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3

Table of Contents

Art

NewsPg. 8-Looking Back: The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake By Erin Henry

Pg. 10-Economic Problems Caused by Sandy By Nick Tuleu

Pg. 11-The Impact of Hurricane Katrina By Will Reynoir

Pg. 12-Natural Disasters Affecting Presidential Voting Polls By Nico Salas

Pg. 13-EPA Prevents Idaho Couple From Building House By Adele Reynoir

Pg. 14-A Look Back: John Steinbeck, Age 66 Dies By Connor Page

Pg. 15-Helpers and Observes of 1906 San Francisco By Erin Henry

Pg. 17-Faces of Relief By Connor Page

Pg. 19-Key Players in Alabama Tornado By Will Reynoir

Pg. 21-Katrina Help By Adele Reynoir

Pg.31-The Dust Bowl By Connor Page

Pg.32-Historic Galveston Hurricane Brought to Life in New Novel, Dark Water By Nick Tuleu

Pg.33-Earthquake at Dawn Reflects San Francisco Earthquake By Erin Henry

Pg. 34-Taken Away Offers a Life Like Account of Hurricane Katrina

Pg. 35-Hitch Recognizes Events During the Dust Bowl By Will Reynoir

Pg.-37 Kanye’s and Other Artists Emotional Performance Toward Sandy By Nick Tuleu

Pg. 39-Katrina Inspires Artwork By Adele Reynoir

Pg. 41-Patricia Smith’s, Katrina, Brings Realism to the Hurricane Aftermath By Nico Salas

Pg. 43-The Forgotten By Connor Page

Pg. 45-The Movie 2012 Affected Views on Natural Disasters

Pg. 47-Charles Richter Dies at Age 85 By Will Reynoir

Pg. 50-Man of the Century: Jimmy Carter By Erin Henry

BUY A COKE TODAY AND 20% OF ALL PROCEEDS WILL BE DONATED TO HELP THE VICTIMS OF HURRICANE SANDY

By Connor Page

Looking Back: The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake

By Erin Henry

April 18, 1906 an earthquake struck in San Francisco, California that would’ve been registered at 8.3 on today’s Richter scale. This earthquake was one of the most devastating in the history of California, that caused about 3,000 deaths. The duration of the shaking lasted for one m i n u t e , t h e d a m a g e destroyed many buildings and and structures in all parts of San Francisco. The earthquake managed to shift the round four to five ft per second. It also affected 375,000 square miles. In the quiet of the city after the shaking stopped, there was an even more destructive force. Much of the water supply came to the city in rigid iron pipes and about 30,000 pipes ruptured with intense shaking. This lead to fires from all of the broken gas lines and stoves that fell during the shaking, the water-pipes were also broken and that left nothing to put out the fire. Survivors of the

earthquake slept in tents for days, along with fires that ignited around the city. The House and Senate Appropriation committees enacted an emergency grant for the city to pay for

food, water, tents, blankets and medical supplies in the

weeks following the earthquake and fire.

This devastating earthquake left 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 r e s i d e n t s homeless. A San Franciscan c o o k i n g breakfast on a

stove started a 24-hour-long ‘ham

and egg fire.’ The city's fire

chief was wounded inside one of the city's fire stations,

leaving the department without a leader. As fires began to erupt across the city, almost 2,000 federal troops arrived on the streets, without martial law ever being declared. One witness, P. Barrett described it this way: "We could not get to our feet. Big buildings were crumbling as one might crush a biscuit in one's hand. Ahead of me a great cornice crushed a man as if he

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By Erin Henry

  On  October  25,   2012  Hurricane  Sandy  hit  New  York,   Pennsylvania,  Virginia,   and  the  North   Eastern   coastline,   destroying   many  homes   and   hitting   New   York   the   hardest.    After   six   long   months   of   cleaning   up  debris,  rebuilding   homes,   and   getting   jobs   back   in  business,   the   US   took   a   toll   of   how   much  money   Hurricane   Sandy   cost   a   total   of   over  $50   billion   dollars,   $20   billion   dollars   in  property   damage,   and   $30   billion   in   lost  businesses.        

The   FEMA   (Federal   Emergency  Management   Agency)   was   a   large   group  associated  with   rebuilding   the   damage   after  Hurricane   Sandy.     FEMA   is   a   part   of   the  government   and   takes   care   of   all   of   the  government’s  loans.  FEMA  is  still  in  debt  from  the  government  and  is   taking   the  majority  of  the   tax  money   to   fund  its   agency.   FEMA   has  used  $959  million  dollars   on  individuals  and  

households,   $821   million   for   housing  assistance,   and   over   $137   million   for   other  needs.   The   government   gave   FEMA   the  responsibility   to   Uix   all   of   the   railroads,  subway   systems,   and   to   get   the   power   back  online,   because  with  out   it  the  jobs  would  go  down  and  New  York   would  make   no  money.  Many   citizens   criticized   FEMA   because  instead  of  using  most   the  money   on   helping  more  people  with  there  homes   they  used  the  money  on  rebuilding  Wall   Street   and  putting  it  back  on  there  feet.  

