(a) Distinguish clearly between succession and …a) Distinguish clearly between succession and zonation ... describe how water resources ... Distinguish between the effects of acid

1. (a) Distinguish clearly between succession and zonation using named examples anddiagrams.

(6)

(b) Compare and contrast the production : respiration ratios of a food production system youhave studied and a natural ecosystem with a climax community.

(6)

(c) Discuss the characteristics of an ecosystem that would allow it to support highbiodiversity and explain what the threats are to this ecosystem.

(6)Expression of ideas (2)

(Total 20 marks)

2. (a) With reference to a named case study, describe how water resources are being usedunsustainably.

(6)

(b) Suggest the possible impact of global warming on global water resources.(5)

(c) A variety of strategies exist for managing water pollution, such as

• monitoring quality• setting and imposing standards• water purification.

Discuss the human factors that affect the success of such strategies.(6)

Expression of ideas (3)(Total 20 marks)

1

3. A company wants to build an aluminium smelting facility near Puerto Aysen (population14 000) in Chile. The total cost of the project is estimated at US$ 2.8 billion and will employabout 8 000 people during construction. Average annual precipitation is approximately 3 000mm and the area has enormous hydroelectric power potential. (The proposed project includesthree hydroelectric power plants.) 95 km of access roads will also be built. 1 100 000 tonnes peryear of goods (primarily aluminium ore from Jamaica, Brazil or Australia) will be imported forthe annual production of 440 000 tonnes of aluminium. The waste products (approximately660 000 tonnes per year) will remain in Chile. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) issoon to be submitted for this project, including a baseline study.

(a) State what is meant by a baseline study and outline methods for measuring two bioticand two abiotic parameters relevant to this project.

(6)

(b) The investment of capital in this area will provide employment and higher wages for thelocal inhabitants. The project includes the building of schools, health centres and othercommunity projects. Suggest what impact this will have on the ecological footprint of thepeople in this area. Explain your answer.

(6)

(c) Explain how reuse, recycling and re-manufacturing on a national scale could reduce thedemand for natural capital, such as aluminium. Include references to energy and materialuse in your answer.


(Total 20 marks)

4. M Wackernagel calculates that the Earth has only 1.7 hectares per capita available for humanuse. These 1.7 hectares become the ecological benchmark figure for comparing people’secological footprints. Assuming no further ecological degradation, the amount of availablebiologically productive space will drop to 1.0 hectare per capita once the world populationreaches its predicted 10 billion by 2040.

[Source: WWF Living Planet Report of 2004]

(a) Explain how population pyramids data can allow countries to monitor populationchanges.

(5)

(b) Discuss the relationship between population, resource consumption and technologicaldevelopment, and their influence on carrying capacity and economic growth.

(6)

(c) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of reducing use, reusing and recyclingresources.


(Total 20 marks)

2

5. (a) Outline what is meant by a model.(2)

(b) Evaluate the models used:

• to predict the growth of human populations

• to predict climate change

• to assess demands human populations make on their environments.(9)

(c) With reference to examples, explain the importance of understanding cultural factorswhen designing policies to control population growth.


(Total 20 marks)

3

6. A farmer is considering planting maize, wheat or ryegrass in a 30 hectare field. Table 1 givesvalues for the amount of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removed from the soil by maize,wheat and ryegrass. Table 2 shows the balance between the inputs and outputs of nitrogenwithin the 30 hectare field.

Table 1 Nitrogen, phosphorus and dry matter production for three cereal crops.

Dry Matter / 103 kg ha–1 N / kg ha−1 P / kg ha−1

Wheat 10 135 24

Maize 10 150 30

Ryegrass 5 160 30

Table 2 Nitrogen inputs and outputs within the 30 hectare field.

N / kg ha−1

Inputs

fertilizer 189

N dissolved in rainfall or blown in 50

N held within organic matter in soil 59

TOTAL

Outputs

crop (from table 1)

N held within organic matter in soil 59

drainage losses 70

other losses 15

TOTAL

[MAFF data Nitrogen inputs and outputs within the 30 hectare field from A Wild, Soils and the Environment, (1993).© Cambridge University Press]

(a) (i) Using the data in tables 1 and 2, calculate the net soil nitrogen balance if

maize was planted ............................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

ryegrass was planted .........................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

4

...........................................................................................................................(2)

(ii) Given that the net nitrogen soil balance for wheat is 19 kg ha–1, identify the cropwhich produces the greatest nitrogen stress within the soil.

