the agricultural practices in this area of the country. Nariño is the third department most benefited from productive projects. The department of Cauca shares many characteristics with Nariño, such as an extensive coast, high mountain ranges and rural economy. The coca cultivation in Cauca had been relatively low until 2006, when the area under this cultivation grew three times, reaching a total of 6,144 hectares in 2009; this growth turned Cauca into one of the three departments with greatest extensions of coca fields in the country. It is important to note that the conditions of image cloudiness improved in the 2009 survey as compared to the 2008 survey; for this reason, some coca fields were detected for the first time in 2009, although they were not new. In Cauca, 2,796 hectares were manually eradicated and 11,136 hectares underwent aerial spraying during 2009. In 2009 Cauca is in the first place regarding the investment in productive projects. The department of Valle del Cauca had always recorded an area smaller than 300 hectares under illicit cultivation, but it had a dramatic growth in 2008, when it reached 2,089 hectares; in 2009, the area cultivated with coca dropped more than 50%, to 929 hectares. The department of Choco had a reduction of 40%, dropping from 2,794 hectares in 2008 to 1,666 hectares cultivated with coca in 2009. The presence of clouds over this department affects the detection of the fields; for this reason, part of the reduction may be associated to lack of information. There was no aerial spraying over Choco in 2009, but still 1,835 hectares were manually eradicated. Coca growing field in Cauca department.

Caribbean Sea

Río M

eta

Río

Cauc

a

Río

Atra

to

Río Magdalena

San Juan

Catatumbo

Río C

atat

umbo

Sur de BolívarNorte de Antioquia

Valle

Tolima

Sucre

Santander

Norte de Santander

Meta

Magdalena

La Guajira

Huila

Cundinamarca

Cordoba

Choco

Cesar

Cauca

Casanare

Caldas

Boyaca

Bolivar

Atlantico

Arauca

Antioquia

Cartagena

Villavicencio

Buenaventura

Istmina

Sincelejo

Bucaramanga

Monteria

Manizales

Ibague

Quibdo

Yopal

Cucuta

Valledupar

SantaMarta

Cali

Medellin

Barranquilla

Bogota

72°W

72°W

74°W

74°W

76°W

76°W

10°N

10°N

8°N

8°N

6°N

6°N

4°N

4°N

COLOMBIA

VENEZUELA

PERU

ECUADORBRAZIL

Source: Government of Colombia - National monitoring system supported by UNODC The boundaries and names shown and the designations used in this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations

Coca cultivation density in the Central region, 2009

0 200km

100

VENEZUELA



Central RegionRoads


Caldas

Magdalena

Boyaca

> 8

0.1 - 1.01.1 - 2.02.1 - 4.04.1 - 8.0


25

Central region

Table 8.Coca cultivation in the Central region, 2004-2009 (in hectares)

Department 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Change % 2008-2009 Bolivar 3,402 3,670 2,382 5,632 5,847 4,777 -18% Antioquia 5,168 6,414 6,157 9,926 6,096 4,554 -25% Cordoba 1,536 3,136 1,216 1,858 1,710 2,782 +63% Norte de Santander 3,055 844 488 1,946 2,886 2,713 -6% Santander 1,124 981 866 1,325 1,791 953 -47% Boyaca 359 342 441 79 197 182 -8% Caldas 358 189 461 56 187 166 -11% Cundinamarca 71 56 120 131 12 0 -100% Cesar 0 0 0 0 5 0 -100% Total 15,073 15,632 12,131 20,953 18,731 16,127 -14% Annual trend -2% +4% -22% +73% -11% -14%

