A FASTER ESTIMATION ALGORITHM APPLIED TO POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

M. Gupta et. al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(9), 2010, 4448-4461

A FASTER ESTIMATION ALGORITHM APPLIED TO POWER QUALITY

PROBLEMS

M. GUPTA

Dept.of Electrical and electronics Engg., Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology ,Delhi, India.

S.SRIVASTAVA , J.R.P. GUPTA

Dept. of Instrumentation and Control Engg., Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.

M. S. SINGH

Hi-Tech Robotic Systems, Gurgaon,India

Abstract : The objective of the paper is to introduce a faster training algorithm for estimation purposes. The proposed algorithm utilizes particle swarm optimization combined with gradient descent to train weights of neural network. The advantages of the proposed algorithm are fast convergence with no possibility of getting stuck in local minima. Three problems of power quality namely voltage flicker estimation, load frequency estimation and harmonic source signature identification are solved with the proposed hybrid algorithm. In the first problem the proposed algorithm is tested on given equations, then in second and third problem the algorithm is applied on real data. A comparative study of different algorithms to train the weights of neural network i.e. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Gradient Descent (GD) and a hybrid of PSO& GD is made for the above problems. Simulated results prove the superiority of the proposed hybrid algorithm (a combination of GD& PSO) as stated above in terms of lesser umber of iterations to converge..

Keywords: Harmonic signatures, Load frequency, Particle Swarm optimization, Power Quality, Voltage flicker.

1. Introduction

Most industries and commercial establishments are affected by power quality (PQ) problems [19]. Power quality has attracted considerable attention from both utilities and users, due to the use of many types of sensitive equipment .Performance of these equipments are affected by harmonics, voltage sag- swell, voltage flicker and load frequency variations. These disturbances cause problems, such as overheating, equipment failures, inaccurate metering and malfunctioning of protective equipments etc. Ideal power quality means a perfect sine wave at the Point of common Coupling (PCC). To achieve this control the system must be able to monitor, locate and classify disturbances by appropriate measurement approaches and instruments. For this, instruments must collect large amount of measured data such as voltages, currents, and occurrence times[28]. However, they do not automatically classify disturbances and they require off-line or on-line analysis from the recorded data [5]. Thus monitoring the actual voltage and current waveforms and classifying these waveforms is an important step in power quality study. The voltage flicker phenomenon is produced by voltage fluctuation in a power system due to time in-variant loads. To estimate voltage flicker many techniques have been developed [1,2,20,21,26]. Different signal processing algorithms, such as, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the Wavelets [26,27] are adopted to calculate the desired envelope. However, these algorithms introduce a lag that is equal to the length of the used window. It is this delay that imposes some limitations on the on-line application of these algorithms. The envelope of the signal can be estimated by various estimation methods such as the Kalman Filter (KF) as in [5,10], the Least Absolute Value (LAV), the Simulated Annealing (SA) and the Adaptive Linear neuron (ADALINE) [5,20]. Although the KF is fairly accurate, it has a high mathematical burden which limits its use for on-line tracking.

