A Field and Laboratory Manual

Avian Influenza and Newcastle DiseaseA Field and Laboratory Manual






2 Ecology and Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease III

Ilaria Capua · Dennis J. AlexanderEditors

Avian Influenza andNewcastle Disease

A Field and Laboratory Manual

Foreword by Joseph Domenech and Bernard Vallat

EditorsIlaria Capua Dennis J. AlexanderHead, Virology Department Former Director EU Director, OIE/FAO and OIE/FAO Reference LaboratoryNational Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza Newcastle DiseaseIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Veterinary Laboratory AgenciesLegnaro, Padua, Italy Weybridge, [email protected] [email protected]

The Editors and the Publishers wish to thank Papi Editore for the permission to re-use part of the figures publishedin the volume A colour Atlas and Text on Avian Influenza (I. Capua, F. Mutinelli). © 2001, Papi Editore

Cover illustration: courtesy of Amelio Meini

ISBN 978-88-470-0825-0 Springer Milan Berlin Heidelberg New Yorke-ISBN 978-88-470-0826-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008937917

Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Mediaspringer.com© Springer-Verlag Italia 2009

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically therights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, andstorage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the Italian Copy-right Law in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecu-tion under the Italian Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence ofa specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for generaluse.Product liability: The publisher cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in thisbook. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature.

Cover design: Simona Colombo, Milan, ItalyTypesetting: C & G di Cerri e Galassi, Cremona, ItalyPrinter: Printer Trento Srl, Trento

Printed in ItalySpringer-Verlag Italia, Via Decembrio 28, I-20137 Milan, Italy

IV D.J. Alexander

This atlas is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Giovanni Vincenzi, formerHead of the Veterinary Services of the Veneto Region, Italy,

as a heartfelt acknowledgement of his invaluable contribution to the field of veterinary public health.

2 Ecology and Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease VII

The farming of poultry is one of the primary means of supplying human beings withhigh quality protein. As a consequence, over the last century or so, there has been ashift in industrialised and in several developing countries from predominantly ruralfarming to intensive large-scale poultry farming.

Viral diseases are very common in poultry but, due to the non-pathognomonic char-acteristics of their signs and lesions, they are frequently misdiagnosed. Infections ofpoultry with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus or Newcastle disease (ND)virus are generally accompanied by high mortality and severe economic losses for thepoultry industry, not only from the loss of animals as a direct result of disease but al-so from trade restrictions and embargoes that may be imposed. In addition, some strainsof HPAI have implications for human health. ND and HPAI are therefore consideredthe two most important diseases of poultry.

The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and the WorldOrganisation for Animal Health (OIE) have always recognised the critical nature ofthese diseases and have thus responded to epidemics in a proactive manner, issuingguidelines and recommendations, organising missions to countries where disease oc-curs to assess and evaluate situations and providing expertise and support to membercountries.

In recognition of the challenge faced by the veterinary community to improve the an-imal health status worldwide, this manual has been produced as an instrument to sup-port laboratories as well as official and private veterinary services in the diagnosis andmanagement of outbreaks of avian influenza and ND. An improved diagnostic effort car-ried out at a global level will inevitably translate into improved control strategies, re-sulting in increased food security and in maintaining the profitability of the poultry in-dustry within a healthy environment for both humans and animals.

Joseph Domenech Bernard VallatChief Veterinary Officer Director GeneralFood and Agriculture Organization World Organisation forof the United Nations (FAO) Animal Health (OIE)

Foreword

This publication is a testimony to the efforts made by the staff of the InternationalOIE/FAO Reference Laboratory (IRL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease,at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe) in Padua, Italy, overthe past few years in response to the global avian influenza crisis. Virologists, diag-nosticians, molecular biologists and epidemiologists working at the IRL have assembledinformation collected in globally managing and diagnosing outbreaks not only of avianinfluenza but also of Newcastle disease, with the aim of improving animal and pub-lic health. We would like to express our sincere thanks to all members of the IZSVestaff involved in this project, to Dr. D.J. Alexander for his guidance and contribu-tions and to Dr. B.Vallat and Dr. A. Petrini of the World Organisation for Animal Health(OIE) for their time and support. This publication would have not been possible with-out the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),the European Commission, the Italian Ministry of Health and the Health and Vete-rinary Services of the Veneto Region, which have promoted and financially sustainedthe IRL through dedicated projects focusing on international collaboration. We arealso very grateful to all of our international collaborators for supplying the figuresand tables that make this publication unique.

Giuseppe Dalla PozzaPresidentIstituto ZooprofilatticoSperimentale delle Venezie

Igino Andrighetto Stefano MarangonDirector General Director of ScienceIstituto Zooprofilattico Istituto ZooprofilatticoSperimentale delle Venezie Sperimentale delle Venezie

Introductory Remarks

cont.

