Web viewThe two most energy efficient types of hard drives are the small form factor (SFF) disk drives and solid-state drives (SSD). An SFF hard-drive is 2.5 inches, which

COMMUNICATION AND ANALYSIS SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME-2014-15

B.E.S Institute of TechnologyJayanagar

Bangalore-560 011

Department Of

Electronics & Communication Engineering

This is to certify that the detail report entitled

“COMMUNICATION AND ANALYSIS SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME”

Submitted byABHISHEK C 484EC12001

V SemesterThis is a record of bonafied word carried out by him/her in

B.E.S.I.T During the academic year

2014 -2015

STAFF IN CHARGE PRINCIPAL HOD

B E S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 1


B.E.S Institute of TechnologyJayanagar

BANGALORE-560 011

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATECertified that the detailed report entitled

“COMMUNICATION AND ANALYSIS SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME” Submitted by

ABHISHEK C 484EC12001

Bonafied student of B.E.S Institute of Technology in the submission of the CASP report in Electronics & Communication Engineering, affiliated to Board of Technical Education, Bangalore during the academic year 2014-2015. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated during the course have been incorporated in the Report.Signature of the Staff H.O.D Signature of the Principal

------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

External Viva

Name of the Examiners Signature with date1.

2.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be

incomplete without mentioning the people who made it possible, whose constant

guidance and encouragement crowned our effort with success.

First and foremost, we would like to express our sincere words of gratitude and respect to

our university, Department of Technical Education, Bangalore and our college B.E.S

Institute of Technology, Bangalore for providing us an opportunity to carry out our

CASP report

We thank our principal Mr.Narayana Gowda.G for providing the required facilities.

We express our sincere thanks to our guide Mrs. SUSHMA M.P, Lecturer Department

of Electronics and Communications who has been driving force behind the completion

of our lab report.

Last but not the least; we extend our thanks to all the people in the Department of

Electronics & Communications, for always being helpful. We are very grateful to our

parents and well-wishers for their continuous moral support and encouragement.

ABHISHEK C

(484EC12001)



TASK NO. TITLE OF THE TASK PROGRAM

PROGRESS

OF TASK

INITIAL

OF STAFF

EVALUATION

TASK-01 COMMUNICATION

SKILLS

TASK-02 COMMUNICATION

EXERCISE

TASK-03 LISTENING SKILLS

TASK-04 READING SKILLS

TASK-05 WRITING SKILLS

TASK-06 KNOWLEDGE OF

USING INTERNET

TASK-07 ORAL

COMMUNICATION

TASK-08 DATA ANALYSIS

TASK-09 PRESENTATION

SKILLS

TASK-10

TASK-1 COMMUNICATION SKILLS



SL.NO DATE TASK PROGRESS

OF TASK

INITIAL

OF STAFF

EVALUATION

01 4.7.2014 TELEPHONIC

CONVERSATION

02 8.7.2014 CONVERSATION B/W

SUPPLIER &

CUSTOMER

03 8.7.2014 NEGOTIATION B/W

MARKETINIG

REPRESENTATIVE

AND TECHNICAL

REPRESENTATIVE

TASK-1.1 COMMUNICATION SKILLS



TOPIC - TELEPHONIC CONVERSATION OF A CUSTOMER AND SUPPLIER.

Costumer care: Hi... welcome to the Tata dotcom.

Costumer: Sir Can I know about the internet plans available in your service

Costumer care : Yes sir mainly there are 3g and 2g data plans...additional internet plans

like whatts app , Face book ,YouTube recharged are also available ...which I should

explain sir..

Costumer: Yes...please explain me about the current 3g plan available sir.....

Costumer care: Yes Wait .Do u want pre pay plan or post pay plan sir

Costumer: prepay plans.....

Costumer care; 445....3.5gb...30

days.255...1.5gb...30days...89...600....21days.39 ...150...7 days.351...2.5gb...30

days.155...1gb....30days.Sir these are currently available plans ....of 3g...

Costumer: OK thank you.

Costumer care: Does u want any other information sir.

Costumer: No a...thank you

Costumer care: Thank you for calling Docomo, have a nice day....




TOPIC –A CONVERSATION BETWEEN SHOWROOM PERSON AND A

CUSTOMER.

LG CURVED OLED TV

In TV showroom

Sales Person: Good morning sir how can I help you

Costumer: Yes ...can you show me the latest TV available.... with more feature....

Sales Person: Sir what all the specifications do u prefer sir

Costumer: Show me the latest model ...curved TV

Sales Person:..Yes sir we have only two companies... curved TV....right now... Samsung

curved TV...and LG OLED curved TV....

Costumer: say me about lg curved TV

Sales Person:: OK let me explain you about the lg curved ogled TV....Ok. LG CURVED

OLED TV 55EC930T.The KEY FEATURES are....firstly

PIXEL DIMMING

Pixel Dimming is a whole new display technology only possible in OLED (Organic Light

Emitting Diode). Since every single pixel generates light it self and turns on/off

independently, it achieves never seen-before black level even in dark scenes



LIFE-LIKE COLOR

LG OLED TV’s unique 4 Color Pixel enables natural expression of every shade and hue.

Whatever you watch will be so real and tangible

that you will feel like you are right there see ignite

with your naked eyes. It will maximize your

viewing experience with truly lifelike color.....

CLEAR MOTION

The responses peed of LG OLED TV is

over one thousand times faster than LED

TV, allowing you to enjoy fast moving

scenes like sports or action movies with

completely blur - free, crystal-clear pictures. Now enjoy It is no longer restrained by the

slow response rates and frame rates, and shows motion the way it is seen in real life.....

PERFECT VIEWING ANGLE

The OLED TV is no longer

restrained by the angle at which it is

viewed and shows incredibly

consistent picture from anywhere.

Enjoy perfectly wide viewing angle

with no distortion of contrast or color

with LG OLED TV, the perfect

display all around....



PAPER SLIM

The simple structure of OLED TV allows for great improvements in shape and form as

well. This has allowed the OLED TV to break another barrier of previous television

types, and attain a slimness never before possible. Now, only the essential screen itself

remains, without the unnecessary components. The result is the incredibly slim and light

led oled TV....

4 COLOR PIXEL

LG’s 4 Color Pixel technology adds a

white sub-pixel that modifies the

conventional colors of red, green, and blue,

and enhances both color range and

accuracy. This considerably improves the

OLED pixels’ ability to express the colors

of reality with clarity, and represents a

giant step ahead of not just conventional TV, but other OLED devices as well....

Sales Person: It has its own new features which is distinct from other TV, these new

emerging technology, you will definitely like this sir,

Costumer: yes I liked that TV what is the cost of the tv…?

Sales Person: around Rs.309900 and it has new offers,

Costmer: Thankyou, I will sure buy next week.

Sales Person: Thankyou sir.




TOPIC- NEGOTIATION BETWEEN ELECTRONICS MARKETING REPRESENTATIVE AND A TECHNICAL REPRESENTATIVE.

Customer: hello sir…. I’m SANJAY.

Supplier: hello… how can I help you sir..??

Customer: I want to buy some electronic

product.

Supplier: ok, which product would you like to buy?

Customer: I want arround 20 laptops and 20 head phones.

Supplier: what price range are you looking for?

Customer: I’m looking for around Rs.5,00,000/- for both the products.

Supplier: well, I can negotiate it for Rs.5,50,000/- for both the products.

Customer: it’s too costly, tell me some reasonable price.

Supplier: it’s reasonable only as we use good reputed company product.

Customer: some of my friends suggested your agency as you’re pricing is very

reasonable, but the price you are quoting is very high. Can you give it for Rs. 5,00,000/-.

Suppler: I can give it for Rs.5,20,000/-.

Customer: I can afford a maximum of RS.5,10,000/-.

Supplier: ok sir, lets finalize it for Rs.5,15,000/-.

Customer: ok, fine.

Supplier: as it is a reasonable rate for the product and we do not want to disappoint you,

we have agreed for this pricing.

Customer: when will you deliver the products?

Supplier: I can deliver it within a week.

Customer: Thank you.

Supplier: Thank you sir, it was nice to discuss with you regarding your requirement.

TASK: 2 : COMMUNICATION EXERCISE



SL.NO DATE TASK PROGRESS OF TASK

INTIAL OF STAFF

EVALUATION

0111.07.2014 SHORT TALK ON A

GIVEN TOPIC

0211.07.2014 CREATIVE

ADVERTISEMENT

0315.07.2014 DEBATE

0415.07.2014 PANEL

DISCUSSION

TASK- 2.1- COMMUNICATION EXERCISE

TOPIC- HIGHTLIGHTING THE FEATURES OF A BRANDED MOBILE PHONE.



OPPO FIND 5

Oppo 5 is the latest smarphone with additional and new possibilities, is the world’s first Smartphone with a 1080p IPS screen it has new and additional featuresSome of them are

Modern DesignSubtle curves, sleek lines, simple shapes. Built for both function and aesthetic appeal, the stainless steel frame construction provides the Find 5 with a solid feel while still looking light and compact.

OGS TechnologyThe Text, pictures and videos are more lifelike to heighten the visual experience. It has One Glass Solution technology combining touch sensors with display.

Super Slim BezelFind 5 is super-thin 3.25mm bezel allows more room for its amazing 5 inch screen. The phone is conform to your hand and easy to operate in one-hand

13 Megapixel CamerasFind 5 is s ultra-precise 13-megapixel camera captures every picture in the highest quality. It has High-speed Video capturing with 120 frames per second

5 Layer Lens CoatingFind 5’s lens has 5 layers of coating, including UV and blue glass filters to take optimal photos in any situation.



Dolby Mobile 3.0With Dolby Mobile 3.0, the difference in sound quality will be noticed whether you’re listening through headphones or enjoying with friends through the external back speaker.

S4 APQ8064 1.5GHzFind 5 uses the latest 28nm, Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 APQ8064 1.5GHz quad-core processor that couples the highest speed with the greatest energy efficiency.

NFC File Transmission

File, picture, and video sharing with the touch of a phone. Simply touch the backsides of two Find 5’s together to instantly send data between the two devices.

Adreno 320

Adreno 320 GPU provides the Find 5 with unparalleled graphics processing, allowing you to experience silky smooth picture quality.

Wi-Fi Display

Leave the wires and ports behind. Find 5 is equipped with Wi-Fi Display, allowing content of your phone to be wirelessly projected in HD to a television, another phone, or a tablet.

TASK-2.2 COMMUNICATION EXERCISE



TOPIC– A CREATIVE ADVERTISEMENT SEQUENCE FOR A CONSUMER ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS BEING ECO FRIENDLY.

Energy Efficient Hard Drive

The two most energy efficient types of hard drives are the small form factor (SFF) disk drives and solid-state drives (SSD). An SFF hard-drive is 2.5 inches, which uses less power than the typical 3.5 inch because it spins at a faster RPM. SSD drives are not mechanical, and therefore consume less power and generate less heat than a spinning disk. Many manufacturers are developing green drives that focus on reducing the carbon footprint by changing the spin rates and cooling properties to save energy.

Taking green computing one step further, the external hard drive designed by Simple Tech is housed in bamboo and recycled aluminum. An energy star rated power supply keeps the hard drive running energy efficiently. Additionally, the drive only turns on when the connected computer is powered up. This feature uses up to 90 percent less electricity than other less energy efficient hard drives. Because less energy is used, less heat is emitted, which means no cooling fans, adding to the energy savings.

SSDs are More Durable

Solid State Drives feature a non-mechanical design of NAND flash mounted on circuit boards, and are shock resistant up to 1500g/0.5ms. Hard Drives consist of various moving parts making them susceptible to shock and damage.


http://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_trksid=p5197.m570.l1313&_nkw=green+hard+drive&_sacat=0


SSDs are Faster

SSDs can have 100 times greater performance, almost instantaneous data access, quicker boot ups, faster file transfers, and an overall snappier computing experience than hard drives. HDDs can only access the data faster the closer it is from the read write heads, while all parts of the SSD can be accessed at once.

SSDs Consume Less Power

SSDs use significantly less power at peak load than hard drives, less than 2W vs. 6W for an HDD. Their energy efficiency can deliver longer battery life in notebooks, less power strain on system, and a cooler computing environment.