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The LAV and SA algorithms require prior knowledge of the waveform, which is not feasible [5]. Recently attempt has been made to estimate and mitigate voltage sag and flicker by using Kalman filters and it’s derivatives. [2] But, it is insensitive to noise and severe spikes in voltage magnitude of the waveform. The Hilbert transform HT has been employed as an effective technique for tracking the voltage flicker levels in distribution generator [21]. Discrete Fourier transform, least square of error, Kalman filtering, orthogonal finite-impulse-response (FIR) filtering, and iterative approaches are some of the important techniques in the area of estimation of load frequency [23,15,3]. Soft computing techniques, such as neural network and genetic algorithms (GAs), are also utilized for power system frequency measurement [3,11,13,22,29]. Harmonic can be defined as the undesirable components of a distorted periodic waveform whose frequencies are the integral multiples (non-integral multiples in case of inter-harmonics, and the frequency less than fundamental frequency in case of sub-harmonics) of the fundamental frequency [8,12,23]. Along with the above mentioned techniques identification of harmonic sources till date has been done by Discrete Fourier transform [25], State Estimation Techniques [9], Data mining tool (ACPRO) [4], independent component analysis [7] and neural network [24]. Reference [4] states that main disadvantage of neural network is that it requires significant training. We have worked in improving the training of weights of Neural Network by using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) combined with Gradient Descent (GD) which results in reducing number of iterations giving faster results. Training with Gradient Descent is time consuming and very slow without guaranteed global minimum. The mathematical model of neural network is characterized by simple calculations which lead to a fast execution time of the algorithm, a property which is essential for an on-line application [4,14,24]. Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) is a general purpose optimization technique and has been successfully applied to many power system problems. PSO basically is a search tool and it is efficient to search both normal as well as the abnormal solutions [22,25].Special feature of PSO is that it has achieved tremendous success in training of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). One of the well known disadvantages of GD is that solution may get stuck in local minima. While if only PSO algorithm is used then it is seen that square of error fluctuates randomly and it may take many iterations to converge. To avail the advantages of both the techniques a hybrid algorithm of PSO and Gradient descent is used in this paper for the estimation of various power quality parameters. In this new hybrid algorithm chances of getting stuck in the valley of local minima becomes almost nil. The hybrid algorithm first applies PSO on a population of weights and then calculates weights of Neural Network using gradient descent. Different power quality parameters are studied in the paper as three different problems. Problem I deals with the estimation of the voltage flicker, problem II with load frequency and problem III discusses harmonic source signature verification. A comparative study of different algorithms for training the weights of neural network namely gradient descent (GD), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and hybrid of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and gradient descend (GD) has been done. Simulation results show superiority of hybrid training algorithm over PSO, GA and GD in problem I. Hybrid of PSO & GD algorithm is tested on real data in problem II. Finally, effectiveness of the algorithm is verified on experimental data in problem III. The paper is organised as follows- Section 2 elaborates the theory of Particle Swarm Optimization and section 3 describes the proposed hybrid algorithm. Section 4 states three problems of power quality along with their simulation results. Finally conclusion is discussed in Section 5.

2. Particle Swarm Optimization

PSO is a population based optimization algorithm invented by Kennedy and Eberhart. PSO exploits the cooperation aspect by modeling a social system. In this model, the system is populated with individual particles representing possible solutions to the problem. The particles themselves are not intelligent; they simply follow a predefined set of rules. The population in PSO is called a swarm and each individual in the

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population is called a particle [29]. Each particle represents a potential solution to the objective function under consideration.PSO is initialized with a group of random particles (solutions) and then searches for optima by updating generations. In every iteration, each particle is updated by following two "best" values. The first one is the best solution (fitness) it has achieved so far. (The fitness value is stored.) This value is called pbest. Another "best" value that is tracked by the particle swarm optimizer is the best value, obtained so far by any particle in the population. This best value is a global best and called gbest. When a particle takes part of the population as its topological neighbours, the best value is a local best and is called lbest.[18] The ith particle at kth iteration has the following two attributes:

1) A current position in an N-dimensional search space

),......,,.........( 1kN

kn

kki xxxX (1)

Where NnulX nnki 1],,[ , nl and nu are lower and upper bound for nth dimension, respectively.

2) A current velocity ),.......,.....,( 1kN

kn

kki vvvV , which is bounded by a maximum velocity

),......,......( max,max,1max,maxk

Nk

nkk vvvV and a minimum velocity ),....,.....,( min,min,1min,min

kN

kn

kk vvvV .

In each iteration of PSO, the swarm is updated by the following equations:

)()( 22111 k

gk

gki

ki

ki

ki XPrcXPrcwVV (2)

11 ki

ki

ki VXX (3)

Where is the best previous position of ith particle (also known as pbest) ; Pg is the best position among all the particles in the swarm (also known as gbest ); r1 and r2 are elements from uniform random sequences in the range (0,1) ; w is inertia weight, Inertia weight is typically initialized in the range of (0,1). A large inertia weights facilitates global exploration and a smaller inertia weight tends to facilitate local exploration to fine tune the current search area. The variables c1 and c2 are acceleration constant which control the movement of a particle in iteration. 2.1 PSO Vs GA PSO shares many common points with GA. Both algorithms start with a group of a randomly generated population, both have fitness values to evaluate the population. Both update the population and search for the optimum with random techniques. Both systems do not guarantee success. (1) In PSO unlike GA each iteration is not a process of replacing the previous population with a new one, but rather a process of adaptation. (2) PSO does not have genetic operators like crossover and mutation. Particles update themselves with the internal velocity and have memory. (3)In GAs, chromosomes share information with each other. So the whole population moves like one group towards an optimal area. In PSO, only gBest gives out the information to others. It is a one way information sharing mechanism. The evolution only looks for the best solution. Compared with GA, all the particles tend to converge to the best solution quickly [18].

