A COMPANIONTO THE

ROMAN EMPIRE

Edited by

David S. Potter

A COMPANIONTO THE

ROMAN EMPIRE

BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLDThis series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres ofclassical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises betweentwenty-five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. Theessays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience ofscholars, students, and general readers.

ANCIENT HISTORY

Published

A Companion to the Roman RepublicEdited by Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Morstein-Marx

A Companion to the Roman EmpireEdited by David S. Potter

A Companion to the Classical Greek WorldEdited by Konrad H. Kinzl

A Companion to the Ancient Near EastEdited by Daniel C. Snell

A Companion to the Hellenistic WorldEdited by Andrew Erskine

In preparation

A Companion to Ancient HistoryEdited by Andrew Erskine

A Companion to the Archaic Greek WorldEdited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans vanWees

A Companion to Julius CaesarEdited by Miriam Griffin

A Companion to the Roman ArmyEdited by Paul Erdkamp

A Companion to ByzantiumEdited by Elizabeth James

A Companion to Late AntiquityEdited by Philip Rousseau

LITERATURE AND CULTURE

Published

A Companion to Ancient EpicEdited by John Miles Foley

A Companion to Greek TragedyEdited by Justina Gregory

A Companion to Latin LiteratureEdited by Stephen Harrison

In preparation

A Companion to Classical MythologyEdited by Ken Dowden and Niall Livingstone

A Companion to Greek and Roman HistoriographyEdited by John Marincola

A Companion to Greek ReligionEdited by Daniel Ogden

A Companion to Greek RhetoricEdited by Ian Worthington

A Companion to Roman RhetoricEdited by William Dominik and Jon Hall

A Companion to Classical TraditionEdited by Craig Kallendorf

A Companion to Roman ReligionEdited by Jorg Rupke

A Companion to OvidEdited by Peter Knox

A Companion to CatullusEdited by Marilyn Skinner

A COMPANIONTO THE

ROMAN EMPIRE

Edited by

David S. Potter

� 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

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1 2006

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A companion to the Roman Empire / edited by David Potter.

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Rome—History—Empire, 30 B.C. –476 A.D.—Sources. 3. Rome—Civilization. I. Potter, D. S. (DavidStone), 1957– II. Series.

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For Claire and Natalie

Contents

List of Illustrations x

List of Tables xiii

Notes on Contributors xiv

Acknowledgments xvi

Reference works: Abbreviations xvii

Ancient authors: Abbreviations and Glossary xx

The Emperors of Rome from Augustus to Constantine xxix

Introduction: The Shape of Roman History: The Fate of the Governing Class 1David S. Potter

PART I THE SOURCES 21

1 Constructing a Narrative 23Cynthia Damon

2 Roman Imperial Numismatics 35William E. Metcalf

3 Documents 45Traianos Gagos and David S. Potter

4 Art, Architecture, and Archaeology in the Roman Empire 75Lea Stirling

5 Interdisciplinary Approaches 98James B. Rives

PART II NARRATIVE 113

6 The Emergence of Monarchy: 44 BCE–96 CE 115Greg Rowe

7 Rome the Superpower: 96–235 CE 126Michael Peachin

8 The Transformation of the Empire: 235–337 CE 153David S. Potter

PART III ADMINISTRATION 175

9 The Administration of the Provinces 177Clifford Ando

10 The Transformation of Government under Diocletian andConstantine 193Hugh Elton

11 The Roman Army 206Nigel Pollard

12 Greek Cities Under Roman Rule 228Maud W. Gleason

13 Cities and Urban Life in the Western Provinces of theRoman Empire 30 BCE–250 CE 250Jonathan Edmondson

PART IV SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE 281

14 The Imperial Economy 283David Mattingly

15 Landlords and Tenants 298Dennis P. Kehoe

16 The Family 312Judith Evans Grubbs

17 Sexuality in the Roman Empire 327Amy Richlin

18 On Food and the Body 354Veronika E. Grimm

19 Leisure 369Garrett G. Fagan

20 Spectacle 385David S. Potter

viii Contents

PART V INTELLECTUAL LIFE 409

21 The Construction of the Past in the Roman Empire 411Rowland Smith

22 Imperial Poetry 439K. Sara Myers

23 Greek Fiction 453Joseph L. Rife

24 Roman Law and Roman History 477John Matthews

25 Roman Medicine 492Ann Hanson

26 Philosophy in the Roman Empire 524Sara Ahbel-Rappe

PART VI RELIGION 541

27 Traditional Cult 543David Frankfurter

28 Jews and Judaism 70–429 CE 565Yaron Z. Eliav

29 Christians in the Roman Empire in the First ThreeCenturies CE 587Paula Fredriksen

30 Christian Thought 607Mark Edwards

Bibliography 620

Index 681

Contents ix

Illustrations

Maps1 Provinces of the Roman Empire at the death of Trajan (AD 117) xxxi

2 Dioceses and provinces of the Roman Empire according to theVerona List (c. AD 303–324) 172

Figures

2.1 ‘‘Crocodile’’ as from Nımes 39

2.2 Aureus of Octavian 28 BCE 43

4.1 Portrait of Livia, wife of Augustus 78

4.2 Roman forum at Chemtou, with foundations of Numidiantombs exposed at the center 81

4.3 The Colosseum at Rome 82

4.4 Statue of Artemis at the Hunt next to a wall painting of amuse in apartment 4 of Terrace House 2, Ephesos 87

4.5 Infant buried in amphora at Leptiminus (Tunisia) 90

4.6a Statuette of the weary Hercules discovering son Telephos,found in a late-antique suburban villa at Corinth 95

4.6b Colossal statue of the Weary Hercules found in theBaths of Caracalla, Rome 96

6.1a–e The Julio-Claudian house: (a) Augustus; (b) Tiberius;(c) Caligula; (d) Claudius; (e) Nero 119

