A Different Drumbeat - Book 2 - Background Information

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f“ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ”

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Background Information

for

A DIFFERENT DRUMBEAT

The extraordinary life of

GEORGE FINDLAY ANDREW

RAY MOORE

2013

“If a man does not keep pace with his

companions, perhaps it is because he hears a

different drummer. Let him step to the music

which he hears, however measured or far away.”

Henry David Thoreau


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National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry

Creator: Moore, Ray, 1935- author.

Title: A different drumbeat : the extraordinary life of GeorgeFindlay Andrew. Book 2, Background

information / Ray Moore.

ISBN: 9780987182791 (ebook)

Subjects: Andrew, George Findlay, 1887-1971.Missionaries--China--Biography.

World War, 1939-1945--Secret service--GreatBritain--Biography.

World War, 1914-1918--Secret service--GreatBritain--Biography.

Disaster relief--China--History.

Dewey Number: 266.0092


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 MAP OF CHINA.................................................................................................................6

2 ALFRED ANDREW’S WW1 SERVICE RECORD....................................................... 7

3 EYEWITNESS REPORTS OF THE DEC 1920 QUAKE..........................................12

4 “WHERE THE MOUNTAINS WALKED” ARTICLE................................................... 14

A Moslem Fanatic And His Followers Sealed In A Cave................................16

A Highway Rides On The Crest Of The Quake..................................... 17

Seven Great Slides Crash Through The Valley Of The Dead......... 18

The Chinese Dragon Waggles His Tail Every Third Century.........................20

"The Footsteps Of The Gods".............................................................................22

News Of The Disaster Long Delayed.................................................................23

In The District Where "The Mountains Walked"...............................................29

The Climax Of Desolation....................................................................................30

The First Shock Came At 9:30 In The Evening................................................30

Three Lakes Are Formed.....................................................................................32

Why The Chinese Consider The Calamity A Blessing....................................34

All Cave Dwellings Collapsed............................................................................. 34

5 SOME PAGES FROM GFA’S 1921 DIARY............................................................... 35

7 THE SWEDISH CROWN PRINCE’S LETTER...........................................................51

8 ABBOT LOW MOFFAT’S 1962 LETTER TO GFA ...................................................52

9 REPORTS & APPRECIATION FOR CAPTAIN BAKER’S RELEASE................... 57

10 OTHER INTERESTING LETTERS...............................................................................60

Meyrick Howlett. British Consul General...........................................................61

Pearl Buck.............................................................................................................. 61

General Wavell...................................................................................................... 62

C J Hames. British Foreign Office...................................................................... 63


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Frank Doodha. GFA's Secretary 1932...............................................................64

Rev. Roy Seaman who worked with GFA on earthquake relief.................... 67

T.V.Soong...............................................................................................................69

11 GFA’S ASSOCIATION WITH THE WELLCOME INSTITUTE...............................71

12 CHAPTER ABOUT TORNVALL IN “A MARTYR’S GRACE”............................. 74

13 THE FUNDAMENTALIST-MODERNIST CLASH IN THE 20S &30S...................80

14 1911 REVOLUTION.....................................................................................................83

15 CHINA BETWEEN 1911 AND 1920..........................................................................84

16 FREDERICK BALLER................................................................................................. 86

17 MAYBETH JUDD..........................................................................................................87

18 BUTTERFIELD & SWIRE............................................................................................87

19 CUTTINGS FROM THE SINGAPORE PRESS.......................................................92


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1 MAP OF CHINA

Return to Table of Contents

MAP OF CHINA


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2 ALFRED ANDREW’S WW1 SERVICE RECORD


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Just over 28 kilometresnortheast of Amiens is thesmall town of Albert.Alfred was buried in theAlbert ExtensionCommunity Cemetery, ina section set aside forWW1 casualties. TheCommunal Cemetery ison the south-east side ofAlbert and at the junctionof the roads to Péronneand Bray sur Somme.



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3 EYEWITNESS REPORTS OF THE DEC 1920 QUAKE

The Gansu Earthquake

16th December 1920

Continued next page . .


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4 “WHERE THE MOUNTAINS WALKED” ARTICLE

MOUNTAINS that moved in the night; landslides that eddied like waterfalls,crevasses that swallowed houses and camel trains, and villages that were sweptaway under a rising sea of loose earth, were a few of the subsidiary occurrencesthat made the earthquake in Kansu one of the most appalling catastrophes inhistory.

Though the tremendous shaking-up occurred in December, 1920, the story is onlynow beginning to spread beyond the narrow defiles which guard the entrance toKansu Province. It is, perhaps, the most poorly advertised calamity that hasoccurred in modern times.

Though Kansu is within telegraphic reach of the rest of the world, the details of thedisaster have never come over the wires. The native population was too stunnedand the few foreign residents were too busy in relief work to give any descriptionof the dancing mountains and vanishing valleys.

Mr. Josef W. Hall (Upton Close) , who visited the earthquake area under theauspices of the International Famine Relief Committee, has brought back one ofthe first accounts of the devastated country and the strange things that happenwhen the earth turns itself into a contortionist.


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The area of destruction, 100 by 300 miles in extent, contains ten large cities,besides numerous villages. In it is the heart of the so-called loess country, wherethe soil is a mixture of clay and powdered quartz. A narrower region wascomprised in the landslide district, where the loose earth cascaded down thevalleys and buried every object in its path.

A Moslem Fanatic And His Followers Sealed In A Cave

Tales as strange as any that Roman historians have told of Pompeii arerecounted by visitors to the devastated country. As three-fifths of the dead areMohammedan, the non-Moslem Chinese claim that the earthquake was avisitation from Heaven against the disciples of the Prophet.Somehow, the Mohammedans have failed to deny this accusation with their usualvigor and have suddenly become surprisingly humble.

One of the most dramatic episodes of the disaster was the burial of Ma theBenevolent, a famous Moslem fanatic, and 300 of his followers, just as they hadmet in conclave to proclaim a holy war. The cave in which they had gathered wassealed by a terrific avalanche, while the group knelt on their prayer-mats.


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By some miracle, the watchman at the entrance to the cave escaped with his life,but the others were buried so deeply that, despite months of digging over anarea of a mile, the Moslems have failed to recover the bodies of their leaders.

A Highway Rides On The Crest Of The Quake

In another district Mr. Hall and his party found that a whole mountain topped by atemple had slid into a valley. A little beyond they found that a road bordered bypoplar trees had ridden the crest of a slide for three-quarters of a mile, withoutapparent damage to the trees or even to the birds' nests in their branches. Oneastonished peasant looked out of his window in the morning to find that a high hillhad moved onto the homestead, stopping its line of march within a few feet of hishut.

In another village the only people left alive were a couple over seventy years old.They were saved from death only by the fact that their children, displaying astrange lack of filial piety, had sent them to live in a house on the outskirts of theclan village which was buried by an avalanche. The death of their descend- antswas taken as evidence, by survivors in the neighborhood, that Heaven hadpunished the family for its lack of filial respect.


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Seven Great Slides Crash Through The Valley Of The Dead

In the city of Tsingning the chief magistrate was found living in a canvas tent overhis demolished yamen. In the same city two American women missionaries weredwelling in a hovel with earthen floor and a mat-shed roof that would be scornedby well-bred live stock. Though they had been offered better quarters, the missionworkers had refused to accept them, preferring to share the hardships of theirpeople.

The most appalling sight of all was the Valley of the Dead, where seven greatslides crashed into a gap in the hills three miles long, killing every living thing inthe area except three men and two dogs.


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The survivors were carried across the valley on the crest of the avalanche, caughtin the cross- current of two other slides, whirled in a gigantic vortex, andcatapulted to the slope of another hill. With them went house, orchard, andthreshing-floor, and the farmer has since placidly begun to till the new location towhich he was so unceremoniously transported.

In a small town on the highway two strangers had put up at the inn on the eveningof the disaster. In the terror and confusion that followed the earthquake, thelandlord completely forgot his two guests. It was not until several days later that heremembered them, and when, after considerable digging, their room was broughtto light, both men were found alive. Stupefied by the shock, they knew nothing ofwhat happened and imagined that they had slept through an ordinary night. Thelandlord, however, in spite of remonstrances, did not neglect to collect room rent forthe full period of their stay.

One of the districts that has suffered most is the tableland to the north known as thebunch-grass country, which supplies the camel crop for practically all of Asia. Thesoil is an unyielding alkali, which cracked appallingly, since there was no loess


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cushion to mitigatethe force of theshock. In one townwith a normalpopulation of severalhundred theinvestigators foundonly twenty or thirtysurvivors.

The loss of nearlytwo hundredthousand lives andthe total destructionof hundreds oftowns and citiescalls forreconstruction workon a staggeringscale. Seventhousand men have

been employed by the UnitedInternational Famine ReliefSociety in releasing dammedstreams and thus preventingdisastrous overflows. Their workand that of their brave foreignsuperintendents, now nearingsuccessful completion, is aromance of adventure in itself.

Fortunately, there is no orphanproblem, as children in thedevastated districts were so muchin demand that they werepromptly adopted by the survivors.In Kansu, as in most pioneercountries, men are so much inthe majority that women are highlyvalued. The usual price for a wiferanges from 100 to 300 taels, and,as a result, girl babies are adoptedas eagerly as boys.


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The Chinese Dragon Waggles His Tail Every Third Century

Of that most remarkable series of seismic disturbances which occurred throughoutthe world in November and December, 1920, the most phenomenal wasundoubtedly the great Kansu earthquake of the late evening of December 16.Owing to the unusual character of the loess, under the immense deposits ofwhich the rockslip occurred, fantastic effects were produced upon the surface ofthe earth which give the observer the weird feeling that he is on some planet stillin the formative stage.