3. The Proposed Hybrid Algorithm

The weights of Neural Network are trained by a combination of PSO & GD, to achieve faster convergence and high accuracy. One of the well known disadvantage of GD is that it may get stuck at local minima and the programmer may end in a solution far away from global minima. PSO does not use any gradient on objective function. If only PSO algorithm is used then it is seen that square of error fluctuates randomly and it may take many iterations to converge.

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Thus in a way PSO takes care of the disadvantages of GD. Therefore a new hybrid technique which is combination of PSO and Gradient descent is used in this paper for the estimation of various power quality parameters. In each iteration the hybrid algorithm first applies PSO on a population of weights and then calculates weights of Neural Network using gradient descent. If the stopping criteria is met the neural network gives the estimated power quality parameter or else move to the next iteration. In this new hybrid algorithm chances of getting stuck in the valley of local minima becomes nil as first PSO is applied. Moreover the number of iterations required to converge to the minimum value of performance index are greatly reduced when hybrid algorithm is applied as compared to when PSO alone is used. This is evident from table 1 & 2. The general outline of the proposed hybrid algorithm is as depicted in the flow chart in figure 1. 4. Problem Statements And Simulation Results 4.1 Problem I 4.1.1 Voltage flicker estimation

Changes in the envelope of 60Hz supply voltage is called instantaneous flicker level. When there are large fluctuating loads such as arc furnace, arc welder, spot welder, shredder motors flicker becomes a problem of concern, as it can propagate to neighbouring customer connection points in power system [1]. Modern end use equipment is very sensitive to voltage flicker. Therefore mitigation of flicker at point of common coupling (PCC) is very important. Controllers are designed to absorb or deliver reactive power to compensate for the difference between the measured voltage and the desired voltage at PCC. Thus accurate flicker measurement becomes very crucial. The periodic fluctuation can be modeled as an amplitude modulated signal; where the fundamental power frequency represents the carrier signal and the voltage flicker represents the modulating signal [15]. The instantaneous flicker level (voltage envelope) depends on size and type of load that is producing the disturbance. The disturbed voltage waveform in distribution systems can be modeled as a variable amplitude sinusoidal waveform as follows:

)sin()()( 11 twtAtv (4)

where )(tA is the magnitude of the voltage under disturbance, 1w is the supply angular frequency, and 1 is the

phase angle of the fundamental component. The shape of )(tA depends on the load that produces the

disturbance. The shape can be a step function to represent the switching of heavy loads, or it can be a square wave with a variable frequency and duty ratio to model the case of a resistance welder in different operating cycles. Also, the shape can be a sinusoidal function with a frequency lower than the supply frequency as in the ac arc furnaces as follows: )sin()()( fffo twtAAtv (5)

Where oA is the magnitude of the fundamental voltage , fA is the magnitude of the voltage flicker, fw is the

angular frequency of the voltage flicker, and f is the phase angle. To allow the proposed estimation technique

to track the envelope of the measured voltage waveform, it is written as:

}cossincos){sin()( 1111 twtwtAtv (6)

and in vector form, as

1

111 sin)(

cos)(]cossin[)(

tA

tAtwtwtv

)()( tWtX (7)

Finally, the envelope is given by:

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22

21)( wwtAVen (8)

and the phase angle can be calculated from:

2

111 tan

w

w (9)

Where 1w and 2w are equal to 1cos)( tA and 1sin)( tA respectively. Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a general

envelope tracker based on the model presented in Eq.(7)–Eq.(9) In Fig. 2. X1 and X2 are equal to sinw1t and cosw1t and are inputs to the neural network and output is the voltage waveform. Weights of Neural Network are trained using various mentioned algorithms. The estimated voltage waveform is converted to polar form to give the tracked envelope and fundamental phase angle. The model presented in Fig. 2 is a general representation of the voltage envelope. This model can be used to detect and classify most power quality problems related to voltage, including sag, swell, flicker, and interruption. Here estimation of voltage envelope and phase angle is done by training the Neural network using GD, GA, PSO and the proposed hybrid algorithm. Simulation results show superiority of the hybrid algorithm over other training techniques. This estimation can also be used for on-line estimation of voltage envelope and phase angle that are used in mitigation of voltage flicker using DSTATCOM. 4.1.2 Simulation results To assess the proposed algorithm for tracking the flicker envelope, a step change is introduced at t=0.15s and is given by Eq (10) .