  There  were  many   other  organizations  with  helping   rebuilding   peoples   homes   such  as  the  National  Flood  Insurance  Program  that  used   $3.3   billion   dollars   on   helping   people  with   there  homes   when   they   are   Ulooded   or  broken   down.     Another   organization   that  helped   with   the   damages   was   Hurricane  Sandy   Relief,   that   was   an   organization   just  

Economic  Problems  from  Sandy  By Nick Tuleu

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FEMA as they help people out of the flooding

Even though the mayor of New Orleans, Ray Nagin, called for mandatory evacuation, no one in the US would have thought that Hurricane Katrina would have caused of one of the fastest growing cities in America to take a step back in the blink of an eye. Hurricane Katrina hit the city of New Orleans, Louisiana on August 29, 2005. The storm first started as a category 1 hurricane that crossed over Florida. But in the Gulf of Mexico’s warm waters, the Hurricane grew rapidly and it would strike New Orleans as a Category 3. When it reached New Orleans, it broke the levees and flooded the city causing problems for the people and the city.

Out of the whole widespread destruction of Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans suffered the most. Over 80 percent of the city was flooded during this natural disaster which left 100,000 people homeless. Some places suffered severely such as the Lower Ninth Ward which was flooded as high as nine meters. The amount of damage done by the storm was said to have cost approximately 125 billion dollars. The Superdome, which is one of the iconic images of New Orleans, suffered major roof damage as this almost caused the New Orleans Saints to relocate. Although the flooding of the city was the worst event during the storm, Katrina also caused major environmental issues. The storm caused industrial waste and sewage to flood in the neighborhoods.

The people who suffered the most from Katrina were the citizens that saw the storm’s destruction first hand. Most of these people who saw this destruction lived in poverty as they lost most of their homes. Also, many businesses were damaged severely. Citizens who stayed in New Orleans took shelter in the Superdome, local hospitals, or other various tall buildings. The unlucky ones though had to sit on rooftops and wait for someone to rescue them. Another problem that people had was getting access to fresh food and clean water because the Federa l Emergency Management Agency took days to take action. Hurricane Katrina was very sad but in the midst of tragedy, heroes emerged. Some of these heroes were the US Coast Guard. This Organization saved 34,000 people in New Orleans alone. Other people who were heroes were local citizens that stayed in New Orleans for the storm. Some of these citizens had boats as they found people and brought them to shelter.

The Impact of Hurricane KatrinaBy: Will Reynoir

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Many houses flooded during Hurricane Katrina.

Natural Disasters Affecting Presidential Voting Polls

By: Nico Salas

A President’s reaction to a natural disaster can impact how the American citizens vote in a presidential election. In the past, political scientists have researched the contrast of public votes in presidential elections during hazardous weather situations as apposed to during regular conditions. It has been found that voters tend to punish presidential campaigners for any type of disaster. However, if someone running for office responds adequately to the disaster, the citizens will praise that leader based on the quality of their reaction to the natural disaster. In the preceding days of the Hurricane Sandy super storm, Obama declared it a natural disaster even before it struck the East coast of the United States. This decision was made to help let Natural Disaster Aid Organizations get to the hurricane destruction zone quicker to give assistance. This was a smart move on Obama’s behalf because the many American’s who were affected by the hurricane felt that Obama’s reaction was urgent and effective, which gave the trust of the people to the president.

Many natural disasters have ended up drastically changing presidential election votes. After Hurricane Katrina, which touched down in August 2005, former President George W. Bush took several days to reach the site of the disaster. Many have accused him of being too distant in relations to the recovery process. This made some Republican voters regret their vote for George Bush and begin to resent him somewhat.

Along side their tendency to react quicker to natural disasters, most presidential campaigners have been said to use natural disasters as an opportunity to use their political

power to boost their popularity by helping civilians get back on their feet and repair cities that have been turned to ruins. Andrew Reeves, political science professor at Boston University and Carnegie Mellon University said, “Every President puts up a picture of himself with shirtsleeves rolled up comforting voter.” This suggests that campaigners can win over voters’ opinions with a natural disaster response of high caliber and value. Also, harsh weather patterns have been said to make voters evaluate presidential campaign goers with more intensity because they feel the United States needs a great leader to get the nation through this tough time. They feel as though it is their duty to ensure that their country receives satisfactory guidance because it is their own right to vote.

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President Obama promises to assist a Hurricane Sandy survivor to get back on her feet.