Since 2002, the coca cultivation in the Central region of Colombia has been stable with around 16,000 hectares. In 2007, this area significantly increased to 20,953 hectares and dropped to 18,731 hectares in 2008; in 2009 the trend to decrease remained (-14%) with a total of 16,127 hectares. The Central region is comprised by 9 departments; 58% of the illicit cultivation is in two of them: Bolivar and Antioquia. In these two departments, there was a reduction of the area under coca cultivation (-18% and -25% respectively). No coca cultivation was found in the two departments of Cesar and Cundinamarca in 2009. In the department of Bolivar, coca fields are concentrated in the area known as Sur de Bolivar; they have been relatively stable between 3% and 8% of the country total from 1999 to 2006. In 2007, the coca cultivation increased 3,250 hectares (136%) with respect to 2006; then, after a slight growth in 2008 it dropped in 1,070 hectares in 2009. The aerial spraying reached 8,714 hectares in 2009; and, the manual eradication dropped to 1,887 hectares. In Antioquia, the area under coca cultivation was around the average of 3,000 hectares between 1999 and 2002. However, it started to increase in 2007, going from 3,030 hectares to 9,926 hectares; from that year on, the trend changed and in 2009 there were 4,554 hectares under coca cultivation which is the smallest area reported in the last 5 years. The manual eradication was reduced to 40% compared to 2008, while aerial spraying remained the same. Antioquia receives 7% of the investment in productive projects in the country. Cordoba is one of the three departments where the area under coca cultivation grew during 2009, going from 1,710 hectares to 2,782 hectares. Manual eradication and aerial spraying were considerably reduced; they dropped from 10,861 hectares to 2,785 hectares intervened. After reaching the lowest level in 2006, coca fields in the department of Norte de Santander grew three times their size in 2007 and two times 2008. This tendency to growth stopped in 2009, when a slight reduction was recorded. Manual eradication was reduced in 1,245 hectares and aerial spraying in 981 hectares. In Santander, coca cultivation reached its peak in 2008, with 1,791 hectares. In 2009, they went back to their historical average with 953 hectares. Both aerial spraying and manual eradication increased, going from 2,034 to 3,352 intervened hectares. The area under coca cultivation in Caldas and Boyaca remained the same as in 2008.

RíoMet

a

RíoMagdalena

Río Guaviare

RíoPutum

ay o

Río Caquetá

RíoAmazonas

RíoInírida

R ío

Caguán

Río Va upés

Vaupes

Valle

Tolima

Putumayo

Nariño

Meta

Huila

Guaviare

CundinamarcaChoco

Cauca

Casanare

CaldasBoyaca

Amazonas

Solano

SantiagoCurillo

Colón

Valparaiso

MilánAlbaniaSanFrancisco

Cartagenadel Chaira

Mocoa MoreliaSan Joséde laFragua

Florencia

La Montañita

El PaujilEl Doncello

PuertoRico

San Vicentedel Caguán

SanMiguel

Valle delGuamuéz

PuertoAsís

PuertoLeguizamo

PuertoCaicedoOrito

Solita

PuertoGuzmán

VillaGarzón

VillavicencioBuenaventura

Istmina

Neiva

Manizales

Ibague

Yopal

MirafloresMocoa

PuertoAsis

Popayan

Pasto

Cali

Florencia

Bogota

San Jose

72°W

72°W

74°W

74°W

76°W

76°W

4°N

4°N

2°N

2°N

0°

0°

2°S

2°S

COLOMBIA

VENEZUELA

PERU

ECUADORBRAZIL


Coca cultivation density in the Putumayo-Caqueta region, 2009

0 200km

100

PERU

ECUADOR


Caqueta



International boundaries

Putumayo Caquetá Region

Roads

Municipality boundaries

> 8

0.1 - 1.0

1.1 - 2.0

2.1 - 4.0

4.1 - 8.0


27

Putumayo-Caqueta region

Table 9.Coca cultivation in the Putumayo-Caqueta region, 2004-2009 (in hectares)

Department 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Change % 2008-2009 Putumayo 4,386 8,963 12,254 14,813 9,658 5,316 -45% Caqueta 6,500 4,988 4,967 6,318 4,303 3,760 -13% Total 10,886 13,951 17,221 21,131 13,961 9,076 -35% Annual trend -26% +28% +23% +23% -34% -35%