)8.62sin5.03

8.376cos()8.62cos4(

)3

8.376cos()8.62cos2()(

ttt

tttv

st

st

15.0

15.0

(10)

For the purpose of comparison; tracking of flicker envelope and fundamental phase angle is done using Eq. (10). The sampling rate for all the tests is set to 32 samples per cycle. Weights are randomly initialized between -0.5 and 0.5 [17]. Population size and maximum number of generation for PSO and GA are taken as 10 and 500 respectively. Learning of learning factor η is also done. Constants for GA are pc=0.8 and pm=0.1. For PSO algorithm the constants are inertia=0.1, correction factor=0.5. For comparative study, learning of weights has also been done using LMS as in reference [3]. In all the cases square of error is taken as an index for evaluating performance of different optimization approaches. Actual and tracked waveforms of voltage flicker envelope and phase angle are plotted in figure 3 and square of error in figure 4 with PSO& GD as learning algorithm. Number of iterations required to achieve minimum value of square of error for different algorithms are tabulated in table 1. The results in table 1 clearly indicates that PSO & GD obtains smaller error limits in less number of iterations. The results have been improved for tracking of voltage envelope and fundamental phase angle by 3 % when compared to [3] in which LMS is used for training. Thus the proposed algorithm evaluates the instantaneous changes in the amplitude, and tracks the envelope of the waveform in minimum time.

Table 1 Comparison Of Square Of Error In Flicker Problem

LMS GD PSO GA PSO & GD 0.02 in 12 iterations 0.01 in 450

iterations 0.008 in 450 iterations

0.1 in 480 iterations 0.0057 in 2 iterations

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4.2 Problem II 4.2.1 Power System Load Frequency Estimation On Real Data Frequency measurement has become an important topic when dealing with power systems because it reflects the dynamic energy balance between generation and consumption. [16] Considering the power system voltage waveform as purely sinusoidal, the time between two zero crossings is an indication of system frequency. However, in reality, the measured signals are available in distorted form and, thus, a number of techniques are available for frequency estimation [16,18]. An accurate estimate becomes harder to obtain in cases with large harmonic distortion and cases with large and fast deviation from the nominal frequency (50 or 60 Hz). A good power frequency estimation method should yield accurate estimates even in distortion and noise and track relatively fast variation in the frequency. Fast tracking is critical for applications such as under or over frequency protection relays which require obtaining accurate estimates in a time of a few cycles or even a fraction of a cycle [3]. After testing the effectiveness of training weights of NN with various mentioned algorithms on equations of voltage flicker, the same technique is used for estimating load frequency on real data. Energy drawn in MWH and load frequency in Northern grid of National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) are recorded for the different states after every 15 minutes. Data for the state of Punjab recorded on 17-11-2006 is used for training of the neural network. Frequency is coded from 00 to 99, for the frequency range of 49.00 to 51.00 Hz ("00" for frequency <= 49.00 Hz and "99" for frequency >= 51.00 Hz). Energy drawn (U)is the input to Neural Network and estimated load frequency (Fpn ) is the output as shown in figure 5. Estimated frequency is then compared with the recorded frequency (target frequency- Fp ) and square of error between the two is minimized using various learning algorithms. Once neural network is trained then load frequency is estimated for the next 24 hours. Estimated frequency is then compared with actual recorded frequency on 18-11-2006. 4.2.2Simulation results Results presented in this section were simulated in MATLAB. Scaling of input and output signals is done by their maximum values respectively. The fundamental signal is estimated using GD, GA, PSO, PSO & GD. The influencing parameters are inertia =0.1, correction factor=0.2 delta=0.000001 and swarm size=5 while simulating for PSO& GD. Figure 6 and figure 7 show the energy drawn between the state of Punjab and the comparison of true load frequency and the estimated load frequency obtained by the hybrid algorithm and plot for square of error. Table 2 gives the comparative study for different algorithms used to train weights of neural network. The proposed hybrid algorithm which has proved to be a faster algorithm in problem I (with data of mathematical equations) has also proved its superiority as compared to other conventional algorithms with real data also.