The EPA put themselves in a sticky situation when they stopped the construction of a house in Priest Lake, Idaho. The conflict all started in 2008 when couple Mike and Chantell Sackett bought a .63 acre land for $23,000. Mike and Chantell bought the property in order to fulfill their desires of building a dream house. After getting the necessary permits, the Sacketts began the construction of their home. Not long after, the EPA forced the Sacketts to stop building because the EPA declared that the property the Sacketts were building upon was considered a wetland. But, the EPA’s own National Wetlands Inventory said that the land was not considered a wetland. Since the EPA was already in the midst of the situation, they would not back down. The EPA threatened to fine the Sacketts $32,500 a day unless the Sacketts agreed to return the property back to its original state and to fence off the property. The Sacketts were not listened to when they asked the EPA if they could all discuss this situation. Because no one would listen to the

Sacketts, they took their conflict to court to settle this dispute. After telling their story, the Sacketts hoped that they would win and be able to keep building their home. After hearing the whole story, one lower court made a decision. But, this decision was not in favor of Mike and Chantell. The court thought that the EPA was right, preventing the construction of the house. Still having no other option, the Sacketts brought their case to another court, who was also not in favor of the Sacketts. Mike and Chantell were not giving up their dream. They only had one option left. The Sacketts brought their case to the United States Supreme Court, the most powerful court in all of America. If the Sacketts lost their

case, they would never be able to build the house they have always wanted, and all of their hard work, time, and money would go to a waste. After listening to the entire story, the Supreme Court had made a decision. According to the Supreme Court, the property was indeed not a wetland. The Supreme Court ruled that the EPA violated Mike and Chantell’s right to challenge the government.

EPA PREVENTS IDAHO COUPLE FROM BUILDING HOUSEBy Adele Reynoir

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SEE EPA, page

J o h n S t e i n b e c k , a newspaper reporter, Nobel Prize-winning novelist, and major humanitarian during the Dust Bowl in the 1930s and 1940s, died at the age of 66 on December 20, 1968. The death of the esteemed writer was attributed to c o n g e s t i v e h e a r t failure due to his smoking habits. In 1936, John S t e i n b e c k w a s covering a story in California when he came across a group t h a t c a l l e d themselves “Okies.” He was fascinated by this group so much that he began to interview them, and w a s e v e n t u a l l y inspired to write a novel, called The Grapes of Wrath ( 1 9 3 9 ) , w h i c h f o c u s e d o n a n Oklahoman (“Okie”) migrant family in C a l i f o r n i a , a n d

por t r ayed to the American public the h o r r o r s t h a t t h e migrants experienced in California. A g r e a t number of Americans very much enjoyed h i s e y e - o p e n i n g work, The Grapes of Wrath, as 500,000 copies were sold by the end of the year. By 1992, 14 million copies were sold. W h i l e m a n y A m e r i c a n s w e r e deeply entranced by his novel, others throughly disliked the novel. The a f o r e m e n t i o n e d group of people that w e r e s t r o n g l y displeased with Mr. John S te inbeck’s n o v e l g e n e r a l l y participated in rallies to ban the novel, and sometimes even book burnings. These groups were usually located in California a n d t h e r e g i o n s surrounding it. This was because Mr.

Steinbeck’s classic l i t e r a r y w o r k tarnished the name of some Californian citizens, revealing some of them in unkind and illegal actions against Dust B o w l m i g r a n t s .

Many counties in and around California, especially in Kern County, the county in California in which the book i s s e t , banned the book from public schools and libraries.

A LOOK BACK: JOHN STEINBECK, AGE 66 DIES IN 1968

BY CONNOR PAGE

SEE STEINBECK, page 22

John Steinbeck in Sweden on a trip to accept his Nobel Prize.

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During the time around the San Francisco earthquake these five men were affected or had properties that could have been affected by this earthquakes, some described the grief families experienced during the quake. John Barrymore was the

most famous member of his very famous family. Barrymore stayed drunk the entire period of the earthquake and fire. He wrote a report about his experiences in the quake which included being recruited by military troops to help clear the roads, and twenty years later he confessed it was a fraud. Jack London was known for his short stories. Within half an hour, after the earthquake London was on his horse, to San Francisco. Shortly after the earthquake, Collier’s Magazine of New York asked London to report what he saw in San Francisco for 25 cents per word. After the amount of money London payed he was in debt. Amadeo Peter Giannini, the son of Italian immigrants, became the pioneer of branch banking and builder of a financial empire, which included nearly five hundred banks. Giannini reached his bank around noon and was glad to find that it had not suffered any major damage, he made sure to take out a lot of the money, because he was afraid of looters. Joaquin Miller, poet and conservationist, Miller saw the destruction of the city as an opportunity for its rebirth. He described the earthquake as if the sun was silver and gold, the streets were wide, bright and steep. Joaquin saw from his house that from every corner you could see the flames bursting higher and higher from the stores and the clouds for all three days and nights. Arnold Genthe attended a performance, named Carmen, on the evening of the earthquake and then went out. Thirty years later, in 1936, he published a book about his experience named, As I Remember. These men saw the destruction that the earthquake and the fires caused, but as Joaquin Miller said this earthquake is an opportunity as rebirth.

Jack London: known best for short stories named white fang and the call of the wild, London also wrote novels, his most prolific being the sea wolf, which is a story based on his adventures at sea.

Helpers and Observers of 1906 San Francisco

By Erin Henry

John Barrymore: Barrymore wanted to become an artist, and in 1898, at the age of 16, he traveled with his father to London where he enrolled in the Slade School of art.

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Arnold Genthe: originally trained as a classical scholar; self portrait

Amadeo Peter Giannini: son of Italian immigrants, pioneer of branching and builder of a financial empire which included nearly five hundred banks.

Joaquin Miller: Poet, conservationist, and eccentric.

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Dorothea Lange, with her camera in hand, documented the lives of Florence Thompson and many others with photography.