Coca cultivation in the department of Putumayo reached a peak of 66,000 hectares (40% of the country total) in 2000. After four consecutive years of important decrease, it dropped to 4,386 hectares (5% of the country total) in 2004. However, this tendency changed between 2005 and 2007 with consecutive increases of 105% in 2005, 37% in 2006 and 21% in 2007; a considerable trend to decrease started on this last year, which has remained until 2009, when the area under coca cultivation was 5,316 hectares (8% of the country total). Serious interventions with aerial spraying (11,898 hectares) and manual eradication (29,284 hectares) were done during 2008 and these were considerably diminished in 2009 (3,777 sprayed hectares and 4,654 hectares manually eradicated). The coca fields in the department of Caqueta reached their lowest historical extension in 2009 with 3,760 hectares (6% of the country total), after a slight but constant reduction that begun in 2001, when the area under coca cultivation was 14,516 hectares (10% of the country total).

Coca fields in the Putumayo-Caqueta region

RíoM

etaRío V

ichada

Río Guaviare

Río Putumayo

Río Caquetá

Río Inírida

RíoCag

uán

Guaviare

Rí o Vau p e s

Vichada

Tolima

Santander

Putumayo

MetaHuila

Guainia

Cundinamarca

Casanare

Caqueta

Caldas

Boyaca

AraucaAntioquia

Amazonas

Miraflores

Calamar

El Retorno

La Macarena

SanJosé delGuaviare

PuertoConcordiaPuerto

Rico

VistaHermosa

Mapiripán

PuertoLleras

Mesetas

ElCastillo

La Uribe

SanMartín

San CarlosGuaroa

GuamalAcacias Villavicencio

Cumaral

PuertoLópez

CabuyaroPuerto Gaitán

Villavicencio

Yopal

Miraflores

Bogota

San Jose

Mitu

70°W

70°W

72°W

72°W

74°W

74°W

6°N

6°N

4°N

4°N

2°N

2°N

0° 0°

COLOMBIA VENEZUELA

PERU

ECUADOR BRAZIL

Source: Goverment of Colombia - National monitoring system supported by UNODCThe boundaries and names shown and the designations used in this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations

Coca cultivation density in the Meta-Guaviare region, 2009

0 200km

100

Geographic coordinates WGS 84PERU



Meta Guaviare RegionRoadsMunicipality boundaries

Vaupes

> 8

0.1 - 1.01.1 - 2.02.1 - 4.04.1 - 8.0


29

Meta-Guaviare region

Table 10.Coca cultivation in Meta-Guaviare, 2004 – 2009 (in hectares)

Department 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Change % 2008 - 2009

Guaviare 9,769 8,658 9,477 9,299 6,629 8,323 +26% Meta 18,740 17,305 11,063 10,386 5,525 4,295 -22% Total 28,509 25,970 20,540 19,685 12,154 12,618 +4% Annual trend -2% -9% -21% -4% -38% 4%

The Meta-Guaviare region has traditionally been the one with the greatest coca cultivation in the country; nonetheless, since 2005 there has been a constant tendency to reduction, going from 28,509 hectares in 2004 to 12,154 hectares in 2008; in 2009, the reduction of 1,230 hectares in Meta was compensated by an increase of 1,694 hectares in Guaviare. Between 2004 and 2005, the department of Meta had the highest level of coca cultivation in Colombia. In 2008 it went down to the sixth place and in 2009 to the seventh, with a reduction of 22%. This department has 6% of the total extension cultivated with coca in the country. Aerial spraying dropped from 9,057 hectares in 2008 to 6,755 hectares in 2009 (-25%), while the manual eradication increased 1,149 hectares. The execution of the Government Consolidation Plan -PCIM was maintained in this department, aimed at strengthening the presence of the state, recovering the security of the population and promoting the investment of the private and international sectors in legal agricultural production. Guaviare is the department with the greatest increase in coca cultivation in all the country. This department is where the first coca cultivation appeared in the late 70’s and since then it has been very important. Although the area under coca cultivation in 2008 (6,629 hectares) was the smallest ever, there was an increase of 26% in 2009 (8,323 hectares) and Guaviare was in the second place of the departments with the greatest areas under coca cultivation. During 2009, aerial spraying was the same than in 2008; on the other hand, while there was no manual eradication in 2008, 4,971 hectares were manually eradicated in Guaviare in 2009. Two of the National Natural Parks most affected by coca cultivation are located in the Meta – Guaviare region, and there were increases in both of them: the Nukak National Park in the department of Guaviare with 1,102 under coca cultivation (+7%) and the Sierra de la Macarena National Park with 676 hectares (+16%).