The subterranean dragon of Chinese cosmology who, according to the north-westChina tradition, waggles his tail every three hundred years, this time playedhavoc, such as was never before recorded with the face of the earth and thehabitations of men. Likely no other earthquake inscientific annals ever changed the physical geography of the affected region to theextent of the Kansu cataclysm.

The region is one of seismic disturbance, but local archives, purporting to registerthe events of the past four thousand years, record only two earthquakesapproximating the recent calamity in destructiveness. One was in the Tangdynasty, 1,200 years ago, affecting most severely an area in the north of ShensiProvince, 200 miles to the east of that now in ruins ; and the other under theMings, three hundred years ago, which struck southeast, from the Kansu border toSianfu. Ancient monuments and works of sculpture still bear mute evidence tothese two disturbances.

The area most heavilyaffected by the recent disaster- what one might call the areaof supreme destruction,where no brick-and-mudbuilding was left in a habitablecondition - is, as shown by themap (page 4), an oblong lyingbetween the Wei and Yellowrivers, 170 miles long and 150miles wide. It comprises twodistinct types of geologicalformation, at least on thesurface, which fact adds greatvariety and interest to theoccurrence.


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"The Footsteps Of The Gods"

The southern half of the oval, stretching from the northern bank of the Wei River toKuyuan, is, with the exception of the precipitous mountain range cutting it fromnorth to south not far from its eastern edge, a part of the great loess region whichstretches from central Honan almost to Tibet.

It is in the loess area that the immense slides out of the terraced hills occurred,burying or carrying away villages, covering level, farmed valley floors with adebrisof unvegetated dust, damming stream-beds and turning valleys into lakes, andaccomplishing those hardly believable freaks which the natives name the"footsteps of the gods."

Here the Chinese, since their vernacular is devoid of a technical or other termcorresponding to ''landslide," have coined the expression - the only phrase theyhave for describing what has happened - "The mountains walked" (Shan tso-liao).

The northern half of the oval, from Kuyuan to the Yellow River, is a rolling alkaliplateau of clay and gravel formation, a part of the steppes stretching north toSiberia and west to Turkestan. In this district the soil, being of brittle but firmertexture than the loess, did not slide, but cracked into intricate fissures.

The summits of the high Six-Plate (Liu Pan) range, consisting of rock of volcanicorigin protruding several thousand feet above the loess deposits on either side,although in the heart of the earthquake belt, were not shaken seriously. The slipapparently occurred in the rock-bed underlying the hard plateau and the loess,and sent vibrations to the surface in varying degrees of intensity, according to thenature of the soil and the thickness of the loess blanket, which acted as a cushion.The vibration was only slightly transmitted to the volcanic strata of the mountains.

News Of The Disaster Long Delayed

The remoteness of the district in which the earthquake occurred cannot but intrigueinterest. Although the concurrent quakes in Chile and Salvador, the tidal wave ofYap and the eruption of Mt. Asama, Japan, are all history, the Kansu disaster isstill news. What actually happened in this frontier province of China is only now,through the reports of the relief investigation expedition of which Mr. Hall was amember, being made known in any comprehensive way, even in China's capitaland port cities.Kansu, in ancient times the buffer state between the glorious seats of the oldShensi dynasties and the Tatar and Tibetan barbarians, lies to the west of Shensiand northwest of Szechwan, pinched between the Ordos and southern Outer


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Mongolia on the north and east and the Kokonor region of Tibet and Sinkiangprovince of Chinese Turkestan on the south and west. It is a country of extremeethnographical and religious interest, being the meeting and mixing place ofBuddhist Tibetans and Mongolians, Mohammedan Chinese containing aCaucasian strain, and the ordinary Chinese of the ''big-church.''

Had the quake disaster struck several hundred miles to the north, west, or south,the loss of life would have been negligible. As it happened, it selected fordestruction, in the asrriculturallv rich, terraced loess country of the southern half ofthe affected area, the most populous portion of the province; and to the north,although this part is principally uninhabited grazing land, several of the largestMohammedan Chinese cities, which were leveled.

Although the density of population is not more than one-tenth that of Shantung orthe East China plain, the loss of life from landslides, collapsed cave homes, andfalling buildings, together with death from exposure of the unsheltered in midwinterin this high altitude, was, according to official figures, 200,000, and according tothe estimate of the foreign investigators more than half this number.

The reverend John D. Hayes, of the United International Famine Relief Committee,Peking, and Air. Hall, leaving the Kwanyintang, Honan, railhead on March 6,1921, took the ancient royal highway through Shensi to Kansu. crossing theKansu border near Kingchow and proceeding directly to Pingliang, the great trademart of the western half of the province.

The first damage done by earthquake was found to be among the ancient tablets ofHwa Yin Temple, lying under the shadow of sacred Hwa Mountain, not far beyondthe Honan border.

In Sianfu, the capital of Shensi, some damage was done to houses, but there wasno loss of life. Lesser destruction was wrought in spots between Sianfu andPingliang.

In the vicinity of Tsingning and Pingliang, five to six thousand feet above sea-level,cave-dwellings in the loess cliffs collapsed, causing great loss of life among thepeasants, who principally inhabit this style of home. Cattle, horses, and herds,stabled and folded in caves, were buried alive.

Passing Pingliang, the investigators found themselves in the belt of completedestruction, where cities as well as peasant villages suffered heavy loss of life andall buildings were leveled.

At Wating, where the highway forks, one road going north to Kuyuan and theMohammedan region along the Yellow River and the other west to Lanchowfu andTurkestan, we obtained our first photographs of a ruined city. Taking the road to


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the provincial capital (Lanchowfu), we soon ascended Six Plate Mountain. With theelevation, evidence of seismic disturbance grew less, to become again abundantwhen the loess foothills of the west descent were reached.


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In The District Where "The Mountains Walked"

Two of the hardest-hit cities, Lungteh and Tsingning (which, being interpreted,mean, respectively, Virtuous Dragon and - paradoxically - Quiet Peace) werepassed, and then we visited the district where "the mountains walked."

Following the Sianfu - Lanchowfu - Turkestan highway, we ascended a small valleyof steep grade directly west of Tsingning. Suddenly the highroad for a length of aquarter of a mile dropped out of sight. It had been cut as if chopped off with anaxe, leaving the fifty-year old poplars and cottonwoods with which it is lined partlyuprooted, like sentinels stricken at their post, upon the edge of the sixty-foot gullywhich occupied the position of the road.

The roadside water-supply of a near-by village had disappeared down this samegully. The natives were carrying their water from a new lake a mile to the south, inthe center of the valley.

Making his way over the rent terraces to this lake, which had been formed by thedamming up of the valley stream by a two-mouthed slide from the hills on theopposite bank,

The Climax Of Desolation

The short valleys in this section join one another like links in a chain. Riding to thesummit of the divide which separated this from the next link, we were amazed bythe panorama of a valley filled with the loess dust and clouds of seven tremendouslandslips which had come out of the hills on either side. This little nook in the hills,some five miles long, known as the "Teng Clan Draw," had become in verity theclimax of desolation.

Hardly enough valley-floor land remained uncovered for one good kitchen garden.Several peasant settlements lay buried beneath the debris. One "village of thedead," containing not a single survivor, lay in ruins.

A lone mound of fresh earth - the grave of one of the few victims who have beenexcavated - stood between the ruins and a thirty-foot precipice cut by the slidewhich had just missed the village. From a reed stuck in the earth hung a paperstrip bearing the inscription : "The Eastern Lord of the Church, if you seek andcall, may save your bitterness." The dead was Mohammedan.


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The First Shock Came At 9:30 In The Evening

The only survivors of this valley were saved as if by miracle - a husbandmanand his two young sons, whose farmstead, instead of being buried, was caughtupon the back of one of the slides, carried half a mile down the valley to where

it was diverted by two streamsof earth coming from otherdirections and, as theresultant of the two forces,was pushed another quarterof a mile up a small draw.These persons, like all othersin the slide zone, wereunaware of the nature of thedisaster which had overtakenthem until the followingmorning. The earthquake,registered by the fineseismograph of the Frenchfathers of the SikaweiObservatory at Shanghai at8:09 p.m.,December 16,occurred in Kansu between9:30 and 10 o'clock, sun time,when all persons and animalswere housed. A bitter coldwind and dust storm, raging atthe time, added to theblackness of the night. Thesurvivors say that they hearda tremendous undergroundroar and felt the shock, which

seemed to them to consist of asickening swing to the northeast and a violent jerk back to the southwest,lasting half a minute. They made all ordinary efforts to save themselves, andbetween successive tremors following the main shock huddled back into theruins of their homes to await the morning. Not until day dawned and theycrawled out to find neighboring villages obliterated, farm lands carried away orburied, streams blocked, and hills of earth towering above their compounds didthey apprehend that the "hills had walked."' It was in this Valley of the Dead thatthe most arresting freak of the cataclysm occurred. Two sections of the ancient,well-packed highway, accompanied by the tall trees which bordered it, were cut


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from the line of road following the side hill, swept hundreds of yards over thestream-bed, and set, intact, upon an angle on top of the heap of loose loess.(Page 18) It took weeks to re-establish communications over these breakages -to rebuild telegraph lines and pack down trails on which horses would not sink totheir bellies and carts to their hubs.