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(b) (i) Calculate the total amount of nitrogen lost from the field via drainage.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(ii) 15 kg ha–1 of nitrogen is described as “other losses” in table 2. Suggest two otherways in which nitrogen may be lost.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

(c) Suggest what steps the farmer may take to avoid nitrogen loss within the soil.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

5

(d) (i) Explain the impact on an aquatic ecosystem of the introduction of large amounts ofnitrogen and phosphate.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(3)

(ii) Suggest how the above problem could be managed.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(3)

6

(e) The productivity of crops such as wheat, maize and ryegrass will depend in part on thetype of soil in which they are grown. Describe the advantages of loam soils for farmingin terms of their structure and properties.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(Total 20 marks)

7. “...we can no longer afford to ignore the dependency of the economy and social progress on theenvironmental resource base. It is the content of economic growth, with natural resourcesfactored in, that counts in the long term, not just the yield in products and currency. A countrythat levels its forest, drains its aquifers, and washes its topsoil downriver without measuring thecost is a country traveling blind.” Edward Wilson (2002)

(a) With reference to the statement above, outline what is meant by the terms “naturalcapital”, “natural income” and “sustainability”.

(5)

(b) Describe and explain how societies are using water and soil resources unsustainably.(13)


7

8. The diagram below shows some of the environmental problems caused by a demand for greateragricultural production.

reduction of long-termproductivity

increased soilerosion

loss of speciesdiversity

danger tohuman health

loss of speciesdiversity

narrowing ofgenetic base

eutrophication high nitrateconcentrations in

drinking water

residues on food

harm to non-target species

organic pollutionof fresh water

animal and plantbreeding

soilcompaction monocultures

mechanisation

demand for greater production

increasing useof fertilizer

increasing useof pesticides

indoor rearingof animals

* Sites of Special Scientific Interest

hedgegrowsloss of

and walls

damageto SSSIs*

[Source: Kevin Byrne, Environmental Science, (Nelson Thornes Ltd., 1997) p. 167.Reproduced by permission of Nelson Thornes Ltd.]

(a) Explain why there has been a demand for greater food production in many societiesaround the world.

(4)

(b) With reference to two specific problems from the diagram above, explain theenvironmental consequences of increasing agricultural production.

(8)

(c) Suggest ways in which agricultural productivity can be increased without detrimentaleffects on the environment.


(Total 20 marks)

8

9. (a) Describe the role of soil in the transfer and transformation of water and nitrogen withinan ecosystem.

(5)

(b) Compare soil management strategies in a named commercial farming system with thosein a named subsistence farming system.

(8)

(c) Discuss how viewing soils as systems can help farmers to understand and reduce thecauses of soil degradation.


(Total 20 marks)

10. (a) Distinguish between the terms renewable, replenishable and non-renewable naturalcapital.

(3)

(b) With reference to a named example of replenishable natural capital, explain how humanactions are damaging the resource and discuss the possible effects of this.

(8)

(c) Describe the Gaia hypothesis and evaluate the usefulness of a global perspective formanaging resources sustainably.


(Total 20 marks)

9

11. The Inuit are indigenous aboriginal people of Northern Canada. The data below come from astudy of a Inuit fish farming community. The Inuit fish in the open sea but have also sectionedoff a large fjord (a long narrow inlet of the sea) which they use for farming salmon and shrimps.The shrimps eat microscopic plants in the sea called phytoplankton. Salmon and kawai (a wildfish) both eat shrimps.

Figure 1

All units in KJm –2 yr–1

Insolation on fjord 185000.0

Insolation on open sea 1972000.0

Farmed shrimp consumed by Inuit 26.0

Gross primary production by phytoplankton 3470.0

Shrimp consumed by kawai 847.0

Respiratory loss by kawai (open sea) 572.0

Shrimp consumed by salmon (farmed) 461.0

Respiratory loss by salmon 410.0

Kawai consumed by Inuit 6.2

Salmon consumed by Inuit 4.3

Energy used in managing salmon farm 4.1

Energy used in fishing for kawai 6.7

Energy used in managing shrimp farm 14.0

Energy used in other human activities including trading furs 12.5

10

(a) Use the data in figure 1 to complete the diagram below.

Sun

Fjord Open sea

Farmed shrimp 847

26

410

Fishing forkawai 6.7

(6)

(b) (i) Define what is meant by the term gross primary productivity (GPP).

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

11

(ii) State how GPP differs from net primary productivity (NPP).

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(iii) Identify the factors other than insolation which affects rates of gross primaryproductivity.

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................(2)

(c) Using the data in figure 1, determine whether salmon or kawai is more efficient atconverting food into biomass.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................(3)

12

(d) Compare the efficiency of aquatic food production system with terrestrial foodproduction system.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................(3)

(e) Calculations based on the data in figure 1 would suggest that farming and eating shrimpis the most energy efficient food source for the Inuit. Suggest why the Inuit continue tofarm salmon.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................(1)

(f) Suggest ways in which this indigenous food production system might differ from alarge-scale commercial food production system.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................(3)

(Total 20 marks)

13

12. (a) Compare two different food production systems. Your answer should be based on namedexamples. Consider resource inputs, resource outputs and technology.

