A few last things…

APES

Zones of the ocean• The sharp increase in water depth at the edge of

the continental shelf separate the “coastal zone” from the open sea.

• The open sea has 3 vertical zones based on sunlight penetration – Euphotic zone – lighted upper zone; phytoplankton

carry out photosynthesis. Nutrient levels are low (except around upwellings) DO high

– Bathyal (pelagic) zone – dimly lit middle zone. No producers (not enough light)

– Abyssal zone – dark and very cold. Very little DO.– Rich in nutrients; support vast array of organisms

El Nino

Normal Conditions• Trade winds blow west across the Tropical Pacific.• Warm surface water in the western Pacific piles up so

that sea surface is as much as 0.5 m higher at Indonesia than at Peru.

• As hot water evaporates from the ocean in the western Pacific, it creates convection cells that make clouds and bring "normal" rains to surrounding regions.

El Nino: Normal Conditions

El Nino conditions

• During El Nino, trade winds weaken, and may even reverse.

• As a result, the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean becomes unusually warm, and the westward moving equatorial ocean current weakens or reverses.

El Nino-cont’d

• The rise in temperature of seas surface waters off the South American coast inhibits the upwelling of nutrient rich cold water from deeper levels

• The upwelling normally supports a diverse marine ecosystem and major fisheries.

El Nino: El Nino Development• Prentice Hall Textbook animation link

Flooding in San Francisco During the winter of 1997-

98, wind-driven waves and abnormally high sea levels significantly contributed to hundreds of millions of dollars in flood and storm damage in the San Francisco Bay region. Recent analyses by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists of nearly 100 years of sea-level records collected near the Golden Gate Bridge found that these abnormally high sea levels were the direct result of that year's El Niño atmospheric phenomenon.

Coastal Estuaries/Wetlands

• Estuary - partially enclosed area of coastal water ; seawater mixes with freshwater from rivers, streams and runoff from land; constant water movement stirs up nutrients in silt; highly variable salinity and temperature.– Silt earthy matter, fine sand, or the like carried by

moving or running water and deposited as a sediment.

Zones of a lake

Zones of a lake

• Littoral zone – shallow, sunlit water near the shore

• Limnetic zone – open, sunlit waters away from the shore. Main photosynthetic body.

• Profundal zone – deep, open water where it is too dark for photosynthesis

• Benthic zone – bottom of the lake. Mostly containing decomposers and detritus feeders

Tectonic Plates

Tectonic Plates

• PLATE TECTONICS: the study of how blocks (plates) of the lithosphere glide across the layer just beneath it (asthenosphere) like ice drifts across a pond.

• Plates are approx 60 miles thick. They move approx 1 cm per year. Can move up to 7 in.

Lithosphere

Asthenosphere

Oceanic ridge at a divergent plate boundary

Divergent Boundary

Lithosphere

Trench Volcanic island arc

Asthenosphere

Risingmagma

Subductionzone

Trench and volcanic island arc at a convergentplate boundary

Convergent

Fracture zone

Transformfault

Lithosphere

Asthenosphere

Transform fault connecting two divergent plate boundaries

Layers of the Earth• Core – mostly composed of iron. Very HOT• Mantle – mostly rock– Asthenosphere – layer under the rigid outer layer.

Composed of flowing partly melted rock– Tectonic plates move in response to forces in mantle• Convection cells - giant conveyor belt. Soft rock gets

pushed upward, then downward as the rock cools • Crust - outermost and thinnest layer. Contains most of the

renewable resources we use

– Lithosphere - the cool, rigid layer that includes the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. It is divided into huge pieces called tectonic plates.

Be sure to…

• Review the legislation on the “Many Ways to go APES” PDF document

• Review the AP Chemistry Review – yellow handout.

• 10 things to know… (on the blog)– www.missoquinn.wordpress.com

• s

Some math related things..

Graphing• Title the graph

• Set up the independent variable along the X axis

• Set up the dependent variable along the Y axis

• Label each axis and give the appropriate units

• Make proportional increments along each axis so the graph is spread out over the entire graph area

• Plot points and sketch a curve if needed. Use a straight edge to connect points unless told to extrapolate a line.

• Label EACH curve if more than one is plotted.

Study Time

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Tests

Know what is meant by “per capita” when solving a problem or interpreting a graph

Population math

• Growth rate (% annual increase)

– rate % = (CBR-CDR)/10

• Doubling time = 70/r

Percent Growth or Percent Change

• (New value – Initial Value)/Initial Value • Then multiply by 100 to get percent

Energy

• Energy — The APES exam always has questions about energy use. Be prepared!

• Given: 1 barrel of oil = 150 L, 1 kWh = 3,400 BTU

• 13. A city that uses ten billion BTUs of energy each month is using how many kilowatt-hours of energy?