A Diferrential Scaning Calorimetry Study in Al-Fe-Si

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  • 7/28/2019 A Diferrential Scaning Calorimetry Study in Al-Fe-Si

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    JOUR NAL OF MATER IALS SCIE NCE 21 (1986) 971-979

    A d i f f e r e n t i a l s c a n n i n g c a l o r i m e t r y s t u d y o fr e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n a n d i t s i n t e r a c t i o n w i t hp r e c i p i ta t io n in A I - F e - S i c o m m e r c i a l a l lo y s( A A 1 1 4 5 a n d A A 8 0 1 1 )C . G A R C I A - C O R D O V I L L A , E. L O U I SCentro de Invest igaciSn y Desarrollo, c /o Empresa Na cion al de l Alu m inio , SA, Apa rtado 25,030 80 A l icante , Spain

    Di f ferent ia l scan n ing ca lor im et ry (D SC ) w as used to s tudy severa l aspec ts o f rec rys ta ll iza t i onin c o l d - r o ll e d A I - F e - S i c o m m e r c i a l a llo y s. T w o c o m m e r c ia l a l lo y s ( A A 1 1 4 5 a n d A A 8 0 1 1 )w i t h d i f fe r en t c o n ten t s o f Fe + S i and c o n t i nu ous l y c as t in a tw i n r o ll m ac h i ne , we r e us ed . I tis s h ow n tha t DS C a l l ows a d i r ec t s t udy o f t he i n te r ac ti on be tw een the p r ec i p i t a t i on o f a l loy -ing e lements and rec rys ta l l i za t i on . The k inet i cs o f rec rys ta l l i za t i on i n the two a l l oys was a l soana l y sed , s h ow i ng t ha t t he ex pe r i m en ta l da ta can be s a t i s fac to r il y f it t ed w i t h t he J o hn s o n-M eh I - A v r a m i equa t i on w i t h an ex po nen t n = 2 .5 . The s am e k ine t i c pa r am ete rs c an be a ls oused to f i t the i so thermal data obta ined in the same DSC apparatus . The change in s toredene rgy as a fun c t i on o f t rue s t ra in i s a l so cons idered.

    1 . I n t r o d u c t i o nT h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e e n e r g y s t o r e d i n p l a s t i c a l l yd e f o r m e d m e t a l s h a s b e e n , fo r t h e la s t t w e n t y . o d dy e a r s , a u s e f u l t o o l f o r t h e s t u d y o f b o t h t h e m e c h a n -i s m o f p l as t i c d e f o r m a t i o n a n d t h e p r o c e ss e s o f r e c o v -e r y an d r ec r y s t a l l i z a t i o n [ 1 - 3 ] . T h e en e r g y s t o r edd u r i n g d e f o r m a t i o n i s t h a t u s e d i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o fl a t t i c e d e f ec t s ( d i s l o ca t i o n s an d v acan c i e s ) , an dt h e r e f o r e i t rem a i n s i n t h e m e t a l [ 1 ]. A l l t h e m e t h o d su s e d t o m e a s u r e t h e s t o r e d e n e r g y h a v e b e e n c r i t ic i z eda n d n o o n e m e t h o d i s u n iv e r s a l ly a c c e p t e d [ 1-3 ]. O n ec o m m o n m e t h o d c o n s i s t s i n p u t t i n g t h e s a m p l e i n t ot h e c a l o r i m e t e r a f t e r d e f o r m a t i o n [ 3] . T h i s i s t h e s oc a l l e d t w o - s t e p m e t h o d ; t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s c a n b em a d e e i t h e r i s o t h e r m a l l y o r d u r i n g a l i n e a r h e a t in g . I nt h e l a t t e r c a s e , r e co v e r y an d r ec r y s t a l l i z a t i o n k i n e t i c sc a n b e a n a l y s e d a t t h e s a m e t i m e . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e dt h a t , s i n ce a g r ea t p e r cen t ag e o f t h e s t o r ed en e r g y isr e l e a s e d d u r i n g t h e r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n p r o c e s s ( a b o u t9 0 %, s ee [ 1 , 2 ] ) , t h e l i n ea r h ea t i n g m e t h o d i s n o t t h em o s t s u i t ab l e f o r t h e s t u d y o f r e co v e r y , a s i t i s i m p o s s -i b l e t o s t u d y i t s ep a r a t e l y f r o m r ec r y s t a l l i z a t i o n . T h em o s t a d e q u a t e m e t h o d f o r th e s t u d y o f r e c o v er yw o u l d b e t h e i s o th e r m a l m e t h o d a t l o w t e m p e r a t u r e[1, 21.T h e s t u d y o f t h e s t o re d e n e r g y i n a l u m i n i u m a l l o y s[ 1 - 6 ] h a s n o t r e c e i v e d a s m u c h a t t e n t i o n a s o t h e rm e t a l l u r g i c a l q u e s t i o n s [ 4 ] . I n p a r t i c u l a r, w h e r e a sm o d e r n d i f fe r e n t ia l s c a n n i n g c a l o r i m e t r y ( D S C )t e c h n i q u e s a r e b e i n g w i d e l y u s e d f o r t h e s t u d y o f t h ep r e c i p i t a t io n a n d r e d i s s o l u ti o n o f p h a s e s i n a l l o y s[ 4, 7 , 8 ] i t h a s r a r e l y b een ap p l i ed t o t h e m e as u r em en to f s t o r e d e n e r g y [ 6 ]. T h e p u r p o s e o f t h is w o r k i s toc a r r y o u t a s t u d y o f r e c r y s t a ll i z a t io n i n A 1 - F e - S ic o m m e r c i a l a ll o y s b y m e a n s o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f0022-2461./86 $03.00 + . 12 1986 Chapman and Hall Ltd.