Coca growing fields in the Meta – Guaviare region

RíoM

eta

Río Vichad

a

Río Guaviare

Río Meta

RíoInír

ida

Río Tomo

RíoO

ri noc

o

Vichada

Vaupes

Meta

Guaviare

Guainia

Casanare

Arauca

SantaRosalía

Cumaribo

La Primavera

PuertoCarreno

PuertoRondón

Tame

CravoNorte

FortulArauquita

Saravena

Arauca

PuertoInirida

Cucuta

Arauca

PuertoCarreño

68°W

68°W

70°W

70°W

72°W

72°W

8°N 8°

N

6°N 6°

N

4°N 4°N

2°N

2°N

COLOMBIA

VENEZUELA

PERU

ECUADORBRAZIL


Coca cultivation density in the Orinoco region, 2009

0 200km

100

VENEZUELA




Orinoco RegionRoadsMunicipality boundaries

BRAZIL

> 8

0.1 - 1.01.1 - 2.02.1 - 4.04.1 - 8.0


31

Orinoco region

Table 11.Coca cultivation in Orinoco region, 2004- 2009 (in hectares)

Department 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Change% 2008-2009 Vichada 4,692 7,826 5,523 7,218 3,174 3,139 -1% Arauca 1,552 1,883 1,306 2,116 447 418 -6% Total 6,244 9,709 6,829 9,334 3,621 3,557 -2% Annual trend +43% +56% -30% +37% -61% -2%

The region shows a clear tendency to stability, going from 3,621 hectares in 2008 to 3,557 hectares in 2009; this area is 5.2% of the total area under coca cultivation in the country. In the Vichada department, limiting with Venezuela, the coca cultivation reached its peak of 9,200 hectares in 2001 and dropped to 5,523 hectares in 2006; then it increased in 2007 up to 7,218 hectares and decreased again in 2008 to the same extension of 2003, with 3,174 hectares; in 2009, the area remained stable. Manual eradication went from 7,242 hectares in 2008 to 4,758 hectares in 2009. Aerial spraying went from 5,900 hectares in 2008 to 1,699 hectares in 2009. In the department of Arauca, around 1,000 hectares under coca cultivation were detected for the first time in 2000; it grew to its highest point in history in 2001 (2,749 hectares) and to its lowest in 2008 (447 hectares). The area cultivated with coca in 2009 (418 hectares) was a new minimum point for the department. In 2003, the greatest aerial spraying effort was made, with 12,000 hectares, while there was no aerial spraying during 2009; on the other hand, manual eradication was of 66 hectares.