I am honoured to be able to introduce this publication, as it is a tangible reflection ofthe levels of excellence reached by Italian scientists working in veterinary public health.The Italian, OIE and FAO Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian In-fluenza, based at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padua, Italy,is internationally recognised as one of the leading research and diagnostic laboratoriesin this field. It has led the way in the achievement of several breakthroughs in its ar-eas of expertise, including vaccination strategies for the control and eradication of no-tifiable avian influenza, and in the creation of an international campaign, involvingmedical and veterinary research institutes, for sharing genetic data obtained from avianinfluenza isolates. In addition, the institute has supported and sustained diagnostic andresearch efforts throughout the world, particularly on the African continent, in CentralAsia and in the Middle East, thereby generating data of relevance for the entire inter-national scientific community in its efforts to manage the avian influenza threat. Theglobal network established in response to the H5N1 crisis, and especially the cooper-ation of Mediterranean, African and Arab countries, has paved the way for productivecollaborations in all aspects of veterinary public health and for continued progress inthe overall objective of improving public health worldwide.

Romano MarabelliItalian Chief Veterinary Officer

This publication follows a first volume on this topic, entitled “An Atlas and Text on AvianInfluenza”, published with the support of the Veneto Region in 2001. The first editionserved to disseminate information collected by the staff of the Istituto ZooprofilatticoSperimentale delle Venezie during the Italian 1999–2000 H7N1 avian influenza epidemic—the forerunner to a series of devastating epidemics in Europe, the Americas, Asia andAfrica. Ilaria Capua and her scientific team, in collaboration with Dennis Alexander, havecollected data generated on a global level between 1999 and 2008 on avian influenzaand Newcastle disease infections. Information on epidemiology, clinical signs, patholo-gy, laboratory techniques and a vast collection of figures and tables have been assem-bled skilfully in this publication, aimed at supporting the efforts of diagnosticians, sci-entists and veterinary officers in their management of these infections.

We would like to join the authors in acknowledging the role of Dr. Giovanni Vin-cenzi, to whom this book is dedicated, for his pivotal role in managing the animal healthcrises that affected Northeastern Italy during his time in office.

We are grateful to the editors and authors of this publication for their efforts in thisendeavour, which will certainly become an essential guide to combat avian influenzaand Newcastle disease at a global level.

Giancarlo Galan Elena DonazzanGovernor, Veneto Region Chief Veterinary Health Authority

Veneto Region

X Introductory Remarks

2 Ecology and Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease XI

In recent times, the worldwide spread of avian influenza (AI) viruses, particularly spe-cific highly pathogenic AI viruses of H5N1 subtype, have put the livelihood of smallrural poultry establishments, which historically had been threatened primarily by New-castle disease (ND) viruses, at even greater risk. The occurrence of these two infec-tions on a global scale is also threatening intensive poultry-farming systems and free-range establishments.

These diseases have several traits in common, including high flock mortality andcertain clinical and pathological findings, and therefore may easily be misdiagnosedor confused with each other or with other viral or bacterial diseases.

In order to reduce the impact and spread of AI and ND, it is imperative that thedisease is diagnosed properly and that appropriate measures are implemented to con-tain infection and, ultimately, eradicate the virus from an infected area. Both diseaseshave been shown to spread easily across boundaries and throughout entire continents.Thus, information on their epidemiology is essential to improve existing guidelines ontheir control.

This manual was conceived as a result of our efforts in directing international ref-erence laboratories, thus gaining experience and information from outbreaks in manycountries of the world. Our intention was to provide veterinarians and technicians witha field and laboratory manual containing all information relevant to the diagnosis andmanagement of an AI or ND outbreak. In addition we have included information tosupport veterinary authorities in management issues.

The Cd-Rom that is included in this publication has been developed to supply train-ers and university teachers with slides and videoclips of field and experimental in-fections; this will allow students and trainees to visualize the clinical and pathologi-cal traits of AI and ND. In addition PDF files of protocols and epidemiological in-quiry forms may be downloaded for use.

We are confident that this publication will be useful to the different professionsinvolved in the farming of birds. Ultimately we are convinced that through improvedcommunication and diagnosis there will be a greater availability of information es-sential for an improved understanding of the ecology, epidemiology and animal andhuman health implications of these diseases.

Ilaria Capua Dennis J. Alexander

Preface

Acknowledgements

The editors and authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Giovanni Ortali,Veniero Furlattini, Anna Toffan, Roberta De Nardi, Ezio Bianchi, Francesco Prandini,Filippo Cilloni and of all those who have supplied the images included in this manual.

We are very thankful to Roberta Bassan, Anna Bidese, Marilena Campisi, MichaelaMandelli and Marta Vettore for their organisational and secretarial support.

Our special thanks are for Amelio Meini for his sketches and drawings and for thepainting on the cover.