    s t o r ed en e r g y [ 9 -1 1 ] u s i n g D S C . A n i n t e r e s t i n g a s p ec to f c o m m e r c i a l a l l oy s , a s c o m p a r e d t o p u r e m e t a l s o rd i l u t e d a l lo y s , i s th e f a c t t h a t d e p e n d i n g o n t h e s t a t eo f t h e a l l o y i n g e l e m e n t s ( in s o l u t i o n o r f o r m i n g p a r -t ic l es ) th e y w o u l d i n t e r a c t i n o n e w a y o r a n o t h e r w i t hr ec r y s t aU i za t i o n . T h i s ch a r ac t e r i s t i c p r e s en t s p r o b -l em s a s t h e r e lea s e ( ab s o r p t i o n ) o f en e r g y d u r i n g p r e -c i p i t a t io n ( r e d i s s o lu t i o n ) o f p h a s e s c a n o v e r l a p a n d b em u c h m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n i n r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o nprocesses .

    T h e s t u d y w a s c a r ri e d o u t o n t w o c o n t i n u o u s l y c a sta l l o y s w i t h d i f f e r en t p e r cen t ag e s o f F e + S i ( A A 1 1 4 5an d A A 8 0 1 1 ) . I n a r e cen t i n v es t i g a t i o n , t h e p r e s en ta u t h o r s [9] s h o w e d t h a t t h e t w o e x o t h e r m a l r e a c t i o n sw h i c h a p p e a r e d i n t h e D S C c u r v e s f o r c o l d - w o r k e da l l o y s o f t h e 1 0 00 s e r i es , c an n o t b e s o l e l y a s c r i b ed t or eco v e r y an d r ec r y s t a l l i z a t i o n , r e s p ec t i v e l y , a s s u g -g e s t e d b y H i l d e b r a n d t [ 6 ]. I n p a r t i c u l a r , a l t h o u g h t h es e c o n d a n d s t r o n g e s t e x o t h e r m a l r e a c t i o n i s , i n f a c t ,r e l a t ed t o r ec r y s t a l l i z a t i o n , t h e f i r s t w o u l d b e m a i n l ya s s o c i a t e d w i t h p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f i r o n a n d / o r s i li c on .O n e o f t h e a i m s o f t h i s w o r k w i t h a h i g h e r F e -t- Sia l l o y ( A A 8 0 1 1 ) i s t o p r o v i d e f u r t h e r s u p p o r t f o r t h ea f o r e m e n t i o n e d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s i n c e t h e r e a c t i o n sa s s o c i a t e d w i t h p r e c i p i t a t i o n a n d r e d i s s o l u t i o n o fp h as e s w i l l b e m ar k ed l y i n c r ea s ed . B es i d e s t h e i n t e r -a c t i o n o f p r e c i p i t a ti o n a n d r e c r y s ta l l i z a ti o n , o t h e ra s p ec t s o f t h e s u b j ec t s u ch a s r ec r y s t a l l i z a t i o n k i n e t ic sa n d t h e s t o r e d e n e r g y a s a f u n c t i o n o f t r u e s t r a i n w il la l s o b e i n v es t i g a t ed .2 . M a t e r i a l s a n d e x p e r i m e n t a lp r o c e d u r e sT h e t w o a l l o y s u s e d i n t h i s w o r k h a d b e e n c o n t i n u -o u s l y ca s t i n a tw i n - r o U ca s t e r i n t o a 1 2 0 0 m m x