Coca fields in Orinoco region

Río M

eta

Río Vichad

a

Río Guaviare

Río Putumayo

Río Caquetá

Río Meta

RíoCa

guán

RíoInír

ida

Río Vaupés

Río Igara Parana

Río Apaporis

Rí o Amazonas

Río

Ori n

oco

Vichada

Vaupes

Santander

Meta

Guaviare

Guainia

Cundinamarca Casanare

Caqueta

Boyaca

Arauca

Amazonas

PuertoNariño Leticia

Tarapaca

El Encanto

Puerto Arica

PuertoAlegría La Pedrera

LaChorrera

Yavarate

LaGuadalupeCarurú

Mitú

Papunahua

Pana Pana

SanFelipe

MorichalNuevo Puerto

Colombia

BarrancoMina Cacahual

Inirida

PuertoSantander TarairaMirití Paraná

LaVictoria

Pacoa

Villavicencio

Puerto Inirida

Yopal

Miraflores

Bogota

San Jose

Mitu

Leticia

PuertoCarreño

68°W

68°W

70°W

70°W

72°W

72°W

74°W

74°W

6°N 6°N

4°N 4°N

2°N

2°N

0° 0°

2°S

2°S

4°S

4°S

COLOMBIA

VENEZUELA

PERU

ECUADOR

BRAZIL


Coca cultivation density in the Amazonas region, 2009

0 200km

100

VENEZUELA

PERU

BRAZIL



Amazonia RegionRoadsMunicipality boundaries


> 8

0.1 - 1.01.1 - 2.02.1 - 4.04.1 - 8.0


33

Amazon region

Table 12.Coca cultivation in the Amazon region, 2004-2009 (in hectares)

Department 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Change % 2008-2009 Guainia 721 752 753 623 625 538 -14% Vaupes 1,084 671 460 307 557 351 -37% Amazonas 783 897 692 541 836 277 -67% Total 2,588 2,320 1,905 1,471 2,018 1,166 -42% Annual trend +3% -10% -18% -23% +37% -42%

As those in the Putumayo-Caqueta region, the departments of Vaupes, Amazonas and Guainia belong to the Amazon basin. Although they share several geographic characteristics with Putumayo and Caqueta, these three departments grouped in the Amazon region have never been important centres for coca cultivation. In 2009, 1,166 hectares under coca cultivation were reported in the region, which is around half of those reported in 2008; this reduction is strongly concentrated in the department of Amazonas, where the extension cultivated with coca went from 836 hectares in 2008 to 277 hectares in 2009. Manual eradication went from 310 hectares in 2008 to 550 hectaresin 2009 in the department of Amazonas, and 85 hectares were manually eradicated in Guainia.

Coca field in the department of Amazonas

n Sea

R í oM

agdalena

Río C

atatum

bo

Sierra Nevadade Santa Marta

Sucre

Santander

Norte de Santander

Magdalena

La Guajira

Cesar

Bolivar

Antioquia Cucuta

Valledupar

Riohacha

SantaMarta

72°W

72°W

73°W

73°W

74°W

74°W75°W

13°N

13°N

12°N

12°N

11°N

11°N

10°N

10°N

9°N

9°N

8°N

8°N

COLOMBIA

VENEZUELA

PERU

ECUADORBRAZIL


Coca cultivation density in the Sierra Nevada region, 2009

0 100km

Caribbean Sea

VENEZUELA

Gulf ofMaracaibo

50



Sierra Nevada RegionRoadsGeographic coordinates WGS 84

> 8

0.1 - 1.01.1 - 2.02.1 - 4.04.1 - 8.0


35

Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region

Table 13.Coca cultivation in the Sierra Nevada region, 2004-2009 (in hectares)

Department 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Change % 2008-2009 Guajira 556 329 166 87 160 163 2% Magdalena 706 213 271 278 391 151 -61% Total 1,262 542 437 365 551 314 -43% Annual trend +66% -57% -19% -16% +51% -43%

The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region, with the departments of Magdalena and Guajira, has never been important as regards to the extension of coca cultivation in Colombia. This extension has been between 500 and 1,300 hectares during the last eight years; there was a reduction trend that ended in the minimum of 365 hectares in 2007, and then it increased to 551 hectares in 2008; in 2009, this extension reached a new minimum of 314 hectares. Coca fields have remained within the low lands between the high mountains of the Sierra Nevada and the Caribbean coast. No aerial spraying was reported but 921 hectares were manually eradicated in 2009. During the last years, the region has been a beneficiary from important contributions for alternative development; for 2009, 1.2 % of the total investment in ongoing productive projects went to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. The region is an important tourist centre, and it comprises the National Natural Parks of Tayrona and Sierra Nevada which are two main ecological reserves in Latin America, known for their bio-diversity and the presence of different indigenous cultures. Coca cultivation in these parks was reduced in -44% in 2009.