The editors and authors wish also to express their grateful thanks to the followingcolleagues for the permission to reproduce in the book scientific images and line-draw-ings of their property:

Nadim Mukhles Amarin Boehringer Ingelheim, Middle East Regional Office, Dubai, UAE

Daniel Baroux Laboratoire Départemental d’Analyses de l’Ain, Chemin de la Miche01000 Bourg en Bresse, France

Caroline Brojer Department of Wildlife, Fish and Enviroment, National VeterinaryInstitute (SVA) SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden

Corrie Brown Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine,501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602-7388, Greece

Antonio Camarda Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Dipartimento di Sanità e BenessereAnimale, Sezione Patologie Aviarie, Str. Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010Bari, Italy

Ahmed Abd ElKarim Private Consultant, Giza, Cairo, Egypt

Victor Irza Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGI-ARRIAH), Russian Federation

Desiree Jansson Department of Poultry, SVA, 75189 Uppsala, Sweden

Walid Hamdy Kilany Animal Health Research Institute, National Lab. for VeterinaryQuality Control on Poultry Production, Nadi El Saied st, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

Amelio Meini Intervet Italia, Via Tobagi 7, 20068 Peschiera Borromeo, Italy

Zenon Minta National Veterinary Research Institute, Al.Partyzantow, 57, Pulawy, PL-24-100, Poland

Vladimir Savic Director of the Croatian Veterinary Institute, Head of the Poultry Cen-tre, Zagreb, Croatia

Thierry Van den Berg Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Groeselenberg99B-1180 Brussels, Belgium

A.H. Zahdeh Private Veterinarian, Jordan

XIV Acknowledgements

2 Ecology and Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease XV

1 Ecology, Epidemiology and Human Health Implications of Avian Influenza Virus Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Ilaria Capua and Dennis J. Alexander

2 Ecology and Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Dennis J. Alexander

3 Notification of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Antonio Petrini and Bernard Vallat

4 Emergency Response on Suspicion of an Avian Influenza or Newcastle Disease Outbreak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Manuela Dalla Pozza and Stefano Marangon

5 Necropsy Techniques and Collection of Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Calogero Terregino

6 Clinical Traits and Pathology of Avian Influenza Infections,Guidelines for Farm Visit and Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Ilaria Capua and Calogero Terregino

7 Conventional Diagnosis of Avian Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Calogero Terregino and Ilaria Capua

8 Molecular Diagnosis of Avian Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Giovanni Cattoli and Isabella Monne

9 Clinical Traits and Pathology of Newcastle Disease Infection and Guidelines for Farm Visit and Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . 113Calogero Terregino and Ilaria Capua

10 Conventional Diagnosis of Newcastle Disease Virus Infection . . . 123Calogero Terregino and Ilaria Capua

11 Molecular Diagnosis of Newcastle Disease Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Giovanni Cattoli and Isabella Monne

Contents

12 General Rules for Decontamination Following an Outbreak ofAvian Influenza or Newcastle Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Maria Serena Beato and Paola De Benedictis

Websites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Annex 1 Check List for Visit to Suspect Premise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Manuela Dalla Pozza

Annex 2 Epidemiological Investigation Form for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Outbreaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Manuela Dalla Pozza

Annex 3 Biosafety Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169William G. Dundon

Annex 4 Laboratory Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175William G. Dundon

Annex 5 Guidelines for Shipping Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus Samples to OIE Reference Laboratories . . . . . . 177William G. Dundon

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

XVI Contents

Contributors

Dennis John Alexander, OBE, BTech, PhD, CBiol FIBiol, FRCPath, DSc, FormerDirector of the EU OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and AvianInfluenza, VLA Weybridge, KT15 3NB UK, [email protected]

Maria Serena Beato, DVM, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for New-castle Disease and Avian Influenza, Virology Department; Istituto ZooprofilatticoSperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy,[email protected]

Ilaria Capua, DVM, PhD, Head of Virology Department, Director of OIE/FAO andNational Reference Laboratory for Newcastle, Disease and Avian Influenza, IstitutoZooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro,Padova, Italy, [email protected]

Giovanni Cattoli, DVM, PhD, Head of Research and Development Laboratory, Vi-rology Department, OIE/FAO and National, Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Dis-ease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale delle Venezie, Vialedell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy, [email protected]

Manuela Dalla Pozza, DVM, Epidemiplogy Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy,[email protected]

Paola De Benedictis, DVM, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Virology Department, Istituto ZooprofilatticoSperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova Italy,[email protected]

William G. Dundon, BA(mod), PhD, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofi-lattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova,Italy, [email protected]

Stefano Marangon, DVM, Director of Science, Istituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale delleVenezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy, [email protected]

Isabella Monne, DVM, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for NewcastleDisease and Avian Influenza, Research and Development Laboratory, Istituto Zoopro-filattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova,Italy, [email protected]

Antonio Petrini, DVM, Deputy Head Information Department, OIE, 12, Rue de Prony,75017 Paris, France, [email protected]

Calogero (Lillo) Terregino, DVM, PhD, Head of DiagnosticVirology, OIE/FAO andNational Reference Laboratory for Newcastle, Disease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zoopro-filattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova,Italy, [email protected]

Bernard Vallat, DVM, Director General, OIE, 12, Rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France,[email protected]

XVIII Contributors

Documents

A Field and Laboratory Manual