6.2a and b The propaganda of the Galban revolution 124

6.3a–c The Flavians: (a) Vespasian; (b) Titus; (c) Domitian 125

7.1a–f The Antonines: (a) Nerva; (b) Trajan; (c) Hadrian;(d) Antoninus Pius; (e) Marcus Aurelius; (f ) Commodus 134

7.2a–d The Severans: (a) Septimius Severus; (b) Caracalla;(c) Elagabalus; (d) Alexander 142

8.1a–j Sapor and his enemies. (a) Sapor I; (b) Gordian III;(c) Philip I; d) Decius; (e) Trebonianus Gallus;(f) Aemilianus; (g) Valerian; (h) Gallienus;(i) Claudius II; (j) Aurelian 159

10.1a–d The tetrarchs: (a) Diocletian; (b) Maximian;(c) Constantius I; (d) Galerius 195

12.1a The entrance to the agora at Ephesus 236

12.1b The marble street at Ephesus 236

12.2a The theater at Ephesus 238

12.2b Tetrapylon at Aphrodisias 238

13.1a and b Relief from Avezzano, Italy, showing city and surroundingcountryside 252

13.2a and b Colonia Augusta Emerita (Merida, Spain): (a) plan of thecity and environs; (b) reconstruction of themonumental center 262–3

13.3a and b Forum adiectum, Emerita: (a) general view;(b) reconstruction of R. Mesa 264–5

13.4 Reconstruction of statue-group of Aeneas (center),Ascanius (left), and Anchises (right) from theforum adiectum, Emerita 266

13.5 Colonia Iulia Urbs Triumphalis Tarraco 266

13.6 Glanum: plan of the Roman forum and twin temples,surrounded by U-shaped portico 267

13.7a and b Conimbriga: Forum (a) in Augustan period and(b) as later remodeled after Flavian grant of the ius Latii 268

13.8a and b Cities remodeled by emperors: (a) Italica; (b) Lepcis Magna 270–1

19.1a Ostia, tavern on the Via di Diana, exterior view 374

19.1b Ostia, tavern on the Via di Diana, interior view 374

19.2a Suburban baths, Pompeii 380

19.2b Suburban baths, Herculaneum 380

25.1a Relief of Scribonia Attice assisting with a birth 504

Illustrations xi

25.1b Relief of Marcus Ulpius Amerimnus drawing blood 504

25.2 An okytokia, or ‘‘quick birth’’ amulet 518–19

28.1a Mosaic ‘‘carpet’’ from the fourth-century synagogueat H

˙amat Tiberieas 569

28.1b The interior of a fourth-century synagogue at Sardis 570

28.2a Imperial celebration of the capture of Jerusalem isreflected in the issue of Judaea Capta coinage underVespasian 572

28.2b Coin of Caesarea 572

28.3 An Aramaic letter written on papyrus from the so called‘‘Cave of the Letters’’ at the Judaean Desert 575

xii Illustrations

Tables

1.1 Coverage of Roman history by historians 25

3.1 The bureaucracy of Roman Egypt 65

7.1 Emperors, AD 96–235 130

7.2 Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, and Lucius Verus 132

7.3 Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus 133

7.4 The Severan emperors 137

11.1 The deployment of the legions in the principate 210

23.1 Timeline of Greek fiction under the Roman Empire 454

26.1 Names and dates of important philosophers 526

Notes on Contributors

Sara Ahbel-Rappe is Associate Professorof Greek and Latin in the Department ofClassical Studies at the University ofMichigan.

Clifford Ando is Associate Professor inthe Classics Department at the Univer-sity of Southern California.

Cynthia Damon is Associate Professorin the Classics Department at AmherstCollege.

Jonathan Edmondson is Associate Pro-fessor in the Department of History atYork University.

Mark Edwards is Lecturer in Patristicsat the University of Oxford and Studentof Christ Church.

Yaron Z. Eliav is Jean and SamuelFrankel Assistant Professor of RabbinicLiterature and Jewish History of LateAntiquity in the Department of Near East-ern Studies at the University of Michigan.

Hugh Elton is Director of the BritishInstitute at Ankara.

Garrett G. Fagan is Associate Professorof Classics and Ancient MediterraneanStudies and History at PennsylvaniaState University.

David Frankfurter is Professor of His-tory and Religious Studies in the Depart-ment of History at the University of NewHampshire.

Paula Fredriksen is William GoodwinAurelio Professor of the Appreciation ofScripture, Social and Intellectual Historyof Early Christianity in the Departmentof Religion at Boston University.

Judith Evans Grubbs is Professor ofClassics in the Department of Classics atWashington University in St. Louis.

Traianos Gagos is Associate Professor ofPapyrology and Greek in the Depart-ment of Classical Studies, and Archivistin the Papyrology Collection at theUniversity of Michigan.

Maud W. Gleason is Lecturer in Classicsin the Department of Classics at StanfordUniversity.

Veronika E. Grimm is Lecturer in theDepartment of Classics at Yale University.

Ann Hanson is Senior Research Scholar/Senior Lector in the Department ofClassics at Yale University.

Dennis P. Kehoe is Professor of Classicsin the Department of Classics at TulaneUniversity.

John Matthews is John M. Schiff Pro-fessor of History and Classics in the De-partment of Classics at Yale University.

David Mattingly is Professor of RomanArchaeology in the School of Archae-ology and Ancient History at the Univer-sity of Leicester.

William E. Metcalf is Adjunct Professorin the Department of Classics andCurator of Coins and Medals, YaleUniversity Art Gallery, at Yale University.

K. Sara Myers is Associate Professor ofClassics in the Department of Classics atthe University of Virginia.

Michael Peachin is Professor of Classicsin the Department of Classics at NewYork University.