Three Lakes Are Formed

The valley of desolation opened at its western end into a wider, more gradual valleyof horseshoe shape, through which we semicircled to the south upon our return toTsingning. At the junction of the valleys stands Swen Family Gap, a town of severalthousand souls, in which one-tenth were killed by collapse of buildings and cavedwellings ; and the other nine- tenths were saved by the miraculous stoppage oftwo bodies of earth shaken loose from another hill and left hanging above thevillage, lacking only another half - second's tremor to send them down. A thirdavalanche, having flowed from the hills on the opposite side of the valley across thevalley floor and the stream-bed, is piled up in a young mountain near enough to thevillage to overshadow the wall.

Our route through this larger valley led us past three lakes formed through theblocking of the stream by five enormous slides. Some of the scooped-out placesleft by these slides were half a mile in width at the mouth, extended back into thehills for a mile, and furnished enough dirt to cover several square miles of valleyfloor. Some were as regular as if they had been made with a gigantic trowel, whileothers were as ragged as if they had been ripped out of the hills by the teeth ofsome monster.

In each case the earth which came down bore the appearance of having shakenloose clod from clod and grain from grain, and then cascaded like water, formingvortices, swirls, and all the convolutions into which a torrent might shape itself.

One of these slides pouring down upon a village had buried every building exceptone inhabited by the old progenitors of the clan. This lone patriarchal home stoodon the outskirts and was half covered. Hay and grain were mingled and mixed withthe earth over a distance of half a mile, showing how the dirt had "worked" in itsdescent. On the opposite side of this slide a threshing- floor carrying several stacks,and an apricot orchard, had come down intact.

The cattle had been so caught in the slide that their limbs or heads protruded, andthese had been cleaned by the packs of dogs which roamed the country. Ridge-poles of dwellings turned to sepulchers showed above the ground.


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Two slides causing the lowest of these blockades, coming from the sides of thevalley, buried a village of several hundred persons, converted a shapely, high loessbutte into a ragged mound, and created several miles of lake out of rich valleyfarms.

The local authorities, realizing the danger of destructive washouts if theseblockades were not opened before the late summer torrents, had, before the arrivalof outside relief, made such pitiably in-sufficient efforts as were at their command


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toward the release of the dammed-up waters. Their efforts, upon recommendationof the expedition, were incorporated in the work of the relief societies.

Why The Chinese Consider The Calamity A Blessing

Conditions in a score of small valleys in the Tsingning and Hweiningneighborhoods arc similar to those in the three here described. There is probablyno other area, however, where within a half- circle of twenty miles' diameter onemay count seventeen immense landslides.

A hundred miles farther west, near Hweining, a bad slide district exists, and somesixty miles north of Tsingning three bad slides occurred, one of which isresponsible for the dramatic incident of the burial of Ma the Benevolent, radicalMohammedan leader, while in a cave-mosque with his retainers for the purpose ofconsecrating his proposed Jihad against the non-Mohammedan Chinese

It is this incident which gives the Chinese cause to rate tke earthquake as ablessing, for their experience of fifty years ago taught them that while ''Heavenslays its hundreds, the Moslemsmassacre their ten thousands." The damage done to the Mohammedansettlements is in general more severe than that suffered by the Chinese farthersouth.

All Cave Dwellings Collapsed

Leaving the Tsingning area, we traveled many miles north to Kuyuan, the largest ofthe ruined cities and one-time seat of the imperial resident, beyond which wetrekked through the hardest shaken section of all. Here the friable loess gives wayto the brittle clay-gravel-alkali bunch-grass country, which was too solid to slide,but which cracked like a porcelain dish hit with an immense weight. Cave-dwellings without exception gave way, not one mud brick remained upon another.Even city walls collapsed, as in Heh Cheng-tze (Black City) and Hai- cheng.

Nine-tenths of the people of this district were in mourning when we arrived, andthere were many new Moslem graveyards. In one cave-village of eightyinhabitants, sixty were entombed, but half were dug out alive by the remainingtwenty. In another town, Yang Loh-chwang, 80 per cent of the residents perished.The remaining townsmen lacked even the heart to bury the dead animals pulledout of the debris, and at the time of our visit three months later, carcasses ofhuman and animal victims still lay rotting together in the streets.

Such were the scenes of desolation which met our eyes until we emerged suddenlyupon the bank of the Yellow River, irrigated and made attractively fecund by theenterprising Mohammedans.


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Here evidences of the disaster vanished as abruptly as they had appeared at theKansu border.

Note: Although this article is out of copyright, we still sought and obtained thepermission of the National Geographic Society to use it. For this we thank them.



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5 SOME PAGES FROM GFA’S 1921 DIARY


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Note: At the end of many of GFA’s diary entries, he notes how far he hastravelled in that day e.g. “60 li”. One Chinese li = 500 metres (half akilometer or about 1/3 of a mile)

Some samples of GFA’s 1921 diary


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6. GFA’S 1921 ARTICLE AND NEWSLETTER


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7 THE SWEDISH CROWN PRINCE’S LETTER



The Palace, Stockholm

March 21st 1924

Dear Mr. Andrew,

Through Professor J. G. Andersson I have heard that you have been kind enough to help him inhis archaeological research work. As President of the Committee who here in Sweden have thematter in hand and who support Prof. Andersson’s work I should like to express my very deepgratitude to you for all your very valuable assistance. It is indeed most kind of you and we areindebted to you for your help.

Will you accept my photograph, which I am enclosing, as a very small memento of your kindcollaboration with us?

With warmest thanks

Believe me

Yours very truly

(signed)

Crown Prince of Sweden


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8 ABBOT LOW MOFFAT’S 1962 LETTER TO GFA


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By RAYMOND HERNANDEZPublished: April 23, 1996

Abbot Low Moffat, a powerful New York Statelegislator during the Depression who in a secondcareer as a diplomat warned against Americaninvolvement in Vietnam, died on Wednesday at aretirement home in Hightstown, N.J. He was 94.

The cause was cancer, his family said.

In a career that spanned much of the century, Mr.Abbot was chairman of the State Assembly's powerfulWays and Means Committee during the 1930's,helped run the Marshall Plan in Europe during the1940's and served as chief of the Southeast Asianaffairs division in the United States Department ofState during the 1940's.

As a legislator from the 15th Assembly District inManhattan, he controlled every piece of legislation thataffected New York City. He was the first to proposebuilding a multilane highway from Manhattan to Buffalothat later became the New York State Thruway. Healso wrote a report that served as the basis for majorrevisions in the New York City Charter in the 1940's.

Mr. Moffat's influence was felt well beyond Albany. As a diplomat, he helped moldUnited States policy toward newly independent nations in Southeast Asia after WorldWar II. He warned repeatedly about a surge of nationalism in regions like Indochina.And he strongly disapproved of the United States' growing involvement in Vietnam.

Abbot Low Moffat was born on the Upper East Side on May 12, 1901. He graduatedfrom the Groton school in Manhattan, and received a bachelor's degree fromHarvard in 1923 and then a law degree from Columbia University.

As a young man, he traveled the world with a sense of adventure. He rode for 25days in a cart through Indochina, accompanied by a Chinese boy and a Russianrefugee. From Australia, he stowed away on a freighter bound for the Panama Canal.

Copyright © The New York Times


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And he studied at the School of Surveying of the American Geographical Societywith a view to doing exploration work for museums.

He entered politics in 1929, winning election to the Assembly at age 27. He wasamong a small group of insurgent Republicans who took control of the Assemblyfrom the leadership of their own party, ushering in an era when the Legislatureplayed a far greater role in state politics than it had in earlier decades.

"It was a period of great legislative ascendancy," said Frank Mauro, executivedirector of the Fiscal Policy Institute in Albany. "They were very assertive inestablishing their own priorities and not just accept the Governor's priorities."

Mr. Moffat helped shape the current system of state budgeting and proposed fiscalchanges that only came into fruition decades later. He fought his greatest battle withGov. Herbert H. Lehman. He led what historians call the 1939 budget revolt, whenthe Legislature rewrote the Governor's budget and cut it. The case wound up in court,with the Legislature losing, in a decision Mr. Moffat long felt was wrong but whicheveryone agrees profoundly strengthened the hand of the Governor in budgetmaking.

Mr. Moffat, a liberal Republican, was the only New York City legislator in atriumvirate that ran the Assembly. In the 1950's, he switched to the Democratic Party,after years of prodding by his wife, Marion.

His tenure in Albany, from 1929 to 1943, was under three Governors, Franklin D.Roosevelt, Mr. Lehman and Thomas E. Dewey. While Dewey gets much of the creditin history books for the highway that runs from the New York City line to Albany andthen west, to Buffalo, it was Mr. Moffat who, while riding to Albany on Route 9,decided that something better was needed. He called the public works commissionerand asked him to draw up plans for the highway so he could enact a bill.

"They told me, 'You'll never get that bill through,' " Mr. Moffat recalled years later. "Isaid, 'If the chairman of Ways and Means says he'll get the bill, he'll get the bill.' "

He got the bill through. But much of the road was not built until Governor Deweyorganized an authority to issue bonds to pay for it, an act that won the Governor thehonor of having the highway ultimately renamed for him. "I still begrudge naming itafter him," Mr. Moffat once said. "I thought that was a little extreme just because hegot the financing going. But that's all right, except I just call it the New York StateThruway and let it go at that."

When he left Albany in 1943, Mr. Moffat set out on a career in the Foreign Service.He made a name for himself yet again, particularly representing the United States inAsia. He visited the Vietnamese nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh in 1946, and thecables he sent back are now widely regarded as prescient warnings about thecourse of American policy in Vietnam.


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As head of the State Department's Division of South-East Asia Affairs from 1944 to1947, he expressed great concern about the hard line the United States had taken inconfronting nationalist movements like the one Ho Chi Minh was leading in Vietnam.

