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A fact to ponder: Adolf Hitler came to power legally and democratically. Germany in the Aftermath of World War I. The End of the First World War. Review: World War I. 1914-1918 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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A fact to ponder: Adolf Hitler came to power legally and
democratically
Germany in the Aftermath of World War
I
The End of the First World War
1914-1918 Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Ottoman Empire) defeated by Allied Powers (France, United Kingdom, Russia, US)
Effects on Germany About 2.5 million dead; many more wounded Political turmoil Psychological shock – Germans didn’t expect to
lose the war
Review: World War I
By 1917, tide was turning
against Germany Protests and political
changes Workers launched walkouts
and strikes Leftist political parties
began to oppose the war Mutinies in the armed
forces Challenges to monarchy
and Kaiser Wilhelm II
Dissent in Germany
July 1918: US troops arrive in
France Allied counterattacks push
Germany back October 1918: Germany
requests an armistice based on Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points
November 10: Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates
Armistice signed November 11
The End of the War
Signed June 28, 1919 Treaty ending World War I with Germany Germany was not allowed to negotiate – a diktat Major provisions
Blame – the War Guilt Clause Reparations – Germany owed money to the Allies Army – severe limits on Germany’s military Territory – Germany lost 13% of territory + all
colonies
The Treaty of Versailles
German Territorial Losses after WWI
“The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.”
The War Guilt Clause
June 28, 1919 (included in Treaty of Versailles) Blamed Germany for WWI Germans resented this provision
The War Guilt Clause
You’re halfway through. Here’s a
cat!
The Weimar Republic
November 10, 1918: Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates
debate over future government January 1919: Germans vote for democratic
parties February 1919: new constitution drafted at
Weimar Reichstag – a parliament elected by the people President – elected by the people;
commander-in-chief of military and able to exercise emergency powers
Chancellor – appointed by the President, approved by the Reichstag; relatively weak
Germany’s Democratic Experiment
Bitterness and resentment about WWI Political instability Economic problems and hyperinflation
Three Problems
“Stab in the back” theory Limits on Germany’s army
put many soldiers out of work
Freikorps – literally “Free Corps” – formed to crack down on left-wing parties
Many extreme nationalist parties formed, including the National Socialist German Workers’ Party
Bitterness and Resentment
1920 elections: extremist parties take over
35% of vote Communists (20%) – support a workers’
revolution German National People’s Party (15%) – support
a monarchy Proportional representation gives extremist
parties a chance to join the Reichstag (more on this later)
Several coups (illegal attempts to take power) Terrorism by ultra-nationalists against
democrats and leftists
Political Instability
January 1920: reparations fixed at $33 billion
Germany paid in goods as well as cash
January 1923: French and Belgian troops occupy the Ruhr and seize assets
German workers strike, refusing to cooperate
Economic Problems
Date: 1921-1924 German government
begins printing money to help pay reparations
Led to hyperinflation – rapid decrease in the value of money
Hyperinflation
Middle-class people lost the value of their
savings Pensions for the elderly became worthless Allies started demanding payment in goods
rather than currency Money had to be spent immediately after
being earned
The Impact of Hyperinflation