Nigel Pollard is Lecturer in the Facultyof Classics and Ancient History at theUniversity of Swansea.

David S. Potter is Professor of Greekand Latin in the Department of ClassicalStudies at the University of Michigan.

Amy Richlin is Professor of Classics inthe Department of Classics at UCLA.

Joseph L. Rife is Assistant Professor ofClassics in the Department of Classics atMacalester College.

James B. Rives is Associate Professor inthe Program in Classical Studies at YorkUniversity.

Greg Rowe is Associate Professor in theDepartment of Greek and Roman Stud-ies at the University of Victoria.

Lea Stirling is Canada Research Chair inRoman Archaeology in the Departmentof Classics at the University of Manitoba.

Rowland Smith is Lecturer in theSchool of Historical Studies at theUniversity of Newcastle upon Tyne.

Notes on Contributors xv

Acknowledgments

It is a pleasure to thank the many people who made this volume possible. First andforemost my gratitude to the diverse contributors is enormous. I have learned a verygreat deal from them, and owe them all many thanks, especially those who turned intheir chapters as long ago as 2001, for the extreme patience that they have shown inthe long process of completion. I can only hope that they will think that the finalproduct has been worth the wait.

For help in the final preparation of this book, I would first like to thank my chairman,Richard Janko, and my colleagues in the Department of Classical Studies for releasingthe substantial research funds that enabled me to collect many of the illustrations thatappear here, and to pay for the enormous help provided by my two assistants. ProfessorKendra Eshleman brought order to the manuscript after completing her dissertation inthe summer of 2004, and prepared the list of Classical authors. In the winter of 2005,Robert Chenault assisted mightily with the final preparation of the manuscript in everyarea, taking on responsibilities that went well beyond what I could have reasonablyexpected to enormously improve the accuracy of the volume. I also want to thankProfessor Yaron Eliav for his assistance with the non-Classical texts that are quoted inthis volume. I am responsible for any and all errors that remain.

I am also very grateful to Al Bertrand at Blackwell, firstly for thinking of me as theeditor of this volume, and secondly for the gentle, patient encouragement that he hasprovided in the long process of getting it ready to go to press. In addition, I am gratefulto Louise Spencely, who saw the book through its final stages before publication.

The greatest debt that I owe is, as always, to my family, to my wife Ellen, and to ourdaughters, Claire and Natalie, who brighten every hour of our lives. The pleasure thatClaire and Natalie take in seeing the typescript leave the house (and their hope thatthey will hear less about the $%#$«$ Romans in the future) makes it only right todedicate this book to them.

David S. Potter, 2006

Reference Works: Abbreviations

ABD Anchor Bible DictionaryActs of theEcumenicalCouncils J. Harduin. Acta Conciliorum. 4 vols. Paris. 1714–15AE L’Annee epigraphique, published in Revue Archeologique and separately.

1888–AJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJAH American Journal of Ancient HistoryAJN American Journal of NumismaticsAJP American Journal of PhilologyAnalRom Analecta RomanaANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt. Berlin. 1972–ANSMN Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society)Ant. Afr. Antiquites AfricainesASP American Studies in PapyrologyBASP Bulletin of the American Society of PapyrologistsBCH Bulletin de correspondance helleniqueBE Bulletin epigraphique, published in REGBGU Berliner Griechische Urkunden (A gyptische Urkunden aus den Kgl. Museen zu

Berlin)BICS Bulletin of the Institute for Classical StudiesCA Classical AntiquityCAH 2 Cambridge Ancient History. 2nd edn. 1961–CEFR Collection de l’Ecole francaise de Rome. 1976–CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. 1863–CIS Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum. 1881–C.Pap.Jud. Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum. 1957–64CPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCRAI Comptes rendues de l’Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettresCW Classical WorldEchCl Echos du monde classique/Classical Views

EJ V. Ehrenberg and A. H. M. Jones. Documents Illustrating the Reigns ofAugustus and Tiberius. 2nd edn. 1976

FIRA S. Riccobono. Fontes Iuris Romani AnteIustiniani. 1941FIRA7 Bruns, K. G. Fontes Iuris Romani Antiqui (7th edn. by O. Gradenwitz).

1909FHG C. Muller. Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum. 1841–70FGrH F. Jacoby. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. 1923–GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine StudiesHAE Hispania Antiqua EpigraphicaHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyHTR Harvard Theological ReviewI. Ephesus H. Wankel, R. Merkelback, et al., eds. Die Inscriften von Ephesos. 1979–81IAM Inscriptions antiques du MarocIG Inscriptiones Graecae. 1873–IGLS Inscriptions grecques et latines de la SyrieIGRR R. Cagnat. Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes. Paris. 1906–

27ILA Inscriptions latines d’AquitaineILAfr Inscriptions latines d’AfriqueILCV Inscriptiones Latinae Christianae VeteraeILS H. Dessau. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae. Berlin. 1892–1916.Inscr. It. Inscriptiones ItaliaeIRC G. Fabre, M. Mayer, and I. Roda. Inscriptions romaines de Catalogne. Paris.

1984–2002IRT J. M. Reynolds and J. B. Ward-Perkins. The Inscriptions of Roman Tripoli-

tania. Rome. 1952JARCE Journal of the American Research Center in EgyptJECS Journal of Early Christian StudiesJHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJNG Jahrbuch fur Numismatik und GeldgeschichteJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman StudiesJTS Journal of Theological StudiesLR3 N. Lewis and M. Reinhold. Roman Civilization: Selected Readings. 3rd edn.

New York and Oxford. 1990LTUR E. M. Steinby, ed. Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae. 6 vols. Rome.