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    8 m m s la b a t a s p e ed o f 1 . 2 m m i n i. A t o m i c a b s o r p -t i o n g a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g c o m p o s i t i o n s ( w t % ) : 0 .3 1 F e ,0 . 1 1 S i , 0 . 0 1 M g , 0 . 0 5 M n , 0 . 0 2 Z n , 0 . 0 1 5 T i a n d0 . 0 1 5 C u f o r t h e A A l 1 4 5 a l lo y , a n d , 0 . 6 6 F e , 0 . 5 9 S i ,0 . 0 0 7 M g , 0 . 0 3 M n , 0 . 0 1 6 Z n , 0 . 0 1 7 T i a n d 0 . 0 1 2 C uf o r th e A A 8 0 1 1 a l lo y . S o m e m a t e r i a l w a s 8 5 % c o l dr o l le d i n a l a b o r a t o r y r o l li n g m i ll , w h e r e a s o t h e r s a m -p l es w e r e a n n e a l e d f o r 2 h a f t e r 6 0 % c o l d r e d u c t i o n ,a n d t h e n 8 5 % c o l d r o l l e d . A n n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e sw e r e i n t h e r a n g e 2 0 0 t o 6 0 0 0 C . I n o r d e r t o s t u d y t h ev a r i a t i o n o f s t o r e d e n e r g y a s a f u n c t i o n o f t r u e s t r a in ,m e a s u r e m e n t s o n s a m p l e s s u b j e c t e d t o i n t e r m e d i a t ea n n e a l i n g a n d 6 0 to 9 0 % c o l d r o ll e d w e r e al s o m a d e .H e a t t r e a t m e n t s w e r e c a rr i e d o u t i n a n a i r f u r n a c e , t h et e m p e r a t u r e b e i n g c o n t r o l l e d w i t h i n + 5 C .

    T h e D S C m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d u s i n g aP e r k i n - E l m e r D S C - 2 C a p p a r a t u s c o n t r o l l e d t h r o u g ha m i n i c o m p u t e r . R u n s w e r e c a r r ie d o u t a t h e a t i n gr a t e s i n t h e r a n g e 5 t o 8 0 C r a i n - ~a n d u n d e r d y n a m i ca r g o n a t m o s p h e r e ( 1 l it r e h - l ) . H i g h p u r i t y a l u m i n i u mw a s u s e d a s r e f e r e n c e . S a m p l e s f o r D S C m e a s u r e -m e n t s w e r e d i sc s , 5 m m d i a m e t e r , p u n c h e d f r o m t h er o l l e d s h e e t . I t w a s c h e c k e d t h a t t h e d e f o r m a t i o ni n v o l v e d i n th e p u n c h i n g o p e r a t i o n , a l t h o u g h l i a b l e t oa f f ec t th e p r e c i p i t a ti o n o f p h a s e s i n h e a t - t r e a t a b l ea l l o y s [1 0 , 1 1 ] , d o e s n o t a f f e c t e i t h e r t h e m e a su r e m e n to f s to r e d e n e r g y o r t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f i r o n a n d / o rs i l ic o n f o u n d i n t h e c o u r se o f t h i s in v e s t i g a t i o n ( s e en e x t s e c t i o n ) . I n so m e c a se s ( e sp e c i a l l y f o r A A 1 1 4 5a l l o y ) a n d i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a se t h e s e n s i t i v i t y , t h e b a sel in e w a s a d j u s t e d i n t h e n a r r o w e s t r a n g e p o s s i b le a n dn o c r u c ib l e s w e r e u s e d f o r D S C r u n s u p t o 4 5 0 C ;a b o v e t h is t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e s a m p l e s w e r e p l a c e d i ng r a p h i t e c r u c i b l e s . I s o t h e r m a l e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c a r -r i e d o u t i n t h e s a m e D S C a p p a r a t u s . T h e r e a r e t w om a i n d i f f i cu l t ie s w i t h i so t h e r m a l r u n s , ( i ) t h e l o s s o fs t o r e d e n e r g y d u r i n g t h e h e a t i n g u p t o t h e d e s i r edt e m p e r a t u r e , a n d ( ii ) t h e t im e n e e d e d f o r s a m p l e e q u i -l i b r a t i o n . T o r e d u c e t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e se t w o d i f f i c u lt i e st o a m i n i m u m , a m e d i u m h e a t in g r a t e ( 8 0 C m i n - 1 )w a s u s ed u p t o 1 0 0 C b e l o w t h e c h o s e n t e m p e r a t u r ea n d t h e n a h i g h e r o n e ( 3 2 0 C m i n 1).