(6)

(b) Outline the impact of the two systems identified in (a) on the surrounding environment.(5)

(c) (i) Suggest reasons why human food resource needs will change over the next 100years and how this change may be achieved.

(4)

(ii) Outline what impact a changing demand for food resources may have on theenvironment.


(Total 20 marks)

13. (a) Distinguish between the effects of acid rain and global warming.(4)

(b) Describe the human activities and the processes that may contribute to each of acid rainand global warming.

(6)

(c) State and evaluate some of the ways in which the harmful effects of acid rain might bereduced.


(Total 20 marks)

14. The table below provides data on the carbon dioxide footprint and the total ecological footprintper capita, for selected countries in the Asia-Pacific region.

Country Land area / km2 Population /millions

CO2 footprintper capita / ha

Total footprintper capita/ ha

Singapore 693 4.35 11.03 12.35

Sri Lanka 65 610 19.90 0.28 0.95

Australia 7 686 580 19.40 4.79 8.49

Note: 100 hectares (ha) = 1 km2

14

(a) Define the term total ecological footprint.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(b) State and explain the differences in the size of the per capita CO2 footprint in thecountries shown in the table above.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(4)

(c) Identify which country of those listed has the highest total ecological footprint for itsentire population.

......................................................................................................................................(1)

(d) Identify any countries of those listed that have a total ecological footprint for their entirepopulation that is greater than their land total area.

......................................................................................................................................(1)

15

(e) State three advantages and three disadvantages of nuclear power.

Advantages

1 ..................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

2 ..................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

3 ..................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

Disadvantages

1 ..................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

2 ..................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

3 ..................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................(3)

(f) (i) Name and briefly describe a food production system that you have studied.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

16

(ii) List three inputs to, and three outputs from, this food production system.

Inputs: ...............................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

Outputs: ............................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

(g) Describe the effect that this food production system might have on the environment.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(Total 18 marks)

17

15. The diagram below shows the carbon cycle.

medium

low

carbon dioxide (CO ) in atmosphere2

C in stems,roots andleaves of plants animals

death death,excretion

C in detritus

detritivoresdecomposers

C in humus

CO in water 2(mainly as hydrogencarbonate, HCO )3

-

detritivores and decomposers

C in algae

C in detritus

death

death, excretion

C in animals water

fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas, peat and oil shale)

Relative flows of carbon (C) per year

Key

land

(a) Describe and explain the processes by which carbon is added to, and lost from, theatmospheric storage. State examples of the organisms involved in the processes.

(8)

(b) Human activities have changed the balance of carbon dioxide. How has this balancechanged and what activities have altered it?

(4)

(c) Suggest the effects these changes might have on the biosphere.(5)


16. (a) Describe the range of processes by which methane, ozone and sulfur dioxide are formedor released as a result of human activities.

(7)

18

(b) Describe and explain the effects of the three atmospheric pollutants listed in (a) on:

(i) global climate(4)

(ii) primary productivity.(3)

(c) Evaluate ways in which the amount of sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere byhuman activities could be reduced.


(Total 20 marks)

17. (a) As well as their direct impact on the atmosphere, the effects of fossil fuel use arewidespread.Discuss the range of effects of fossil fuel use on the environment.

(8)

(b) What steps could be taken to reduce these effects?(5)

(c) The average cost of petrol (gasoline) for automobiles is four times higher in Europe thanin the USA. Discuss the environmental implications of this difference.


(Total 20 marks)

18. The graph below shows the pH and concentrations of lead (Pb) in the water of a lake forselected years between 1970 and 2000.

pH

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20003

4

5

6

7

3Lead / g dm

X pH

Lead

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Years

19

(a) Identify the year in which

(i) the concentration of lead in the water was highest. ..........................................

(ii) the water was most acidic. ................................................................................(1)

(b) From the data in the graph, state whether the quality of the water in the lake hasimproved or deteriorated. Give a reason for your answer.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(1)

(c) Explain the changes shown by the graph.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(d) Outline one indirect method of measuring the pollution levels in a lake.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

20

(e) (i) Define the term eutrophication.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(ii) State three environmental effects of eutrophication.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(3)

(f) Describe a strategy for the cleaning up and restoration of a eutrophic lake.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(5)

21

(g) State two advantages and two disadvantages of incineration as a method of disposal ofdomestic (municipal) waste.