1992–2002MAMA Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiquae. 1928–MEFRA Melanges de l’Ecole Francaise de RomeNC Numismatic ChronicleNPNF Nicene and Post-Nicene FathersP.Amh. B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt, eds. Amherst Papyri. London. 1900–1Pap.Brux. Papyrologica Bruxellensia. Brussels. 1962–P.Fam.Tebt. B. A. van Groningen. A Family Archive from Tebtunis. Pap.Lugd.Bat. VI.

Leiden. 1950P.Panop.Beatty T. C. Skeat. Papyri from Panopolis in the Chester Beatty Library Dublin.

Chester Beatty Monographs I. Dublin. 1964P.Bostra J. Gascou. Unites administratives locales et fonctionnaires romains. In Eck

and Muller-Luckner 1999: 61–73P.Cair. Isid. A. E. R. Boak and H. C. Youtie, eds. The Archive of Aurelius Isidorus in the

Egyptian Museum, Cairo, and the University of MichiganP.Dura C. B. Welles et al., eds. The Excavations at Dura-Europos conducted by Yale

University and the French Academy of Inscriptions and Letters. Final Report 5pt. 1: The Parchments and Papyri. 1959

P.Euphr. D. Feissel and J. Gascou. Documents d’archives romains inedits du MoyenEuphrate (IIIe s. apres J.C.). Journal des Savants: 65–119. 1995

xviii Reference Works: Abbreviations

P.Gen.Lat. J. Nicole and C. Morel, eds. Archives militaires du 1er siecle (Texte inedit duPapyrus Latin de Geneve No. 1). Geneva. 1900

P.Lond. Greek Papyri in the British Museum. London. 1893–P.Mich. Michigan Papyri. 1931–P.Oxy. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. London. 1898–P.Thmouis I S. Kambitsis. Le Papyrus Thmouis I, colonnes 68–160. Paris. 1985P.Yadin N. Lewis, Y. Yadin, and J. Greenfield. The Documents from the Bar Kochba

Period in the Cave of Letters. Jerusalem. 1989–2002P.Yale I J. F. Oates, A. E. Samuel, and C. B. Welles. Yale Papyri in the Beinecke Rare

Book and Manuscript Library. ASP 2. New Haven and Toronto. 1967PBSR Papers of the British School at RomePCPS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPG Migne. Patrologia GraecaPGM K. Preisendanz, ed. Papyri Graecae Magicae. Leipzig-Berlin. 1928–31.

(Trans. H. D. Betz, The Magical Papyri in Translation. Chicago. 1985.)PSI Papiri Greci e Latini, Pubblicazioni della Societa italiana per la ricerca dei

papiri greci e latini in Egitto. 1912–RDGE R. K. Sherk. Roman Documents from the Greek East: Senatus Consulta and

Epistulae to the Age of Augustus. Baltimore. 1969RA Revue archeologiqueREA Revue des etudes anciennesREG Revue des etudes grecquesRIB R. G. Collingwood, R. P. Wright, et. al. The Roman Inscriptions of Britain.

1965–RIC Roman Imperial CoinageRIN Rivista italiana di numismatica e scienze affiniRIT G. Alfoldy. Die romischen Inschriften von Tarraco. Berlin. 1975RN Revue numismatiqueRPC Roman Provincial CoinageRS M. H. Crawford. Roman Statutes. BICS Suppl. 64. London. 1996SB F. Preisigke et al. Sammelbuch griechischen Urkunden aus A gypten. 1915–SCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. 1923–Sel. Pap. A. S. Hunt, C. C. Edgar, and D. L. Page. Select Papyri. 4 vols. Cambridge,

MA. 1950SIG3 W. Dittenberger. Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum. 3rd edn. Leipzig. 1915–

24SNR Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau ¼ Revue suisse de numismatiqueTab. Vindol. A. K. Bowman and J. D. Thomas, eds. Vindolanda: the Latin Writing

Tablets. 1983–2003TrGF B. Snell, R. Kannicht, and S. Radt, eds. Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta.

4 vols. 1971–85; vol. 12 1986TSAJ Texte und Studien zum Antiken JudentumVC Vigiliae ChristianaeYCS Yale Classical StudiesZPE Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und EpigraphikZSS Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung fur Rechtsgeschichte

Reference Works: Abbreviations xix

Ancient Authors:Abbreviations and Glossary

A. Paul. et Thecl. Acts of Paul and TheclaA. Pion. Acts of PioniusAch. Tat. Achilles Tatius, Alexandrian novelist, 2nd c. CE, Leucippe and Cleito-

phonAel. Aelian, Latin writer, c.165/70–230/5 CE, LettersAlciphr. Alciphron, Greek sophist, 2nd/3rd c. CE, LettersAlex. Aphr. Alexander of Aphrodisias, Aristotelian philosopher, late 2nd c. CE

Amm. Marc. Ammianus Marcellinus, Latin historian, 4th c. CE, HistoryAntyllus in Orib. Coll. (see Oribasius of Pergamum, Collectiones medicae)AP Anthologia Palatina (Greek Anthology)Apicius Apicius, author of (undated) handbook On CookingApophth. Patr. Apophthegmata Patrum (Sayings of the Desert Fathers)App., BC Appian, Greek historian, 2nd c. CE, Bella Civilia (Civil Wars)Apul. Apuleius of Madaura, Latin prose writer, 2nd c. CE

Met. Metamorphoses, or The Golden AssAristid., Or. Aelius Aristides, Greek orator, 2nd c. CE, OrationsArr. Arrian, Greek historian, c.86–160 CE

Alan. Expeditio contra Alanos (Order of Battle against the Alans)Anab. AnabasisEpict. Discourses of Epictetus

Artem. Artemidorus Daldianus, author of a work on the dream interpret-ation, 2nd c. CE, Oneirocritica (The Interpretation of Dreams)

Ath., Deip. Athenaeus, 3rd c. CE, Deipnosophistae (Doctors at Dinner)Ath., V. Ant. Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, 4th c. CE, Life of Saint AntonyAugust. Augustine of Hippo, bishop and writer, 354–430 CE