SSDs are Lighter

Flash-based SSDs weigh considerably less than hard drives – only 77g vs. 752.5g for HDDs. SSDs won't weigh down your notebook when you're on the go or your desktop when rearranging your office!


http://ocz.com/consumer/ssd


SSDs are Cost-Efficient

Though still a higher price/gigabyte than hard drives, SSDs offer cost savings in the long run for businesses with lower energy usage and greater productivity with higher Input/outputs Operations per Second (IOPS). One SSD delivers the performance of 100 hard drives.

SSDs are Cooler

As an energy-efficient storage upgrade for your desktop or laptop, SSDs require very little power to operate that translates into significantly less heat output by your system.



SSDs are Quieter

With no moving parts, SSDs run at near silent operation and never disturb your computing experience during gaming or movies, unlike loud, whirring hard disc drives.



TASK-2 .3 COMMUNICATION EXERCISE

TOPIC – DEBATE ON LONG TERM EFFECT OF RADIATION GENERATED BY COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENTS

In modern world throb of ac generates electromagnetic waves from TV blender, light bulb wires etc Because oscillations are slow I.e., 60 Hz cycles / sec this type of radiation is called extremely low frequency basically it is harmless it’s too weak to knock out electrons and cannot damage molecules in the body

In July 11, 1989, since times reported UN comfortable possibility that this ubiquitous background radiation might cause cancerRadioactive materials that decay spontaneously produce ionizing radiation, which has sufficient energy to strip away electrons from atoms (creating two charged ions) or to break some chemical bonds. Any living tissue in the human body can be damaged by ionizing radiation in a unique manner. The body attempts to repair the damage, but sometimes the damage is of a nature that cannot be repaired or it is too severe or widespread to be repaired. Also mistakes made in the natural repair process can lead to cancerous cells

In general, the amount and duration of radiation exposure affects the severity or type of health effect. There are two broad categories of health effects: stochastic and non-stochastic.

Stochastic Health Effects

Stochastic effects are associated with long-term, low-level (chronic) exposure to radiation. ("Stochastic" refers to the likelihood that something will happen.) Increased levels of exposure make these health effects more likely to occur, but do not influence the type or severity of the effect.

Cancer is considered by most people the primary health effect from radiation exposure. Simply put, cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells. Ordinarily, natural processes control the rate at which cells grow and replace themselves. They also control the body's processes for repairing or replacing damaged tissue. Damage occurring at the cellular or molecular level, can disrupt the control processes, permitting the uncontrolled growth of cells cancer This is why ionizing radiation's ability to break chemical bonds in atoms and molecules makes it such a potent carcinogen.



Other stochastic effects also occur. Radiation can cause changes in DNA, the "blueprints" that ensure cell repair and replacement produces a perfect copy of the original cell. Changes in DNA are called mutations.

Sometimes the body fails to repair these mutations or even creates mutations during repair. The mutations can be teratogenic or genetic. Teratogenic mutations are caused by exposure of the fetus in the uterus and affect only the individual who was exposed. Genetic mutations are passed on to offspring.

Non-Stochastic Health Effects

Non-stochastic effects appear in cases of exposure to high levels of radiation, and become more severe as the exposure increases. Short-term, high-level exposure is referred to as 'acute' exposure.

Many non-cancerous health effects of radiation are non-stochastic. Unlike cancer, health effects from 'acute' exposure to radiation usually appear quickly. Acute health effects include burns and radiation sickness. Radiation sickness is also called 'radiation poisoning.' It can cause premature aging or even death. If the dose is fatal, death usually occurs within two months. The symptoms of radiation sickness include: nausea, weakness, hair loss, skin burns or diminished organ function.

Medical patients receiving radiation treatments often experience acute effects, because they are receiving relatively high "bursts" of radiation during treatment.

How do we know radiation causes cancer?

Basically, we have learned through observation. When people first began working with radioactive materials, scientists didn't understand radioactive decay, and reports of illness were scattered.

As the use of radioactive materials and reports of illness became more frequent, scientists began to notice patterns in the illnesses. People working with radioactive materials and x-rays developed particular types of uncommon medical conditions. For example, scientists recognized as early at 1910 that radiation caused skin cancer. Scientists began to keep track of the health effects, and soon set up careful scientific studies of groups of people who had been exposed.

Among the best known long-term studies are those of Japanese atomic bomb blast survivors, other populations exposed to nuclear testing fallout (for example, natives of the Marshall Islands), and uranium miners.



Safe or Not?

Why do some people say all radiation exposure is bad and others say it can be okay? Even the scientific community differs on the answer to the question of low radiation doses and health effects. Radiation can cause biological changes in cells when they are outside the human body, and these can be seen in a laboratory even when the dose is small. However, these changes are not seen or cannot be related to health effects in humans. The fact that changes can occur may make some people believe all radiation is bad and the fact that this is not related to human health effects may make others believe it is safe at low levels. The human health effects that have been observed have been when individuals or groups have received larger doses of radiation (more than 50 rem) from events like those due to military uses of nuclear weapons, accidents, and uses of radiation in medicine for therapy.

If a population receives a radiation dose of 100 rem in a short period of time, we expect health effects in some of the people who were exposed. However, many who receive a dose at that level will not have any long-lasting health effects. This is like so many other things in our lives. If we eat a high-cholesterol, high-fat diet, some of us may end up with heart disease. But that isn’t true for everyone; some can eat this way for a lifetime and not have any heart-disease symptoms.

It isn’t a complete guessing game, though. Because radiation has been studied so much, there are some things we can say with certainty that apply to a majority of the population. We can say that for a small radiation dose (<10 rem), the risk of cancer is very small, too small to have any observable health impact in the population of the United States. We know that if the radiation dose is quite large and given in a short period of time, like the 1,000 rem in the chart above, it will cause an individual to be very sick and die.

TASK- 2 .4 -COMMUNICATION EXERCISE



TOPIC– PANEL DISCUSSION ON ENERGY AUDITING.What is an Energy Audit?

An energy audit is a preliminary activity towards instituting

energy efficiency programs in an establishment. It consists of

activities that seek to identify conservation opportunities

preliminary to the development of an energy savings program.

The Role of an Energy Audit

To institute the correct energy efficiency programs, you have to know first which

areas in your establishment unnecessarily consume too much energy, e.g. which is

the most cost-effective to improve. An energy audit identifies where energy is being

consumed and assesses energy saving opportunities - so you get to save money

where it counts the most.

In the factory, doing an energy audit increases awareness of energy issues among

plant personnel, making them more knowledgeable about proper practices that will

make them more productive. An energy audit in effect gauges the energy efficiency

of your plant against “best practices”. When used as a “baseline” for tracking yearly

progress against targets, an energy audit becomes the best first step towards saving

money in the production plant.

Contents of an Audit

An energy audit seeks to document things that are sometimes ignored in the plant,

such as the energy being used on site per year, which processes use the energy, and

the opportunities for savings. In so doing, it assesses the effectiveness of

management structure for controlling energy use and implementing changes. The

energy audit report establishes the needs for plant metering and monitoring,

enabling the plant manager to institutionalize the practice and hence, save money

for the years to come. The energy audit action plan lists the steps and sets the



preliminary budget for the energy management program.

1. Analysis of energy use

Identifying where energy is used is useful because it identifies which areas the audit

should focus on and raises awareness of energy use and cost. The results of the

analysis can be used in the review of management structures and procedures for

controlling energy use.

Analysis of energy use can be done by installing submeters in different plant

locations to pinpoint actual energy usage per area. This is a good source data for

allocating energy use. The plant manager can also list all equipment used and the

corresponding operating hours. With this information, he can create spreadsheet

information and generate charts useful for analysis.

Important Points to Consider When Collecting Site Load Data

a. Operating hours - This can be gathered from plant personnel. It is important

to ensure the accuracy of this data because much of the potential for energy

savings lies on correct estimation of the equipment’s operating hours.

b. Duty cycle - Machines such as large electric motors have varying loads and

hence, different power requirements.

c. Actual power consumed - For electric power users, this is based on either 3-

phase current/voltage readings or power

analyzer measurements (e.g., direct kW

which incorporates power factor). For fuel

users, tank readings of monthly consumption

estimates and flow meters with totalization

can be sources of measurement.



2. Identification of energy projects

Opportunities for energy savings can range from the simplest, such as lighting

retrofits, to the most complex such as the installation of a cogeneration plant. The

important thing to remember is to focus on major energy users and areas. Always

apply the 80/20 rule, focus on opportunities that provide 80% of the saving but

require 20% input. After the preliminary identification of opportunities, spend more

time on those which have shorter payback periods.

3. Cost benefit analysis

The identified energy conservation opportunities should be analyzed in terms of the

costs of implementing the project versus the benefits that can be gained. If you want

to, say, install a heat plate exchanger to recover waste heat, you need to calculate

the total cost of installation and compare that with the savings you will derive from

recovering waste heat. It makes sense to go on with the project if there is a net

positive benefit from the project.

4. Action plan to set implementation priority

After passing the cost benefit test, an action plan should be developed to ensure that

the opportunities identified are implemented. The action plan should include all the

major steps for implementing the opportunity as well as the people responsible.

Furthermore, there should be a plan for monitoring the results.

TASK:03 :LISTENING SKILLS




INTIAL OF

STAFF

EVALUATION

0118.07.2014 LISTENING TO AN

ADVERTISMENT

0218.07.2014 LISTEN TO THE

AUDIO IN AN A PROMOTIONAL CD

0322.07.2014 LISTEN TO A

LECTURE ON A TOPIC

0422.07.2014 LISTEN TO A

LECTURE ON ENVERONMENTAL

EFFECTS

TASK-3.1 - LISTENING SKILLS

TOPIC – AN ADVERTISEMENT OF AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE.

Canon 5D Mark III Review



5D MARK III SUMMARIES

The Canon 5D Mark III is a true "superstar" camera, with impressive capabilities

for both still and video shooting. It suits the needs of well-heeled amateurs and

working pros equally well, and while its resolution is only very slightly higher than

that of the 5D Mark II, the Canon 5D Mark III offers so many improvements over

its predecessor that it'll be an easy upgrade decision for many 5D Mark II owners.

Basic Specifications

Full model name:

Canon EOS 5D Mark III

Resolution: 22.30 Megapixels

Sensor size: 35mm

Kit Lens: n/a

Viewfinder: Optical / LCD

ISO: 50-102400

Shutter: 30-1/8000

Max Aperture: n/a

Dimensions: 6.0 x 4.6 x 3.0 in.(152 x 116 x 76 mm)

Weight: 33.5 oz (950 g)includes batteries

MSRP: $3,500

Availability: 03/2012

Manufacturer: Canon

Full specs: Canon 5D Mark III specifications

22.30Megapixels Canon EF 35mm

size sensor


http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/canon-5d-mkiii/canon-5d-mkiiiDAT.HTM

http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/canon-5d-mkiii/canon-5d-mkiiiDAT.HTM


5D MARK III SUMMARIES

The Canon 5D Mark III is a true "superstar" camera, with impressive capabilities

for both still and video shooting. It suits the needs of well-heeled amateurs and

working pros equally well, and while its resolution is only very slightly higher than

that of the 5D Mark II, the Canon 5D Mark III offers so many improvements over

its predecessor that it'll be an easy upgrade decision for many 5D Mark II owners.

PROS

Superb still and video image quality; Powerful, fast, and accurate AF system with

loads of cross-type points, loads of configurability and great frame coverage;

Rugged, weather-sealed body with great control layout and user-interface

configurability.

CONS

Dynamic range is limited by noise in deep shadows; somewhat heavy-handed noise

suppression and sharpening at default settings. (Shooting RAW avoids both.); No


http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/canon-5d-mkiii/canon-5d-mkiiiA.HTM






AF illuminator.

PRICE AND AVAILABILITY

The Canon 5D Mark III initially started shipping in April of 2012, though

shipments were temporarily halted while a light leakage issue was resolved in early

units; body-only street prices in early 2013 range from US$2,600 - US$3,300, with

most authorized dealers hovering around US$3,000.

IMAGING RESOURCE RATING

5.0 Out of 5.0

TASK-3.2 - LISTENING SKILLS

TOPIC – LISTEN TO THE AUDIO PROMOTIONAL CD FOR ABOUT 15 MIN ON ANY ELECTONIS PRODUCT.



The wireless router is arguably the most important piece of computer equipment in your home (and even when traveling), since it connects the rest of your gadgets to one another and the Internet. As there are so many choices on the market, it's always hard to find the best one for your money. This is a list of the current top routers I've reviewed so far. They come with different feature sets and prices, but all of them share great performance and have earned high CNET ratings.

Remote Management Protocol HTTP

Data Transfer Rate600 Mbps Connectivity Technology Wired s

Having previously reviewed the bulky and subpar Asus RT-N16, we found the new RT-56U a big pleasant surprise. It's one of the most stylish routers we've seen and is about two-thirds of the size of the also-stylish Linksys E4200. The RT-56U, however, is squarish and from the top it looks very much like a shiny black marble tile. It's also very thin.

The router is not designed to be wall-mountable but it comes with a detachable base to work in a vertical position. It can also be placed on its bottom, like all routers.

Despite the new compact physical size, the RT-56U packs a heavy punch. On the back, it has four Gigabit LAN ports (for wired devices) and one WAN port (to connect to an Internet source such as a broadband modem). Next to the ports, there are also two USB ports designed to host printers or network storage. This is the first router of this ultracompact size to come with two USB ports. Most compact routers we've reviewed don't have a USB port at all. Between the USB ports and the LAN ports is a tiny reset button that restores the router to its default manufacturer settings.

On top, the router comes with an array of tiny blue lights labeled with the function each displays the status of--the USB port, the wired network, the two wireless networks (2.4Ghz and 5Ghz), and the power.

It's very easy to get the RT-56U up and running. First, plug the router in and turn it on. Next, from a computer that's connected to the router via a network cable, open an Internet browser, such as Firefox. You will be greeted with a quick Web-based wizard that walks you through a few simple steps to set up the wireless networks and get connected to the Internet. In our case, this took less than three minutes. The setup is foolproof and probably the fastest way to set up a router we've seen--possibly even faster than the case of Cisco's E and Vale series, which are extremely easy.

After the wizard, you can use the router right away or stay in its Web interface to further customize its


http://www.cnet.com/tags/firefox/


features. Later on you can log in to this interface again at any time by pointing a browser of a connected computer to its IP address, which by default is 192.168.1.1.

FeaturesThe RT-56U's Web interface is very similar to that of the RT-N16 but is much improved in terms of performance and utility. The new router also has more features. The only nag we had is the fact that the interface takes a long time to apply changes. It displays a countdown message that goes from 1 to 100 percent at a rate of about 2 or 3 percent per second, meaning almost every change takes close to a minute.The interface has a nifty network map that show a schematic of all the devices connected to its network and USB ports. It also has a very easy-to-use quality of service (QoS) feature called EzQoS that lets you quickly prioritize what type of services--gaming, media streaming, VoIP or Internet applications--that you want the network to prioritize for each connected device. There's even a comprehensive "Traffic Meter" that shows the use of the Internet as well as wired and wireless networks in real time or in the past 24 hours.



Task 3.3 – LISTENING SKILLS

TOPIC – LISTEN TO A LECTURE ON A TOPIC OF YOUR CHOICE FROM

www.academicearth.org for 30 minutes.

Too Many Too Soon: The Anti-Vaccine Fallacy

Too many, too soon is the battle of the vaccine. Too many shots, too many antigens, too close together are given as a vaccine.

By age 6, the recommended vaccination schedule exposes children to 5 live attenuated or altered organisms and 21 different antigens. Is this a lot? Does this put an enormous burden on the immune system sending it spiraling out of control to damage our children? Let’s find out.

It has been estimated that humans can generate about 10 billion different antibodies, each capable of binding a distinct epitope of an antigen. Actual estimates of antibody specificities in an individual, due to exposure to various germs and other foreign materials, range between 1 million and 100 million.

We cannot say with absolute certainty how many antigens the average human is exposed to by age 18, but let’s say, as an argument, that you’ve had most of your antigen exposure by that age. Assuming total exposure is around 1 million antigens, this equals 152 unique exposures per day. Under this conservative estimate, by age 6, the vaccine exposure would account for .006% of the total antigen exposure of the child.

If a child is exposed to 100 million antigens by age 18, the rough maximum, we’re looking at 15,520 unique exposures per day. By age 6 that would be nearly 34 million antigens and the vaccine schedule would account for 0.00006% of exposure.

No matter how you slice it, the vaccine schedule represents a miniscule exposure to antigens and organisms compared to what people encounter as part of life. Worrying about the exposure from the vaccine schedule is like worrying about a thimble of water getting you wet while swimming in an ocean.


http://www.academicearth.org/


Task 3.4 LISTENING SKILLS

TOPIC – LISTEN TO A LECTURE ON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF

ELECRONIC WASTE DISPOSAL.

E-wastes are considered dangerous, as certain components of some electronic products contain materials that are hazardous, depending on their condition and density. The hazardous content of these materials pose a threat to human health and environment. Discarded computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, fax machines, electric lamps, cell phones, audio equipment and batteries if improperly disposed can leach lead and other substances into soil and groundwater. Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled in an environmentally sound manner so that they are less harmful to the ecosystem. This paper highlights the hazards of e-wastes, the need for its appropriate management and options that can be implemented.

Not only does the leaching of mercury poses specific problems, the vaporization of metallic mercury and dim ethylene mercury, both part of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is also of concern. In addition, uncontrolled fires may arise at landfills and this could be a frequent occurrence in many countries. When exposed to fire, metals and other chemical substances, such as the extremely toxic dioxins and furansFrom halogenated flame retardant products and PCB containing condensers can be emitted. The most dangerous form of burning e-waste is the open-air burning of plastics in order to recover copper and other metals. The toxic fall-out from open air burning affects the local environment and broader global air currents, depositing highly toxic byproducts in many places throughout the world.

MANAGEMENT OF E-WASTES

It is estimated that 75% of electronic items are stored due to uncertainty of how to manage it. These electronic junks lie unattended in houses, offices, warehouses etc. and normally mixed with household wastes, which are finally disposed off at landfills. This necessitates implementable management measures.

In industries management of e-waste should begin at the point of generation. This can be done by waste minimization techniques and by sustainable product design.



Waste minimization in industries involves adopting:

inventory management, production-process modification, volume reduction, Recovery and reuse. Recycle

Benefits of recycling

Recycling raw materials from end-of-life electronics is the most effective solution to the growing e-waste problem. Most electronic devices contain a variety of materials, including metals that can be recovered for future uses. By dismantling and providing reuse possibilities, intact natural resources are conserved and air and water pollution caused by hazardous disposal is avoided. Additionally, recycling reduces the amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused by the manufacturing of new products.

TASK:04 :READING SKILLS




INTIAL OF STAFF

EVALUATION

01.08.2014 READ AN ARTICLE

FROM A MAGAZINE

02.08.2014

READ AN ADVERTISEMENT

OF A NEW RELEASED

ELECTRONIC PRODUCT

03.08.2014 READ AN ARTICLE

ON DESINING OF PRINTED CIRCUITS

04.08.2014 ENTERPRISE

RESOURCE PLANING

05 .08.2014 AUTOMATED MATERIAL HANDLING

SYSTEM



TASK 4.1 – READING SKILLSTOPIC – READ AN ARTICLE FROM A MAGAZINE ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF

JUST-IN-TIME.

Just in time (JIT) is a production strategy that strives to improve a business' return on investment by reducing in-process inventory and associated carrying costs. "Just-in-Time" means making "only what is needed, when it is needed, and in the amount needed." For example, to efficiently produce a large number of automobiles, which can consist of around 30,000 parts, it is necessary to create a detailed production plan that includes parts procurement. Supplying "what is needed, when it is needed, and in the amount needed" according to this production plan can eliminate waste, inconsistencies, and unreasonable requirements, resulting in improved productivity originated in Japan in the 1950s. It was adopted by Toyota and other Japanese manufacturing firms, with excellent results: Toyota and other companies that adopted the approach ended up raising productivity

The Just-in-Time inventory system focuses in having “the right material, at the right time, at the right place, and in the exact amount”, without the safety net of inventory. The JIT system has broad implications for implementers.

Benefits / advantages of just in time manufacturing system

1. Funds that were tied up in inventories can be used elsewhere.2. Areas previously used, to store inventories can be used for other more productive

uses.3. Throughput time is reduced, resulting in freater potential output and quicker

response to consumers.4. Defect rates are reduced, reducing in less waste and greater customer satification5. Increased emphasis on supplier relationships. A company without inventory does

not want a supply system problem that creates a part shortage. 6. Supplies come in at regular intervals throughout the production day. Supply is

synchronized with production demand and the optimal amount of inventory is on hand at any time. When parts move directly from the truck to the point of assembly, the need for storage facilities is reduced.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrying_cost

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investment




Effects

A surprising effect of JIT was that car factory response time fell to about a day. This improved customer satisfaction by providing vehicles within a day or two of the minimum economic shipping delay

The just-in-time philosophy was also applied to other segments of the supply chain in several types of industries. In the commercial sector, it meant eliminating one or all of the warehouses in the link between a factory and a retail establishment. Examples in sales, marketing, and customer service involve applying information systems and mobile hardware to deliver customer information as needed, and reducing waste by video conferencing to cut travel time

Supply chain management (SCM) is the management of the flow of goods, flow of cash, and flow of information internally and externally of a company or a group of companies that share the same value chain. It includes the movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption; cash or credit in purchasing or selling of products or services; as well as the information that conducts those activities, such as orders, demand forecast, or even picking lists. Interconnected or interlinked networks, channels and node businesses are involved in the provision of products and services required by end customers in a supply chain.[2] Supply chain management has been defined as the "design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply chain activities with the objective of creating net value, building a competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance globally."[3]

Supply chain management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing, procurement, conversion, and logistics management. It also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which may be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers, or customers. Supply chain management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies. More recently, the loosely coupled, self-organizing network of businesses that cooperate to provide product and service offerings has been called the Extended Enterprise.Main functions of Supply Chain Management are as follows:

Inventory Management Distribution Management Channel Management Payment Management Financial Management Supplier Management Transportation Management Customer Service Management


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediaries

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppliers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_partner

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics_management

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_sourcing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_management#cite_note-3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_management#cite_note-2

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_material

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_material



TASK 4.2 – READING SKILLSTOPIC – READ AN ADVERTISEMENT OF A NEW RELEASED ELECTRONIC PRODUCT.

WT Eon 650 PFDIntroducing the new Godrej Eon Glitz washing machine with best in class features and alluring looks, this washing machine is a perfect blend of style as well as technology.Capacity: 6.5 KGPrice:

WT 650 PFD Rs. 22,600/-

Gravity Drum

The unique drum contour design ensures effective and efficient cloth movement inside the tub which leads to a four way wash and also provides a better scrubbing action. The gravity drum design is highly effective for dirt removal and consistent wash performance

Cascade Waterfall Effect

The new Godrej Eon Glitz Washing Machine comes with a unique washing action called the Cascade Effect. This acts like a waterfall which flows from both sides of the drum. The dirty water flows out as fresh water gushes in to take its place.Digital Control Panel

The ergonomically designed inclined digital control panel lets the user seamlessly manage all operations of the machine with ease and lets the user keep a check on the status of the wash even from a distance.

Detergent MixerThe Detergent Mixer with its inbuilt aqua-flow contours ensures

uniform mixing of the detergent and leads to effective detergent utilisation. A uniform mixed and filtered water-detergent mix is then sent into the wash tub which gives a more effective wash and prevents detergent smudging on the clothes.

Aqua Jet Pulsator

The Aqua Jet Pulsator has a well-crafted, superior design. Its forceful nature ensures that all the dirt and tough stains are removed. The Pulsator has a



360 degree motion and a 180 degree anti-clockwise motion which helps detangle and scrub your clothes..Tub Clean

It’s a self cleaning mechanism built in to the machine in which the machine runs itself to remove any residue left from the previous washes, hence keeps it clean..

Delay Start

The delay start feature allows the user to set a delay in starting operation by upto 23 hours. These allow the wash take place even in your absence.Self-Shut

Save SettingsIt allows you to save your most preferred wash cycle. The Save Settings feature helps you save precious time when you are too busy to overlook the functions of your machine. The machine is adept enough to complete the whole washing cycle without any supervision.

Schott Glass Window

After taking the evolving trends and customer insights into consideration, we partnered with renowned German glass manufacturers Schott, to manufacture a wide and curved toughened glass for the new Godrej Eon Glitz Washing Machine. The curvature adds to the machines affluent look and offers you with an option, as opposed to the commonly available flat toughened glass.10 Program Levels

Godrej Eon Glitz Washing Machines with DAC Technology comes with 10 Programme Levels - Fuzzy, Daily Wash, Gentle, Sari, Jeans, Strong, Wool, Favourite, Quick Wash, and Blanket. You have the option of choosing a wash program, which is best suited for the kind of fabric used.

Smart Rinse



This feature lets you add water during your wash cycles, which helps you remove as much detergent as possible. Smart Rinse is specially designed for baby apparel and for people with sensitive skin.

Soak Selector

This feature provides intensive care for your clothes, specially the heavily soiled clothes. The nine available options allow you to select the ideal soaking option for your wash.

++ Fuzzy

Godrej Eon Glitz Washing Machines are always working towards simplifying your experience. The fuzzy logic feature uses the washing machine’s microcomputer to determine the wash cycle and the water level according to the size and quality of your load. It lets you wash, rinse and spin-dry at the touch of a button.



TASK 4.3 – READING SKILLS

Task: 4.3 Read an article on desingning of pcb from internet and note down the steps in process

PCB manufacturing consists of many steps.

PCB computer aided manufacturing

Manufacturers never use the Gerber or Excellon files directly on their equipment, but always read them into their computer aided manufacturing (CAM) system. PCBs cannot be manufactured professionally without a CAM system, which performs the following functions

1. Input of the Gerber data2. Verify the data; optionally DFM3. Compensate for deviations in the manufacturing processes (e.g. scaling to

compensate for distortions during lamination)4. Panelize5. Output of the digital tools (layer images, drill files, AOI data, electrical test files,)

A circuit board is a card made just for attaching electronic components.

The "card" is made of a material that does not conduct electricity, like fiberglass or plastic. Usually copper is etched inside the board (between the layers of plastic). [1]

Electronic parts are then attached to this base using a conductive material (metal). The circuits etched into the board allow electricity to travel from one component to another, so the parts can work together.

Boards carry many different parts which are connected together in electrical circuits to do their different tasks. The most common circuit boards are called PCBs (printed circuit boards) and are most commonly mass produced ready for a specific job. Some circuit boards are made plain so a person can build their own for a particular electrical task. Most things that use electricity have at least one circuit board inside of them that makes them run. Flexible circuit boards are those that are made thin enough to flex.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Testpad.JPG


History

A handmade circuit board

Printed circuit boards came from electrical connection systems that were used in the 1850s. Originally metal strips or rods were used to connect large electric components mounted on wooden bases. The metal strips were replaced by wires connected to screw terminals, and wooden bases were replaced by metal frames. Smaller designs allowed spacing components more closely, for increasingly complex circuits. In 1925, Charles Ducas of the United States submitted a patent application for a method of creating an electrical path directly on an insulated surface by printing through a stencil with electrically conductive inks. This method gave birth to the name "printed wiring" or "printed circuit."

In 1943, Paul Eisler of the United Kingdom patented a method of etching the conductive pattern, or circuits, on a layer of copper foil bonded to a glass-reinforced, non-conductive base. Eisler's technique was noticed by the US military and they started to use it in new weapons in World War II. His idea did not come in to commercial use until the 1950s when the transistor was introduced. Up to that point, vacuum tubes and other components were so large that the traditional mounting and wiring methods were all that was needed. With the introduction of transistors, however, the components became very small, and manufacturers turned to printed circuit boards so the connections could also be small.

Plated through-hole technology and its use in multi-layer PCBs were patented by the U.S. firm Hazeltine in 1961. The resulting increase in the complexity and detailed paths started a new era in PCB design. Integrated circuit chips were introduced in the 1970s, and these components were quickly incorporated into printed circuit board design and manufacturing techniques. Today the Printed Circuit Board can have up to 50 layers in some applications.


http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S111FlipChipBack.jpg


PCB copper electroplating line in theprocess of pattern plating copper.

PCBs in process of having copper pattern plated, notice the blue dry film resist

Design

The main task in designing a PCB is figuring out where all the components are going to go. Normally there is a design or schematic that will be turned into a PCB. There is no such thing as a standard printed circuit board. Each board is designed for its own use and must be the right size to fit the required space. Board designers use computer-aided design software to layout the circuit designs on the board. The spaces between electrical paths are often 0.04 inches (1.0 mm) or smaller. The location of the holes for component leads or contact points are also laid out. Once the circuit pattern is laid out, a negative image is printed out at exact size on a clear plastic sheet. With a negative image, the areas that are not part of the circuit pattern are shown in black and the circuit pattern is shown as clear. This design is made into instructions for a computer-controlled drilling machine or for the automatic solder paste used in the manufacturing process.

Photo resist

Most circuit boards are made with a light sensitive covering, for photolithography. This covering is sometimes called photo-resist. The covering reacts with light. Then the circuit board and covering are put in a developer. Developer is a liquid that dissolves the covering that was exposed to light. Then the board is put in an etchant. An etchant dissolves the copper that is not covered by the covering. Then the board is put into


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PCB_copper_layer_electroplating_machine.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PCBs_hanging_in_electroplating_machine.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ni000_Hollow_rivets_for_Plated_Through_Hole_PCB_repair_and_small-scale_manufacturing.png


another liquid that removes the covering. Some companies also use this method. It is expensive per board, but very cheap to set up in the beginning.

Silkscreen

Some professionally made circuit boards use a different method to remove extra copper from the circuit board. A process called silk-screening is used. Silk-screening is when a cloth is pulled tight over a frame. Then an image is printed onto the cloth. Then ink is pressed through the cloth. The ink does not go where the image has been printed on the cloth. It is called silk-screening because the cloth is usually silk. The cloth is usually silk because it has very small holes. Silk-screening is used to print an ink called resist onto the board. Resist is an ink that resists the etchant used to make the circuit board. Etchant dissolves the copper on the board. This is cheaper for each board than photo-resist, but is more expensive in the beginning.

Milling

Another way to make a circuit board is to use a mill. A mill is a drill that moves in many directions. The drill removes a small amount of copper each time it moves. The mill removes the copper around the wires on the board. This leaves extra copper on the board. Other methods do not leave the extra copper on the board. This method is cheaper per board, but is expensive in the beginning. It is also not commonly used in professionally made boards, because the first two ways are better.


TOPIC : Read an article on Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) packages from the internet and discuss the merits relevant to industry

ERP is short for enterprise resource planning.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is business process management software that allows an organization to usually a suite of integrated applications—that a company can use to collect, store, manage and interpret data from many business activities

ERP provides an integrated view of core business processes, often in real-time, using common databases maintained by a database management system. ERP systems track business resources—cash, raw materials, production capacity—and the status of business commitments: orders, purchase orders, and payroll. The applications that make up the system share data across the various departments (manufacturing, purchasing, sales,


http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/business_process.html


accounting, etc.) that provide the data.[1] ERP facilitates information flow between all business functions, and manages connections to outside stakeholders

ERP software is considered an enterprise application as it is designed to be used by larger businesses and often requires dedicated teams to customize and analyze the data and to handle upgrades and deployment. In contrast, Small business ERP applications are lightweight business management software solutions, customized for the business industry you work in.

Benefits of ERP for your Business

1. Integration across all business processes - To realize the full benefits of an ERP system it should be fully integrated into all aspects of your business from the customer facing front end, through planning and scheduling, to the production and distribution of the products you make.

2. Automation enhances productivity - By automating aspects of business processes, ERP makes them more efficient, less prone to error, and faster. It also frees up people from mundane tasks such as balancing data.

3. Increase overall performance - By integrating disparate business processes, ERP ensures coherence and avoids duplication, discontinuity, and people working at cross purposes, in different parts of the organisation. The cumulative positive effect when business processes integrate well is overall superior performance by the organisation.

4. Quality Reports and Performance Analysis - Analysis on ERP will enable you to produce financial and boardroom quality reports, as well as to conduct analysis on the performance of your organisation.

5. Integrates across the entire supply chain - A best of breed ERP system should extend beyond your organisation and integrate with both your supplier and customer systems to ensure full visibility and efficiency across your supply chain


http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/small_business_erp.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/enterprise_application.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning#cite_note-1


Disadvantages

Customization is problematic. Compared to the best-of-breed approach, ERP can be seen as meeting an organization’s lowest common denominator needs, forcing the organization to find workarounds to meet unique demands.

Re-engineering business processes to fit the ERP system may damage competitiveness or divert focus from other critical activities.

ERP can cost more than less integrated or less comprehensive solutions. High ERP switching costs can increase the ERP vendor's negotiating power, which

can increase support, maintenance, and upgrade expenses. Overcoming resistance to sharing

sensitive information between departments can divert management attention.

Integration of truly independent businesses can create unnecessary dependencies.

Extensive training requirements take resources from daily operations.

Due to ERP's architecture (OLTP, On-Line Transaction Processing) ERP systems are not well suited for

production planning and supply chain management (SCM). Harmonization of ERP systems can be a mammoth task (especially for big

companies) and requires a lot of time, planning, and money.


TOPIC – READ A NOTE ON USAGE OF AUTOMATED MATERIAL HANDLING SYSTEM AND STORAGE RETRIEVAL SYSTEM.

AS/RS systems are designed for automated storage and retrieval of parts and items in manufacturing,



distribution, retail, wholesale and institutions. They first originated in the 1960s, initially focusing on

heavy pallet loads but with the evolution of the technology the handled loads have become smaller. The

systems operate under computerized control, maintaining an inventory of stored items. Retrieval of

items is accomplished by specifying the item type and quantity to be retrieved. The computer determines

where in the storage area the item can be retrieved from and schedules the retrieval. It directs the proper

automated storage and retrieval machine (SRM) to the location where the item is stored and directs the

machine to deposit the item at a location where it is to be picked up. A system of conveyors and or

automated guided vehicles is sometimes part of the AS/RS system. These take loads into and out of the

storage area and move them to the manufacturing floor or loading docks. To store items, the pallet or

tray is placed at an input station for the system, the information for inventory is entered into a computer

terminal and the AS/RS system moves the load to the storage area, determines a suitable location for the

item, and stores the load. As items are stored into or retrieved from the racks, the computer updates its

inventory accordingly.

The benefits of an AS/RS system include reduced labor for transporting items into and out of inventory,

reduced inventory levels, more accurate tracking of inventory, and space savings. Items are often stored

more densely than in systems where items are stored and retrieved manually.

Within the storage, items can be placed on trays or hang from bars, which are attached to chains/drives

in order to move up and down. The equipment required for an AS/RS include a storage & retrieval

machine (SRM) that is used for rapid storage and retrieval of material. SRMs are used to move loads

vertically or horizontally, and can also move laterally to place objects in the correct storage location.

The trend towards Just In Time production often requires sub-pallet level availability of production

inputs, and AS/RS is a much faster way of organizing the storage of smaller items next to production

lines.

Material Handling Institute of America (MHIA), the non-profit trade association for the material

handling world, and its members have broken AS/RS into two primary segments: Fixed Aisle and

Carousels/Vertical Lift Modules (VLMs). Both sets of technologies provide automated storage and

retrieval for parts and items, but use different technologies. Each technology has its unique set of

benefits and disadvantages. Fixed Aisle systems are characteristically larger systems whereas carousels

and Vertical Lift Modules are used individually or grouped, but in small to medium-sized applications.

A fixed-aisle AS/R machine (stacker crane) is one of two main designs: single-masted or double masted.

Most are supported on a track and ceiling guided at the top by guide rails or channels to ensure accurate

vertical alignment, although some are suspended from the ceiling. The 'shuttles' that make up the system

travel between fixed storage shelves to deposit or retrieve a requested load (ranging from a single book



in a library system to a several ton pallet of goods in a warehouse system). The entire unit moves

horizontally within an aisle, while the shuttles are able to elevate up to the necessary height to reach the

load, and can extend and retract to store or retrieve loads that are several positions deep in the shelving.

A semi-automated system can be achieved by utilizing only specialized shuttles within an existing rack

system. Automated storage and retrieval system using the highly dynamic TGW Stingray shuttle

technology. Another AS/RS technology is known as shuttle technology. In this technology the

horizontal movement is made by independent shuttles each operating on one level of the rack while a lift

at a fixed position within the rack is responsible for the vertical movement. By using two separate

machines for these two axis the shuttle technology is able to provide higher throughput rates than stacker

cranes.

Storage and Retrieval Machines pick up or drop off loads to the rest of the supporting transportation

system at specific stations, where inbound and outbound loads are precisely positioned for proper

handling. In addition, there are several types of Automated Storage & Retrieval Systems (AS/RS)

devices called Unit-load AS/RS, Mini-load AS/RS, Mid-Load AS/RS,[8] Vertical Lift Modules

(VLMs), Horizontal Carousels and Vertical Carousels. These systems are used either as stand-alone

units or in integrated workstations called pods or systems. These units are usually integrated with

various types of pick to light systems and use either a microprocessor controller for basic usage or

inventory management software. These systems are ideal for increasing space utilization up to 90%,

productivity levels by 90%, accuracy to 99.9%+ levels and throughput up to 750 lines per hour/per

operator or more depending on the configuration of the system.

Advantages

An effective automated storage and retrieval system provides several benefits for supply chain

management:

1. An efficient AS/RS system helps companies cut expenses by minimizing the amount of unnecessary

parts and products in storage, and improving organization of the contents of a warehouse. Due to

automated processes, it also allows for more storage space due to high-density storage, narrower aisles,

etc.

2. Automation reduces labor costs while lowering workforce requirements and increasing safety.

3. Modeling and managing the logical representation of the physical storage facilities (e.g. racking, etc.).

For example, if certain products are often sold together or are more popular than others, those products

can be grouped together or placed near the delivery area to speed up the process of picking, packing and

shipping to customers.

4. Enabling a seamless link to order processing and logistics management in order to pick, pack, and

ship product out of the facility.



TASK:-05: WRITING SKILLS


INTIAL OF STAFF

EVALUATION

01.08.2014 RESUME

02.08.2014 COVERING

LETTER

03.08.2014 SYNOPSIS

04.08.2014 SUMMARY

ESSAY ON ANY



05 .08.2014 TOPIC RELATED TO

ELECTRONICS/IT

TASK – 5.1 WRITING SKILLS

TOPIC - RESUME

Abhishek C

#136/1, ullal main road, vinayaka layout

MOB: +91-8892294990

EMAIL: [email protected]

OBJECTIVE:

Looking forward for a challenging & creative career ahead, that uses my potential to the

best and willing to learn and adapt to new challenges.

EDUCATION:

Qualification Institution Board\University Year Percentage



Diploma

(ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION)

(1 TO 6 SEM)

B.E.S INSTITUTE

OF

TECHNOLOGY,

BANGALORE

D.T.E 20 73.4%

10thVSS International

Public SchoolCBSE 2012 7.2gpa

SEMESTER WISE PERCENTAGE:

Semester 1 2 3 4 5 6

Percentag

e78.83% 78.06% 70.88% 65.66% 71.20% 70.55%

Areas of interest: Microcontrollers, Embedded systems, Layout design & Mapping.

Extra-Curricular Activities: Part of event organizing team in school and college annual

day functions. Active participation in social services-blood donation campaigns and

Experience in maintaining a mini-food stall.

Strengths:

Passionate and Creative.

Good Listener and Perseverance.

Co-ordinated and Supportive.

Keen to learn and implement new technologie

Personal Details

Name : Abhishek c

Gender : Male

Date of Birth : 21-12-1996

Nationality : Indian



Marital Status : Single

Father’s name : Chandrashekar

Mother’s name : Nagarathna

Languages known : English, Telugu, Tamil, Hindi and Kannada

Declaration: I hereby declare that above mentioned information is True of my

knowledge & I bear the commitment

Place: Bangalore

Date: 03-06-2014

(Abhishek c)

TASK – 5.2 WRITING SKILLS:




TOPIC – WRITE A SYNOPSIS FOR SATELLITE.


http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/earth_3_2.jpg

http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/jason-2-xltn_0.jpg



TOPIC- WRITE AN ESSAY ON ANY TOPIC RELATED TO ELECTONICS.




TOPIC –WRITE A SUMMARY ON LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN MOBILES



TASK:06: KNOWLEDGE OF USING INTERNET


INTIAL OF STAFF

EVALUATION

01 .08.2014 CREATING AN E-GROUP

02.08.2014 CONTACTING

OTHER RELATED

GROUPS FROM THE NET

03 .08.2014 COLLECTING DATA

04 .08.2014FORWARDING RESUMES TO DIFFERENT JOBS



TASK-6.1 KNOWLEDGE OF USING INTRNET

TOPIC–CREATING AN E-GROUP WITH FREE INTERNET SERVICE

PROVIDER.

Creating an e-group with a free internet service provider among friends and act as a moderator in turn among a group of learners

Through this users can create new static mailing lists. Users need to define: the mailing list name, one or more aliases for the mailing list, the topic and the description. Please note that an alias defines an alternative e-mail address for a mailing list. This is useful if an e-mail address that existed before needs to be re-assigned to an e-group.

It is also important to consider that the e-group name must contain a dash "-", e-group alias must contain a dash "-" or a dot ".".


https://e-groups.cern.ch/e-groups/EgroupsNewStatic.do


When defining a new group, users have to specify the usage type.

The usage type lets the users specify if the e-group can be excluded from the synchronization with LDAP/Active Directory. This is especially useful for groups that do not require to be in the AD as the groups are only read/managed through the E-Groups application or its web service interface directly. You should use this new usage type in case you manage a certain number of groups (e.g. via the E-Groups SOAP service) that do not need to be synchronized with CERN's Active Directory / LDAP. All groups created with the usage type "E-Groups Only" do not count against the group membership limit.

Optionally, the users can specify an expiry date. When the expiry date is reached, the group will be blocked and eventually deleted after 3 further months. Before the expiration, the owners and administrators will be warned by email and have the possibility to prolong a group’s validity.

When creating a new static mailing list, users will have to decide on the self-subscription policy for the new list. There are four different configurations, as shown in the image above:

• Closed: Only the owner and the administrators can subscribe new members.

• Open: Any user to subscribe new members with or without owner approval.

• Registered Users: Only CERN users can subscribe themselves.



• e-group Members: Only other specified e-group members are allowed to subscribe new members.

• Flag "With owner-admin approval": For the cases: open, cern users and other e-group members, there is the posibility of selecting a flag called: "With owner/Admin aproval". It means that the subscriptor will need the owner or admins of the egroup to validate the subscription. Once a day, at 22.30h, all the information regarding the pending memberships is gathered. The next day, an email is sent to the correspondent owner and admins informing there are certain memberships waiting for approval. Once the approval is granted, the member will receive another email informing it about it.

After setting the self-subscription policy, users are requested to define the privacy of the e-group. There are also four different options:

• Open: Any user can see the members list.

• e-group members: Only e-group members can see the members list.

• CERN registered users: Only CERN users can see the members list.

• e-group Owner/Admins: Only the owner and the administrators can see the members list.

To assign a role to an e-group, the e-group privacy policy will have to be set to 'open' or 'CERN registered users'.

By default the creator of the e-group list becomes the 'Owner' of the mailing list. This person is the one who manages the list and is responsible for the eGroup. The owner has full control on the group settings. He/she can decide about policies and is responsible for introducing new members. An eGroup can only have one owner at the time. The owner can be changed by using the ‘change e-group Owner’ search in the 'Owner & Administrators' tab.

Important: care should be taken when an Owner wants to change the eGroup ownership. He should first include himself in the Administrators eGroup if not he won't be able to do much with the eGroup Settings after the change!



It is mandatory to have one and only one administrator e-group. Administrators have the same access level as the owner for all management tasks. Administrators must belong to the admin eGroup. People cannot be directly assigned as administrators.

The members of an Admin eGroup are not by default administrators of the Admin eGroup even if they are administrators of the eGroup. To do this you should set the admin eGroup as an administrator of itself. In order to do that you should indicate the e-group name you want to set as admin e-group.

The list will automatically be created, taking the e-group mailing list name and adding ‘admin’ to it.

In order to manualy add or delete members to a static mailing list please use the tab ‘Members’.



Users have the option to add them self as members by clicking on ‘Add me’.To add other members to the list you may use the ‘Add member’ section. Make sure to first select from the drop-down list the type (person, another e-group, external email or account). Once the type is chosen, then enter the other details (email address or nice account) in the Name field or use the search if you are not sure of the spelling. Once the name unit is found, click on the name or unit hyperlink. This action will paste back the value in the Name field and you then just need to click on ‘Add new member’ for it to appear in the list.

When trying to enter an e-group as member of your list, you may get the following error message:"Error!! You cannot add to an e-group with lower privacy"

This means that is not possible to add a list you are not the owner of. This security is put in place in order to prevent any visibility of members and change of security.

When working with e-groups members it is also possible to filter the members. This action can be very useful when deleting members in large mailing lists. Users can filter entering the name of the members, the email or the organic unit. The result of a filter will contain all possible matches. Please note that if a user is filtering the members by a person, all the accounts associated to that person will be returned too.

Under ‘Email properties’ tab, users can access the email properties.



TASK-6.2 KNOWLEDGE OF USING INTERNET

Task: 6.2 Contacting other related groups from the net and communicating to them exchange view and ideas.

Flood Aware Project (Interreg IVA Seas)

Somerset County Council, the Province of Zeeland (the Netherlands) and the Agency for Maritime and Coastal Services - Coastal Division (Belgium) were successful in 2011 for securing European funding for a European joint project 'Interring IVA 2 Seas project Flood Aware'.



The project was successfully launched in October 2011 and is aimed at raising awareness about the risk and impacts of flooding on their communities. The project partners believe that a lot of experience, knowledge and expertise already exist within the three regions and this could be shared with the public in order to raise awareness about the risks and impacts of flooding.

The major floods in 1953 known as the North Sea floods was caused by a heavy storm on the night of 31 January 1953 lasting until the morning of 1 February 1953. A tidal surge with water level exceeding 5.6 meters above sea level caused sea defenses to be overwhelmed by waves resulting in severe flooding. Several Countries were affected including the Netherlands, Belgium and parts of the United Kingdom. This natural calamity claimed over 2,500 lives, with 1,836 deaths in the Netherlands which most casualties within the Province of Zeeland. In the English counties of Lincolnshire, Essex, Norfolk and Suffolk a total number of 307 people lost their lives. 28 people died in the West Flanders in Belgium, 230 were killed on watercrafts at sea and along the Northern European Coasts. Although the floods did not affect mainland Ireland, the North Channel east of Belfast claimed 133 fatalities when many fishing trawlers sank including the ferry 'MV Princess Victoria' which was lost at sea.

59 years later sea salt still remains within the walls of buildings causing corrosion to pipes and causing the soil within the land affected to be non arable. Although high standard flood defenses have since been built to reduce the risk of flooding, flood risks are still a possibility and residents could still be naïve in believing that they are risk free. This attitude provides a huge problem for the authorities who try to engage their residents to encourage those at risk to take adequate measures to prepare themselves in the event of a flood. In general most people do not know whether they are at risk and those who are aware of the risk only take action after their properties have been flooded.

Research and experiences gained from previous awareness campaigns shows that general campaigns aiming at large groups in a large area do not work. Whereas targeted campaigns aimed at specific groups are likely to be more successful. Therefore, the awareness campaigns developed in 'Flood Aware' will have a regional character and targeted at specific groups within each region. The Province of Zeeland will aim their campaigns at Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), whereas the Agency for Maritime and Coastal Services - Coastal Division (Belgium) will focus on children and Somerset County Council on its rural communities. These target groups will be invited to participate in the campaign development process. Furthermore, the use of modern communication tools such as mobile apps and social media could be employed in the three partners regions including 3D visualization materials and equipment in the Zeeland Flood Museum.