(i) Advantages:

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

(ii) Disadvantages:

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

(Total 20 marks)

19. (a) A European country is planning to restart building nuclear power stations after a periodof twenty years in which no nuclear plants were constructed. List four advantages andfour disadvantages of this change in policy.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(4)

22

(b) The table below gives the nitrogenous fertilizer consumption for three regions for certainyears.

Consumption of n-fertilizer in thousands of tonnes ofnitrogen

Region 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Western Europe 3639 7371 10426 10069 9356

Australasia 40 137 286 504 1332

Africa 136 722 1278 1239 1433

[Adapted from “Mineral Fertilizer Use and the Environment”,http://www.fertilizer.org/publish/pubenv/fertuse.htm

Reproduced by permission of the International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA).]

State the region in which the N-fertilizer consumption has increased most between 1961and 2001:

(i) by absolute amount.

...........................................................................................................................

as a percentage.

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(ii) Calculate the percentage that N-fertilizer consumption increased between 1961 and1991 in Australasia. Show your working.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

23

(iii) Describe and explain the changes in fertilizer consumption for the three regionsover the period 1961–2001.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(4)

(c) State two outputs that might result from the increased use of fertilizer on a farm in adeveloped country.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(d) (i) Define the term ecological footprint.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

24

(ii) Describe and explain the probable differences between the ecological footprint ofa subsistence farmer in Africa and a commercial farmer in Australasia or WesternEurope.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(5)

(Total 20 marks)

20. (a) Describe the composition and structure of the atmosphere.(7)

(b) Discuss the formation of tropospheric ozone and its effects on living organisms.(6)

(c) Evaluate two ways of reducing photochemical smog formation.(4)


25

21. A study was carried out on two kinds of single-celled phytoplankton (Chaetoceros andPhaeocystis) which are both commonly found in an Antarctic marine ecosystem. Populations ofeach were divided into two groups, one group receiving full sunlight, and one receivingsunlight through a filter that blocked out ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. The population growthof each group was measured in cell divisions per day. The results of the study are shown in thegraph below.

With no filter

With UVB filter

Cell divisionsper day

0.270.3

0.12

0.22

PhaeocystisChaetoceros

[Source of data: R C Smith et al. (1992), Science, AAAS]

(a) Using calculations where appropriate, outline the conclusions that can be drawn fromthese data regarding the growth rate and relative impact of UVB on these two kinds ofphytoplankton.

(5)

(b) With reference to the data, describe the possible impacts of ozone depletion on theAntarctic marine ecosystem, and the significance of these impacts for the widerenvironment.

(7)

(c) Evaluate the success and limitations of international agreements in reducing thephenomenon of ozone depletion.


(Total 20 marks)

26

22. The diagram below shows storages (in percentage of total water) and flows in the global watercycle. The rates of flow are given in 1015 kg yr–1.

CLOUDS0.001 %

ATMOSPHERICWATER VAPOUR

0.001 %

SURFACE WATER 0.001 %ICE 2 % GROUND WATER 1 %

OCEAN97 %

Condensation400

Precipitation 300

Precipitation 100

Evaporation 64 Evaporation

336

Run-off/groundwater flow

(a) (i) What is the source of energy which drives the water cycle? ........................ .(1)

(ii) In which of the processes given in the diagram does this energy enter the cycle?

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(b) (i) What percentage of all precipitation falls directly into the oceans?

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(ii) What percentage of all evaporated water comes from the oceans?

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

27

(c) (i) Assuming the cycle is in steady state, what mass of water flows into the oceansthrough run-off and groundwater flow per year?

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

(ii) Explain why this figure might increase in the future, as a result of burning fossilfuels.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(3)

(d) Name a storage of water in the biosphere that is not shown in the diagram, and explainhow water is transferred in and out of this storage.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(e) (i) State briefly one way in which one of the other flows in the diagram might changeif evaporation rates were to increase.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

28

(ii) Describe how two changes in the flows shown on the diagram could lead to a fallin global temperatures and reduce global warming.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(4)

(iii) Name the type of feedback involved in this reduction in global warming.

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(f) Identify each of the different processes referred to on the diagram as either transfer ortransformation processes.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(Total 20 marks)

23. (a) Explain, with the help of an example, the term non-point-source pollution.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

29

The table below gives the iron (Fe), and lead (Pb), concentrations (mg kg–1) in the atmosphericfallout (solid particles) at two sampling locations near a mining centre in Sweden.