Conf. ConfessionsDe Trin. De Trinitate (On the Trinity)Serm. Sermons

Aur. Vict., Caes. Aurelius Victor, Latin historian, 4th c. CE, de Caesaribus (Book on theEmperors)

Auson. D. Ausonius Magnus, statesman, teacher and writer, 4th c. CE

Ep. EpigramsMos. Mosella

Barn. Letter of BarnabasBasil, Ep. Basil, bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, 329–79 CE, LettersCaes. C. Julius Caesar, 100–44 BCE

BC Bellum Civile (Civil War)BG de Bello Gallico (Gallic War)

[Caes.] B. Afr. Bellum Africum (African War)Cato, Agr. Cato the Elder, Roman politician and writer, 234–149 BCE, On

AgricultureCelsus, Med. A. Cornelius Celsus, 1st c. CE, Concerning MedicineChar. Chariton, Greek novelist, before mid-2nd c. CE, Chaereas and Cal-

lirhoeChron. Pasc. Chronicon Paschale (Easter Chronicle), universal history from Cre-

ation to c.630 CE

Cic. M. Tullius Cicero, Roman politician and writer, 106–43 BCE

Ac. AcademicaAtt. Letters to AtticusBrut. BrutusCael. On Behalf of Caeliusde Orat. de OratoreDiv. On DivinationFam. Letters to FriendsFin. de Finibus Bonorum et MalorumFlac. On Behalf of FlaccusFont. On Behalf of FonteiusLeg. de Legibus (On Laws)Mur. On Behalf of MurenaOff. de Officiis (On Duties)Orat. OratorPhil. PhilippicsPis. Against PisoQ. fr. Letters to QuintusRep. RepublicRull. Against RullusTusc. Tusculan DisputationsVer. Against Verres

Col., Rust. Columella, 1st c. CE, de Re Rustica, an agricultural manualCopa The Proprietress, poem ascribed to Vergil1–2 Cor First and Second Letters to the CorinthiansCJust. Code of JustinianCTh. Code of Theodosius IICyril, Ep. Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, 5th c. CE, LettersD. Digest of JustinianDn DanielD.Chr. Dio Chrysostom, Greek orator and philosopher, mid-1st c.–early 2nd

c. CE

Dict. Cret. Dictys of Crete, supposed companion of Idomeneus at Troy, allegedauthor of the Memoirs of the Trojan War

D.L. Diogenes Laertius, Greek biographer, 3rd c. CE, De clarorum philo-sophorum vitis (Concerning the Lives of Famous Philosophers)

Dio Cassius Dio, Greek historian of Rome, c.164–after 229 CE, RomanHistory

Enn. Ennius, Latin poet, 239–169 BCE

Ep. Aristeas Letter of Aristeas, 2nd c. BCE

Epict. Epictetus, Stoic philosopher, mid-1st–2nd c. CE

Ench. Encheiridion (Handbook)Epitome Epitome on the Emperors, anon. history of Rome, 4th c. CE

Ancient Authors: Abbreviations and Glossary xxi

Eun., VS Eunapius, Greek sophist and historian, 4th c. CE, Vitae Sophistarum(Lives of the Sophists)

Eur. Euripides, Athenian tragedian, c.480s–407/6 BCE

Hec. HecubaTr. Trojan Women

Euseb. Eusebius of Caesarea, bishop and scholar, c.260–339 CE

Eccl. Hist. Ecclesiastical HistoryHierocl. Against HieroclesLC de Laudibus Constantini (In Praise of Constantine)Mart. Pal. Martyrs of PalestineVC Vita Constantini (Life of Constantine)

Eust., Comm. Od. Eustathius, bishop and scholar, 12th c. CE, Commentary on theOdyssey

Eutrop. Eutropius, Latin historian, 4th c. CE, Abbreviated History of RomeEx ExodusFestus Festus, Latin historian, 4th c. CE, Abbreviated HistoryFlorus L. Annaeus Florus, Latin historian, 2nd. c. CE, Epitome of Seven

Hundred Years’ Worth of WarsFron. S. Julius Frontinus, Roman politician and writer, d. 103/4 CE

Aq. On AqueductsStr. Strategemata

Fronto M. Cornelius Fronto, orator and tutor of Marcus Aurelius, c.95–c.166 CE (the letters are referred to in the ordering of M. Van denHout, M. Cornelii Frontonis Epistulae [Leiden, 1954])

Ant. Letters to Antoninus PiusAur. Letters to Marcus AureliusEp. Add. Appendix of Letters without AddressesPrin. hist. Principia historiae

Gaius, Inst. Gaius, Roman jurist, 2nd c. CE, InstitutesGal Letter to the GalatiansGalen Galen, Greek medical writer, 2nd c. CE

Anat. admin. On Anatomical ProceduresAntid. On AntidotesCaus. puls. On Causes of PulsesComp. med. per gen. On Compound Drugs by TypeDiff. puls. On Differences in PulsesDiff. resp. On Difficult BreathingExamin. Examinations of the Best PhysiciansHipp. Fract. comment. Commentary to the Hippocratic ‘‘Fractures’’Introd. [Galen], Introduction [to Medicine] or the DoctorLibr. Propr. On his Own BooksLoc. affect. On the Affected PartsMeth. med. Methods of HealingMor. Habits; J. N. Mattock, ed., ‘‘A Translation of the Arabic of Galen’s

Book Peri ethon’’ in S. M. Stern et al., editors, Islamic Philosophy andThe Classical Tradition (Festschrift R. Walzer), Columbia, SC: 1972.235–60

Nat. fac. On Natural FacultiesPraecog. PrognosisPuls. diff. On Differences in PulsesSanit. HygieneSem. On Generating SeedSimpl. med. temp. On the Powers of SimplesTher. ad Pis. On Theriacs, dedicated to PisoUsu puls. On Usefulness of the Pulse

xxii Ancient Authors: Abbreviations and Glossary

Gel. Aulus Gellius, Roman miscellanist, 2nd c. CE, Attic NightsGreg. Naz. Ep. Gregory, c.325–389 CE, bishop of Nazianzus, LettersHA Historia Augusta, anon. collection of imperial biographies, 4th or

5th c. CE

Ant. Pius Life of Antoninus PiusAvid. Cass. Life of Avidius CassiusCarac. Life of CaracallaClaud. Life of Claudius IIComm. Life of CommodusDid. Jul. Life of Didius JulianusHad. Life of HadrianHeliogab. Life of ElagabalusMarc. Life of Marcus AureliusPert. Life of PertinaxSev. Life of Septimius Severus

Hdt. Herodotus of Halicarnassus, Greek historian, 5th c. BCE

Heb Letter to the HebrewsHeliod. Heliodorus, Greek novelist, probably fl. c.230 CE, The Ethiopian

Story of Theagenes and CharicleiaHermog., Prog. Hermogenes, Greek rhetorical writer, 2nd c. CE, Progymnasmata

(Preliminary Exercises)Herod. Herodian, Greek historian, 3rd c. CE, History of the Empire from the

Time of MarcusHipp., Ref. Hippolytus of Rome, Christian apologist, fl. c.180–238 CE, Refuta-

tion of all Heresies.Hippoc. Hippocrates of Cos, Greek medical writer, 5th c. BCE

Art De Articulis (On Joints)Epid. Epidemiae (Epidemics)Morb. mul. De morbis mulierum (On the Diseases of Women)Nat. puer De natura pueri (On the Nature of the Child)

Hom. HomerIl. IliadOd. Odyssey

Hor. Q. Horatius Flaccus, Latin poet, 65–8 BCE

Ars Ars PoeticaSat. Satires

Hyginus author of a treatise on categories of land and land disputes, c.100 CE,On Establishing Boundaries

Iamb. Iamblichus, Neoplatonist philosopher, c.245–c.325 CE

Myst. On the Mysteries of the EgyptiansProt. Protrepticus (Exhortation to Philosophy)VP Vita Pythagorica (Life of Pythagoras)

Iamb., Bab. Iamblichus, Greek novelist, fl. c.165–80 CE, The Babylonian HistoryIgn., Ignatius of Antioch, Christian theologian, fl. c.100 CE

Eph. Letter to the EphesiansMg. Letter to the MagnesiansPhld. Letter to the PhiladelphiansSm. Letter to the SmyrnaeansTr. Letter to the Trallians

Iren., AH Irenaeus of Lyons, bishop and heresiologist, c.130– c.202 CE,Against Heresies

Jas Letter of JamesJer. Jerome, Christian scholar and ascetic, c.347–420 CE

Chron. ChronicleEp. LettersV.Paul Life of Paul

Ancient Authors: Abbreviations and Glossary xxiii

Jn. Gospel according to JohnJo.Chr. John Chrysostom, bishop, c.354–407 CE, de Studio praesentium (On

the Zeal of those Present)Jos. Flavius Josephus, Jewish historian, 37–c.100 CE

AJ Jewish AntiquitiesBJ Bellum Judaicum (Jewish War)

Jul. Julian ‘‘the Apostate,’’ emperor 361–3 CE

Caes. CaesarsEp. Letters

Julian Salvius Julianus, Roman jurist, 2nd c. CE

Justin Justin Martyr, Christian teacher and apologist, c.100–65 CE

Trypho Dialogue with Trypho1 Apol. First Apology2 Apol. Second Apology

Juv., Sat. Juvenal, Latin poet, 1st–2nd c. CE, SatiresLact., DMP Lactantius, Christian apologist, c.240–c.320 CE, de Mortibus Persecu-

torum (On the Deaths of the Persecutors)Largus Scribonius Largus, c.1–50 CE, CompositionesLaudatio Laudatio Turiae (In Praise of ‘‘Turia’’)Lex Irnitana Municipal Law for Irni in Spain (J. Gonzalez, JRS 76 [1986])Lex de Provinciis

Praetoriis Law on the praetorian provinces of 100 BCE (M. H. Crawford,Roman Statutes no. 12)

Lex Ursonensis Lex coloniae Genetivae Iuliae (Municipal code for Urso in Spain,M. H. Crawford, Roman Statutes no. 25)

Lib., Or. Libanius, Greek rhetorician, 314–c.393 CE, OrationsLivy Livy, Latin historian, probably 59 BCE–17 CE; Ab Urbe Condita

(From the Foundation of the City)Per. Periochae (Summaries)

Lk Gospel according to LukeLong. Longus, Greek novelist, late 2nd or early 3rd c. CE, Daphnis and

ChloeLuc. Lucian of Samosata, Greek prose writer, b. c.120 CE

Alex. Alexander the False ProphetAmatores The LoversApol. Apologia (Defense)Peregr. De morte PeregriniGall. Gallus (The Rooster)Hist. Conscr. Quomodo historia conscribenda sit (How to Write History)Imag. ImagesLaps. de Lapsu inter salutandum (Concerning a Slip)Nav. Navigium (The Ship)Pr.Im. pro Imaginibus (Concerning Images)Rh. Pr. Rhetorum praeceptor (Teacher of Orators)Salt. de Saltatione (About Dancing)Syr. D. de Syria Dea (On the Syrian Goddess)Ver. Hist. Verae Historiae (True Histories)

Lucil. Lucilius, Latin satirist, probably c.180–102/1 BCE

M. Pol. Martyrdom of PolycarpMc MaccabeesMalal. John Malalas, Greek historian, c.490–570s CE, ChronicleMacrob. Macrobius, Roman politician and scholar, 5th c. CE