Table 2

Comparison Of Square Of Error In Load Frequency Problem

GD GA PSO PSO&GD 2 in 480 iterations 4 in 160 iterations 3 in 180 iterations 2.8 in 180 iterations

4.3 Problem III

4.3.1 Harmonic signature verification

With so much of harmonic pollution in a power system, it becomes crucial to characterize and to model harmonic-generating sources. Therefore, to characterize and to model harmonic-generating sources is an important step in harmonic studies. Different categories of devices produce different types of current harmonics because of the differing ways in which a device conditions the electrical power supply. Or in other words each device produces distinct harmonics which may be treated as a unique signature of that device. These device signatures can be used to provide accurate information to power-quality management so that appropriate remedial action can be taken. Many researchers have applied ANN to locate harmonic sources. In this problem, NNs are trained to uniquely identify various types of devices using their distinct harmonic “signatures” as their inputs. For the study purpose we have picked up the problem from reference [6] and developed a similar set up in our laboratory; as shown in Fig. 8. We were able to improve the results as compared to the previous work because of better learning algorithm.

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Eight devices connected in the experimental set up were battery charger, monitor, television, refrigerator, light bulb, fan, fluorescent lamp, CPU. Data (current harmonics) was collected for individual eight devices and for different combination of two devices. Each device or a combination of two devices is given a device coding like for example battery charger is coded as device 1, monitor as device 2 and so on. Total of twenty three such combinations are used which are the target outputs of the neural network. For each device coding unique harmonic signatures were captured using the harmonic analyzer. These harmonic signatures are the inputs to the neural network. In the experiment, only the odd-numbered harmonics, from the fundamental to the 15th harmonic, of the current waveforms were of significant amplitude. Therefore, only the first eight odd harmonics (fundamental, third, fifth, seventh, ninth, 11th, 13th, 15th) were recorded. For ease of representation, the amplitude and phase angles of the harmonics were converted into complex representation, where each harmonic had a real and an imaginary part [6]. With eight harmonics taken into consideration, the feature vector presented to the ANN had 16 inputs given by the following equations:

2)1(2)1( cos iii Ix for i= 1, 3,5….,n ; n=15

22 sin iii Ix for i= 2,4,6….,n ; n=16 (11)

where ix is the nth input, is the magnitude of the nth odd harmonic, and i is the phase angle of the nth odd

harmonic. Each harmonic requires two nodes for the real and imaginary parts of its complex representation. The number of input nodes in the NN depends on the number of harmonics taken into consideration. The number of output nodes depends on the number of classes to be identified which, in this case, is the number of devices to be classified in the experiment. MLFNN are then trained with all the mentioned algorithms to identify different harmonic sources i.e device coding. 4.3.2 Simulation results

Original data set was split such that 66 % of data was used for training and remaining 34% for estimation. Population size and maximum number of generation for PSO and GA are 10 and 500 respectively. Weights are randomly initialized between -0.5 and 0.5 [17].Constants for GA were taken as cross over probability=0.8 and mutation probability=0.1.While simulating for NN& PSO the constants were; inertia=0.85, correction factor=0.6. In all the cases square of error was taken as an index for evaluating performance of different optimization approaches. Fig.9. is plot of actual and estimated output (device coding) when neural network was trained using combination of PSO &GD. Fig. 10 shows the plots for Square of errors (SE) obtained and minimum values of square of error for different training algorithms are tabulated in table 3. As clear from the table PSO& GD results in fast and efficient training of neural networks. Although GD gives minimum value of performance index, simulation time is more. PSO & GD attains fairly minimum value of performance index in comparatively very less simulation time As compared to reference [6] we have been able to reduce the number of iterations required to achieve minimum square of error from 900 to 4, with negligible increase in performance index.

Table 3 Comparison Of Square Of Error In Harmonic Signature Verification

GD GA PSO PSO &GD 2 in 900 iterations 4 in 8 iterations 3.0 in 15 iterations 3.2 in 4 iterations Thus, the proposed algorithm (a hybrid of PDO & GD) has proved to a faster algorithm in all the three problems. This is depicted in figure 11, which is a bar chart showing number of iterations required to obtain minimum value of square of error for different algorithms in all the three problems studied. 5. Conclusion In this paper three power quality problems namely flicker estimation, load frequency estimation and harmonic source detection are discussed. In all the problems, feed forward NN is used as an estimator.

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A hybrid algorithm combining PSO & GD has been used to learn the weights of neural network This MLFNN is then used to estimate the voltage flicker , load frequency and to identify the harmonic source signature. The estimation process is iterative and in each iteration, first PSO and then GD is applied on a population of weights. The advantages of the proposed hybrid algorithm are fast convergence with no possibility of getting stuck in the local minima valley. The surety of not getting stuck in local minima is due to PSO and fast convergence is because of GD. The simulation results prove that the proposed algorithm achieves improved and fast convergence over other conventional GD, GA and PSO algorithms.