The aims of the project will be achieved by providing an information back bone for both professionals and citizens to help both groups in their preparations for a flood. The back bone will consist of a wiki-based database, where anyone can easily share and access all the information they need regarding flooding. Furthermore, public information centers will be set up including a mobile one in Flanders and a permanent one in the Zeeland Flood Museum.For further information visit the Flood Aware project website.

This project is being undertaken in partnership with the Province of Zeeland (the Netherlands), and the Agency for Maritime and Coastal Services - Coastal Division (Belgium)

TASK-6.3 KNOWLEDGE OF USING INTRNET

TOPIC – COLLECTING DATA FROM NET.

MOTHER BOARD:

Alternatively referred to as the mb, mainboard, mobo, mobd, backplane board, base board, main circuit board, planar board, system board, or a logic board on Apple computers. The motherboard is a printed circuit board that is the foundation of a computer, located at the bottom of the computer case. It allocates power to the CPU, RAM, and all other computer hardware components and allows them to communicate with one another.

Below is a graphic illustration of the ASUS P5AD2-E motherboard and some basic explanations of each of


http://www.computerhope.com/comp/asus.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/hardware.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/ram.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/cpu.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/pcb.htm

http://cdn.computerhope.com/bigmb.jpg


the major portions of the motherboard. Clicking on the image below gives you a larger more detailed version of the picture below.

Design:

The Octek Jaguar V motherboard from 1993.[2] This board has few onboard peripherals, as evidenced by the 6 slots provided for ISA cards and the lack of other built-in external interface connectors

The motherboard of a Samsung Galaxy SII; almost all functions of the device are integrated into a very small board

A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate (talk with each other). Unlike a backplane, it also contains the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices.

A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor, main memory, and other essential components connected to the motherboard. Other components such as external storage, controllers for video display and sound, and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables, in modern computers it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself.

An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting chipset, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard.

Modern motherboards include:

Sockets (or slots) in which one or more microprocessors may be installed. In the case of CPUs in BGA packages, such as the VIA C3, the CPU is directly soldered to the motherboard.[citation needed]


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA_C3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_grid_array

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_socket

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipset

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_card

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_card

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_storage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_storage


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_SII

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISA_bus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:386DX40_MB_Jaguar_V.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samsung_galaxy_s2_internal2.JPG


Slots into which the system's main memory is to be installed (typically in the form of DIMM modules containing DRAM chips)

A chipset which forms an interface between the CPU's front-side bus, main memory, and peripheral buses

Non-volatile memory chips (usually Flash ROM in modern motherboards) containing the system's firmware or BIOS

A clock generator which produces the system clock signal to synchronize the various components

Slots for expansion cards (the interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset)

Power connectors, which receive electrical power from the computer power supply and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards. As of 2007, some graphics cards (e.g. GeForce 8 and Radeon R600) require more power than the motherboard can provide, and thus dedicated connectors have been introduced to attach them directly to the power supply.[3] Most disk drives also connect to the power supply via dedicated connectors.[citation needed]

Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonly used input devices, such as PS/2 connectors for a mouse and keyboard. Early personal computers such as the Apple II or IBM PC included only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard. Occasionally video interface hardware was also integrated into the motherboard; for example, on the Apple II and rarely on IBM-compatible computers such as the IBM PC Jr. Additional peripherals such as disk controllers and serial ports were provided as expansion cards.

Given the high thermal design power of high-speed computer CPUs and components, modern motherboards nearly always include heat sinks and mounting points for fans to dissipate excess heat.

History:

Prior to the invention of the microprocessor, a digital computer consisted of multiple printed circuit boards in a card-cage case with components connected by a backplane, a set of interconnected sockets. In very old designs the wires were discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, and peripherals were housed on individual printed circuit boards, which were plugged into the backplate.

During the late 1980s and 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard. In the late 1980s, personal computer motherboards began to include single ICs (also called Super I/O chips) capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals: keyboard, mouse, floppy disk drive, serial ports, and parallel ports. By the late-1990s, many personal computer motherboards supported a full range of audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_port

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_port


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk_drive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_I/O

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripherals

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Processing_Unit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backplane


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_fan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sink

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_design_power


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_controller

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_Jr

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS/2_connector

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_drive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R600

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_8

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_card

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_power_supply

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_card

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_generator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_ROM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_(computing)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-side_bus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipset

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random_access_memory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMM


need for any expansion cards at all; higher-end systems for 3D gaming and computer graphics typically retained only the graphics card as a separate component.

Task: 06: KNOWLEDGE OF USING INTRNET

Forwarding a Resume to different Jobs

New message>>>

To: [email protected].

CC/BCC:[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected].

Subject: Resume

Abhishek C

#136/1, ullal main road, vinayaka layout

MOB: +91-8892294990

EMAIL: [email protected]

OBJECTIVE:

Looking forward for a challenging & creative career ahead, that uses my potential to the best and willing

to learn and adapt to new challenges.

EDUCATION:

Qualification Institution Board\University Year Percentage

Diploma B.E.S INSTITUTE OF D.T.E 20 73.4%


mailto:[email protected],%[email protected],%[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_cards


(ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION)

(1 TO 6 SEM)

TECHNOLOGY,

BANGALORE

10thVSS International

Public SchoolCBSE 2012 7.2gpa

SEMESTER WISE PERCENTAGE:

Semester 1 2 3 4 5 6

Percentage 78.83% 78.06% 70.88% 65.66% 71.20% 70.55%

Areas of interest: Microcontrollers, Embedded systems, Layout design & Mapping.

Extra-Curricular Activities: Part of event organizing team in school and college annual day functions.

Active participation in social services-blood donation campaigns and Experience in maintaining a mini-

food stall.

Strengths:

Passionate and Creative.

Good Listener and Perseverance.

Co-ordinated and Supportive.

Keen to learn and implement new technologie

Personal Details

Name : Abhishek c

Gender : Male

Date of Birth : 21-12-1996

Nationality : Indian

Marital Status : Single

Father’s name : Chandrashekar

Mother’s name : Nagarathna

Languages known : English, Telugu, Tamil, Hindi and Kannada

Declaration: I hereby declare that above mentioned information is True of my knowledge & I bear the

commitment



Place: Bangalore

Date: 03-06-2014 (Abhishek c)

TASK: 07: ORAL COMMUNICATION


INTIAL OF STAFF

EVALUATION

01 23.07.2014DEBATE ON A ON LONG TERM OF EFFECTS RADIATION FROM ELECTRONIC GADGETS

0201.08.2014 GROUP

DISCUSSION

03 01.08.2014 DISCUSSION

04 05.08.2014 DEBATE



TASK- 7.1 - ORAL COMMUNICATION

TOPIC – DEBATE ON A CURRENT TOPIC ON EFFECTS OF RADIATION.

Effects of Radiation From Electronic Gadgets on Humans

Each of the gadget emits some sort of radiation. So is this good for you? For many years, people were questioning if the radiation from mobile phones had any effect on humans. However, in the past 5 years, the discussions in mainstream media seem to have died down. So has the radiation simply went away? The answer is no. It is still around, and although each device might be emitting less radiation, we are now using more devices. Even though people have stopped talking about it, it is still a problem. Worse of all, the experts still cannot be sure if they are good or bad for humans.Do a search on Google for "cellphone radiation effects on human". Look through the first few pages and you will see that the opinion is very divided. Some experts say it causes cancer, can destroy brain cells, increases human reaction time and affects sleeping patterns. However, some experts say that a small amount of radiation can actually improve your health and thinking ability. There are also those that says that the small amount of radiation simply does not make any difference.We could stop using all our electronic devices from now. Alternatively, there is a very specific branch of research that is looking into ways to balance the bad radiation that humans absorb from electronic devices. Their aim is to attempt to emit the inverse radiation so that the total balances out. Think of it a +1 plus -1 creates 0. They call the balancing radiation positive radiation and the area of research electromagnetic balancing. We do not get anything positive out of it,


http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oTVmrWheJzE/T24n_O1DReI/AAAAAAAAAIs/8Yc8hHlPCNs/s1600/mobilephonehead.jpg


but at least it neutralises the negative effects of radiation, which by itself is a big improvement.This is cutting edge research but at least there is hope. Whether you believe that radiation from electronic gadgets is good or bad for you, it is important that you understand the risks and take adequate measures to protect yourself. It is a real problem that affects everyone.

Extremely hazardous effects have been observed in humans who have direct exposure to microwaves, without even having eaten food made in such ovens. There is ample research material available and easy to find on the internet, therefore I would just like to mention that persons near operating microwave ovens experience a breakdown of their life-energy fields. This of course increases relative to the length of exposure. Furthermore their cellular energy decreases, their metabolism destabilizes and there is evidently cell damage. There are many more factors, for example that humans, animals and plants within a 500 meter radius of operating microwave equipment suffer long-term, cumulative loss of vital energies, all the way to hormone imbalances and psychological disorders in humans.As outlined by Mike Barrett in Natural Society, a new Greek scientific study (published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine) has demonstrated how frequency electromagnetic fields, namely cell phones, portable phones, WiFi, and wireless computer equipment, alter important protein changes in the brains of animals. Exposure to electromagnetic frequencies is the result of our advancing technologies, but it is important to study these effects so people know exactly what they’re dealing with in order to take the necessary precautionary measures.It is known that short term exposure of microwaves exuded from a cell phone, depending on how far the antenna is from the head, can penetrate as much as 1 1/2 inches into the brain, but this study focuses more on the long term effects and how EMF impacts specific brain proteins. This provides new evidence of the potential relationship between EMF and health complications stemming from EMF such as headaches, dizziness, sleep disorders, and even tumors and Alzheimer’s disease.A number of countries are attempting to adopt precautionary protocols to limit cell phone use in an attempt to mitigate the number of adverse effects they have on human health. In 2011, the WHO/IARC released a report stating that cell phone radiation may have a carcinogenic effect on humans. In fact, the World Health Organization actually said that cell phones are in the same cancer-causing category as lead, engine exhaust, and chloroform. EMF protection and shielding devices are available but in general it is best to start using common sense and make sure to be as little as possible exposed to EMFs. Avoid cafes and restaurant that lure customers by offering free Wifi and have a look around your house and eliminate


Occupations Typical Exposure (in milligauss)

Cable Splicers to 15 mGDistribution Substation Operators to 34 mGElectronics to 34 mGLine Workers to 35 mGMachinists to 28 mGTV Repair Workers to 8 mGWelders to 96 mG


any gadgets that you don’t really need, switch off those that you aren’t using, remove that cordless phone from your bedside table and don’t sleep with your mobile!

TASK- 7.2- ORAL COMMUNICATION

TOPIC – GROUP DISCUSSION ON LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN MOBILE

COMMUNICATION.

3G and 4G First things first, the "G" stands for a generation of mobile technology, installed in phones and on cellular networks. Each "G" generally requires you to get a new phone, and for networks to make expensive upgrades. The first two were analog cell phones (1G) and digital phones (2G). Then it got complicated.

Third-generation mobile networks, or 3G, came to the U.S. in 2003. With minimum consistent Internet speeds of 144Kbps, 3G was supposed to bring "mobile broadband." There are now so many varieties of 3G, though, that a "3G" connection can get you Internet speeds anywhere from 400Kbps to more than ten times that.

New generations usually bring new base technologies, more network capacity for more data per user, and the potential for better voice quality, too.

4G phones are supposed to be even faster, but that's not always the case. There are so many technologies called "4G," and so many ways to implement them, that the term is almost meaningless. The International Telecommunications Union, a standards body, tried to issue requirements to call a network 4G but they were ignored by



carriers, and eventually the ITU backed down. 4G technologies include HSPA+ 21/42, WiMAX, and LTE (although some consider LTE the only true 4G of that bunch, and some people say none of them are fast enough to qualify.)

There are many different ways to implement LTE, too, so you can't assume all LTE speeds are the same. Carriers with more available radio spectrum for LTE can typically run faster networks than carriers with less spectrum, for instance.