In Somn. Commentary on the Dream of ScipioSat. Saturnalia

Marc. Aurel. Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor 161–80 CE

Med. Meditations

xxiv Ancient Authors: Abbreviations and Glossary

Marcian Aelius Marcianus, Roman jurist, early 3rd c. CE

Mart. M. Valerius Martialis, Latin poet, c.38/41–101/4 CE

Ep. EpigramsSp. Spectacles

Martin of Braga Martin of Braga, bishop, 6th c. CE

de Corr. Rust. de Correctione RusticorumMela Pomponius MelaMen. Rh. Menander Rhetor, Greek rhetorical writer, probably 3rd c. CE

Mk Gospel according to MarkMt Gospel according to MatthewMuson. C. Musonius Rufus, Stoic philosopher, before 30–before 101/2 CE

Mustio (or Muscio)Gyn. Gynecology

NTh. Novels of TheodosiusNep. Cornelius Nepos, Latin biographer, c.110–24 BCE

Att. AtticusNm NumbersNumen. Numenius of Apamea, Middle Platonist/Pythagorean philosopher,

2nd c. CE, On the Divergence of the Academy from PlatoOpt. Optatus of Miletus, Against the DonatistsOrib. Oribasius of Pergamum, c.325–400 CE

Coll. Medical CollectionsOrigen Origen, Alexandrian priest and scholar, probably 184/5–254/5 CE

C. Cels. Against CelsusDe princ. On First PrinciplesIn Joh. Commentary on the Gospel of JohnPh. Philokalia

Ov. P. Ovidius Naso, Latin poet, 43 BCE–17 CE

Ars Art of LoveFast. FastiHer. HeroidesMet. MetamorphosesTr. Tristia

P. Perp. Passion of Perpetua and FelicitasPan. Latin PanegyricsPaul Iulius Paulus, Roman jurist, early 3rd c. CE, SententiaePaus. Pausanias, Greek traveler, 2nd c. CE, Description of GreecePeripl. M. Rubr. Anonymous, 1st c. CE, Sailing Around the Red SeaPers. A. Persius Flaccus, Latin poet, 34–62 CE, SatiresPetron., Sat. Petronius, Roman prose writer, d. 66 CE, SatyriconPhaedr. Phaedrus, 1st c. CE, Fabulae (Stories)Phil Letter to the PhilippiansPhilo Philo of Alexandria, Jewish writer, 1st c. CE

Abr. On AbrahamConf.Ling. de Confusione linguarum (On the Confusion of Languages)Det. Quod deterius potiori insidiari soleat (The Worse Attacks the Better)Deus Quod Deus sit immutabilis (On the Unchangeableness of God)Ebr. de Ebrietate (On Drunkenness)Gig. de Gigantibus (On the Giants)Quis Her. Quis rerum divinarum heres sit (Who is the Heir?)Leg. Legatio ad Gaium (Embassy to Gaius)Op. de Opificio Mundi (On the Creation of the World)Som. de Somniis (On Dreams)Spec.Leg. de Specialibus legibus (On the Special Laws)Vit.Cont. de Vita Contemplativa (On the Contemplative Life)

Ancient Authors: Abbreviations and Glossary xxv

Philostr. Philostratus of Athens, Greek sophist and writer, d. c.244–9 CE

Ep. LettersHer. Heroic DiscourseVA Vita Apollonii (In honor of Apollonius of Tyana)VS Vitae Sophistarum (Lives of the Sophists)

Philostr.Jun. Philostratus (Iunior) of Lemnos, Greek sophist and writer, 3rd c. CE

Imag. Imagines (Pictures)[Phoc.] [Phocylides], SententiaePhot., Bib. Photius, bishop and scholar, c.810–c.893 CE, Bibliotheca (Library)Pl. Plato, Athenian philosopher, c.429–347 BCE

Prm. ParmenidesRep. RepublicTi. Timaeus

Plaut. Plautus, Latin comic playwright, fl. c.205–184 BCE

Men. Menaechmi (The Menaechmus Twins)Mil. Miles Gloriosus (The Braggart Soldier)Rud. Rudens (The Rope)

Plin., Nat. Pliny the Elder, Roman politician and scholar, 23/4–79 CE, NaturalHistory

Pliny Pliny the Younger, Roman politician, c.61–c.112 CE

Ep. LettersPan. Panegyric

Plot., Enn. Plotinus, Neoplatonist philosopher, 205–69/70 CE, EnneadsPlut. Plutarch, Greek biographer and philosopher, mid-1st–2nd c. CE

Caes. Life of CaesarLyc. Life of LycurgusMor. MoraliaAmat. Amatorius (The Lover)

de Def. or. de Defectu oraculorum (On the Failure of Oracles)de Is. et Os. de Iside et Osiride (On Isis and Osiris)Prae. ger. reip. Praecepta gerendae reipublicae (Rules for Politicians)

Rom. Life of RomulusSol. Life of SolonThes. Life of Theseus

Polyb. Polybius, Greek historian, c.200–c.118 BCE

Pomponius S. Pomponius, Roman jurist, mid–2nd c. CE

Porph. Porphyry, scholar and philosopher, 234–c.305 CE

Abst. On Abstention from Animal FoodVP Life of Plotinus

Procl. Proclus, Neoplatonist philosopher, c.412–85 CE

in Prm. Commentary on Plato’s Parmenidesin Ti. Commentary on Plato’s TimaeusPT Platonic Theology

Procop. Procopius, Greek historian, 6th c. CE

Arc. Arcana Historia (Secret History)Goth. de Bello Gothico (On the Gothic War)

Prop. Propertius, Latin poet, 1st c. BCE

Ps PsalmsQ.S. Quintus of Smyrna, Greek poet, probably 3rd c. CE, PosthomericaQuint. Quintilian, Roman rhetorician, c.35–96 CE