References

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Narendra and Kannan Parathasarathy, “Identification and contol of dynamic system using neural network”, IEEE Trans. On Neural Network, vol. 1 , no.1, pp.4-27,March 1990. [15] Maohai Wang and Yuanzhang Sun, Senior Member, IEEE,’ A Practical, Precise Method for Frequency Tracking and Phasor Estimation,’ IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, Vol. 19, No. 4, October 2004 ,p p 1547- 1552. [16] Mario Mañana Canteli, Member, IEEE, Alfredo Ortiz Fernandez, Luis Ignacio Eguíluz, and Carlos Renedo Estébanez ‘Three-Phase Adaptive Frequency Measurement Based on Clarke’s Transformation ‘IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, Vol. 21, No. 3, July 2006 ,pp 1101-1105. [17] Mercedes Fernandez, carlos Herandez ,’ Weight Initialization Methods for multilayer Feedforward’, ESANN 2001 proceedings,25-27 April 2001,pp 119-124. [18] Mohamed M. Mansour, Said F. 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Salama, Fellow, IEEE,’ Hilbert Transform Based Control Algorithm of the DG Interface for Voltage Flicker Mitigation’ IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 2, April 2005 , pp1129-1133. [22] P. Acharjee, Member, IEEE, and S. K. Goswami ‘An Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization Based Method for Normal and Low Voltage Multiple Load Flow Solutions ,’ Conf. POWERCON 2008 [23] P.K..Dash, D.P.Swain, A.C.Liew, Saifur Rahman,’ An Adaptive Linear Combiner For On-Line Tracking Of Power System Harmonics,’ IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 11, No. 4, November 1996, pp 1730- 1735. [24] Rutisurhata K. Hartana, Member, IEEE, and Gill G. Richards, Member, IEEE,’ Constrained Neural Network-Based Identification of Harmonic Sources’ IEEE Transactions On Industry Applications, Vol. 29, No. 1, January 1993, pp 202-208. [25] T. Assaf, H. Henao *, G. A. 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Fig. 1. Flow chart for the proposed algorithm

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Fig. 2. Block diagram for estimation of voltage flicker envelope and phase angle

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

-5

0

5

time in seconds

volta

ge a

mpl

itude

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

0

2

4

6

volta

ge e

nvel

ope

time in seconds

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3-2

0

2

4

time in seconds

phas

e an

gle

actual voltage envelope

tracked voltage envelope

actual phase angle

tracked phase angle

actual voltage

tracked voltage

Fig.3 (a) plot of actual and estimated voltage flicker, Fig. 3 (b) plot of actual and estimated voltage flicker envelope, Fig. 3 (c) plot of actual and estimated fundamental phase angle.

W1 W1

sum

Weight Adaptation algorithm

Rectangular to polar

w1

v(k) +

Error

v^(k) -

X1

X2

w2

Ven

ISSN: 0975-5462 4457


1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 35.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

9.5x 10

-3 Error Plot with PSO& GD

Number of iterations

Am

plitu

de

Fig 4 Plot of square of error with PSO & GD

Fig. 5. Block diagram for load frequency estimation

Learning algorithm a

Fp(k)

Fpn(k) _

E(k) Neural Network U(k)

+

ISSN: 0975-5462 4458


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000

50

100

150

200

250

300plot for target frequency codes& estimated frequency codes

No. of samples

ampl

itude

target frequency code

estimated frequency codeenergy input

Fig.6 Estimation of frequency from the real data

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45Square of Error with PSO & GD


Am

plitu

de

Fig. 7 Plot of square of error with PSO& GD

ISSN: 0975-5462 4459


Fig. 8. Device identification system

0 10 20 30 40 50 60-5

0

5

10

15

20

25plot of actual & identified devices

No. of samples

device

cod

ing

actual device coding

identified device coding

Fig. 9. Plot for estimated and actual devices

Incomi-ng power

l

Device 1

Power Harmo-nic analyzer

Trained Neutral Network

Devices present in electrical power

Device 2 Device n

Harmonics

----

ISSN: 0975-5462 4460


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1003.21

3.22

3.23

3.24

3.25

3.26

3.27

3.28Square of Error Plot with PSO & GD


Amplitu

de

Fig. 10 Plot for square of error using PSO&GD

Fig. 11 Comparative analysis of conventional learning algorithms with the propose hybrid algorithm

ISSN: 0975-5462 4461

Documents

A FASTER ESTIMATION ALGORITHM APPLIED TO POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS