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B) Rupert Brooke ~ “The Soldier” (1914)
Do Now:If I should die, think only this of me: That there's some corner of a foreign field That is forever England. There shall be in that rich earth a richer dust concealed; A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware, Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam…In hearts at peace, under an English heaven.
Question: What is Brooke expressing in his poem?
World War I: How the War was Fought
1. How did the public perceive the war in 1914?
2. What strategies were used to “fight the war?”
“Total War”
• Entire commitment of whole nation
• Draft: all nations except Britain
• Taxes, food rations, set prices, forbid strikes
• Modern technology
How do you get people to fight a war?
Do Now: From Youthful Vision…A young British soldier in 1915:“Secretly he was experiencing the same feelings of excitement as he had known on the first day of school not so many years before. He was on the threshold of what the newspapers at home in England called, “The Great Adventure,” and to this youth of 18, who found himself on his way to join a battalion in the field, the War was a great adventure. It was the great adventure.”
A young German soldier in 1914 :“When we went to enlist, we were a class of twenty young men, many of whom proudly shaved for the first time before going to the barracks. We had no definite plans for our future. We were still crammed full of vague ideas which gave life and the war an ideal and almost romantic character.” Question: What are the attitudes of these young
men?
The Role of Propaganda in WWI
Propaganda: information spread for the purpose of promoting or denouncing some cause (to control public opinion)
How do you get people to fight a war?
“The boys will be home by Christmas”
Task: For your posters (3), answer the following:
1. What messages does the poster send?
2. Why was it created?
WWI Propaganda:
Paths of Glory ~ 1957Directions: As you watch the movie, consider the following
for your essay: • Characteristics of
war/army life?– Military strategies,
weaponry, setting, sounds, etc.
•Expectations of soldiers? • Effects of war?
Trench Warfare
A. Long series of ditches protected by mines, barbed wire
i. “No Man’s Land” (land in between trenches)
B. Stalemate resulted; no change in position of either side
i. (1916) 2 mill die from offensives to break stalemate
ii. Heavy casualties for mere inches of territory
Do Now: …To Hard Reality(Reading & Questions)
Reminders: 1. WWI Essay – Tomorrow2. Works Cited – Tomorrow
End of marking period this Friday! Late work?
CountriesTotal
MobilizedKilled
& Died Wounded
Prisoners& Missing
TotalCasualtie
s
Casualties % of
Mobilized
Allied Powers
Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3
France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 76.3
British Empire
8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8
Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1
United States
4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500 364,800 8.2
Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8
Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9
Total 42,188,810 5,152,115 12,831,004 4,121,090 22,104,209 52.3
CountriesTotal
MobilizedKilled
& Died Wounded
Prisoners& Missing
TotalCasualties
Casualties % of
Mobilized
Central Powers
Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9
Austria-Hungary
7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0
Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2
Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2
Total 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4
Grand Total
65,038,810 8,538,315 21,219,452 7,750,919 37,508,686 57.6
Why was WWI so deadly? (compared to previous wars?)
Refer to Guided Reading, Ch. 27, Section 4
1. What were the two turning points of World War I? How did they impact the balance of war?
2. Why did the following events happen?
1. Russia Drops out of War (1917)
• Disgusted by war – Poor economic conditions(bread
riots)– High death toll
• Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution– Overthrow capitalism– Overthrow Czar
•Led by Lenin–Red (Communist) Army
– Negotiate peace w/Central Powers •Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; gave up
land to Germany
2. US Enters War ~ 1917Failure of American
Neutralitya. Unrestricted
German Submarine Warfare– Sinking of Lusitania– “Citizens of a neutral
country have right to safe travel”
b. Zimmerman Telegram– British intercept
message from Germany to Mexico
War Message to Congress(April 1917)
• “A world safe for
democracy.”• “A war to end all wars”• U.S. enters
war!
Armistice truce ~ an agreement to end fighting
November 1918
• Central Powers admit defeat•ALLIES WIN THE WAR!
WHAT HAPPENS NOW?
Paris Peace Conference (Versailles)
• Versailles Delegates: “The Big Four”– United States ~ President Woodrow Wilson– England ~ P.M. David Lloyd George– France ~ PM Georges Clemenceau– Italy ~ PM Vittorio Orlando
What should be done with the losers?