Inst. Orator’s Education[Quint.], Decl. [Quintilian], DeclamationsRv RevelationRG Res Gestae (Deeds of the Divine Augustus)Rom Letter to the Romans1–2 Sm First and Second Samuel

xxvi Ancient Authors: Abbreviations and Glossary

Sall. C. Sallustius Crispus, Latin historian, probably 86–35 BCE

Cat. CatilineSC de Pisone Patre Senatus consultum on the elder PisoSchol. ad Juv. Scholia on JuvenalSen. Seneca the Elder, Latin rhetorical writer, c.50 BCE–c.40 CE

Con. ControversiaeSen. Seneca the Younger, Roman politician, philosopher and tragedian, 4

BCE/1 CE–65 CE

Ben. De Beneficiis (On Benefits)Dial. DialoguesEp. Letters

S.E., M. Sextus Empiricus, Skeptical philosopher and physician, probably late2nd c. CE, Adversus Mathematicos (Against the Professors)

Sid. Apoll., Carm. Sidonius Apollinaris, politician and writer, 5th c. CE, CarminaSirm. Sirmondian ConstitutionsSocr. Hist. Eccl. Socrates of Constantinople, Greek historian, 5th c. CE, Ecclesiastical

HistorySopater Sopater, Greek rhetorical writer, 4th c. CE

Soranus Soranus, Greek doctor, c.60–130 CE

Gyn. GynecologyQuaest. med. [Soranus] Medical questions

Soz., Hist. Eccl. Sozomen, Greek historian, 5th c. CE, Ecclesiastical HistoryStat. P. Papinius Statius, Latin poet, c.45–96 CE

Silv. SilvaeTheb. Thebaid

Stob. Joannes Stobaeus, Greek anthologist, probably early 5th c. CE

Strabo Strabo, c.64 BCE–after 20 CE, GeographySuet. Suetonius, Latin biographer, c.70–c.130 CE

Aug. AugustusCal. CaligulaClaud. ClaudiusDom. DomitianGal. GalbaJul. Julius CaesarNero NeroOtho OthoTib. TiberiusVes. VespasianVit. Vitellius

Tac. Tacitus, Latin historian, c.56–after c.118 CE

Agr. AgricolaAnn. AnnalsDial. Dialogue on OratorsGerm. GermaniaHist. Histories

Tert. Tertullian, Latin Christian writer, c.160–c.240 CE

Adv. Prax. Against PraxeasAn. de Anima (On the Soul)Apol. ApologySpec. On Spectacles

1–2 Thes First and Second Letters to the ThessaloniansThom. Mag. Thomas Magister, Byzantine scholar, 12th–13th c. CE

Thuc. Thucydides, Athenian historian, 5th c. BCE

Ulpian Domitius Ulpianus, Roman jurist, early 3rd c. CE

Val. Max. Valerius Maximus, Latin writer, 1st c. CE

Ancient Authors: Abbreviations and Glossary xxvii

Varro M. Terentius Varro, Latin scholar, 116–27 BCE

Rust. de Re Rustica (Concerning Rural Life)Veg., Mil. Flavius Vegetius Renatus, Latin military writer, probably late 4th c.

CE, de Re MilitariVell. Pat. C. Velleius Paterculus, Latin historian, b. c.19 BCE, Roman HistoryVerg. Vergil, Latin poet, 70–19 BCE

Aen. AeneidG. GeorgicsEcl. Eclogues

Victorinus Victorinus of Pettau, bishop and scholar, d. c.303 BCE, On the Book ofthe Apocalypse

Xen. Eph. Xenophon of Ephesus, Greek novelist, 2nd c. CE, The Ephesian StoryZonaras Johannes Zonaras, Byzantine historian, 12th c. CE, Epitome of the

Histories from the Creation to 1118Zos. Zosimus, Greek historian, late 5th–6th c. CE, New History

Jewish Sources for the Roman Imperial Period inLanguages other than Greek and Latin

[2 Bar] 2 Baruch (Syriac) – R.H. Charles, The Apocalypse of Baruch (London: Macmillan, 1918)

[b with name of tractate] Babylonian Talmud – Printed edition (Wilna: Romm, 1880–6)

Mishnah [m with name of tractate] – Based on Ms. Kn, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Ms. A50, from the library of David Kaufmann; facsimile edition by George Beer, The Hague,1929; reprinted in smaller format (Jerusalem: Mekorot, 1968); Herbert Danby, The Mishnah(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1933)

MMT (Miqts’at ma’assei ha-torah; 4Q394-9) – Elisha Qimron and John Strugnell, eds., Qum-ran Cave 4 (Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 10. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994)

Sifra – Isaac H. Weiss, Sifra de-ve Rav hu sefer Torat kohanim (Vienna: Shlosberg, 1862); JacobNeusner, Sifra: An analytical translation (2 vols.; BJS 138–40; Atlanta: Scholars, 1988)

[Sir] Ben Sira, Wisdom of Ben Sira – Joseph Ziegler, Sapientia Iesu Filii Sirach (Septuaginta:Vetus Testamentum Graecum 12:2. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1965)

[t with name of tractate] Tosefta – Saul Lieberman, The Tosefta (5 vols. New York: JewishTheological Seminary, 1955–88)

Yerushalmi (Palestinian Talmud) [y with name of tractate] – Printed edition (Venice: Bomberg,1523–4); Jacob Neusner, ed., The Talmud of the Land of Israel: A preliminary translationand explanation (35 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982–94)

GenR (Genesis Rabbah) – J. Theodor and Ch. Albeck, Midrash Bereshit Rabba: Critical editionwith notes and commentary, 3 vols., Jerusalem 1965

xxviii Ancient Authors: Abbreviations and Glossary