April –May June–July Aug–Sep Oct–Nov Dec–Jan Feb–Mar

Location 1 Pb 1.1 2.3 2.7 3.1 6.8 6.7

Pb 26.0 65.0 76.0 86.0 259.0 222.0

Location 2 Fe 45.3 10.0 10.9 10.4 11.0 8.0

Fe 640.0 104.0 105.0 123.0 131.0 216.0

[Reprinted from Zhixun Lin et al., "The source and fate of Pb in contaminated soils at the urban area of Falun in central Sweden ",Science of the Total Environment, Volume 209, Issue 1, 8 January 1998, Pages 47-58, © 1998, with permission from Elsevier]

(b) Calculate the mean value for the lead concentration for each of the two samplinglocations.

(i) Location 1: .......................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(ii) Location 2: ........................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

30

(c) The data show many differences in values (i) between the two pollutants (ii) at varioustimes of the year, and (iii) between the locations. Identify one example of each andsuggest an explanation for the difference.

(i) between the two pollutants: ..............................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(ii) at various times of the year: .............................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(iii) between the locations: ......................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(6)

31

(d) The data in the table represent an example of the direct monitoring of pollution. Outline,with the help of an example, what is meant by indirect monitoring.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(e) A company specialising in waste disposal proposes to establish a facility for theincineration of domestic (municipal) waste close to your school. Explain how you wouldassess the probable environmental effects of such a facility.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(4)

32

(f) Outline three strategies for the management of a named example of industrial waste.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(Total 20 marks)

24. The diagram below shows some of the material flows which affect food production and freshwater resources.

soil

atmosphere

food production systems

aquifers

rivers

available fresh water resources

(a) Distinguish between the terms sustainability and sustainable yield.(2)

(b) Describe and explain how food production systems and fresh water resources can bemanaged sustainably.

(10)

(c) Using examples, suggest ways in which non-renewable resources, excluding fossil fuels,could be managed to reduce the rate at which they are being depleted.


(Total 20 marks)

33

25. The diagram shows a model of human population growth.

Po

pu

latio

n

Fo

od

su

ppl

yX Y

Time

KeyPopulationFood supply

(a) (i) On the diagram complete the probable population curve for the time period X to Y.(1)

(ii) Justify the line you have drawn in (a) (i).

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(b) (i) Describe the different rates of growth for human population and food supplyshown in the model.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

34

(ii) Suggest reasons for the different rates of growth you have described in (b) (i).

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

(c) With reference to a food production system you have studied, describe two ways inwhich the food supply has been increased.

Name and location of food production system ..........................................................

Ways in which food production has been increased ..................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................(3)

(d) Identify two policies governments can implement to control population growth.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................(2)

35

(e) Explain how cultural factors in different societies can hold back efforts to reducepopulation growth.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................(3)

(Total 14 marks)

36

26. The data figure 1 shows some characteristics of three different forest ecosystems.

Figure 1.

Vegetation Tropical rainforest Temperatedeciduous woodland

Temperateconiferous woodland

Soil profile

Litterthin humus layer

Red colour with high ironand aluminium contentcoarse texture

Parent material weathered to great depth

Litterdeep humus layer

Brown colour becominglighter with depth

Some leaching

Parent material

Litter (pine needles)deep humus (acidic) layer

Pale grey layer withconsiderable leaching

Darker layer with iron andhumus enrichment

Parent material

Mean biomass /tons hectare –1

1000800600400200

0

[Source: adapted from Goodman and Hughes, Geography A level Q and A, Letts Educational, 1995, page 19]

(a) (i) Define what is meant by the term biomass.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(ii) Outline a method by which biomass can be measured.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

37

(b) (i) Identify which of the three forest ecosystems contains the most biomass.

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(ii) Explain why this ecosystem is so productive. (In your answer you should includefactors other then those in figure 1.)

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(3)

(iii) Explain the difference between biomass and net primary productivity (NPP).

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

(c) (i) Of the three soil types shown in figure 1, state which forest’s soil is most fertile.

...........................................................................................................................(1)

38

(ii) Explain how you arrived at your answer to (c) (i).

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(3)

(Total 13 marks)

27. The table below gives the percentage of world energy supplied from various sources, in 1900and in 1998.

Source of Energy 1900 1998

Coal 94 30

Oil 4 41

Natural gas 1.5 26

Hydro-electric and nuclear sources 0.5 3

(a) Explain the significance of the data in the table for the environment.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

39

(b) Discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of one of the sources of energy named inthe table. (Hydro-electric and nuclear power may be considered separately.)

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(4)

(c) Name and evaluate one sustainable source of energy not listed above.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

40

(d) It has been calculated that the ecological footprint of the population of Singapore is 264times greater than the area of Singapore. Explain what this means.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(e) Assume that in a large city with a stable population, the proportion of the population thathas a vegetarian diet increases. Explain how this change might affect the city’s ecologicalfootprint.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(Total 15 marks)

28. (a) Is the spraying of pesticides on a field an example of point or non-point source pollution?Explain your answer.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

41

(b) The table below shows the abundance of bird species feeding on different food sources inan ecosystem. They were observed both before and after extensive spraying ofinsecticides. The data are expressed in values relative to the abundance observed beforespraying.

