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A Federal Defender’s Guide to Confrontation. Jessica Smith School of Government, UNC-Chapel Hill. Evidence. Evidence. 32,700. Session Objective At the end of this session you will be able to: Understand & apply the new confrontation clause rules. Crawford Holding: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
A Federal Defender’s Guide to Confrontation
Jessica SmithSchool of Government, UNC-Chapel Hill
Evidence
2
Evidence
3
32,700
Session Objective
At the end of this session you will be able to:
Understand & apply the new confrontation clause rules
5
Crawford Holding:
“Testimonial” hearsay statements by declarants who do not testify at
trial may not be admitted unless the declarant is unavailable and there
has been a prior opportunity to cross examine.
8
Crawford Holding:
“Testimonial” hearsay statements by declarants who do not testify at
trial may not be admitted unless the declarant is unavailable and there
has been a prior opportunity to cross examine.
• V’s statements to 1st responding officers or 911 operator
• Child V’s statements to a family member, social worker, or doctor
• Forensic reports
• Autopsy reports
• Chemical analyst’s affidavit
• Chain of custody record
QUESTION:Government seeks to introduce D’s statements, made at the station house.
Does Crawford apply?
• Crawford does not apply to D’s own statements
• Crawford does not apply to D’s own statements
• Nor does it apply to D’s evidence
QUESTION:Excited utterances are always non-testimonial.
True or False?
• Crawford analysis is separate from hearsay analysis
Confrontation Clause Hoop (Crawford)
Hearsay Hoop
Crawford Holding:
“Testimonial” hearsay statements by declarants who do not testify at
trial may not be admitted unless the declarant is unavailable and there
has been a prior opportunity to cross examine.
What does it mean to “be subject to cross-examination at
trial”?
QUESTION:Witness asserts privilege.
Is Witness subject to cross-examination?
QUESTION:W experiences memory lapses.
Is W subject to cross-examination?
What does it mean to “be subject to cross-examination
at trial”?
• W who asserts privilege is not subject to cross-examination
• W who has memory lapse is
Is it testimonial?
Crawford said:
• Includes statements by those who “bear testimony” against the accused• Testimony = a solemn declaration used to establish or prove some fact
Is it testimonial?
However, Crawford declined to comprehensively define the term
Is it testimonial?
Police interrogation
Is it testimonial?
Police interrogation-of suspects
Is it testimonial?
Police interrogation-of suspects-of victims
Davis/Hammon Rule:
(1) Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances
objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to
enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.
Davis/Hammon Rule:
(1) Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances
objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to
enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.
Davis/Hammon Rule:
(2) They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove
past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.
Davis/Hammon Rule:
(2) They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove
past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.
Davis Holdings:(1) 911 call statements = nontestimonial
• V spoke about events as they were happening, not later
• V facing ongoing emergency
• Q&A necessary to resolve emergency (including ID of D)
• Formality lacking
Davis Holdings:(2) V’s statements to responding officers =
testimonial
• Not much different from those in Crawford
• Interrogation was investigation of past conduct
• No ongoing emergency
• 2nd questioning
• Was “formal enough”
Is it testimonial?
Police interrogation- of suspects- of victims- of witnesses
QUESTION:Is a blood test report testimonial?
Is it testimonial?
Police interrogation Forensic reports & affidavits
Is it testimonial?
Police interrogation Forensic reports & affidavits Chain of custody evidenceX Business recordsX Equipment maintenance recordsX Casual remark to an acquaintance
QUESTION:D threatened the witness.
Does a Crawford exception apply?
QUESTION:Granny makes a statement while dying.
Does a Crawford exception apply?
Crawford Exceptions:
1.Forfeiture by wrongdoing
2.Dying declarations
Crawford Exceptions:
1.Forfeiture by wrongdoing
2.Dying declarations
Crawford Exceptions:
2. Dying declarations
Unavailability & Prior Opportunity to Cross-Examine
How does the Government establish unavailability?
QUESTION:Prosecutor tells judge what steps were taken to locate the W.
Will that do it?
Unavailability & Prior Opportunity to Cross-Examine
How does the Government establish unavailability?
Need to show a good faith effort to obtain the witness’s presence at trial
Government needs to put on evidence.
Unavailability & Prior Opportunity to Cross-Examine
Prior Opportunity to cross-examine
- Prior trial
Unavailability & Prior Opportunity to Cross-Examine
Prior Opportunity to cross-examine
- Prior trial- Pretrial deposition?
Substitute Analysts
61
Crawford Holding:
“Testimonial” hearsay statements by declarants who do not testify at
trial may not be admitted unless the declarant is unavailable and there
has been a prior opportunity to cross examine.
“Faux Substitute”
“Faux Substitute”X
“Real Substitute”
“Real Substitute”
Williams v. Illinois (U.S.)
Williams v. Illinois (U.S.)
Williams v. Illinois (U.S.)
Williams v. Illinois (U.S.)
Williams v. Illinois (U.S.)
Williams v. Illinois (U.S.)
Williams v. Illinois (U.S.)
Williams v. Illinois (U.S.)
Williams v. Illinois (U.S.)
AFFIRMED
1.Not for the truth of the matter asserted
2.Non-testimonial because it wasn’t accusatory
1.Not for the truth of the matter asserted
2.Non-testimonial because it wasn’t accusatory
1.Non-testimonial because not
formal2.Rejects not for
the truth approach
?
Session Objective
At the end of this session you will be able to:
Understand & apply the new confrontation clause rules