The Dust Bowl, a period of great agricultural devastation that plagued the Midwest for a prolonged time, is best known as a period of great loss and sadness. During this rough patch in American history, many great figures came into the light. One such figure was Dorothea Lange (above, right), best known for her photograph, known as “Migrant Mother” (above, left). Lange’s photographs brought American attention to the Dust Bowl migrants, inspiring many to help these displaced people. Florence Thompson, known best as “Migrant Mother” was the subject of Lange’s iconic photograph and due to her willingness to be photographed, was a major figure in the relief effort. Leo Hart (facing page, top left), a Californian, taught generally illiterate Dust Bowl migrants basic school subjects along with many other trades. Because of his work, Dust Bowl migrant children were able to get well-paying jobs when they grew up. Like Dorothea Lange, Nobel Prize-winning author John Steinbeck (facing page, top right) brought the horrors that the migrants faced to the nation’s attention, with his novel, The Grapes of Wrath. This novel followed a fictional migrant family and highlighted the atrocities that they faced. Finally, President Franklin Roosevelt was very active in the relief process. He visited the Dust Bowl states and made public radio announcements keeping the nation aware of the state of the Dust Bowl region. While the efforts of these figures helped and brought awareness to the events of the Dust Bowl, still many were left homeless and starving, with no one to provide them with aid or compassion.

FACES OF RELIEF DURING THE DUST BOWLBy Connor Page

Florence Thompson, better known as “Migrant Mother,” brought attention to the conditions of the Dust Bowl migrants.

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Leo Hart laughs with the migrant children attending his California school. Because of his hard work, many pupils were able to become successful businesspeople. John Steinbeck, author of The Grapes of

Wrath

Franklin Roosevelt talks with a Dust Bowl region inhabitant about the condition of the region in an attempt to send the necessary relief.

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Key players in Alabama Tornado

Charlie Sheen posing with National Guard soldiers after the destruction of the Alabama tornado. He donated $25,000 and helped plan a fundraiser for tornado victims

Bo Jackson, former Auburn halfback and Heisman Trophy winner, leads the pack during the Bo Bikes Bama bike ride. He oreganized the Bo Bikes Bama fundraiser to help raise money for the Alabama tornado victims.

On April 27, 2011 the Alabama Tornado passed and many people including football players, celebrities and normal citizens aided the effort in helping Tuscaloosa. Two celebrities that aided the Tornado effects were Charlie Sheen and Taylor Swift. Charlie Sheen planned a fundraiser and also donated $25,000. Taylor Swift raised $750,000 for her Speak Now...Help Now fund from a concert in which 100% of the ticket sales went to help the victims. Two football players including a legend and a long snapper helped raise money and awareness for the victims. Bo Jackson, a Heisman Trophy winner and dual sport superstar, planned the Bo Bikes Bama fund. In this fundraiser, cyclist from around the country chose to do either the 20 mile ride or the 60 mile ride. Carson Tinker, a long snapper on the Alabama football team, suffered the loss of his girlfriend when the tornado struct. His story helped spread awareness of the tornado. He also was present when the Alabama football team helped clean up the city of Tuscaloosa. Although these people’s help became known across the country, a real hero of the tornado was Robert Reed. On the day the Tornado hit Alabama, Reed pulled out twelve people out of the rubble. These five individuals were important figures to help victims of the Alabama Tornado.

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Taylor Swift singing for the crowd during her Speak Now...Help Now concert. Her concert raised $750,000 for victims of the worst disaster in Alabama history.

Robert Reed, a citizen from Tuscaloosa, suffered from a concussion from the tornado. Even with his head injury, he saved 12 people stuck under debris and is now seen today as a hero.

Alabama long snapper Carson Tinker runs down the field on a kickoff to make a tackle. During the Alabama Tornado, he was injured and his girlfriend died. His story raised awareness of the tornado’s destruction

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Sean Penn (left) rode a ro u n d i n a b o a t , rescuing survivors of Katrina.

John Travolta (second from the left) and Kelly Preston (second from the right) flew to Baton R o u g e c a r r y i n g supplies including food for the survivors of the storm.

Katrina Help

Oprah Winfrey (right) donated $10 million to rebuild homes. She also started the Oprah’s Angel Network Katrina Homes Registry, which teamed up w i t h H a b i t a t f o r Humanity to rebui ld cities.

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Ray Nagin ( le f t ) fulfilled his duty to rebuild and save his city after the storm.

After Katrina, celebrities made a huge impact to the contribution of helping the victims of Katrina and rebuilding the cities that were affected by the storm. Such celebrities include Sean Penn, Oprah Winfrey, John Travolta, Kelly Preston, Ray Nagin, and Brad Pi t t . The work that these celebrities performed to help cities stay alive gave people a sense of hope for the future. The victims of the storm could not thank celebrities enough for all of the work, time, and money they put into these actions. Celebrities kept the faith in cities high as well as the rebuilding of cities all around the South.

Brad Pitt helped with relief group Make It Right to rebuild the houses that were destroyed.