• 11/1914: Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers
• Turks close off Allied ships from Strait of Dardanelles (link to Black Sea and Russia)
• April 24, 1915, Allies send massive force to open up the strait
• Desire to knock Turkey out of war
Gallipoli Casualties Died Wounded Total
Total Allies 42 957 97 290 140 247
- The United Kingdom 21 255 52 230 73 485
- France (estimated) 10 000 17 000 27 000
- Australia[4] 7 594 20 000 27 594
- New Zealand[4] 2 701 4 546 7 247
- India 1 358 3 421 4 779
- Newfoundland 49 93 142
Ottoman empire (estimated)
55 801 140 000 195 801
Total (both sides) 98 758 237 290 336 048
Battle lasted for over 10 months – approx 350,000 dead/wounded
Allies defeated; withdraw from the Strait of Dardenelles PROUD MOMENT OF TURKISH
HISTORY!
Battle of Gallipoli: Aftermath
Global II – HomeworkDue Fri, 1/22
• Question: What was the “Armenian Massacre?”
Include the following in your response:• Who was involved?• What happened? The Armenians got
massacred - ELABORATE PLEASE!• Where did this happen?• When did this happen?• Why did this happen?• How did this happen?
Research may be conducted via textbook or internet!
The Zimmermann Telegramfrom Germany to Mexico –
Intercepted by BritishWe intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal or alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace.
Do Now: Describe/Explain TWO
turning points of World War I? (who, what, where, why,
when, how?)
How did they impact the “balance of power?”
CountriesTotal
MobilizedKilled
& Died Wounded
Prisoners& Missing
TotalCasualties
Casualties %
of Mobilized
Allied Powers
Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3
France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 76.3
British Empire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8
Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1
United States 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500 364,800 8.2
Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2
Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4
Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8
Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9
Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 17,000 11.7
Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 33.3
Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 40.0
Total 42,188,810 5,152,115 12,831,004 4,121,090 22,104,209 52.3
Central Powers
Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9
Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0
Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2
Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2
Total 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4
Grand Total 65,038,810 8,538,315 21,219,452 7,750,919 37,508,686 57.6
Allied Powers Cost in Dollars in 1914-18
United States 22,625,253,000
Great Britain 35,334,012,000
France 24,265,583,000
Russia 22,293,950,000
Italy 12,413,998,000
Belgium 1,154,468,000
Japan 40,000,000
Serbia 399,400,000
Total of all Costs(including other countries involved)
125,690,477,000
Central Powers Cost in Dollars in 1914-18
Germany 37,775,000,000
Austria-Hungary 20,622,960,000
Turkey 1,430,000,000
Bulgaria 815,200,000
Total of all Costs 60,643,160,000
Do Now: Let’s Review!
•What was the purpose of the Paris Peace Conference?– Who was there?
•What message did the Allies send to Germany?– Why did they feel this way?
Peace PlansFill-in the details of how these plans differed from
each other!•Fourteen Points (U.S. Wilson)
•Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles51) The territories which were ceded in Germany in
1871, are restored to France119) Germany renounces all of her rights and titles to
her overseas possessions159/160) The German military forces shall be
demobilized and reduced…The Army shall be devoted to the maintenance of order within their territory…The German navy must not exceed 6 battleships…no submarines are to be included.
231) Germany accepts the responsibility for causing all the loss and damage to the Allied Powers
233) Germany will pay for all damages done to the civilian population and property of the Allies governments (32 BILLION plus interest!)
What effect would propaganda have on the peacemaking process?
•Versailles Delegates: “The Big Four”– United States ~ President Woodrow Wilson– England ~ P.M. David Lloyd George– France ~ PM Georges Clemenceau– Italy ~ PM Vittorio Orlando Project: In groups, create a propaganda poster that would support or denounce the 14 pts or the Treaty of Versailles.
Which peace plan would best ensure justice and peace for the future?
Each poster should contain the following elements:
• A persuasive “headline”• A graphic image that will serve to help convince the
viewer to favor the Fourteen Points or the Treaty of Versailles
• A statement that the viewer can read to help convince him/her of the author’s view
• Poster must be realistic and historically accurate (keep in mind the nature of the time period)– Ask yourself, “Could this poster have been created
during the early 1900’s?”