Feeding habit of birdspecies

Relative abundancebefore spraying

Relative abundanceafter spraying

Herbivorous 100 103

Carnivorous 100 78

Insect-eating 100 26

(i) Explain why the relative abundance of carnivorous birds has decreased more thanthe relative abundance of herbivorous birds.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

(ii) Explain why the insect-eating birds have been most affected.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(c) (i) Explain how a biotic index uses the presence or absence of organisms to quantifylevels of pollution.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(3)

42

(ii) Organic waste is discharged into a river from a sewage treatment facility. Describethe procedures you would use to assess this pollution by means of a biotic index.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(4)

(iii) Name one physical (abiotic) variable in the river that could be measured as a partof an assessment of this pollution.

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(d) Describe one alternative to petrol (gasoline) and diesel as a transport fuel and commenton its limitations.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(Total 15 marks)

43

29. The following bar chart shows the mean per capita daily energy intake (energy content of foodconsumed per individual) for two similarly sized countries. Belgium is a more economicallydeveloped country in western Europe, and Burundi is a less economically developed country intropical Africa.

Me

an p

er c

apit

a da

ily e

ner

gy in

take

/kJ BELGIUM

BURUNDI

16 000

12 000

8000

4000

Minimum requirementto avoid malnutrition(10 000kJ)

[Source: Adapted from Sacquet, A. (2002) World Atlas of Sustainable Development. Anthem Press London]

(a) The population of Belgium is 10.4 million and the population of Burundi is 6.4 million.Calculate the total annual energy consumed above the minimum requirement by thepopulation of Belgium, and the total below the minimum requirement by the populationof Burundi.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(b) Explain how the difference in energy intake of these two populations will affect thecomparative size of their ecological footprints.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

44

(c) Other factors that affect ecological footprint are listed below. Explain how they are likelyto differ in their effect on the footprint of each of these two countries.

Methods of food production ........................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

CO2 emissions .............................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

CO2 absorption ............................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(6)

(d) In 1969 it was estimated that the energy intake of 37 % of the world population fellbelow the minimum requirement, and in 1999 this estimate had dropped to 17 % of theworld population. Identify two strategies that may have led to this change and explainhow they may have contributed to it.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(4)

(Total 14 marks)

45

30. (a) A tree can be thought of as a system. Draw and label a systems diagram of a tree thatshows inputs, outputs and storages of matter and energy.

(3)

(b) State two functions of producers in an ecosystem.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(c) For a named ecosystem, draw a food chain with named species showing threeappropriately labelled trophic levels.

(3)

(d) Outline three reasons for the relative value of tropical rainforests in contributing toglobal biodiversity.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

46

(e) Explain the role of decomposers in an ecosystem.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(f) Suggest what effect a significant and prolonged decrease in the pH of rainfall would haveon primary productivity in a terrestrial ecosystem. Explain your answer.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(Total 16 marks)

31. Most members of the group of insects known as bark beetles infest dead or severely weakenedtrees. A few species will attack and kill living, apparently healthy trees. An area of healthy treeswas sprayed with a pesticide (DDT) to control the bark beetle.

(a) State whether the spraying of pesticides is an example of point or non-point sourcepollution.Explain your answer.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

47

(b) Outline one direct method that could be used to monitor the level of pollution fromspraying pesticides as shown above.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(c) Suggest and evaluate a strategy that might reduce the impact of pesticides in theenvironment.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

48

The graph below shows the residues of pesticides in four different crops, 3 days, 7 days and 14days after application.

1

Residues of pesticides / mg kg–

Potato Tomato Lettuce Pepper0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3 days

7 days

Crops

14 days

[Source: Modified from R Frank and D Ripley (1990), Food Residues from Pesticides and Environmental Pollutantsin Ontario, John Wiley & Sons Inc, page 488]

(d) (i) Describe the data shown in the graph.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(3)

(ii) Suggest one implication of the data shown in the graph for the human consumptionof these foods.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(Total 11 marks)

49

32. Renewable energy alternatives, how the energy is produced and their limitations:

Alternativerenewable

energy source

How the energy is produced Major limitation

Tidal Power

Energy is produced by using theebbing and/or flooding tide to turnturbines and produce electricity.

.......................................................

.......................................................

.......................................................

.......................................................

.......................................................

Wind Power Wind turbines are driven byavailable wind energy. The windenergy is turned into electricalenergy via a generator. Theelectrical energy is supplied to anelectrical grid to do work.

Dependent on the wind; no windequals no energy.

Biofuel.......................................................