Coca field in the Sierra Nevada region

36

0

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

2001 - 2002 2002 - 2003 2003 - 2004 2004 - 2005 2005 - 2006 2006 - 2007 2007 - 2008 2008 - 2009

Hecta

res

Primary forest Secundary forest Total deforestation

Analysis of the coca cultivation dynamics

The spatial analysis of coca cultivation shows that, the areas affected by the presence of coca cultivation have been practically the same since the beginning of this century. Although there are variations in the position of the fields, these occur within a relatively small ratio. In fact, 76 % of the fields detected in 2009 are less than one kilometre away from those detected in 2001. Despite the reduction of the area cultivated with coca, the areas of most density of coca cultivation are still the same since 2001. The comparison of the position of the coca fields in 2008 and 2009 showed that 63% of the fields (with 70% of the area under cultivation) either were in different locations or were not identified in 2008; nonetheless, 21,256 of these fields (23%) had already been detected before 2008. The average area of these fields is greater than the national average. 39% of the coca fields identified in 2009, with 56% of the area under cultivation, had not been identified in any of the previous surveys. Table 14.New and stable coca fields in 2009 by region

Region Identified in 2008 and 2009 Not detected in 2008 Total 2009

Number of fields

Total % of fields

Area (hectares)

Total area %

Number of fields

Total % of fields

Area (hectares)

Total area %

Total fields

Total Area (hectares)

Amazon 380 28 228 22 954 72 830 78 1,334 1,057 Central 5,020 22 2,690 17 17,569 78 13,437 83 22,589 16,127 Guaviare - Meta 6,968 47 3,199 25 7,996 53 9,419 75 14,964 12,618 Orinoco 788 31 588 17 1,735 69 2,969 83 2,523 3,557 Pacific 13,994 45 10,835 43 16,810 55 14,332 57 30,804 25,167 Putumayo - Caqueta 6,278 37 2,352 26 10,811 63 6,724 74 17,089 9,076 Sierra Nevada 55 10 28 10 477 90 249 90 532 277 TOTAL 33,483 220 19,920 159 56,352 480 47,960 541 89,835 67,879

Deforestation due to coca cultivation

Regardless of the reduction of the area under coca cultivation, 13% of the coca fields existing in 2009 originated from the felling of forests that existed in 2008. In the period 2001-2009, 529,562 hectares have been under coca cultivation at some point; out of these, 200,730 hectares used to be covered with forests. In the period 2000-2001, 55,000 hectares of forests were felled to plant coca, whereas in the period 2008-2009 the deforestation was of 16,500 hectares, from which more than 50% were primary forests of high complexity, biodiversity and richness. This reduction represents the return to the continued trend to the reduction of forest felling to plant coca, interrupted in the 2006-2007 period. In 2008, coca fields were at an average of 22 km from urban areas while in 2009 this distance increased to 27 km; nevertheless, 80% of the coca fields are at less than 1.3 Km from fields that had been already detected in 2001. This means that although the fields go further from urban areas, they remain in areas that had been already intervenes. Figure 4: Deforestation rate due to coca cultivation, 2001-2009