    T o c h e c k w h e t h e r p r e c i p i t a t i o n o c c u r r e d d u r i n ga n n e a l in g , t h e e l e c tr i c al c o n d u c t i v i t y w a s m e a s u r e d b ym e a n s o f a S i g m a t e s t - T i n s t r u m e n t t y p e 2 0 6 7 , a n ds a m p l e s p r e p a r e d a s d e s c r i b e d b y H o w e [ 1 2 ] , w e r ee x a m i n e d b y m e a n s o f a P h il i p s 5 00 S c a n n i n g E l e c t r o nM i c r o s c o p e ( S E M ) . I n o r d e r t o s t u d y t h e m i c r o s tr u c -t u r a l c h a n g e s a l o n g a D S C r u n , s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e no u t f r o m t h e D S C a p p a r a t u s a n d q u e n c h e d i n w a t e r a tr o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e o f th e s a m p l e sw a s t h e n s t u d i e d b y m e a n s o f o p t i c a l m i c r o s c o p y ,S E M a n d V i c k e rs m i c r o -h a r d n e s s m e a s u r e d o n t h es a m p l e s u r f a c e , a l o a d o f 1 0 g w a s u s e d ( a p p r o x i m a t es i ze o f t h e i n d e n t a t i o n s 2 0 k tm x 2 0 # m ) .3 . R e s u l t s a n d d i s c u s s i o n3 . 1 . I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f D S C c u r v e s :

    i n t e r a c t io n b e t w e e n p r e c i p i t a t i o na n d r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o nT h e D S C c u r v e s f o r s a m p l e s w i t h o u t i n t e r m e d i a t ea n n e a l s h o w f o r b o t h a l l o y s a s i m i l a r s t r u c t u r e ,n a m e l y , t w o d i s t i n c t e x o t h e r m a l r e a c t io n s f o l l o w e d b y

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    ( b ) - - ~ _ . _ _ . ~ i ~ . ! ii ~ . / ij _ ~ . . . . - I( c L . . . . " I t I./ 1 I(d } .-.,~ " , , ., ~ , , . q " ~ . ,, ~ ,' %

    %.' % %

    I I 1 I2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0 / , 0 0 / o 5 0T E M P E R A T U R E [ * C )

    Figure 1 DSC c urves for AA 1145 alloy 85% cold roiled: (a) sam pleswithout i ntermediate anneal, (b, c, d) samples with 2 h intermediateanneal at 200, 400 and 600C respectively, after 60% reduction.Heat ing rate: 40 C min - 1.

    a n e n d o t h e r m a l o n e ( F ig s . 1 t o 4 a n d T a b l e I ) . I ts h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e f i rs t a n d t h e l a s t r e a c t io n s a r em u c h s t r o n g e r in t h e a ll o y w i t h h i g h e r F e + S i c o n -t e n t ( A A 8 0 1 1 ) . I n o r d e r t o i n c r e a se s e n s i t i v i t y , t h eD S C c u r v e fo r A A l 1 4 5 a l lo y w a s s tu d i e d a t t e m -p e r a t u r e s b e l o w 4 5 0 C , t h e r e f o r e t h e t h i r d r e a c t i o n i sn o t v i s i b l e i n F i g . 1 . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e i n t e r m e d i a t ea n n e a l a t 4 0 0 C i s v e r y i n t e r e s ti n g : ( i ) i t r e d u c e s ,a l m o s t e l i m i n a t e s , t h e f i r s t e x o t h e r m a l r e a c t i o n , a n d( i i ) t h e s e c o n d r e a c t i o n i s s h i f t e d a r o u n d 6 0 C d o w nt o l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e s . O t h e r a n n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e sd o n o t s u p p r e s s t h e f i r s t p e a k , t h e y o n l y c h a n g e i t ss h a p e a n d d i m i n i s h i t, a n d t h e y d o n o t a f f e c t t h es e c o n d e x o t h e r r n a l p e a k . O n c o m p a r i n g t h e r e s u l ts f o rb o t h a l l o y s , i t i s w o r t h w h i l e t o n o t e t h a t t h e s e c o n de x o t h e r m a l p e a k o c c u r s a t l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e s f o ra l l o y A A 8 0 1 1 ( T a b l e I ) .TA BL E I Peak temperature (C) for the second exothermalreaction in Figs 1 and 2. Length of anneal: 2h. Heating rate of theDSC run: 40 C min - ]In~rmediateannealing(oc )