This confusion is why we run our annual Fastest Mobile Networks story, which tests 3G and 4G networks in 30 cities nationwide. In this year's tests, we generally found that on speed alone AT&T's 4G LTE network was the fastest, followed by T-Mobile LTE, Verizon LTE, T-Mobile HSPA+, Sprint LTE, AT&T HSPA, Verizon 3G and finally Sprint 3G. As Sprint ramps up its faster "Spark" LTE network, we expect its LTE speeds to rise to competitive levels.

Would you like to know more about LTE, the global standard for 4G? Read our primer, What Is LTE? over at ExtremeTech.

When to Go For 4GIn 2013, almost everyone should have a 4G phone. Verizon now has nationwide 4G LTE coverage. T-Mobile and MetroPCS have nationwide HSPA+ 42 and growing LTE networks. AT&T has broad LTE coverage. Sprint is still building out LTE, but by next year the carrier aims to be comprehensive.

There's one thing to watch out for, though. Some carriers, such as FreedomPop, are still selling phones that run on Sprint's old WiMAX system. That system is deteriorating and will be turned off at the end of 2015. The new LTE system will only expand. So we recommend buying LTE devices from Sprint, not WiMAX


http://www.extremetech.com/mobile/110711-what-is-lte

http://www.pcmag.com/fastest-mobile-networks


devices. If possible, the devices should also support Sprint's new, faster "Spark" LTE system, not all of Sprint's LTE phones do.

If you like to surf the Web and especially stream video, 4G can be heaven. If you connect a laptop to your mobile link, 4G makes a huge difference. In general, anything involving transferring large amounts of data gets a big boost from 4G. Watch out for the data limits on your service plan, though; it's easy to use up a lot of data very quickly with 4G.

If you have a 3G phone and you've been frustrated with slow data, 4G may be the solution. 4G won't solve any dropped call problems, though, as all calls will be made over older networks until carriers switch to voice-over-LTE during the next few years.

Finally, if you want to future-proof yourself, get a 4G phone. 4G coverage is only going to get better, and that's where the carriers are spending most of their money right now. You can assume that all 4G phones also support your carrier's 3G and 2G networks as well.

Should You Even Consider 3G?There are a few reasons you might still settle for a 3G phone.

If your phone is mostly for voice use, you have no need for 4G data. Save money and save battery life by choosing a device without the high-speed network.

If you live in an area that doesn't have 4G coverage, there's no advantage to a 4G phone. In fact, you'll have serious battery life problems if you buy an LTE phone and don't disable 4G LTE, as the radio's search for a non-existent signal will drain your battery quickly.

If you're strapped for cash and buying a phone off contract, you may have to settle for 3G to save money. In that case, make sure to get the fastest 3G phone possible. On Verizon and Sprint, you want to check that it supports "EVDO Rev A." On T-Mobile and AT&T, you want the highest class of HSPA+ possible: if not 42 or 21, then 14.4.



TASK- 7.3 - ORAL COMMUNICATION

TOPIC – DISCUSSION ON QUALITIES REQUIRED FOR GOOD

ENTREPRENEUR.

Successful businesspeople have many traits in common with one another. They are confident and optimistic. They are disciplined self starters. They are open to any new ideas which cross their path. Here are ten traits of the successful entrepreneur.

Disciplined

These individuals are focused on making their businesses work, and eliminate any hindrances or distractions to their goals. They have overarching strategies and outline the tactics to accomplish them. Successful entrepreneurs are disciplined enough to take steps every day toward the achievement of their objectives.

Confidence

The entrepreneur does not ask questions about whether they can succeed or whether they are worthy of success. They are confident with the knowledge that they will make their businesses succeed. They exude that confidence in everything they do.

Open Minded

Entrepreneurs realize that every event and situation is a business opportunity. Ideas are constantly being generated about workflows and efficiency, people skills and potential new businesses. They have the ability to look at everything around them and focus it toward their goals.

Self Starter

Entrepreneurs know that if something needs to be done, they should start it themselves. They set the parameters and make sure that projects follow that path. They are proactive, not waiting for someone to give them permission.

Competitive



Many companies are formed because an entrepreneur knows that they can do a job better than another. They need to win at the sports they play and need to win at the businesses that they create. An entrepreneur will highlight their own company’s track record of success.

Creativity

One facet of creativity is being able to make connections between seemingly unrelated events or situations. Entrepreneurs often come up with solutions which are the synthesis of other items. They will repurpose products to market them to new industries.

Determination

Entrepreneurs are not thwarted by their defeats. They look at defeat as an opportunity for success. They are determined to make all of their endeavors succeed, so will try and try again until it does. Successful entrepreneurs do not believe that something cannot be done.

Strong people skills

The entrepreneur has strong communication skills to sell the product and motivate employees. Most successful entrepreneurs know how to motivate their employees so the business grows overall. They are very good at highlighting the benefits of any situation and coaching others to their success.

Passion

Passion is the most important trait of the successful entrepreneur. They genuinely love their work. They are willing to put in those extra hours to make the business succeed because there is a joy their business gives which goes beyond the money. The successful entrepreneur will always be reading and researching ways to make the business better.

Strong work ethic

The successful entrepreneur will often be the first person to arrive at the office and the last one to leave. They will come in on their days off to make sure that an outcome meets their expectations. Their mind is constantly on their work, whether they are in or out of the workplace.

Managing time effectively. Proper time management is necessary to distinguish between extremely urgent tasks and those that can wait. Use a notebook or whiteboard to prioritize your tasks by writing them down. Mobile devices and tablets have calendars and notepads, but nothing is more effective than actually writing down your “to-do” list.



Focus on one task at a time and don’t let new “to-do’s” disrupt your focus. Knock them out one at a time.

Successful entrepreneurs want to see what the view is like at the top of the business mountain. Once they see it, they want to go further. They know how to talk to their employees, and their businesses soar as a result.

TASK- 7.4- ORAL COMMUNICATION

TOPIC – DEBATE ON ROLE OF WOMEN IN MANAGING THE INDUSTRY.

WOMEN, INDUSTRY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in industrial development. They have the flexibility to respond quickly to market changes and opportunities, to develop specialized product niches, and to rapidly absorb technological innovations. They are responsible for substantial capital formation and job creation at the local level, and thus to improving local standards of living. Women have traditionally played an important role in the SME sector, as owners, managers and workers. They dominate three important subsectors, making up over 80 per cent of the employees in textile, clothing and leather production, 75 per cent in food, beverages and tobacco production, and over 60 per cent in wood and wood processing. They also perform most agricultural work in rural areas, where they act as microentrepreneurs and traders of agricultural produce. Although it can be dynamic, the SME sector is all too often marked by outdated and inefficient practices and technologies. As a result, small enterprises tend to operate far below their productive capacity. Improving their efficiency and introducing new techniques can therefore yield large returns to women in terms of income and job creation. However, women are often unaware of the opportunities, and they typically face several obstacles to taking action. Three in particular stand out: Skills. Women often lack the skills required for entrepreneurial ventures, Whereas many programmes operate on the grassroots level, women entrepreneurs require upgrading of their managerial, technical and marketing skills in their particular subsector if they are to be able to increase their competitiveness

by pointing out that we have already presented a large number of reports on this subject. The demand for equal pay for equal work goes back more than 30 years and we have still not been able to make it a reality. Of course we are taking small steps forward and we are



producing paper after paper, but the situation of women in industry still remains a long way behind what we have been working towards all this time.

In the manufacturing industry, for example, 85% of the employees are women, and in the ICT sector the figure is 15%, and indeed women are very poorly represented in the high-technology industries. This does not imply that women are less educated, it only means – and this applies especially to rural areas – that there are simply no opportunities to take up other jobs.

Women continue to work in the low-wage sector and even here there is differentiation between male and female workers. There is still inequality and discrimination, and not just in respect of wage levels but working conditions too. We are therefore also appealing to the trade unions to do more to prevent this type of wage discrimination when taking part in pay negotiations.

Support for professional and vocational training programmes is still lacking or is woefully inadequate. Education and training is needed in order to provide female employees with career prospects, even in low-skill sectors. We also call on companies to apply family and women-friendly policies in their workforce management plans, which will work to everyone’s advantage: when everyone has that feel-good feeling, business runs better and this also benefits the women who work in it.

Technology. Small scale businesses often use inefficient low-cost technologies which yield products of poor quality and pose hazards to health and the environment (see the UNIDO brochure Women, industry and Technology). Financial Support. Women entrepreneurs often lack access to credit required to invest in new technologies. UNIDO’s programme for support to women entrepreneurs is designed not only to enable their greater participation in SMEs, but also to assist them to enter non-traditional, more productive and more profitable businesses and sectors. UNIDO’s training for women entrepreneurs is very pragmatic, and seeks to provide them with all the skills they need, both managerial and technical, in a single package. UNIDO programmes also emphasise institutional development, to create cooperatives, networks of entrepreneurs, and links to sources of finance (including new and innovative systems of credit and financing), technical advice, and marketingchannels. The overall approach is based on abundant evidence that women are able to become successful entrepreneurs when they have access to the right skills, technologies and financial support.

Case 3: Creating Textile Entrepreneurs in Kenya. Many women worked in garment production, but lacked appropriate tools and business skills. UNIDO’s programme provided these, and helped turn 380 craftswomen into successful businesswomen. Case 4: Beurre de Karité in Guinea. Shea butter, a traditional foodstuff, required arduous processing. UNIDO introduced labour-saving technologies and trained women in business skills, reducing their work and giving them a new source of income. Case 5:



Training for Food Processing in the United Republic of Tanzania. Women produce almost all food, but were not able to take advantage of business opportunities. UNIDO’s training course gave them the technical and business skills they needed to succeed. 1

TASK: 08: DATA ANALYSIS


INTIAL OF STAFF

EVALUATION

01 DATA ANALYSIS COMPARISON OF TWO

PRODUCTS



Task- 08 Data Analysis

TOPIC – COLLECT DATA FOR ANY TWO PRODUCTS/EQUIPMENTS OF TWO DIFFERENT PRODUCERS USED IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY.

The Xbox One has finally arrived to serve up all of your living room entertainment in one place. But before you ready to open your wallet for Microsoft's next-gen console, you'd probably like to how the new Xbox stacks up against the old, and how its hardware compares to the next-gen competition from Sony, right? Well, a chart with comparable specs aplenty awaits you after the break.

Xbox 360 PlayStation 4

Processor 3-core PowerPC Xenon CPU, 3.2GHz 8-core AMD x86 CPU

GPU ATI Xenos AMD RadeonMemory 512MB 8GB GDDR5Storage up to 250GB HDD unknownOptical Drive DVD Blu-ray / DVDI/O Five USB 2.0 multiple USB 3.0Wireless connectivity Ethernet, 802.11b/g/n Wifi Ethernet, 802.11 b/g/n WiFi,

Bluetooth 2.1

A/V HDMI input and output, Optical output

HDMI, Composite, Optical output


http://www.engadget.com/2013/02/20/playstation-4-games-preview/

http://www.engadget.com/2010/07/02/new-xbox-360-slim-250gb-review/

http://www.engadget.com/2013/05/21/hands-on-with-xbox-one/

http://www.engadget.com/2013/05/21/xbox-one-xbox-360-ps4-comparison/


Xbox 360 PlayStation 4

Motion controls 1st-gen Kinect camera and infrared depth sensor

PlayStation Eye dual lens 1280 x 800 camera

PS4 (Play station 4)

See the highlights in action

System Software 2.0Discover the incredible features we've added in the latest PS4 system software update. Check out our overview video for a selection of unmissable features from the System Software 2.0 update.

Share Play YouTube video sharing Themes for your home screen USB music player

Play together

More ways to connect and share

YouTubeShare your gameplay videos with the world via YouTube - with a press of the SHARE button, upload your greatest moments to your channel, or watch the latest videos via the dedicated YouTube app on the PS4 home screen.

Friend finder

Expand your PSN friends list with suggestions of people you may know and want to connect with and search for friends using their real name.

Live broadcastingCheck out live gaming action from a range of featured channels, follow your favourite channels, search for specific games and easily find friends who are broadcasting live.



Share PlayLet a PSN friend try out your favourite game, or have them join you in a local two-player match or co-op adventure - even if they don't own the game.