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The recovery after Hurricane Sandy was dependent on Federal, State, and Local officials and agencies as well as Volunteer Organizations and their decision to collaborate in order to meet a common goal. The current president, Barack Obama, urged that aid be sent to those effected by Hurricane Sandy as soon as possible. Therefore, Barack Obama categorized the storm as a natural disaster days before it touched down on the east coast of the United States. Also concerned about the lasting effects of the hurricane, Mayor of New York City, Michael Bloomberg s igned two Executive Orders to help New Yorkers rebuild after Hurricane Sandy. The first order was to allow those with damaged property to meet new flood standards without violating zoning codes. The second order was to renounce fees on businesses that were reconstructing property due to weather damage of the hurricane. Janet Napolitano, Secretary of Homeland Security, has also contributed to the recovery after Hurricane Sandy. The Governor of New Jersey, Chris Christie, has collaborated with President Obama to help give commonly used resources to sufferers of Hurricane Sandy. Finally, the American Red Cross, a volunteer organization, has given support in many ways. These include Gail McGovern, American Red Cross leader, personal ly handing out i tems of importance to citizens of New Jersey,

Many Politicians Contribute to the Hurricane Sandy Recovery

By: Nico Salas

President Obama and Michael Bloomberg plot about plans to give aid to those damaged by the hurricane.

Janet Napolitano comforts a local citizen of the area where Hurricane Sandy struck.

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Chris Christie, has collaborated with President Obama to help give commonly used resources to sufferers of Hurricane Sandy. Finally, the American Red Cross, a volunteer organization, has given support in many ways. These include Gail McGovern, American Red Cross leader, personally handing out items of importance to citizens. Gail McGovern hands out water bottles to Hurricane Sandy

survivors.

Chris Christie campaigns about strategies for Hurricane a Sandy recovery process.

President Obama promises to help a Hurricane Sandy survivor get back on her feet.

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Over  the  century  there  has  been  people  or  organizations  that  have  stepped  up  and  helped  the  cause  from  natural  disasters.  In  1900  a  storm  came  through  Galveston  and  destroyed  the  city.    Fortunate  for  Milton  Elfred  and  his   family,   they  were  the  only  family  that  survived  the  storm,  this  was  important  because  Milton  Elfred  and  his  family  were  the  only  people  that  witnessed  the  storm  and  could  tell   the  news  about  it.      One  president   that  made  a  difference  was  Calvin  Coolidge,  during  the  Great  Storm  of  Okeechobee  of  1928  in  Florida.    In  1992  Hurricane  Andrew  hit   the  U.S,   and  Bill   Clinton   funded  the   government   to   help   the  damages   from   Andrew.     13  years  later   in  2005  Hurricane  Katrina  hit  the  South  of  U.S,   George  Bush  played  a  large  role  in  this   disaster   from   dealing   with   the   deaths,   the   jobs   lost,   and   how   parts   of   the   South  were  underwater.     He  was   able   to   accomplish  this  because  he   had  an  organization  called   the  Bill  Clinton   Foundation.     Shortly   after   Katrina   about   seven  years,   Hurricane   Sandy  hit   the  East  coast  and  up  North  bye  New  York.    The  Rolling  Stones  were  a  difference  maker  because  they  donated  a  large  amount  of  their  money  to  help  rebuild  and  restore  New  York  and  other  states/cities.    With  all  of  these  people  helping,  in  the  end  it  will  make  a  better  U.S.            

KEY PEOPLE THAT HAVE STEPPED UP FOR HURRICANES OVER THE PAST CENTURY

Milton Elfred, the portrait of him after the long night of Galveston.

Calvin Coolidge, reading the funds and making the decisions of the damages.

By: Nick Tuleu

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George H. W. Bush, at his interview with the press about the damages from the hurricane.

The Rolling Stones, at their concert in Canada right after Katrina and saying a prayer for all the deaths and homeless.

Bill Clinton, giving his speech about his foundation to spread the cause.

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like   Katrina   Krewe   that   helped   with   the  damages   after   Hurricane   Katrina.     Both  organizations   helped   the   community   in  cleaning  up  the  debris  and  rebuilding  the  city  slowly.    All   of  these  originations  were  funded  by  FEMA.      

  It  took  a  while  to  get  New  York  the  way  it  was  before  Sandy.    The  process  took  so  long  because   the  airport   and  power  was  out   for   a  long   time.     Without   the   power   the  government  couldn’t  reach  the  citizens  and  no  jobs  were  getting  accomplished.    Without  the  airport  no  materials  or  resources  were  getting  exported  or  imported  such  as  food.    The  death  toll  wasn’t  so   high  but  many  died  because  of  the  lack   of  food,   shelter,  and  sickness.    All   in  all   so   far   FEMA   and   the   government   have  required   22,000   homes   and   New   York   is  slowly  coming  back  to  normal.  

were a maggot." In the attempt to hurry up and get the city rebuilt, the work crew made the buildings worse than they were in 1906. Some experts say that more than 50% of strength was lowered after the earthquake. Another earthquake of this magnitude is thought likely to destroy the whole city if it were to strike again. "At almost precisely 5:12 a.m. local time, a foreshock occurred with sufficient force to be felt widely throughout the San Francisco Bay area. The great earthquake broke loose some 20 to 25

seconds later, with an epicenter near San Francisco... Violent shocks punctuated the strong shaking, which lasted some 45 to 60 seconds. The earthquake was felt from southern Oregon to south of Los Angeles and inland as far as central Nevada." - Bill Ellsworth. The city was able to recover from the fires within four days and eventually recovered from the earthquake.