.......................................................

.......................................................

.......................................................

.......................................................

Produces emissions and requireslarge areas to grow biofuel crop.

(a) State one other form of alternative renewable energy source not listed above.

......................................................................................................................................(1)

(b) Complete the table above for tidal power and biofuel.(2)

50

(c) Most MEDCs are still dependent on non-renewable forms of energy. Suggest reasonswhy MEDCs have not adopted renewable energy sources.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(d) With reference to a named food production system you have studied, describe two waysin which food supply per unit area can be increased.

Named food production system: .................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

51

(e) State the difference between carrying capacity and ecological footprint.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(Total 11 marks)

33. (a) (i) State the first law of thermodynamics.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

52

(ii) Calculate the amount of energy output in the model below.

Input 1000 kJ energy

10 % loss toatmosphere

15 % stored after loss to atmosphere

OUTPUT = ?

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

53

(b) The diagram below represents a simplified hydrological cycle.

4.

3.2.

1.

ATMOSPHERE

GROUND

(i) Identify the processes corresponding to the arrows labelled 1 to 4 in the diagram.

1. ................................................................

2. ................................................................

3. ................................................................

4. ................................................................(2)

(ii) Suggest one weakness in the model above.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

54

The graph below shows the estimated world water withdrawals from 1960 to 2000.

4

3

2

1

0

Year

Water withdrawals /10 km yr 3 3 –1

200019951990198519801975197019651960

[J Loh, The Living Planet Report, © [2002] WWF (panda.org). Some rights reserved.]

(iii) Calculate the percentage increase in world water withdrawals from 1960 to 2000.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

55

(iv) Suggest three reasons for the increase in water withdrawals during the period1960 to 2000.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(3)

(Total 11 marks)

34. (a) (i) Outline the concept of an ecological footprint as applied to a country.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

56

(ii) The table below shows the breakdown of the ecological footprint (in hectares) foran average Canadian.

EnergyBuilt

environmentAgricultural

landForest Total

Food 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.0 1.3

Housing 0.5 0.1 0.0 1.0 1.6

Transport 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.1

Consumergoods

0.6 0.0 0.2 0.2 1.0

Resourcesin services

0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

Total 2.9 0.2 1.1 1.2 5.4

[Source: Sustainable Consumption and Production, www.iisd.ca/linkages/consume/mwfoot.html]

Calculate the percentage of the ecological footprint required for the combined totalof agricultural land and forest.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(iii) Peru, a less economically developed country (LEDC), has an energy component of16.0 % within its ecological footprint, whereas Canada has an energy componentof 53.7 %. Suggest reasons for this difference.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

57

(b) Draw the outline of an age/sex pyramid for (1)

(i) a less economically developed country (LEDC).

(1)

(ii) a more economically developed country (MEDC).

(1)

(c) (i) State two factors that may reduce birth rate.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(ii) State two factors that may reduce death rate.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

58

(iii) Outline the difference between LEDCs and MEDCs in terms of dietarycomposition and explain what impact this has on ecological footprint size.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(3)

(Total 11 marks)

35. The diagram below shows the effects of two different fishing policies on fish stocks over fouryears.

High intensity fishing policy Low intensity fishing policy

200

20 32

2836

1836

24

4820

56

16

36

6

120

48

168

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4Year Year

Key: Catch Stock of fish

200

We

ight

of

fish

/ ton

nes

We

ight

of

fish

/ ton

nes

59

(a) (i) Define the term sustainable yield.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(ii) Calculate the total catch over four years in each fishing policy in the diagramabove.

High intensity: ...................................................................................................

Low intensity: ...................................................................................................(1)

(iii) Calculate the percentage difference between the year 4 catch for the high intensityfishing policy and the year 4 catch for the low intensity fishing policy.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(iv) Predict, giving two reasons, which fishing policy would probably give the greaterprofit over 20 years.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(2)

60

(b) Outline two reasons why hunting and fishing may not be controlled by legislation.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(c) Compare the energy efficiency of terrestrial and aquatic food production systems.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(d) Suggest one possible solution that a technocentrist might give to the problem ofoverfishing.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(1)

(Total 10 marks)

36. (a) (i) Define the term species diversity.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

61

Simpson’s Diversity Index

D = )1(

)1(

−Σ−

nn

NN

(ii) State what N means in the equation above.

...........................................................................................................................(1)

(iii) Design a method that could be used to analyse diversity of plants within awoodland ecosystem.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(4)

(b) (i) Define the term biome.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(1)

62

(ii) Discuss how the factors that control natural biomes also dictate how people farmthe landscape. Refer to at least two examples of farming systems within youranswer.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................(3)

(Total 10 marks)

37. (a) State the term used to describe lakes and rivers containing high levels of nutrients.