"I was bitterly disappointed," he said years later. "But the die was cast. We weregoing to follow a hard line on Communism wherever it put up its ugly head. I thoughtwe were right back in the wars of religion."

He retired from foreign service in 1962 and moved to Princeton, where he remainedactive in local political and civic affairs. He also went on to write "Mongkut, the Kingof Siam" -- a project suggested to him by the king's great-nephews, who had beenupset with the portrayal of the ruler as a capricious despot in the popular musical"The King and I," and wanted to set the record straight.

Mr. Moffat is survived by a son, Burnham Moffat of Danville, Calif.,; two daughters,Nancy Lifland of Princeton, and Jane-Kerin Moffat of Cos Cob, Conn.; eightgrandchildren, and 17 great-grandchildren.



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9 REPORTS & APPRECIATION FOR CAPTAIN BAKER’S RELEASE


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continued next page


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Page 61

10 OTHER INTERESTING LETTERS

MEYRICK HOWLETT. BRITISH CONSUL GENERAL

12th August 1932

Sir,

I have much pleasure in conveying to you at the request of HisMajesty’s Charge d’Affaires, the substance of a Note presented by theAmerican Ambassador in London to His Majesty’s Principal Secretary ofState for Foreign Affairs, in which after expressing the sincere appreciation ofthe Government of the United States of the invaluable assistance renderedby you on effecting the release of Captain Charles Baker. Mr. Mellon, onbehalf of his Government, particularly commends the skilful and effectivemanner in which you conducted your negotiations with the Chinese banditsas well as the excellent judgment, resourcefulness and untiring efforts whichyou at all times displayed during the prosecution of this difficult case.

I am also requested at the same time to convey to you the personalcongratulations of Sir John Simpson.

I am, Sir,

Yourobedient Servant,

Meyrick Howlett,

Consul General


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PEARL BUCK


3 Ping Tsang Hsiang,

Nanking, China

Jan 18, 1934

Mr. G.Findlay Andrew,

Messrs Butterfield & Swire,

French Bund,

Shanghai.

Dear Mr. Andrew,

Thank you so much for the very interesting story of Mr. Chen-Lin. I have made somenotes of it in a book of old stories which I keep.

I still hope that you will write something out yourself. I don’t know whether the Englishmagazines such as Blackwoods, which publish more objective material than the Americanmagazines, would be interested in this type of writing.

I wonder if you are really interested in writing, if you would like to have a literary agentwho would look at your material, criticize it, make suggestions and place it for you. If so, Ishould be glad to give you the name of my agent, Mr. David Lloyd, Paget Literary Agency, Inc.,415 Lexington Avenue, New York City. I have always found Mr. Lloyd honest and reliable.

I am looking forward to February 8th for tiffin. I shall be at the Hotel Metropole on that day,reaching there in the morning. You might leave a message for me there, letting me know thetime and the place.

Sincerely yours,

Pearl S. Buck (Signed)

PSB:AB


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GENERAL WAVELL

China: The Long War by R S Maunsell, Redoubt Publishing 2003Chapter 8: A year of mutual misfortune (Page 237)

For the Chinese Government, the start of October 1941 brought not only a relief borne from theknowledge that the Japanese had once again suffered a clear-cut defeat at the hands of the 9thArea Army, but also the sudden appearance of a possible ally in their war against the invadingJapanese. It became known, amongst those individuals privileged enough to be in the highercircles of the KMT government, that the British government had at last concluded that a state ofwar between the British Empire and the Empire of Japan was now inevitable, and that a numberof divisions were to be dispatched to Malaya to prevent the loss of the crucial colony.

Chiang Kai-shek in particular sought to acquire some assurances from his newfound allies: Themost important being a joint-agreement that the security of the Burma Road would bemaintained at all costs, and that any available military aid would be provided to help train andequip KMT forces. Prime Minister Attlee was unwilling to say or indeed do anything that might beseen as provocation on the part of the Japanese government, at least until the designatedreinforcements for Burma, Malaya and Singapore were on the ground. He did however agree todispatch a military attaché and a small team of advisors to Chongqing led by Lieutenant GeneralAdrian de Wiart and Major General Gordon Grimsdale, ostensibly to act as observers but inactuality to investigate the needs and requirements of the KMT government and to report themdirectly to General Wavell, the newly promoted British commander-in-Chief in the Far East.

Lieutenant General de Wiart was a fiercely determined man, who if less than intellectualcompensated for this with great personal bravery. Major General Grimsdale on the other handwas Attlee’s choice for the position, having served for three years as a staff officer in Hong Kongand being far more knowledgeable upon the military situation in China.

12th July 1946

Dear Findlay Andrew,

I have been trying for some considerable time to pay somebody fora Tang horse which I asked Grimsdale to procure for me some time ago. Itwas duly delivered to me, I think a year ago, by General Carten de Wiart, hesaid that Grimsdale had paid for it. Grimsdale denied this and said he hadno idea who had. I tried the Embassy in Chungking, but the Ambassadorcould give me no information, but on trying Grimsdale again, he said that hethought you might possibly have procured the horse. I should be grateful ifyou would let me know anything about it that you can.

Yours sincerely,

Wavell.

Findlay Andrew Esq.,

C/o Jardine Matheson & Co.,


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C J HAMES. BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE

Foreign Office S.W.1.

In any further communication on this Subject please quote:

No. HG 1101/56 and address not to any person by name but to

‘The Undersecretary of State’

Foreign Office,

London SW1.

August 13, 1954.

Sir,

I am directed by Sir Winston Churchill to state that a claim against the JapaneseGovernment in respect of the kidnapping and ill-treatment of the late Mr. H.F.Dyott in China in1939 has been revived in accordance with the provisions of Article 18(a) of the Treaty of Peacewith Japan. This matter has since been taken up with the Japanese Ministry for ForeignAffairs who have stated that their investigations show no evidence that the Japanese Militaryauthorities were privy to the kidnapping.

I am also to state that the contemporary official records of this incident indicate thatyou took part in the negotiations for the release of Mr. Dyott, and I am to enquire therefore ifyou can furnish any information to which you can testify of your own knowledge, which mightsupport this claim. In particular it is thought that you may be able to corroborate a reportcontaining a statement made by a Yamen runner who had brought a message from theChinese Captain of the local self preservation corps at Peitangkou where Mr. Dyott and hiskidnappers were detained by Japanese troops. A later report stated that you had talked withthis runner.

I am to add that any other information which you can furnish that would tend to confirmthat the Japanese were privy to the kidnapping or, at the least, that they did not show diligencein preventing it, might, if you can subsequently testify to it, give valuable support to the claim.

I am, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

C.H. Hames(signed)

G. Findlay Andrew Esq.,

Dept. Of Education,

P.O. Box 746,

Singapore.


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FRANK DOODHA. GFA'S SECRETARY 1932

645 Euclid Avenue,

San Francisco Ca 94118

September 11th, 1971

My dear Gladys & Leslie & Family,

Thank you so very much for your letters dated August 24th and September 9th and the newspaper noticecovering your late beloved father.

At times like this, words seem to be such futile empty things, so powerless to express thoughts a message likethis brings. However the whole Doodha family wish to say:

We do not lose the ones we love

They only go before

Where there is everlasting life

Where sorrow is no more.

And there the Soul will always live

And Peace is everywhere

We do not lose the ones we love,

God takes them in His care. Amen.

I am enclosing a small check in remembrance of your dear Dad which please use for anything you think best toexpress our love for a great man.

Yes, I do remember your Dad used to admonish me by telling me to throw all unnecessary papers away. Ihave an album full of all the experiences Findlay and I and our co-workers did for the League of Nations (under Sir JohnHope-Simpson). I am surprised that he did not mention about our efforts in effecting the release of Capt. Baker withthe assistance of the USS Panay (and very much against the action by the British Consul at Hankow) for two Britishsubjects to rescue a Yankee! Did you know that prior to the rescue of Captain Baker we also negotiated for therelease of an R.C. priest by the name of Father Sands from the Commies under General Ho Lung? That was quitean eventful adventure because your Dad and I were under constant watch by Ho Lung s men in Hankow and wereceived threats and demands for ransom money (a la cloak and dagger style!). I took a very nice picture of the USSPanay which I sold to Life Magazine after the ship was sunk by the Japs. We had loads of help from the U.S.Consul, General Adam, and also Consul Edmund Chibb, etc., when we were negotiating for the release of CaptainBaker. Edmund was forced to resign from our Foreign Service at a time when the late Senator McCarthy was probinginto the red infiltration into the Government. You probably know Jack Service who was also fired, but later reinstated.I saw Jack in Washington DC in 1950 when I was posted there for a year, during the time when Jack was being tried.He was reinstated and cleared later and I believe was Consul at Calcutta. He has retired and is residing somewhere inthis area but I have not been able to obtain his address. During our recent vacation up near Oregan, I learned thatJack gave a lecture on his experiences with Mao and Chow-En-Lai during the was years in Chungking and Yunnan.

continued on next page . . .


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continued

It was your Dad who introduced me to T.V.Soong and the Generalissimo. Then Percy(your cousin?) Came to Hankow and your Dad was in Shanghai on a special mission, so Percy andI had a grand time. I had to sign execution papers for the culprits who were caught stealing ordisposing of U.S.A. donated wheat and flour for the relief of the flood refugees during your Dad’snumerous trips to Nanking etc. to consult with the late T.V.

Our trip to Lanchow was the most exciting of all. At Pingliang (Kansu) in the month ofFebruary the cold was very severe (22F below) and your Dad still insisted on wearing his cottonpyjamas and slept in his canvas camp cot (which was far too short for him) and I slept in my heavyclothes with two pairs of pants and woollen sox etc., and I was still cold!