^PacificOcean

Caribbean Sea

RíoM

ag dalena

Río M

eta

Río Vichada

RíoC

auc

aRí

o Mag

da

le

na

RíoGua

viare

Río P utuma yo

Río Caquetá

R ío Meta

Río

Atrat

o

PANAMA

Rí o Amazonas

RíoInír

ida

RíoO

rinoco

VENEZUELA

PERU

ECUADOR

BRAZIL

Vichada

Vaupes

Valle

Tolima

Sucre

Santander

RisaraldaQuindio

Putumayo

Norte deSantander

Nariño

Meta

Magdalena

LaGuajira

HuilaGuaviare

Guainia

Cundinamarca

Cordoba

Choco

Cesar

Cauca

Casanare

Caqueta

Caldas

Boyaca

Bolivar

Atlantico

AraucaAntioquia

Amazonas

Tumaco

Neiva

San Jose

Mocoa

Popayan

PuertoAsis

Cucuta

Cartagena

Pasto

Cali

Florencia

Medellin

Barranquilla

Bogota

Mitu

Leticia

Arauca

PuertoCarreño

70°W

70°W

75°W

75°W

10°N

10°N

5°N

5°N

0° 0°

5°S

5°S

South America


Changes in coca cultivation in Colombia, 2001 - 2009

Colombia


1500 300kmInternational boundaries


Coca free areas in 2007-2009

Occasionally affected by coca

Constantly affected by coca

38

Areas of possible new coca fields

The monitoring of coca cultivation done by SIMCI covered and interpreted 100% of the national territory, including areas that had not been identified as zones of coca cultivation before. In this way, an early alert system was implemented to detect and prevent the expansion of coca cultivation in new areas. In 2009, small fields that may potentially be coca fields were detected in remote areas, different from the agricultural areas established in the departments located in the basins of the Orinoco and Amazonas rivers. The field verification has not been carried out in these areas due to the high costs in time and money of verifying the coca cultivation in small and isolated fields. As a consequence, the estimate of coca cultivation in these areas is just an indicator and was not included in the final result. In the 2009 survey, 21 LANDSAT images were examined to identify areas of possible illicit cultivation. A total of 319 hectares was estimated in these non-traditional areas. Table 15. Possible coca cultivation in new areas in 2009