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EPA, from page 10

Thanks to the Sacketts, citizens all over the United States can challenge the EPA in their decisions. The EPA cannot rule over citizens anymore. After having to go through all of this trouble and putting their dream house on hold for four years, Mike and Chantell can finally build the house of their dreams. !

While Mr. Steinbeck did write this hard-hitting novel in an attempt to help raise awareness about the poverty and terrible living conditions of the Dust Bowl migrants, The Grapes of Wrath was not his only effort. A little while before the novel was published, Mr. Steinbeck wrote a pamphlet about the migrants. While this is a little known fact, it shows the compelling dedication that Mr. Steinbeck felt towards this oppressed and under appreciated group living in and around the state of California.

AWARDS AND ACCOLADES In 1962, John Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize in literature. This was an outstanding honor, and speaks to his phenomenal writing abilities. This great merit serves as an example for current and aspiring novelists, that even if one is not the most popular or well-liked novelist, he or she is not

doomed to failure, as is sometimes thought. To this day, John Steinbeck is regarded as a great and powerful writer that many look up to, and attempt to mirror. In fact, there is a center dedicated to the work of John Steinbeck, signifying the respect that he earned within the fine arts community.

STEINBECK, from page 10

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PAYING ATTENTION? PUT YOUR NEWLY ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE TO THE TEST!

29By Connor Page

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! The Dust Bowl Through the Lens: How Photography Revealed and Helped Remedy a Natural Disaster, by Martin W. Sandler, is truly a heartfelt book. Its companion piece, Children of the Dust Bowl: The True Story of the School at Weedpatch Camp, by Jerry Stanley, blends perfectly with The Dust Bowl Through the Lens as if the two were written together. In fact, the two fit together so well that it might lead a reader to believe that the two were written at the same time, but that is not the case, as Children of the Dust Bowl was published in 1992 and The Dust Bowl Through the Lens was published in 2009. Both of these pieces are nonfiction, howeverChildren of the Dust Bowl is written following the format of a novel. While the titles of the two works are long, both are quite slim, as Children of the Dust Bowl has only nine chapters, and The Dust Bowl has only 90 pages worth of two page sections. ! While both of the

books are short, content was not at all sacrificed.

After reading the two books together, an attentive reader should feel as if he has a firm grasp on the concept of the Dust Bowl, with little to no background research involved. In The Dust Bowl Through the Lens , sec t i on top i cs range f rom highlighting important photographers and politicians such as Dorothea Lange and Franklin D. Roosevelt to explaining that the cause of this terrible disaster was partially

the fault of humans. With a photograph on every page, The Dust Bowl Through the Lens drags the reader into this turbulent time of droughts and dust storms in the heart of the Great Plains Region during the 1930s and 1940s, tugging on all the reader’s emotions. !! Children of the Dust Bowl focused on the Dust Bowl migrants living in California, and how Leo Hart helped them through the tough time. Both of these novel teach readers to persevere and to

continue to thrive despite tough times. Both books have an abundance of quotes and stories, including one saddening tale from The Dust Bowl Through the Lens, of a student who looked pale, and when told by her teacher to go home and eat, retorted with, “Oh, I can’t do that, today is my sister’s turn to eat.” It is powerful quotes like these that make readers stop to think about the comforts that we take for granted.! Together, these works cover almost all aspects of the Dust Bowl, while still managing to stay under 200 total pages. Were Martin W. Sandler and Jerry Stanley to combine The Dust Bowl Through the Lens, and Children of the Dust Bowl, it would be anyone’s dream come true, a short, but complete book about the Dust Bowl. These two works are a must-read for anyone interested in the Dust Bowl. !

Jerry Stanley

Martin W. Sandler

By Connor Page

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Dust Bowl Unleashed

Dark Water R i s i n g i s a book written b y M a r i a n H a l e a n d published by H e n r y H o l t and Company in 2006. Dark Water Rising is a fictional book about a k i d n a m e d Seth, with his f a m i l y a n d close friends just living a

normal and owning a carpenter shop. “ I was born to be a carpenter” said Seth. Until September 8, 1900 when the Great Storm of Galveston hit Galveston, Texas. When Seth and his best friend Josiah, become split up away from their parents and have to survive the storm with other folks in a house that almost got swept off its house pegs and killed everyone. Through their journey to survive, Seth, his family, and friends live an adventure that they will never forget.