Play your wayPersonalise your PS4

USB Music PlayerListen to music direct from a USB stick - just load your MP3, MP4, M4A or 3GP files and create your own soundtrack to your favourite games.Learn about the music player.

ThemesPersonalise your PS4 home screen and icons with a series of spectacular themes from PlayStation Store. Find out how in our handy guide.

Home screen coloursSwitch the background of your homescreen from the classic PlayStation blue to a rainbow of different colours.

Voice controlTalk to your PS4 and control various features in even more ways - just say "All commands" to see the voice commands available.

Streamlined storageOrganise your gamingContent libraryAccess your 15 most used apps and games straight from your PS4 home screen - the rest will be in your Library and can be organised the way you want.

Add PlayStation Plus games to your LibraryIf you're a PS Plus member, you can add your monthly games to your Library before they're downloaded - making sure you get your games while saving space on your hard drive.



Xbox 360

The best value in games and entertainment.

The centre of attention.Xbox 360 brings you a total games and entertainment experience. The largest library of games 6, including titles that get you right into the thick of it with Kinect. Plus, your whole family can watch videos, anime, sports and more – across all your devices 5. Xbox 360 is the center of your games and entertainment universe.


http://www.xbox.com/en-IN/xbox-360/why-xbox-360?xr=shellnav

http://www.xbox.com/en-IN/xbox-360/games


Thousands of games.Discover a variety of the best games to suit everyone, Plus with Kinect and your controller, there are no limits to the ways you can play.

All your favorite apps,free access on Xbox.Get access to popular apps on Xbox 360, including all your favorites, like Viki, Machinima, YouTube, GoPro, and more! Enjoy your favorite entertainment appson your TV. 8

Your home for sports.Xbox brings your favorite sports together, and gives you exclusive features that transform an ordinary game into an extraordinary experience.7

It's game time

The future of fitness.Whatever your level, whatever your goal, with Nike+ Kinect Training you can now experience personal training, at home. Using real time feedback and elite level coaching, Nike+ Kinect Training delivers a personalized program that evolves as you do.

Start sweating

Bring the web to life on your TV.Explore the web on your TV with Internet Explorer for Xbox. Even use Xbox SmartGlass 3 on your phone or tablet to control your experience.

TASK: 09: PRESENTATION SKILLS


http://www.xbox.com/en-IN/xbox-360/fitness

http://www.xbox.com/en-IN/xbox-360/sports

http://www.xbox.com/en-IN/LIVE/partners?xr=shellnav

http://www.xbox.com/en-IN/xbox-360/sports

http://www.xbox.com/en-IN/xbox-360/fitness



INTIAL OF STAFF

EVALUATION

01 PRESENTATION INFRARED PLASTIC

SOLAR CELL

Task: 09: PRESENTATION SKILLSTOPIC – NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION



NFC(NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION)

WHAT IS NFC???

Near-field (or nearfield) communication (NFC) is a form of short-range wireless communication where the antenna used is much smaller than the wavelength of the carrier signal (thus preventing a standing wave from developing within the antenna). In the near-field (there is no universally accepted definition of the length of the nearfield [1] but for practical purposes one can assume it is roughly one quarter of a wavelength) the antenna can produce either an electric field, or a magnetic field, but not an electomagnetic field. Thus NFC communicates either by a modulated electric field, or a modulated magnetic field, but not by radio (electromagnetic waves). For example, a small loop antenna[2] (also known as a magnetic loop) produces a magnetic field, which can then be picked up by another small loop antenna, if it is near enough.

Magnetic NFC has a useful property of being able to penetrate conductors[3] that would reflect radio waves.

Many mobile phones now use electric-field NFC (operating at a frequency of 13.56 MHz, corresponding to a wavelength of 22.11 m) for certain special transactions because the very short range of NFC makes it difficult to eavesdrop on. To efficiently generate a far-field, which means to send out radio waves of this wavelength, one typically needs an antenna of a quarter wavelength, in practice a metre or more. If the antenna is just a few centimetres long, it will only set up the ‘near-field’ around itself, with length, width and depth of the field roughly the same as the dimensions of the antenna. Very little energy will radiate away, it is essentially a stationary electromagnetic field pulsating at 13.56 MHz. If another similarly small antenna comes into this field, it will induce an electric potential into it, alternating at the same frequency. By modulating the signal in the active antenna, one can transmit a signal to the passive, receiving antenna.

Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions, data exchange, and simplified setup of more complex communications such as Wi-Fi.[4] Communication is also possible between an NFC device and an unpowered NFC chip, called a "tag".[5]

EVOLUTION OF NFC TECHNOLOGY


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phones


In 2004, NFC Forum was formed by Nokia, Philips, Sony NFC enabled device will have “N-Mark” trademarkIn 2006First mobile phone( Nokia 6131) with NFC released by NOKIA.

In 2010 First android phone SAMSUNG NEXUS S with NFC support releasedOPERATION OF NFC

• Near field communication is based on inductive-coupling. NFC works using magnetic induction between two loop antennas located within each other's 'near field’.

MODES OF OPERATION• In Active mode, both devices with NFC chip generates an electromagnetic field

and exchange data.

In Passive mode, there is only one active device and the other uses that field to exchange informationAPPLICATION OF NFC• NFC applications can be split into the following three basic categories:

Touch and Go Touch and Confirm Touch and Connect

Touch and Go • Applications such as

access control or transport/event ticketing, where the user needs only to bring the device storing the ticket or access code close to the reader. Example

• picking up URL from smart label on a poster. • Touch and Confirm



• Applications such as mobile payment where the user has to confirm the interaction by entering a password or just accepting the transaction.

Touch and Connect • Linking two NFC-enabled devices to enable peer to peer transfer of data

such as downloading music, exchanging images or synchronizing address books.

COMPARISION

Aspect NFC Bluetooth Bluetooth Low EnergyTag requires power No Yes YesCost of Tag 10c $5 $5RFID compatible ISO 18000-3 active activeStandardisation body ISO/IEC Bluetooth SIG Bluetooth SIGNetwork Standard ISO 13157 etc. IEEE 802.15.1 IEEE 802.15.1Network Type Point-to-point WPAN WPANCryptography not with RFID available availableRange < 0.2 m ~100 m (class 1) ~50 mFrequency 13.56 MHz 2.4–2.5 GHz 2.4–2.5 GHzBit rate 424 kbit/s 2.1 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/sSet-up time < 0.1 s < 6 s < 0.006 sPower consumption < 15mA (read) varies with class < 15 mA (read and transmit)

ADVANTAGES OF NFC• High convenience bringing two mobiles together is enough. • Reduces cost. • Secure communication.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cost_of_Tag&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tag_requires_power&action=edit&redlink=1


• No special software. • No manual configuration and settings. • No search and pair procedure

DISADVANTAGES OF NFC• •The system has the limitation that it can be operated only with devices under a

short range i.e. around 10 cm. The data transfer rate is very less at about 106kbps, 212 kbps and 424kbps.

FUTURE OF NFC• •Microsoft announced that all Windows Phone 8 devices will make use of the NFC

technology. •2012 Samsung introduces TecTile; a set of MIFARE NFC stickers and a companion application for Android to read and write the TecTile stickers, and design macros that can be triggered by them. •2013 Samsung and Visa announce major partnership to develop mobile payments. •2013 IBM Scientists from Zurich, in an effort to curb fraud and security breaches have come up with a new mobile authentication security technology based on Near-Field Communication (NFC). IBM's new technology works on similar principles to that of a dual-factor authentication security measure.]2014 Apple Inc. announces Apple Pay, an NFC payment feature for the iPhone 6, iPhone 6 Plus and Apple Watch

CONCLUSION• •Mobile handsets are the primary target for NFC soon NFC will be implemented in

most handheld devices. •Even though NFC have the shortest range among RF technologies, combining them with existing technologies like Bluetooth Infrared or Wi-Fi can increase its range of applications

DEvelopment

As of April 2011, several hundred NFC trials have been conducted. Some firms have moved to full-scale service deployments, spanning either a single country or multiple countries. Multi-country deployments include Orange's rollout of NFC technology to banks, retailers, transport, and service providers in multiple European countries,[56] and Airtel Africa and Oberthur Technologies deploying to 15 countries throughout Africa.[57]

TASK: 10: PICK AND SPEAK


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberthur_Technologies

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airtel_Africa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(company)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Pay

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Pay

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_field_communication

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Inc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIFARE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TecTile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung



INTIAL OF STAFF

EVALUATION

01 PICK AND SPEAK

TASK- 10 PICK AND SPEAK

TOPIC: WI - FI



Wi-Fi, also spelled Wifi or WiFi, is a local area wireless technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data or connect to the internet using 2.4 GHz UHF and 5 GHz SHF radio waves. The name is a trademark name, and is a play on the audiophile term Hi-Fi. The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers'

(IEEE) 802.11 standards".[1] However, since most modern WLANs are based on these standards, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in general English as a synonym for "WLAN". Only Wi-Fi products that complete Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification testing successfully may use

the "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED" trademark.

Many devices can use Wi-Fi, e.g., personal computers, video-game consoles, smartphones, digital cameras, tablet computers and digital audio players. These can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can comprise an area as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.

Depiction of a device sending information wirelessly to another device, both connected to the local network, in order to print a document.

Wi-Fi can be less secure than wired connections (such as Ethernet) because an intruder does not need a physical connection. Web pages that use SSL are secure but unencrypted internet access can easily be detected by intruders. Because of this, Wi-Fi has adopted various encryption technologies. The early encryption WEP, proved easy to break. Higher quality protocols (WPA, WPA2) were added later. An optional feature added in 2007, called Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS), had a serious flaw that allowed an attacker to recover the router's password.[2] The Wi-Fi Alliance has since updated its test plan and certification program to ensure all newly certified devices resist attacks.

WiFi has a lot of advantages. Wireless networks are easy to set up and inexpensive. They're also unobtrusive -- unless you're on the lookout for a place to watch streaming movies on your tablet, you may not even notice when you're in a hotspot. In this article, we'll look at the technology that allows information to travel over the air. We'll also review what it takes to create a wireless network in your home


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi#cite_note-2

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Setup

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_point

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi#cite_note-1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Fi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiophile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi#The_name

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_high_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN


WiFi Technology is the trademark of WiFi Technology Alliance which is speedily achieved the recognition in the world by means of the access point. These devices tested by the “WiFi Technology alliance” are used around the world. WiFi Technology use 2.4 GHz radio spectrum for data transfer WiFi Technology reinstate customary wired networks among two or several computers, it facilitated file transferring wires, hubs, networking cards, and other imperative networking connected hardware. WLAN cards and wireless routers make possible broadcasting. WiFi Technology catch wireless networking signals in specified area yet if they are from dissimilar company. The simple design of WiFi Technology makes it easier and user friendly.

Protection can be an apprehension with wireless technologies to monitor unguarded data traffic. WiFi Technology upholds exact security matter. In the data and physical link layers WEP or Wired corresponding Privacy is employed. It was intended to offer the wireless security by defensive the data when a user transmits it from one PC to another. WiFi Technology networking generally preserves within a structure premises. As we know that transmission of protected by Wireless LANs but when data travels over the radio waves it may be possible that someone can be expose and capture your secret data.

WiFi Technology has extended extensively inside business and industrial locations. The growing number of WiFi Technology access point’s supplier network idleness. WiFi Technology support quick roaming and enlarged on the whole network-capacity by defining smaller cells. WiFi Technology also make easy wireless voice-applications which is known as VoWLAN .WiFi Technology have motivated on the way to "thin" because of network intelligence. Outside submission may exploit mesh topologies. WiFi Technology equipment can provide a safe computer networking as DHCP server, the interruption detection, firewall, and other utilities, so we can say that WiFi Technology is an important and useful technology of the future. Upcoming Years will be merely wireless and with the help of WiFi Technology this idea is achievable


http://freewimaxinfo.com/wifi-technology.html

http://freewimaxinfo.com/wifi-technology.html

Documents

Web viewThe two most energy efficient types of hard drives are the small form factor (SFF) disk drives and solid-state drives (SSD). An SFF hard-drive is 2.5 inches, which