If we do meet one of these fine days, Les, I can tell you many other exciting anddangerous missions your Dad and I had in N.W.China. Nearly everybody knew him and lovedhim. We slept mostly within CIM confines and R.C. compounds. I believe when we were still inHankow that your Dad arranged with T.V. to employ you.

There was an incident which I thought most interesting. That was when GFA went downto fetch Sir John and they left Shanghai aboard a Chinese gunboat. I went down river to meetthem. Since the Captain and his crew were all Chinese they served only Chinese food. Onboard was the Editor of the North China Daily News who was sceptical about the work performedby us and he wanted to see for himself. I discovered that the Captain of the ship and many of hisofficers were from Foochow and since I was born there I was able to speak that dialect much to thesurprise and admiration of the officers. I was given a cabin all to myself and I had ham and eggsfor breakfast. The others were served Chinese dishes and the Editor nearly threw his food when Iplayfully poured a generous dose of soya sauce into his porridge.

Another exciting period was the visit of Col. Lindbergh and his wife (former Anne Morrow) whenthey were sent by the State Department to assist us in taking pictures over the flooded areas whichwe were unable to reach. They arrived in Hankow when a flood was in progress. TheColonels sea plane was shipped up from Shanghai and it was anchored in the Yangtze on the firstnight in Hankow. The flood waters reached 27 feet and the next morning there was no sea plane.It went to the bottom and was swept downstream. The Lindberghs were recalled home and sentto South America on another mission covering a disaster area.

Well Les, I really must conclude this letter - we have a visitor from H.K. coming for dinnertonight.

As ever,

Frank (Doodha) Kay and family.

(Frank Doodha was GFA’s secretary)


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Dawson Kwauk, on hearing of GFA's death

Butterfield & Swire Member of Swire Group,

Taipei Branch 88 Chung Hsiao West Road Section 1 (P.O.Box No. 111)

Taipei 100, Taiwan.

Cables ‘Swire’ Telex TP 622 Answer Back ‘Swire’ Telephone 373211

30th November 1971

Mr. G.Leslie Andrew

223 Sixth Street East,

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,

Canada.

Dear Leslie,

Thankyou for your letter of 11th November, from which I am grieved to learn that Uncle Findlay,your beloved father and my beloved mentor, passed away on the 24th August. It is most kind of you intelling me about his last days in detail. In a way I am consoled to learn that he had received the bestpossible care and I also feel that it was a release for him when the inevitable end came.

Uncle Findlay, as you probably know, knew my late father very well and first saw me when I was aschoolboy. He guided me and tamed me as a wild young man after I joined B. & S. He taught andmatured me during the war years. On many occasions he presented me, as a Sergeant-Major in theChinese Infantry, without the slightest hesitation to the many British Brass Hats. In fact I was the onlyNCO permitted to enter his private office - almost a sanctum sanctorum into which admission only ahandful of selected ranking officers were permitted. Uncle Findlay and I spent a lot of time together,travelling extensively. The past is but memories which I will cherish dearly, and my regret is that I couldnot do a thing in Uncle Findlay’s last years.

With profound sorrow I am writing this letter on behalf of my colleagues and myself, to you andthe family as condolences, though it can only express very little of what I really feel.

Your letter reached me on the morning of the 23rd November and on the same day we loweredthe Taikoo House flag to half mast. On 24th November I inserted the sad news in the Englishnewspaper, the China Post, which I am enclosing herewith. I hope I remembered the names of thechildren correctly. Incidentally the newspaper is owned by Mr. James Wei who is also Uncle Findlay sfriend.

If opportunity arises I will visit you and Uncle Findlay’s tomb in 1972. When I come home I hopeyou will allow me to collect his briefcase which he told me years ago that he would like me to have after heleft. The briefcase is well over 30 years old, made with leather of a light brown or tan shade. It had onecompartment for a small typewriter and another with the shape and size suitable for a bottle. In fact healso kept a corkscrew in it for many years.

With my best wishes to you and Gladys and the children.

Yours cordially,

Dawson (D.Kwauk)


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REV. ROY SEAMAN WHO WORKED WITH GFA ON EARTHQUAKE RELIEF.

Article written by Rev. Roy Seaman who worked with GFA on earthquake relief.

G. F. ANDREW

G. F. Andrew was a man of all-round abilities: administrator, linguist, diplomat. He madehis mark chiefly as Supervisor of Earthquake Relief Work in Kansu during 1921.

The earthquake, which took place on December 16, 1920 was of immense magnitude,devastating a vast area and causing an estimated 200,000 casualties. Hills were moved over alarge area going through districts like flowing water; leaving an awesome extent of debris.

About December 9, 1920, when a group of us were travelling towards Lanchow, the capitalof the province, we had passed by a small stream, about eighteen inches to two feet across, andquite shallow. When next we saw it, it was a huge lake extending for miles, having been damnedup by falling hills.

The disaster cut off news from Kansu to the outside world for several weeks. But newsleaked out gradually and became known to a group known as, The International ReliefCommittee in Peking, who realized that it was necessary to make a way for the water to recede,or there would be floods more devastating than the earthquake. Funds were provided, and G.F.A.was appointed to supervise the work of digging channels for water to escape. According to myrecollection, there were about five diggings, employing altogether about 2,000 men. G.F.A. hadhis headquarters at the main digging, which was at the stream which had become a lake. I washis companion there for some months.

The debris above the water was an estimated height of 200 feet. About half way down, acomplete farmhouse was excavated, with its victims. Eventually the digging was completed, andthe danger of flooding thus averted.

I do not remember a great deal about the events of that period. In those days strings ofcash, grouped together in groups of about 1,000, were used as currency. It took several largecarts to move a days wages to the main digging.

I remember an occasion when G.F.A. was talking to a couple of Chinese helpers, oneremarked to the other, He speaks Chinese. This established him as a linguist.

Once, when returning from a visit to another digging, I learned that, during the night, a thiefhad stolen a revolver from under G.F.A.s pillow while he was asleep. Naturally he was deeplyannoyed by this, as there had been a lack of police supervision. In general, however, G.F.A.had friendly relationships with all classes of people.

In Lanchow, G.F.A. was on good terms with leading officials. As a result of this, the smallcommunity of foreigners were frequently invited to official feasts, including those of the Governor ofthe province.

continued on next page . . .


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continued

G.F.A. was a great lover of animals, chiefly horses and mules. At one time heowned a magnificent mule, stately and tall, a very valuable animal. On one occasion heasked me to take the animal for a jaunt into the country, which I did, accompanied by aservant. It was supposed to be for the good of the animal, but it was very pleasant for therider!

In Lanchow he was very friendly with a poor street vendor called Ikey, to whom wesometimes gave discarded articles to sell at a street market. Ikey had the proverbial richuncle, who died and left him a fortune. Ikey was full of plans to build hospitals and othergood works, but what G.F.A. was a great lover of animals, chiefly horses and mules. At onetime he owned a happened in those uncertain times I do not know.

In other parts of China, G.F.A. had remarkable experiences, but I was not connectedwith them.

All in all, I remember G.F.A. as a man of outstanding ability.

(Signed) Roy A. Seaman


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T.V.SOONG

Soong Tse-ven or Soong Tzu-wen (December 4, 1891 – April 26, 1971), was a prominentbusinessman and politician in the early 20th century Republic of China. As brother to thethree Soong sisters, Soong's brothers-in-law were Dr. Sun Yat-sen, Generalissimo ChiangKai-shek, and financier H. H. Kung.

Born in Shanghai, T. V. Soong received his education at St. John's University in Shanghaibefore going on to Harvard University. After graduating in 1915 with a degree in economics, heworked briefly in New York at the International Banking Corporation and took courses at ColumbiaUniversity.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._V._Soong

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_sisters

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Kung

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John's_University,_Shanghai

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University


Page 71



Page 72

11 GFA’S ASSOCIATION WITH THE WELLCOME INSTITUTE

The following three page are excerpts from this book:


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12 CHAPTER ABOUT TORNVALL IN “A MARTYR’S GRACE”

Gustaf David Nathaniel Tornvall “Made in China, died inChina

Born: April 3, 1899, Shanghai, China

Nationality: Swedish

Attended Moody: 1928

Country of Service: China

Mission: Scandinavian Alliance Mission

Ministry: Church planter, relief director

Martyrdom: 1932, age 33, near Xi’an, Shaanxi province

Gustaf saw a ride in the car of Henry Ekvall, an Americaninternational salesman for Ford Motor Company, as a rare treat. Hardly ever in all hisyears in China had he had the opportunity to ride in an automobile, especially inthe interior of the far northwest. But time was beginning to change the way of life foreven the common people of Kansu (now Gansu) province. Gravel roadswere being carved into the countryside where, for centuries, people confinedtheir travel to narrow footpaths and bumpy cart trails.

A perceptive missionary who sensed the economic value of suchtransportation progress for his fellow people, Gustaf had volunteered his services asa relief director to manage funds paid to the Chinese laborers who were building theroads. In addition, he viewed the money made by the people he supervised as ameans of providing income for themselves at a time when a great famine hadcrippled the economy.