! The evening of September 8, 1900, Seth, his best friend Josiah, were walking home from school and started to see and feel the effects of a forming hurricane. The next minute they realized the storm was coming in fast and witnessed boats being flipped and Seth’s favorite restaurant being wrecked along with other building. As soon as Seth and Josiah say this, they rushed to the nearest house and waited out the hurricane with other folks. On September 9, 1900, the night after the hurricane, Josiah and Seth

rushed and plowed through all the debris that was left behind in search of their parents at Seth’s Uncle’s House. As they arrived everyone on Seth‘ s side of the family was there, but no s i g n o f J o s i a h ’ s parents yet. A s S e t h encountered his Mama for the first time s i n c e t h e s t o rm , she told them that Seth’s dad, P a p a , w a s out searching for Josiah’s parents and Ella Rose’s dad. Ella R o s e i s a f r i e n d o f Seth’s that they met two days before the storm. As Papa arrived the night after, there was no good news, except for that Papa found Ella Rose’s dad, but dead. There was no sign of Josiah’s parents either. As you read along, you will see Seth form into a man and watch him over come obstacles and his fears.

! Dark Water Rising is a fantastic book for people that can make a text to self with a hurricane that they experienced or effected their life. The book also shows the struggle to stay alive and survive with only a few vital resources, but it shows that with family or friends anything is possible.

Marian Hale

By Nick Tuleu

Historic Galveston Hurricane Brought to Life in New Novel, Dark Water Rising

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Earthquake at Dawn by Kristiana Gregory, published by Harcourt, Inc in 2003, is a delightful novel about how two girls struggle to survive after a disastrous earthquake. In the novel Earthquake at Dawn, Edith Irvine and her assistant Daisy Valentine, experience the horror of an earthquake fighting for shelter and to survive. Edith and Daisy attempt to set off and explore different foreign cities to photograph. After being a servant for Mrs. Irvine for many years, Daisy’s options have

opened when she was offered to e x p l o r e t h e w o r l d w i t h E d i t h . A l o n g w i t h D a i s y ’s father, Mr. Irvine the girls take off to board there

boat which leaves in San Francisco. Quickly before they have a goodbye session, where they say goodbye to all of the people they know, which you would want to do when your going to be gone for 14 months. After leaving Stockton to board the boat Edith and Daisy arrive in San Francisco planning to say goodbye to Mr. Irvine, when they hear thumps. Edith and Daisy secured themselves to the rail and hear a passenger scream “EARTHQUAKE!” On Wednesday, April, 18, 1906 an earthquake became something bigger than itself, a natural disaster. As Edith, Daisy, and Mr. Irvine struggle to find somewhere that is safe to stay. Mr. Irvine departs from them to get to City Hall. Edith

a n d D a i s y a r e searching for a place to stay but it’s hard to do that when the can’t find Mr. Irvine. They eventually f i n d a b a b y c a r r i a g e t h a t makes it helpful to cary their luggage. Buildings collapse a n d t h e y l o s e money, camera supplies, and clothes. Edith and Daisy run into the Sommers, and friends and family of the Sommers. After exploring the destroyed city the girls and Mary Exa come across men from their own army looting. Edith and Daisy lose hope on finding Mr. Irvine when they discover that City Hall was one of the first buildings to be destroyed. A friend of Mrs Sommers, Molly, after giving birth was found in puddle of blood, eventually dead. Edith and Daisy face many struggles but their biggest were losing their father, grieving over Molly’s death and their big trip that they’ve been planning on being canceled. Kristiana Gregory used very specific language that should be used in a non-fiction novel to make sure to explain how the characters felt and what emotions and grief they felt. For a setting that took place in 1906, most people would not know. She also included real pictures that they actually took on the day and the days preceding the earthquake. This book is r e c o m m e n d e d f o r h i s t o r i a n s a n d photographers and shows how earthquakes happen, mostly unexpected.

Kristiana Gregory

By Erin Henry

Earthquake at Dawn Reflects San Francisco Earthquake

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That day, August 29, 2005. A day that is still remembered from Hurricane Katrina. Taken Away, a historical fiction novel by Patty Friedman, is based off of this day. Published by Tiny Satchel Press in 2010, Narrator Summer Elmwood experiences the chaos of a natural disaster that caused great damage to the Gulf of Mexico coast where her hometown, New Orleans, is located. Fifteen year old Summer Elmwood is forced to leave New Orleans and Newman High School with her parents, but not with her sister, Amalia. Amalia, age two, has just had open heart surgery, so she cannot evacuate with her family. Ever since Amalia was born, she got all of the attention from her parents, and Summer was always jealous. That is not the only trouble the Elmwoods ran into; something even worse came upon them. Amalia had disappeared. The Elmwoods were forced to flee, so they went to Houston, Texas, where Summer’s aunt, Sharon, lives. In Houston, Summer attends St. John’s School. After sneaking a phone past her parents, Summer continuously calls her friends to find out where they are. As Summer and her parents worry about where Amalia could possibly be, Summer’s parents, Henry and Ellen, think it was Summer who made Amalia disappear. “I bet you’re happy Amalia’s missing. You know what? I wouldn’t put it past you to be the one responsible,” Ellen said accusingly. Summer could not believe what they were saying, but the situation became serious. Her parents called an agent to help them find Amalia and find out if Summer is guilty for Amalia’s disappearance. In spite of being surprised that her parents accused her for Amalia’s disappearance, Summer was determined to find her sister to prove her innocence.