    AAl145 AA8011

    - 403 380200 393 371300 - '367400 346 ' 307500 369 335 ~600 395 "! 373

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    T A B L E I I P e a k t em p e r a t u re s o f t h e m a i n e x o th e r m a l r e ac t io nf o r a l lo y A A 8 0 1 1 8 5 % c o l d r o l l ed a f t e r i n t e r m e d i a t e a n n e a l in g a t3 0 0 C . T h e n u m b e r o f e x o t h e r m a l r e a c ti o n s i s a l so i n d i c a te d . H e a t -i n g r a t e o f t h e D S C r u n : 4 0 C m i n - 1A n n e a l i n g P e a k E x o t h e r m a lt i m e t e m p e r a t u r e s p e a k s(h ) ( C)

    0.5 371 21 367 22 365 25 328 28 320 1

    24 314 1

    T A B L E I I I P e a k t e m p e r a t u r e s ( C ) o f t h e r e c r y st a l li z a ti o nr e a c t io n ( m a i n e x o t h e r m a l r e a c t i o n ) f o r sa m p l e s o f A A l 1 4 5 a n dA A 8 0 1 1 w i t h a n d w i t h o u t i n t e r m e d i a t e a n n e a l at 4 0 0 C f o r 2 h , a sa f u n c t i o n o f t h e h e a ti n g r a t e o f t h e D S C r u n . 8 5 % d e f o r m a t i o na f t e r i n t e r m e d i a t e a n n e a l i n g

    I n t e r m e d i a t e H e a t i n g r at e ( C r a i n - 1a nn e a l ( C) 5 10 20 40 60 80

    A A I 1 4 5 - 3 6 7 3 7 8 3 9 1 4 0 6 4 1 3 4 1 8400 319 328 339 349 354 359

    AA 8011 345 356 368 380 386 388400 286 292 299 307 310 314

    a l loy as i t s Fe + Si con ten t i s h igher ( see Sec t ion 2 );( 2 ) w h e n ma x i mu m p r e c i p i t a t i o n o c c u r s t h e f i r s texo thermic peak d i sappears (F igs . 3 and 6 ) ; and , (3 )the sh i f t ing o f the secon d peak ( recrys ta l li za t ion) tol o w e r t e mp e r a t u r e s i s r e l a t e d t o t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e o ft h e f i r s t p e a k ; t h i s c o r r e l a t i o n c a n b e u n d e r s t o o d b yreca l l ing tha t p rec ip i t a t ion re t a rds recrys ta l l i za t ion[1-3 ]. H ow eve r , fo r a l loy AA8011 anne a led a t 400 C,r e c r y s ta l li z a t io n o c c u r s a t l o w e r t e mp e r a t u r e s t h a n i ns a mp l e s a n n e a l e d a t 3 0 0 C f o r 2 h , a l t h o u g h t h ef o r me r h a v e a h i g h e r s u p e r s a t u r a t i o n a s t h e c o n d u c -t iv i ty resu l t s ind ica te (F ig . 5 ) . Th i s resu l t mus t be aconseq uenc e o f ano th er fac to r : par t i c l e s i ze . I t is wel les t ab l i shed tha t l a rge par t ic l es (ac tua l s i ze depe nds o na l loy) speed up recrys ta l l i za t ion [1 ]. Then , as par t i c l esa r e l a r g e r f o r s a mp l e s a n n e a l e d a t 4 0 0 C , t h e yrecrys ta l l i ze a t lower t empera tu res . A quan t i t a t ives t u d y o f t h is p o i n t w o u l d r e q u i r e a c a r e f u l a n a l y s is o ft h e mi c r o s t r u c t u r e b e y o n d t h e s c o p e o f th e p r e s e n tw o r k . F i n a l l y it is w o r t h r e ma r k i n g t h a t t h e r e c r y s ta l -l i za t io n o f A A 8 0 1 1 a t l o w e r t e mp e r a t u r e s ( T a b l e I ) isa c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e h i g h e r d e n s i t y o f p a r ti c l es a c t i n gas recrys ta l l i za t ion nuc le i ; t h i s fac to r overcomes ther e t a r d i n g e f f e c t o f t h e h i g h e r s u p e r s a t u r a t i o n i nAA8011 a l loy .