Henry Ekvall, on the other hand, was in China for the sole purpose of making aprofit. As a salesman for Ford, he wanted to grab exclusive rights tothe fresh market in this remote part of the country. He had known Gustaf from earlieryears and saw the experienced missionary as just the ticket he needed tofurther his travels as he made contact with prospective buyers in thenorthwest. Having just finished business in the Kansu region, he now neededto travel back to his base in Sian, the ancient capital of China, twohundred miles to the southeast. Gustaf also needed to get to Sian to purchaseequipment and supplies for the work crews he was supervising. With up to fortythousand daily workers carving out new roads, he was looking for a


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safe way to transport the large amount of funds he was carrying to purchasesupplies required to keep such a mammoth labor force working. Henry was happy todiscover that Gustaf, who knew the culture and language like a native was going hisdirection. What better companion to have along, as he too carried a substantialamount of money and even some gold. As they set out on that fateful trip on July 22,1932, neither man knew the danger that awaited them farther down the road. Nor didthey realize this would be their last ride.

EARLY CHILDHOOD

Gustaf Tornvall was born to missionary parents in Shanghai on April 3, 1899. Hisparents, David and Therese Tornvall, were among the first missionaries to enterChina under the China Alliance Mission (later Scandinavian AllianceMission and now TEAM). Inspired by the passionate plea ofmissionary statesman Fredrick Franson, the young couple had arrived in1891 in the first wave of missionaries of this new society. Following language studyon the coast, they turned their eyes to the interior, pioneering the work in Pingliang,Kansu province, in 1895. It was in this environment of new beginnings that Gustafwas born.

Gustaf was “made in China” - conceived, born, raised, and immersed in thatenvironment to such an extent that he was more Chinese thanWestern. In 1902, at the age of three, he had a special benediction placed uponhim when the much-revered Hudson Taylor visited the Tornvall home.Laying his hand on Gustaf’s head, he prayed, “Lord, I claim this little child of Thee forChina.”

Growing up, Gustaf’s closest friends were his Chinese playmates. He spokeChinese better than English or even Swedish (his parents’ language).But even with all the godly influences of home, parents, and mission exertingthemselves, Gustaf had little desire to follow the beliefs of his parents. Thatcommitment/decision would not happen until later when he was a student at theChina Inland Mission School in Chefoo. As a teenager Gustaf was sentthere for his high school training. While there, at the age of sixteen, he gave his heartto Christ and consecrated his all to the Lord.

THE NOVICE MISSIONARY

Following graduation, Gustaf went home to his parents’ work atPingliang. Although only seventeen, he thrust himself into the work at his father’sside, helping to lighten the burden his father was carrying in the multifaceted workof the station. To provide education, there was a mission school; topromote spiritual life, a church; and to offer medical care, a hospital. All theseministries demanded the undivided time and efforts of the Tornvalls. One day as his


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father was baptizing a large group of converts, Gustaf also entered the watersto receive the rite. His father, moved to tears, baptized his one andonly son who had taken so long to receive for himself the gospelmessage that the senior Tornvall had been propagating to the Chinese for over twodecades.

Not long afterward, Gustaf was also designated a missionary with the ScandinavianAlliance Mission (now TEAM) and worked hard to further the gospel among thepeople he had grown to love and call his own. The church, hospital, and school hadall developed and were tending to the welfare of the poor and disadvantaged peopleof the area. Gustaf proved himself so dependable that in 1923 when hewas just twenty-five, his father left him in charge of the work while he took therest of the family back to Sweden and the States for a break from the work.

IN THE STATES

It was at that time that sorrow and trouble struck Gustaf in a way he could neverhave foreseen. While in the midst of the work, word reached him that his fatherhad suddenly passed away shortly after arriving in Sweden. At thesame time he received urgent word from the Swedish consul inShanghai advising all expatriate personnel to immediately evacuateinland areas due to increasing civil unrest and disturbance Foreigngovernments did not want a repeat of the heartless slaughter of their citizens thathad happened during the Boxer rebellion two decades earlier.

Heartbroken and in need of rest himself, Gustaf decided it was a good time to leavethe country to visit his newly widowed mother and six sisters, who had taken upresidence in Chicago. While in Chicago, Gustaf took advantage of the time with hisfamily to acquire some theological training. He knew that with the passing of hisfather much of the spiritual ministry of the mission would fall to him. He enteredMoody Bible Institute’s evening school in 1928. Gustaf was single-minded and had but one goal—to get his education as quickly as possible and thenreturn to China. A remark on his Moody record bears this out, tersely stating: “doesnot expect to remain.” Gustaf studied at Moody for the full academic year ofSeptember 1927 - July 1928.

While Gustaf was studying, word came from China that the interiorwas gradually opening again to foreigners. Gustaf’s desire was to beback helping the people he knew best. He returned by mid-1928. Fluent in thelanguage and knowledgeable of the culture, Gustaf went even a stepfurther of identifying with the people by dressing much of the time like the nativeChinese.

WORK OF COMPASSION


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Not long after he resumed his work in Pingliang, a great famine fell on western China.It was a time of intense human agony. Gustaf witnessed terrible suffering andphysical hardship among the people and felt compelled to engage insome kind of effort to help. Attending to the overwhelming needs of thepeople, it was not long before Gustaf himself experienced mental and spiritualsuffering as he saw friends and acquaintances painfully die fromstarvation. The situation was so overwhelming that he came to realize therewas little he could do in and of himself. Then an offer came that wouldgive an opportunity in a substantial way to help alleviate the suffering.

The China International Famine Relief Commission initiated a program ofgiving the stricken people work. The commission would pay laborers to build roadsthat could be used by motorized vehicles. Since itpaid the laborers in cash, theyneeded a trustworthy manager to handle the funds. Gustaf was asked to serve assupervisor for the Kansu region. Sensing the relief the work program wouldbring the people, Gustaf gladly accepted. In this role Gustaf gained theadmiration of the people and a wide reputation. “He was able, cautious andwarmhearted, and a true missionary. Farmers and officials had the greatest respectfor him,” said O. J. Todd, the chief engineer.2

Gustaf continued in church development along with relief work. Hevisited and supervised the work of his fellow missionaries. Around this time, his sisterSofia came to join the work. The special treat of having her there was enhancedwhen she fell in love with his coworker and friend Earl Peterson. Gustafperformed their marriage ceremony.

While supervising the road projects, Gustaf made it his habit to preach the gospel tothe work crews. He never lost sight of the main reason he was in China. Buthe made certain his relief efforts did not make superficial “rice Christians”out of the people, as had been done in other parts. Gustaf made it clear that theyneed not attend church in return for being provided with much-needed employment.

VANISHED!

The fateful day came in July of 1932 when Gustaf innocently caught thatautomobile ride with Henry Ekvall. Gustaf was aware that potential danger loomed inthe form of lawlessness, and that thought most likely was why he felt it more prudentto drive from Pingliang to Xi’an with Ekvall. Just days earlier he had received anurgent telegram from the U.S. Department of State, communicated byWilliam Castle, undersecretary, which stated:

Due to the growth of banditry and other forms of lawlessness it is felt thatAmerican citizens are jeopardizing their lives by remaining in the affectedareas. The Department strongly urges that American missionary


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organizations which have representatives stationed inthe areas …consider the advisability of withdrawing such representatives toplaces where conditions afford a reasonable means of safety.

Forewarned and well aware of potential danger, Gustaf, Henry, and two othersstarted their two-hundred-mile journey by car. They travelled most of that dayand spent the night at the village of Li Chuan on the banks of theWei River. The following morning they crossed the river by ferry. A ferry crossing inthe opposite direction had an English Baptist missionary on it, and Gustaf carried ona conversation with him until they were out of earshot. That was the lasttime they were seen by anyone acquainted with them. Gustaf and hiscompanions were never heard from again. They seemed to have simply vanished!

The fate of Gustaf can only be pieced together by fairly reliableChinese accounts of those who encountered them farther along the way. Accordingto these stories, just a few miles north of Xi’an, six Chinesesoldiers stopped the car.Villagers saw the men taken by the soldiers to a house where they were detained forthe rest of the day. It soon became clear that these were renegade soldiersout to rob the foreigners. We don’t know what Gustaf may havesaid to his captors as he tried to reason with them for his life. But one canenvision him pointing out that he was “a son of the soil,” “a religious teacher,” or“there helping the people.” However, all was to no avail.

At dusk the car was driven out into a field, its headlights drawing the notice of alocal farmer who was still working close by. Sensing something sinister,the farmer kept a watch but did not get too near, as there were about thirty armedmen on horseback escorting the vehicle. Moments later he heard a volley ofgunshots which startled him. He then heard someone cry, “There is still one more,”and then two more shots. It seems certain that Gustaf, Ekvall, and the other two hadbeen summarily executed. Their bodies were never recovered.

When news of Gustaf’s murder reached Pingliang, it evoked an outcry andexpression of sorrow so deep that all levels of the communitydecried his death with great indignation. Such was the stature andaffection he had gained within their hearts. As coworker O. J. Toddsummarized upon hearing word of Gustaf’s death:

Brave, indeed, are those who pour their lives into the mission fieldsof Shensiand Kansu these days. Many have suffered and given up their lives, but wewonder why so able and fine a man as Tornvall should have been taken soyoung.

1. Moody Bible Institute Academic Records, Gustaf Tornvall.


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2. O. J. Todd, “An Outstanding Missionary,” The Missionary Broadcaster,8.

3. William Castle, “Official Communication from the Department ofState.”

4. Othilie Olsen, “More about Tornvall’s Death,” The Evangelist, 11.

5. Todd, Ibid.

Born: January 18, 1907, Paterson, New Jersey.

Nationality: American.

Graduated from Moody: 1932

Country of Service: China.

Mission: Scandinavian Alliance Mission.

Ministry: Church planter.