Do Now: 1. Take out map of Europe - 19142. Label the map of Europe post-World War I
(p. 711)
Questions: How did the political boundaries of Europe change after WWI? Be specific!
–Who lost land? –Who gained autonomy? (independence!)
Effects of World War I
“Birth of Modern Turkey”Allied failure to dismember Turkey
• Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
– WWI general
– Resistance to allies (Treaty of Versailles)
– Reforms to Westernize
• Secular state
Situation of Middle East ~ Palestine
Balfour Declaration – statement on the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire (1917)Dear Lord Rothschild,
I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations. "His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this goal. It being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country."
Yours sincerely,Arthur James Balfour
*Zionism: political mov’t supporting the establishment of a homeland for the Jewish
people in Palestine.
“I can predict with absolute certainty that within another
generation there will be another world war if the nations of the world do not concert the method by which
to prevent it.” ~ Woodrow Wilson
American President
Effects of Versailles:1. Germany: desires revenge
Treaty of Versailles2. Russia: resentment
Left out of peace talks3. Italy: angry
Did not get lands promised by Allies4. U.S.: isolated
Refusal to join League of Nations5. End of the Ottoman Empire
Turkish lands divided b/w Britain & France (although people promised independence)
6. Colonies: betrayed Didn’t we earn our freedom by fighting in
war?7. Japan: protests
Refusal of Allies to recognize claims in China
World War I – ReviewFill-in WWI terms for the following
categories• Causes of War
• Fighting the War • Effects of War
• Turning Points
The Armenians ~ who were they?• A (Christian) ethnic group under
control of Ottoman Empire (Muslim) • Accused of rebellion; conspiring with
Russia– "the Armenians are in league with the enemy. They
will launch an uprising in Istanbul, kill off our leaders and will succeed in opening the strait of Dardanelles”
– Deportation: • Exile ~ Forced to march into the desert
–Starvation, disease, rape,
•Concentration Camps: –Mass burning, poisoning, drowning
An article by the New York Times (12/15/1915) states that one million Armenians had been either deported or
executed by the Ottoman government.
Some Germans openly supported the Ottoman policy against the Armenians, as the German naval attaché in Constantinople said to U.S. Ambassador Henry Morgenthau:
"I have lived in Turkey the larger part of my life," he told me, "and I know the
Armenians. I also know that both Armenians and Turks cannot live together in this
country. One of these races has got to go. And I don't blame the Turks for what they are doing to the Armenians. I think that they are entirely justified. The weaker
nation must succumb. The Armenians desire to dismember Turkey; they are against the
Turks and the Germans in this war, and they therefore have no right to exist here.”
What is your opinion?
How did technology affect WWI warfare?
Is it possible to view any aspect of war glamorously? romantically? patriotically? Why? Why not?Should nations seek to develop technologically advanced weapons today?Should people be forced to fight for their country (i.e. draft)?Do you consider those who fought heroes?
“Talk a Mile A Minute“Topic: SchoolTeacher Student
pencil smartboard notes suspensi
on laughing cutting
study
“Talk a Mile A Minute“Topic: Causes of WWI
Gavrilo Princep
Black Hand ultimatum
nationalism
imperialism Blank
Check Arms Race Franz
Ferdinand alliances
“Talk a Mile A Minute“Topic: Causes of WWI
Sick Man of Europe Russia Austria Powder Keg neutrality Black Hand Ultimatum militarism
1914
“Talk a Mile A Minute“Topic: How the War Was Fought
“Total War” trenches
submarine warfare
stalemate propaganda
Armenian Genocide Schlieffen Plan Neutrality
Communist Revolution
“Talk a Mile A Minute“Topic: How the War Was Fought
Gallipoli tanks
armistice Central Powers machine gun
Ottoman Empire gas alliances Belgium
“Talk a Mile A Minute“Topic: Aftermath of WarFourteen Points revenge
Treaty of Versailles League of Nations
Poland Paris
Woodrow Wilson
Soviet Union compensation
“Talk a Mile A Minute“Topic: Anything WWI
Treaty of VersaillesSchlieffen Plan
GasBolsheviksPowder KegPropaganda
MexicoNeutralityrevenge