    [ I I I

    . . . . . . . . . . . . ---.. _ . / \ . _ . . . . . . . . . . . \"-4d \< 1 \

    t \ / \l \ / \\ ~ . / \

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    I I I _ I ISO 250 300 350 40 0TEMPERATURE (*C)

    Figure 6 D S C c u r v e s f o r A A 8 0 1 1 a l l o y (8 5 % c o l d r o l le d ) s u b j e ct e dt o a n i n t e r m e d i a t e a n n e a l a t 3 0 0 C , a t s o a k t i m e s o f ( - - - ) 0 .5 h ,( - - - ) 2 h , @ . - - ) 2 4 h . H e a t in g r a te : 40 C m i n - 1.

    Before end ing th i s subsec t ion , i t i s wor thwhi le top o i n t o u t t h a t t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n p r e c i p i t a t i o nand recrys ta l l i za t ion in A1-Fe-Si a l loys has beenprev ious ly d i scussed by o ther au tho rs ( see [1 ], pp . 183and 254) . The me r i t o f the p resen t s tud y re li es up ont h e u s e o f mo d e r n D S C t e c h n i q u e s , a n d t h edemons t ra t ion tha t th i s t echn ique i s , i n fac t , a power-fu l too l fo r the s tudy o f recrys ta l l i zaf ion in bo th two-p h a s e a n d s u p e r s a t u r a t e d a l l o y s [ 1 ] .3 . 2 . K i n e t i c s o f r e c r y s t a l li z a t i o nT h e q u a n t i t a ti v e a n a l y s is o f t h e s e c o n d e x o t h e r ma lpeak a l lows a s tu dy o f the k ine t ics o f recrys ta l l i za tion .Al though , in p r inc ip le , two d i f fe ren t k ine t i cs shou ldb e c o n s i d e re d , n a me l y n u c l e a t i o n a n d g r o w t h [ 1 ], t h eu t i l iza t ion o f an "e f fec t ive" k ine t i c i s mu ch s implera n d h a s b e e n a l s o u n d e r t a k e n b y s e v e r a l a u t h o r s [ 1, 2] .T h e l a t t e r a p p r o a c h h a s b e e n a d o p t e d i n t h i s p a p e r .

    T h e r e a c t i o n r a t e i s d e s c r i b e d b y me a n s o f t h eJ o h n s o n - Me h l - A v r a mi e q u a t i o n [ 1 , 2 , 1 3 ] ,

    d a- n ( 1 - - a ) [ - - l n ( 1 - - o 0 ] ( n - l ) / n ]d t x [v e x p ( - A E / R T ) ] (1 )

    where ~ i s the f rac t ion recrys ta l l i zed , v the f requencyf a c t o r , A E t h e a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y a n d n a n e x p o n e n ta s s o c i a t e d w i t h th e r a t e o f n u c l e a ti o n a n d g r a i ngrowth . F ina l ly , R i s the gas cons tan t and T thea b s o l u t e t e mp e r a t u r e .

    T h e k i n e t i c p a r a me t e r s v , A E a n d n w e r e d e t e rmi n e din two s t eps . F i r s t , v and AE were de te rmine d , fo l low-i n g K i s si n g e r 's m e t h o d [ 2] . T h i s me t h o d a s s u me s t h a tt h e re a c t i o n r a t e is ma x i mu m a t t h e p e a k o f th e D S Ccurve (w hich ho lds t rue fo r DS C, see [14] ) . Th i sa s s u m p t i o n l e a d s t o t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n [ 13 ]:

    h AE vRIn ~p2 = - R--~p + In A----E (2 )where h i s the hea t ing ra t e and To t h e p e a k t e m-p e r a t u r e . I n t h i s ma n n e r , v a r y i n g h , A E a n d v c a n b eo b t a i n e d b y m e a n s o f li n e a r r e gr e s si o n . T a b l e I I I g i ve sthe peak t empera tu res (Tp) fo r d i f fe ren t hea t ing ra t es ,a n d T a b l e I V r e p o r t s t h e r e su l ts o b t a i n e d f o r A E a n dT A B L E I V A c t i v at i o n en e r gy A E an d f r e qu e n c y f a c to r vc a l c u la t e d f r o m t h e d a t a o f T a b l e I I I, b y m e a n s o f t h e p e a kt e m p e r a t u r e m e t h o d ( s ee te x t ), f o r s a m p l e s w i t h a n d w i t h o u t i n t er -m e d i a t e a n n e a l i n g ( I A )

    I A ( C ) A E ( k J m o 1 - 1 ) v ( m i n I )AA l14 5 - 183 .4 2 .7 x 10 TM

    400 204.1 3.7 x 1017A A 8 0 1 1 1 9 8 . 8 2 . 0 x 1 01 6

    400 259.5 9.6 102~

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    1 . 0 0 l I I . ~ I ~ // / " a ~~ // ; / V I / / /

    o. / / / ,0 / /W s o / z / i,, / / / / / /

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    , . . . / , / / / / , , ', , :/ // / / . . . i '

    270 280 290 300

    / i

    3 1 0TEMPERATURE (C)

    Figure 9 Fraction recrystallized forAA8011 alloy with intermediate anneal at400 C (Fig. 2c). Adj ustm ent o f exponent n( see t ex t ) . Hea t ing ra t e s o f ( - - - )5Cmin - l , ( ) 10Cmin 1, ( . . . )20 C m in- k

    g r a i n s i z e . C o n s i d e r i n g t h a t t h e g r a i n s i z e i n t h e a l l o y ss t u d i e d i n t h is p a p e r , r a n g e s b e t w e e n 1 00 a n d 1 5 0 # ma n d t h e t h i c k n e s s o f th e s a m p l e s t u d i e d w a s 5 0 0 y m , i ti s c l e a r t h a t i n t h e p r e se n t c a se , t h e s a m p l e s a r e c l o se rt o t w o t h a n t o t h r e e d i m e n s i o n s .3 . 3. C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n i s o t h e r m a l a n d

    n o n - i s o t h e r m a l k i n e t i c sI n o r d e r t o c h e c k t h e v a l i d it y o f th e k i n e t i c p a r a m e t e r so b t a i n e d , is o t h e r m a l D S C m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e al som a d e . T h e d i ff ic u l ti e s e n c o u n t e r e d i n i s o t h e r m a lm e a s u r e m e n t s , e s s e n t ia l ly a c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e h e a t -i n g to t h e r e q u i r e d t e m p e r a t u r e , w e r e o v e r c o m e fo l -l o w i n g t h e p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d i n S e c t i o n 2 .

    O n l y A A I 1 4 5 a l l o y s u b j e c t e d t o a n i n t e r m e d i a t ea n n e a l i n g a t 4 0 0 C f o r 2 h w a s s t u d i e d , s e l e c t in g t e m -p e r a t u r e s o f 30 7 a n d 3 1 7 C . B o t h r e c o v e r y a n dr e c r y s t a l li z a t i o n o c c u r a t t h o s e t e m p e r a t u r e s . N e v e r -t h e l e s s , a r e su l t c l o se l y r e l a t e d t o r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n c a nb e o b t a i n e d ( S e c t i o n 3 .2 ) as f o l lo w s . O n t h e o n e h a n d ,

    0 . 1 2 J g - ~ m i n1 .9 m in

    1 [1 ] . T h e s e f a c t s su g g e s t t h a t , w h i l e t h e r e a c t i o nr a t e d~/d t ( p r o p o r t i o n a l t o A C p ) f o r r e c o v e r y s h o u l dd e c r ea s e m o n o t o n i c a l l y , it s h o u l d h a v e a m a x i m u mf o r r e c r y s t al l iz a t i o n . T h e v a l u e o f t hi s m a x i m u m w a sc o n s i d e r e d r e l ia b l e a n d r e l a t e d t o r e c r y s t al l iz a t i o n .