......................................................................................................................................(1)

(b) Describe the changes in an aquatic ecosystem produced by high inputs of phosphates andnitrates.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

63

(c) State and evaluate two methods of reducing excessive inputs of phosphates and nitratesto an aquatic ecosystem.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(4)

(Total 8 marks)

38. The graph below shows the per capita waste generation rate for different household sizes.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

per capitageneration /kg day–1

Number of persons in household

10

Number of persons in household

[Source: modified from Rhyner et al. (1995), Waste Management and Resource Recovery, CRC Press, page 30]

64

(a) Describe and explain the data shown in the graph.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(b) Outline four strategies which could reduce the problem of solid waste in your local area.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(4)

(Total 7 marks)

65

39. A high percentage of the world’s lakes are classified as eutrophic.

(a) Describe the major characteristics of a eutrophic lake.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(b) State two strategies that might be used for clean up and restoration of a eutrophic lake.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(c) Outline an indirect method that could be used to measure pollution.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(Total 7 marks)

66

40. The following diagram represents three stages of pollution:

Production ofpollutant

Release ofpollutant

Long-termimpacts ofpollutant

(a) With reference to named pollutants, explain how a strategy of pollution managementcould be introduced at each of these three stages to reduce the impacts of pollution.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(b) Discuss a possible disadvantage of each of the three strategies of pollution managementyou described above.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(Total 6 marks)

67

41. The diagram below shows changes in atmospheric emissions from a variety of human activitiesin the United Kingdom between 1990 and 2002.

Agriculture

Manufacturing and construction

Electricity, gas and water supply

Transport

Mining and quarrying

Domestic

– 80 – 60 – 40 – 20 0 20 40 60Percentage change in atmospheric emissions 1990–2002

[Source: modified from ONS www’statistics.gov.uk/environmentalaccounts]

(a) State the greenhouse gas that has increased to the greatest extent in the atmosphericemissions over this period.

......................................................................................................................................(1)

(b) According to these data, compare the relative success in the reduction of acid rainemissions with the reduction of greenhouse gases, and suggest a reason for thisdifference.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

68

(c) With reference to named activities shown in the chart, suggest two different strategiesthat might have led to a reduction in acid rain emissions.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(Total 5 marks)

42. Below is a cartoon about global population increase.

Time

Billionsof

people

[Source: adapted from www.greenberg-art.com/.Toons/.Toons,%20Environ/Populationchart.html]

(a) Determine the projected human population in 2050.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(1)

69

(b) Describe the pattern of population growth shown in the diagram above.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(1)

(c) Describe two ways in which food systems might be changed to meet the increaseddemand for food in the future.

1 ...................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

2 ...................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(d) Describe two obstacles facing governments who wish to reduce population increase intheir countries.

1 ...................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

2 ...................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(Total 6 marks)

43. (a) Distinguish between the terms natural income and natural capital.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

70

A view of Yosemite National Park, California, US

(b) Explain why the value of a view may be hard to measure.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(c) Describe two ways in which air pollution may decrease the value of this view.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(Total 6 marks)

71

44. (a) State what is meant by the term biotic index.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(1)

(b) Describe one example of the use of a biotic index to measure pollution.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(Total 4 marks)

72

45. The table below shows the different types of domestic waste and the amounts produced percapita each year in a city in a developed country.

Material type Examples Waste producedper capita / kg yr–1

Organic material garden waste, food/kitchen waste, wood 188

Paper newspaper, writing paper, packaging,cardboard, milk cartons

91.2

Plastics soft drink bottles, plastic bags, plasticcontainers

25.1

Glass jars, bottles, plate glass 23.9

Metals steel cans, aluminium packaging andcans, copper pipes

14.4

Household hazardous paint, dry cell batteries, car batteries,fluorescent light bulbs

1.9

Miscellaneous ceramics (bricks, tiles etc.) rock, ash, soil 10.2

Total 354.7

[Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data]

(a) Calculate the proportion of paper, glass, plastics and organic material combined as apercentage of total waste.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(1)

73

(b) Outline and evaluate strategies for the management of the domestic waste in the tableabove.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(3)

(Total 4 marks)

46. (a) Explain why the rainfall in some parts of the world is unnaturally acidic.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(b) State two effects that acid rain might have on ecosystems.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................(2)

(Total 4 marks)

74

47. Define the term biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and explain how it is used to assesspollution levels in water.

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................(Total 3 marks)

48. Evaluate the use of landfill as a waste disposal strategy.

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................(Total 2 marks)

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Documents

(a) Distinguish clearly between succession and …a) Distinguish clearly between succession and zonation ... describe how water resources ... Distinguish between the effects of acid