Department Area (ha) Amazonas 155 Vaupes 109 Guainia 53 Vichada 2 Total 319

New coca field in the department of Vaupes

PacificOcean

Caribbean Sea

Rí oM

ag dalena

Río M

eta

Río Vichada

Río C

auc

aRí

o Mag

da

le

na

RíoGua

viare

Río P utuma yo

Río Caquetá

R ío Arauca

Río

Atrat

o

PANAMA

Rí o Amazonas

RíoInír

ida

RíoO

rinoco

VENEZUELA

PERU

ECUADOR

BRAZIL

70°W

70°W

75°W

75°W

10°N

10°N

5°N

5°N

0° 0°

5°S

5°S

South America


Coca yield by region in Colombia, 2009

Colombia


1500 300km

4200

7100

5100

4100

3800

5700

Sur de Bolivar

Catatumbo

Orinoco

Pacifico

Sierra Nevada

EÔ EÔ EÔ3.8 harvest/year


EÔ EÔ EÔ

Annual yield per hectare


kg/ha/year

Regions for coca leaf yield surveyRegion

EÔharvest/year


EÔ

Putumayo - Caqueta


EÔ EÔ EÔMeta - Guaviare


EÔ EÔ

EÔ EÔ EÔ EÔ4.8 harvest/year

EÔ EÔ

EÔ

2900


EÔ

EÔ4100

4.3 harvest/year

Amazonas

EÔ EÔ EÔ EÔEÔ

EÔ

40

2.2 PRODUCTION OF COCA LEAF, PASTE AND COCAINE BASE

The yield studies enable the characterization of productive systems in terms of the agricultural practices of growers, varieties and sowing densities; in addition, they help in finding the scope and impact of these systems in terms of capacity to produce coca leaf and efficiency in the processes of extraction in the primary production phase. The main obstacles to get this data are the extreme complexity of coca cultivation in Colombia, the difficulty to get to the areas and the variability and mobility of the coca fields (as a strategy to avoid the action of the authorities), manifested in fields under shade, fields within undergrowth and stubble6, among others. In 2005, a productivity study was carried out covering the entire national territory. Since then, one or two regions are updated every year, given the high cost and the security conditions of the areas affected by coca cultivation. The Government of Colombia and UNODC have agreed on keeping the productivity studies up-to-date by establishing an expiry period of three years (the study of the entire country takes three years). In 2009, the study “Evaluation of the persistence of coca cultivation in the Pacific region and compilation of local proposals for its reduction”7 was carried out together with the National Narcotics Office –DNE. One of the objectives of this study was to evaluate the productivity of coca leaf and the primary production (coca paste and cocaine base). The Pacific region comprises the departments of Cauca, Nariño, Valle del Cauca and Choco. The studies to determine the yield of coca leaf in Colombia are done by a multistage sampling of area frames8. The frame of the sampling is build based on the coca surveys; the methodology to measure productivity has two components: running crop tests and applying direct surveys to the coca growers. For the Pacific region, 276 direct interviews were carried out with growers, and 92 crop tests were done. The results of the study in the Pacific region show an increase in the production and yield of the coca leaf in relation to the data collected in 2005. According to the crop tests, the yield of coca leaf in this region went from 2,600 kg/ha/year in 2005 to 3,800 kg/ha/year in 2009. It is worth to note that this region of the country is one of the most affected by the issue of coca cultivation and drug production, which became even more important in the last years given the expansion of coca cultivation there (from 14,245 hectares cultivated in 2000, it went to 25,167 hectares in 2009). 37% of the cocaine laboratories (cristalizaderos) that were detected and destroyed in 2009 were in the Pacific region, mainly in Nariño. Table 16.Changes in the coca leaf yield in the Pacific region 2005 vs. 2009

Region

Area (Hectares)

Number of

crops Number of crops Annual yield of coca

leaf (m.t./ha/year)

Annual yield of coca leaf

(m.t. /ha/year) 2005 2009 2005 2009 2005 2009

Pacific 17,434 25,167 2.5 3.8 2.6 3.8

Coca cultivation, as any other type of permanent cultivation is not free from diverse factors that may affect the yield: climate, plagues and illnesses. Although it is difficult to accurately estimate this impact, factors such as aerial spraying and manual eradication could have as well affected the yield in the Pacific region, which is one of the lowest in relation to other regions of the country. In 2009, 51,128 hectares were

6 Stubble is bushes that do not grow more than two meters. 7 The results of this study will be presented in the second semester of 2010. 8 Multistage sampling: these are sample designs associated with various stages of selection. This sampling permits the selection of target units, minimizing costs and improving field operations. The sampling framework serves to identify and locate elements of a universe. It is used as a tool for random selection sample. In Particular the areas framework make reference to units or elements associated to a geographic component.


41

sprayed and 22,557 hectares were manually eradicated in the Pacific region; this is respectively 49% and 37% of the national total. These activities were strongly concentrated in Nariño. Coca growers informed about the use of different agricultural supplies to fertilize, control plagues and weed and increase productivity. Like in the other regions of the country, in the Pacific there was a reduction in the amount of agricultural supplies in relation to 2005.

Coca field mixed with stubble

Figure 5: Comparative of the use of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides in liquid and solid forms in the Pacific region 2005 – 2009

As for the age of the cultivation, 28% of the cultivations were between 2 and 4 years old, which is the period of greatest yield. As from the fourth year, a downwards curve starts and it stabilizes as time passes. The percentage of cultivations older than 5 years went from 35% in 2005 to 52% in 2009. Table 17.Age of coca cultivations in the Pacific region, 2005-2009

Age 2005 2009

% fields Yield 05 m.t./ha/year % fields Yield 09

m.t./ha/year

Less than one year 1.2 0.2 - -

Between 1 and 2 years 7.7 1.2 1.6 0.1




Older than 5 years 34.8 1.9 52.1 2.7

-500

1,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,5005,0005,5006,000

kilo

Documents

› fileadmin › 2019 › documentos › ... · 2019-02-21 · 2 Abbreviations COL$ Colombian peso DANE National Department of Statistics DEA US Drugs Enforcement Agency DIRAN Colombian