    F i g . 1 0 g i ve s e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a o b t a i n e d b y m e a n so f D S C . F i g . 1 1 sh o w s t h e t h e o r e t i c a l c u r v e s c a l -c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e k i n e t i c p a r a m e t e r s o b t a i n e d i n t h en o n - i s o t h e r m a l e x p e r i m e n t s , a s w e l l a s v a l u e s f o r t h em a x i m u m ( e x p e r i m e n t a l a n d t h e o r e t i c a l ) . T h e a g r e e -m e n t i s h i g h l y s a t i s f a c t o r y , su b s t a n t i a t i n g t h e r e l i a b i l -i t y o f t h e a n a l y s is p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s w o r k .3 . 4 . S t o r e d e n e r g y a s a f u n c t i o n o f t r u e s tr a i nT h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e t o ta l e n e r g y s to r e d d u r i n g t h ed e f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s i s c a r r i e d o u t o n l y f o r s a m p l e ss u b j e c t e d t o t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e a n n e a l i n g s l e a d i n g t om a x i m u m p r e c i p i t a t i o n ( s ee S e c t io n 3 . 1) . T h e f o l l o w -i n g f e a t u r e s o f t h e se r e su l t s ( T a b l e V a n d F i g . 1 2)s h o u l d b e n o t e d : ( i ) t h e s t o r e d e n e r g y v a r ie s m o r er a p i d l y w i t h t r u e s t r a in ( e ) f o r a l l o y A A 8 0 1 1 , d u e t ot h e h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a l l o y i n g e l e m e n t s w h i c h i sk n o w n t o i n cr e as e t he w o r k h a r d e n i n g e x p o n e n t , a n d( i i ) t h e v a l u e s f o r t h e s t o r e d e n e r g y a r e l o w e r t h a nt h o s e o b t a i n e d b y o t h e r a u t h o r s f o r p u r e a l u m i n i u md e f o r m e d u n d e r t e n s i o n o r t o r s i o n [ 5] . T h e l a t t e r p o i n tc o u l d b e a c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e ro l l in g o p e r a t i o n w h i c hi n v o l v e s b o t h c o m p r e s s i v e a n d s h e a r s t re s se s . O n t h eT A B L E V Stored ene rgy as a fu nctio n of true strain (e) forA1-Fe-Si alloys subjected to intermediate annealing at 400C for2h.A l l o y S t o r e d e n e r g y ( J m o l - ~) f o r e =

    0 . 22 0 . 29 0 . 41 0 . 69 0 . 80 1 . 10 1 . 20 1 . 39A A l 1 4 5 2 . 2 6 1 . 6 7 4 . 5 1 3 . 3 9 5 . 6 4 6 . 7 7 6 . 1 9 9 . 5 7A A 8 0 1 1 1 .1 3 2 . 2 6 4 . 5 1 1 0 .1 6 9 . 0 3 1 2 . 4 2 1 2 .4 2 1 3 . 5 4

    97 7

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    0.20 ] i I9.1 min] 2 . 7 m i n 5 . 4 ra i n ~ ]- - 0 . 1 6 ~ - ( 1"9 m i n) ( / ~ T m i n / X - /i # \ . - . / \i - \ / / '" \, t \ / / , , \' i /o . 1 2 p i / ' \ "] i / \ / \

    I / A . \o o t - i / / ' , , ,"

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    4. L. F. MONDOLFO, "A1uminium AIloys: Structure andProperties", 1st Edn, (Butterworth, London, Boston, 1976).

    5. C, M. ADAM and A. WOLF ENDE N, Acta Metall . 26(1978) 1307. '~

    6. W. H. HILD ERBR ANDT, Met. Trans. 10A (I979) 1045.7. D. J. THOM'PSON, "Thermal Analysis", VoI. 2, edited by

    R. T. Schwenker Jr and P. D. Garn (Academic, New York,London, 1969)p. 1147.

    8. K. HIRANO, in "Thermal Analysis: Comparative studieson Materials", edited by H. Kambe and P. D. Garn (Wiley,New York, 1974) p. 42.

    9. C. GARCi A-COR DQV1LLA and E. LOUIS, ScriptaMetall. 18 (1984) 549.10. Idem, Met. Trans. 15A (1984) 389.1 . Idem, Seripta Metall. 18 (1984) 291.12. J. HOWE, Metallography 16 (1983) 275.13. D. W. HENDER SON, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 30 (1979) 301.14. E. LOUIS and C. GARC IA-C ORDO VILLA, J. Mater.Sci. 19 (1984) 689.R e c e i v e d 4 M a r c ha n d a c c ep t e d 31 M a y 1 9 8 5

    979