Martyrdom: 1934, age 27, Miaosheo, Anhwei province



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13 THE FUNDAMENTALIST-MODERNIST CLASH IN THE 20S &30S

The Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy was a religious controversy in the1920s and 30s within the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America thatlater created divisions in most American Christian denominations as well. The majorAmerican denomination was torn by conflict over the issues of theology andecclesiology. Underneath those struggles lay profound concerns about the role ofChristianity in the culture and how that role was to be expressed.

Overview: The Controversy is conventionally dated as beginning in 1922 with asermon by a well-recognized and articulate spokesman for liberal Protestantism,Harry Emerson Fosdick. Fosdick, a liberal Baptist preaching by special permission inFirst Presbyterian Church, New York, delivered his sermon "Shall theFundamentalists Win?" highlighting differences between liberal and conservativeChristians. The ending of the controversy was marked by J. Gresham Machen and anumber of other conservative Presbyterian theologians and clergy leaving thedenomination in 1936 to establish the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.

Although this schism is called the "Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy" in thePresbyterian church, very similar and far-reaching reactions against the growth ofliberal Christianity have also occurred in other major Protestant denominations. Atthe time of the Controversy, Presbyterians were the fourth-largest Protestant groupin the United States. (The Methodists were the largest, followed by the Baptists andthe Lutherans; the Episcopalians were in fifth place.) After considerable internaltensions, every major Protestant denomination came to accommodate liberalismwithin the denomination, to one degree or another. Often, some disgruntledconservatives left their denomination, some of them establishing smallerdenominations with fundamentalist-conservative foundations. Sensitized by whatthey saw to be successful liberal infiltration into other denominations, in the 1970sSouthern Baptist conservatives began a concerted effort to rid their institutions andleadership of liberal leanings. This resulted in the Southern Baptist Conventionconservative resurgence and occasioned the creation of two new Baptistdenominations which accommodate the modernist theological position. A similarevent took the form of the Seminex controversy of the Lutheran Church–MissouriSynod.

This process resulted in the modern division of Protestant American religious life intomainline Christianity on the one hand and evangelical and fundamentalistChristianity on the other.

In 1930, as a result of widespread second thoughts about missions in general, agroup of Baptist laymen at the request of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. concluded that itwas time for a serious re-evaluation of the effectiveness of foreign missions. WithRockefeller's financial backing, they convinced seven major denominations - the

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Methodist Episcopal Church, the Northern Baptist Convention, the Reformed Churchin America, the Congregational church, the Episcopal Church in the United States ofAmerica, the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America and the UnitedPresbyterian Church of North America - to participate in their "Laymen's ForeignMissions Inquiry". They commissioned a study of missionaries in India, Burma, China,and Japan and launched a separate inquiry under the chairmanship of thephilosopher and Harvard professor William Ernest Hocking. These two inquiries ledto the publication of a one-volume summary of the findings of the Laymen's Inquiryentitled Re-Thinking Missions: A Laymen's Inquiry after One Hundred Years in 1932.

Re-Thinking Missions argued that in the face of emerging secularism, Christiansshould ally with other world religions, rather than struggle against them.

The seven denominations who had agreed to participate in the Laymen's Inquiry nowdistanced themselves from the report. The Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missionsissued a statement reaffirming the board's commitment to the evangelistic basis of

the missionary enterprise and to Jesus Christ as the only Lordand Savior.

Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973).

Pearl S. Buck now weighed into the debate. In a reviewpublished in The Christian Century, she praised the report,saying it should be read by every Christian in America and,ironically mimicking the biblical literalism of the fundamentalists,"I think this is the only book I have ever read that seems to meliterally true in its every observation and right in its everyconclusion." Then, in a November 1932 speech before a large

audience at the Astor Hotel, later published in Harper's, Buck decried gauging thesuccess of missions by the numbers of new church members. Instead sheadvocated humanitarian efforts to improve the agricultural, educational, medical, andsanitary conditions of the community. She described the typical missionary as"narrow, uncharitable, unappreciative, ignorant." In the Harpers article along withanother in Cosmopolitan published in May 1933, Buck rejected the doctrine oforiginal sin, saying "I believe that most of us start out wanting to do right and to begood." She asserted that belief in the virgin birth or the divinity of Christ was not aprerequisite to being a Christian. She said that the only need is to acknowledge thatone can't live without Christ and to reflect that in one's life.

Macartney quickly called on the Board of Foreign Missions, under the presidency ofCharles Erdman, to denounce Re-Thinking Missions and asked for their response toBuck's statements. Erdman responded that the Board was committed to historicevangelical standards and that they felt that Pearl S. Buck's comments were

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Astor_(New_York)

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unfortunate, but he hoped she might yet be won back to the missionary cause. Shewould eventually resign as a Presbyterian missionary in May.

J. Gresham Machen now published a book arguing that the Board of ForeignMissions was insufficiently evangelical and particularly that its secretary, Robert E.Speer, had refused to require missionaries to subscribe to the Five Fundamentals. InNew Brunswick Presbytery, Machen proposed an overture to General Assemblycalling on it to ensure that in future, only solidly evangelical Christians be appointedto the Board of Foreign Missions. Machen and Speer faced off in the Presbytery,with Speer arguing that conflict and division were bad for the church — thepresbytery agreed and refused to make the recommendation.

Clarence Macartney, however, was able to get a similar motion through thePresbytery of Philadelphia, so the issue came before the General Assembly of 1933.The majority report of the Standing Committee of Foreign Missions affirmed thechurch's adherence to the Westminster Confession; expressed its confidence thatSpeer and the Board shared this conviction; and repudiated Re-Thinking Missions.The minority report argued that the Board was not orthodox and proposed a slate ofconservatives candidates for the Board. The majority report passed overwhelming.



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14 1911 REVOLUTION

The Revolution of 1911, or the Xinhai revolution, began as the Wuchang uprising in1910. It resulted in the abdication of the child emperor Puyi and the establishment ofthe Republic of China on February 12, 1912.

The revolution was a part of extensive popular uprisings that had been occuringagainst the Qing dynasty since the mid-1800s. The Wuchang uprising began asdiverse groups joined in southern China to combat Qing rule. Led by Sun Yatsen, thegroups formed what was known as the Revolutionary Alliance, which advocated thereplacement of the Qing with a republican form of government.

By 1911, the Qing dynasty lost much of its influence in the provinces as localwarlords declared sovereignty. General Yuan Shikai was sent to quell the rebellion.During this time, Sun set up a provisional government in Nanjing under theNationalist Party with Yuan's support. Yuan returned to Beijing and forced theemperor and his mother to abdicate the throne. It was under these circumstances inwhich the Republic of China was established in 1912.

The revolution was brought about by a number of factors, including but not limited toQing corruption, Western and Japanese subjugation, the growth of local spheres ofpower, Warlordism, increased poverty amongst the populace, and Chineseintellectuals' growing exposure to Western schools of thought. Another motivation forthe Republican supporters was restoring Chinese rule to the Han majority aftercenturies of Manchu rule. The political basis for the movement was Sun Yatsen'sThree Principles of the People (Sanmin Zhuyi), nationalism, democracy, andsocialism.

Source: http://secondchina.com/Learning_Modules



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15 CHINA BETWEEN 1911 AND 1920A republic was formally established on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution,which itself began with the Wuchang Uprising on 10 October 1911, replacing the QingDynasty and ending over two thousand years of imperial rule in China. The 10th Octoberwas then celebrated annually as the Republic Of China's national day, also known as the"Double Ten Day". On 29 December 1911, Sun Yat-Sen was elected president by theNanjing assembly representing seventeen provinces. On 1 January 1912, he wasofficially inaugurated and pledged "to overthrow the despotic Manchu government,consolidate the Republic of China and plan for the welfare of the people".Sun, however, lacked the military support to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. Realizing this,he handed over the presidency to Yuan Shikai, the imperial general, who then forced thelast emperor, Puyi, to abdicate. Yuan was officially elected president in 1913. He ruledby military power and threatened to execute Senate members who disagreed with hisdecisions. He soon dissolved the ruling Kuomintang party, banned "secretorganizations", and ignored the provisional constitution. An attempt at a democraticelection in 1911 ended with the assassination of the elected candidate by a manrecruited by Yuan. Ultimately, Yuan bizarrely declared himself Emperor of the new“Hongxian Dynasty” of China in 1915. With stiff opposition from almost every quarterthe dynasty lasted only three months with Yuan the first and last emperor of thedynasty.Yuan Shikai袁世凱

Hongxian EmperorEmperor of the Empire of China

Yuan Shikai袁世凱

Reign 22 December 1915 – 22 March 1916Predecessor None (title created)Successor None (title abolished)Yuan gave up being Emperor in 1916 and died of natural causes shortly after. AfterYuan Shikai's death, shifting alliances of regional warlords fought for control of theBeijing government. The nation also was threatened from without by the Japanese.When World War I broke out in 1914, Japan fought on the Allied side and seized

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_day

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Ten_Day

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-Sen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyi

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German holdings in Shandong Province. In 1915 the Japanese set before the warlordgovernment in Beijing the so-called Twenty One Demands, which would have madeChina a Japanese protectorate. The Beijing government rejected some of these demandsbut yielded to the Japanese insistence on keeping the Shandong territory already in itspossession. Beijing also recognized Tokyo's authority over southern Manchuria andeastern Inner Mongolia. In 1917, in a secret communique, Britain, France, and Italyassented to the Japanese claim in exchange for the Japan's naval action against Germany.In 1917 China declared war on Germany in the hope of recovering its lost province, thenunder Japanese control. But in 1918 the Beijing government signed a secret deal withJapan accepting the latter's claim to Shandong. When the Paris peace conference of1919 confirmed the Japanese claim to Shandong and Beijing's sellout became public,internal reaction was shattering.On May 4, 1919, there were massive student demonstrations against the Beijinggovernment and Japan. The political fervor, student activism, and iconoclastic andreformist intellectual currents set in motion by the patriotic student protest developedinto a national awakening known as the May Fourth Movement. The intellectual milieuin which the May Fourth Movement developed was known as the New CultureMovement and occupied the period from 1917 to 1923.The student demonstrations of May 4, 1919 were the high point of the New CultureMovement, and the terms are often used synonymously. Students returned from abroadadvocating social and political theories ranging from complete Westernization of Chinato the socialism that one day would be adopted by China's communist rulers.Sun Yat-sen died of cancer in Beijing in March 1925, but the Nationalist movement hehad helped to initiate was gaining momentum. During the summer of 1925, Chiang, ascommander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army, set out on the long-delayedNorthern Expedition against the northern warlords. Within nine months, half of Chinahad been conquered. By 1926, however, the Guomindang had divided into left- andright-wing factions, and the Communist bloc - established in 1921 -within it was alsogrowing. In March 1926, Chiang started a thorough purge of all real and thought to becommunists to consolidate his reign.(Edited fromWikipedia)Return to Table of Contents


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16 FREDERICK BALLER

In 1896 Frederick William Baller was appointed principal of the new traininghome for CIM male missionaries at Anching (Anqing), Szechuan (Sichuan). There henot only helped train missionaries in the Chinese language but also published hislectures in “letters, from an old missionary to his nephew” (1907). From 1900 to 1918he served on the committee to revise the mandarin New and Old Testaments.Among his many books, the best known are “An Anglo-Chinese Dictionary”, “TheMandarin Primer” (thirteen editions), “An Idiom A Lesson”, “An Analytical VocabularyOf The New Testament”, “Lessons In Wenli”, “An English Translation Of The SacredEdict”, and “The Life Of Hudson Taylor”. He died and was buried in Shanghai shortlyafter completing his book on Taylor.


17 MAYBETH JUDD

Maybeth Judd’s parents worked in shanghai for some time, and Maybeth and herolder sister Kathy had spent long winter vacations from boarding school bicyclingaround the streets of Shanghai. sometimes the two sisters and their father Charleswould get up early in the morning and ride out of the city into the surroundingcountryside, stopping for breakfast at a roadside stand to enjoy a steaming bowl ofnoodles or a hot sweet potato. Chefoo was the location of the boarding schoolMaybeth attended when she turned six years old in 1919. She remained as a studentuntil she was sixteen, nearly through high school.Chefoo was the boarding school that all the children of missionaries with the ChinaInland Mission attended. Maybeth was a second generation Chefooite; her fatheralso attended Chefoo, in fact, the boarding school had been founded by HudsonTaylor for the benefit of the six Judd boys, Maybeth’s father and his brothers.



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18 BUTTERFIELD & SWIRE

Copied from http://www.swire.com/en/about-us/our-story.

Over almost 200 years, Swire has grown and diversified from a small import-exportbusiness to a multi-disciplined conglomerate and industry leader in a range ofspecialist businesses.

1816 John Swire

John Swire (1793-1847) establishes a tradingcompany in Liverpool, UK. Swire graduallybuilt a successful import-export business,based mainly on the textile trade. His sons,John Samuel (1825-1898) and William Hudson(1830-1884) took the firm overseas and it wasJohn Samuel Swire in particular whoseentrepreneurial instincts would be at the rootof the firm's successes in years to come.

1855 John Samuel Swire

John Samuel Swire opens a branch office inMelbourne. "Swire Bros." was the basis for agrowing trade to Australia in goods rangingfrom fencing wire and cement to olive oil andGuinness.

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1866 Butterfield & Swire, Shanghai

John Swire opens an officein Shanghai under the nameButterfield & Swire. Inkeeping with local tradition,chose a Chinese "hong"name for the company, andit is by the name Taikoo (太古) - meaning "Great andAncient" - that Swire ismost widely known in Asiatoday.Initially trading in tea andsilk and British imports ofcotton and woollen 'piecegoods', Taikoo also becameagent in China for a numberof UK businesses, includingleading shipping andinsurance companies.Notable amongst these wasthe newly formed Liverpoolshipping line, Ocean SteamShip Company - later betterknown as Blue Funnel - for

which Swire was managing agent in Asia for 120 years.

1872 The China Navigation Company

John Swire establishes The China Navigation Company. CNCo initiallyoperated Mississippi-style paddlesteamers on China's YangtzeRiver - a vital link with thecountry's interior at a time whenthere were few roads. Within a fewyears, the company was alsooperating ships on the Chinacoast, before spreading itsnetwork of services further afieldto Japan, Southeast Asia andAustralia.


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1881

Swire begins construction of theTaikoo Sugar Refinery. The plantwent into production in 1883.Encouraged by China Navigation'sgrowing trade in raw cane sugarfrom Java and the Philippines andready markets in China and Japan,Taikoo Sugar ran one of theworld's largest and mostsophisticated plants in its day.

1907

Taikoo Dockyard opens in Hong Kong.Providing the ideal setting to handle therepair and construction needs of Swire'sexpanding shipping fleet. Taikoo launchedits first riverboat for China Navigation, Shasi,in 1910, and went on to become one of HongKong's biggest, and also one of its mostprogressive employers, with its own housing,hospital and school.

1941 – 1945 World War II

The war very nearly destroyed Swire.By 1945, the Taikoo Sugar Refineryand Taikoo Dockyard had beenreduced to rubble during bombingraids on Hong Kong, more than 30China Navigation vessels had beencaptured or sunk, and companyproperties throughout the region hadbeen destroyed or looted.

Taikoo Dockyard


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PostWar

Swire rebuilds its key operational businesses.By 1950, major local employers Taikoo Sugarand Taikoo Dockyard were back in fullproduction, and Swire's paint manufacturingbusiness had been transferred from Shanghaito Hong Kong, under the name Swire Duro.With the Yangtze River closed to foreignshipping from 1942 and increasingrestrictions on foreign trade, the firm

gradually withdrew from Mainland China, following the Revolution of 1949.

1946

Cathay Pacific Airways is founded by pilots,Roy Farrell and Sydney de Kantzow, andregistered in Hong Kong. In the same year,John - "Jock" - Kidston Swire (1893-1983),became Chairman of John Swire & Sons (Thisis probably the Swire that GFA knew).Determined to find new opportunities for thefirm and recognising that air transport was

the key to the future, Jock Swire looked for ways of involving Swire in thisindustry. In 1947, he used Taikoo Dockyard's engineering skills to develop anaircraft maintenance facility at Hong Kong's Kai Tak Airfield. This company,named Pacific Air Maintenance Services (PAMAS), would merge with rivalJardine Air Maintenance Company in 1950 to form Hong Kong AircraftEngineering Company (HAECO) - today one of the world's leaders in its field.

Today

Swire in the new century. James Finlay, the world'slargest tea trader, with substantial agriculturalinterests in Africa and Sri Lanka, and a Swirepartner since 1976, became a wholly owned groupsubsidiary in 2000. In Papua New Guinea, thecountry's oldest and largest trading group,Steamships Trading, has also become a subsidiary.

In Australia, Swire hadgreatly increased its stake in the cold storage market,forming a new national entity, Swire Cold Storage, in


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2004; the group had also acquired a majority shareholding in Australia'slargest construction and demolition waste recycler, Alex Fraser.

Swire continued to be a valued partner forthe distribution of well known branded sportsand leisure wear and automobiles.

Swire's interests in Mainland China have continued to steadilyadvance. Swire Properties now has five major developments inBeijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chengdu and growing hotelinterests.

Cathay Pacific has become a strategicpartner to China’s flag carrier, Air China, inwhich it holds a 19.53% shareholding and theHAECO Group’s aircraft engineering interests

on the Mainland are expanding rapidly.

Now fast-approaching its 200th year, Swire todayemploys some 121,600 people worldwide. Dynamic andforward-looking, Swire is proud of its heritage and thegroup still retains a "family" flavour with a number ofmembers of the Swire family actively involved in thebusiness, while the group's Honorary and Life Presidentsare great-great-grandsons of the founder, John Swire ofLiverpool.



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19 CUTTINGS FROM THE SINGAPORE PRESS

The Singapore Free Press, 12 July 1952, Page 5

The Straits Times, 28 May 1953, Page 7


Page 94

The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1884-1942), 13 June 1932, Page 14

The Straits Times, 1 December 1930,

Page 12


Page 95

The Straits Times, 5 April 1920, Page 9

The Straits Times, 9 June 1951, Page 5

The Straits Times,

4 October 1951, Page 7


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The Straits Times, 18 October 1958, Page 6

The Straits Times, 29 May 1953, Page 7

The Straits Times,

20 November 1951,

Page 4

The Straits Times,

26 October 1951,

Page 5



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The Straits Times, 2 July 1953, Page 8

The Straits Times, 8 June 1951,

Page 4


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The Straits Times, 3 December 1930, Page 11

The Straits Times,

4 December 1930, Page 11


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The Singapore Free Press

and Mercantile Advertiser

(1884-1942),

14 November 1930,

Page 12

The Singapore Free Press

and Mercantile Advertiser

(1884-1942), 7 September 1932,

Page 12


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Page 101



Page 102

The Singapore Free Press andMercantile Advertiser (1884-1942),6 January 1931, Page 12


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The Singapore Free Press and

Mercantile Advertiser (1884-1942),

31 December 1930, Page 12

Sorry about the mess on the right edge

of the paper. That’s how it was on the

paper’s internet page!


Documents

A Different Drumbeat - Book 2 - Background Information