Over the course of the novel, Summer has struggled choosing who to date between two people. One is her friend, Haydn, and the other is Robert, another friend of hers. That’s not the hardest part; both Haydn and Robert each like her back. Summer ignored this conflict for the moment in order to find her sister before anyone else. After Summer finished searching for Amalia with Haydn and Robert, they think found out who took her. After doing additional research, Summer contacted a nurse that the possible victim had been meeting with. Summer might find out if she was right about who kidnapped Amalia. Cameramen and reporters awaited the suspect’s arrival. A familiar face walks in, holding Amalia.

This is a fantastic and inspiring novel. It captures the true events that happened during Katrina as well as tying it into a heart-warming story. This novel is recommended for fanatics of hurricane history, people who were involved in or suffered from Katrina, and students looking for an adventurous and daring novel.

By Adele Reynoir

Patty Friedman

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Taken Away Reaches Out to the Audience

Hitch Recognizes Events During the Dust Bowl

By Will Reynoir

Hitch, written by Jeanette Ingold in 2005 and then published by Harcourt Inc. in 2006, is a truly compelling story that includes many twists and turns throughout the book. This young adult historical fiction novel is about the life of a seventeen-year-old boy named Moss living during the great dep re s s ion and jo in s t he C iv i l i an Conservation Corps. He also goes against many tough challenges because of a JP who said

“ Take a hard look at your father, is that how you want to turn out? Like Him?” The novel starts in October, 1935. Moss wakes up in a boxcar, heading to Miles City, Montana after being hit by a dust storm.

He arrives in the c i ty and finds his dad, who quit his job a n d s t o p p e d sending money to their family, drunk. The next day, they both hop on a b o x c a r , b u t when his dad is asleep, Moss hops off the train and signs

up for the CCC. The following day, Moss meets Nate and they t a k e t h e t r a i n together to Missoula, Montana. On the first day at the camp, Moss and Nate meet Sam and Eddie, also known as Apple and others at the camp. Although most people at the camp are nice, two kids from the Bronx, Klein and Lukowski, perform terrible actions to Apple and Moss. One action gets them kicked out of the camp. This fight also might get Moss kicked out of the camp.

When Moss, Nate, Sam, Apple arrive in Monroe, they meet Pops and Major Garrett. When the friends find a tent, a young boy named Harold, also known as Romeo, asks if he can stay with them and they say yes. During the time they are building the camp, the friends learn that Romeo is an excellent cook, so Moss makes Romeo in charge of the cook for the camp. Even though the camp is grateful of the food, the harsh, icy winter catches them in the blink of an eye and slows down their progress to finish the camp. Then on the Friday before the new enrollees arrive, Pops and Major Garret decide to let the boys take a break in downtown Monroe. They then go to the camp to sleep. In the middle of the night, Moss and Sam realize that Romeo is not in their tent. Moss and Sam find him working on the camp by himself. Then, everyone

Jeanette Ingold

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starts to work on the camp with Moss giving orders to them. The boys then take a final push that could possibly get them over the hump to finish the camp.

After the camp is done, the campers say goodbye to Major Garret and say hello to the mean Captain Hakes who favors the other junior leader Compton. Even with Captain Hakes being very intolerable, the camp makes much progress at the beginning of the construction of their project to help the citizens of Monroe farm. While the construction is in progress, Moss is stripped from his junior leader position and the camp learns that they were given bad concrete to build one of the crucial items for the project. The camp then goes on strike, and Nate realizes that his crops will flood unless a miracle happens. Then Moss rallies up the camp to help Nate and says,

“ I’m not your junior leader anymore. I can’t tell you to do anything. But I can ask. Will you guys go with me?” Moss does get all the campers to help but they need to act quickly to save Nate’s crops

This book teaches that if you have the right people and if you work together, anything is possible. It also shows that when disasters get in life’s way, people work together to achieve the goal in restoring a community. This book is a wonderful read for kids and adults because it teaches that from all bad, good comes.

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By Will Reynoir

  On   December   12,   2012,   shortly   after   Hurricane   Sandy,   New   York   had   a  Sandy  Relief  Concert  in  Madison  Square  Garden.    On  this   occasion,  many   artists  came  and  showed  their  support  for  Sandy.    Starting  with  Bruce  Springsteen  and  the  E  Street  Band  at  7:30.  But,  there  was   one  artist   that  stood  out,  Kanye  West.    Starting  with  his  record  hit  “Clique”   and  ending  with  “Stronger”,  people   say  that  his  20-­‐minute  performance  was  unforgettable.    Before  Kanye  West’s  performance  “The  Who”   came  out  and   caught  everyone’s   eye,  but  Kanye  West’s  performance  was  just  as  remember  able.    Kanye  wore  a  leather  skirt  and  a  hoodie  just  like  his  performance  with   Jay-­‐Z   for  Hurricane  Katrina’s  Relief   Concert.   Seven   years   ago  Hurricane  Katrina  hit  the  South  of  the  U.S.    Kanye  West  had  another  unforgettable  performance   to   raise  money  for  Katrina  and  critics   say  both  performances  were  equally  as  memorable.        

Kanye’s  and  Other  Artists  Emotional  Performance  Towards  Sandy  

Kanye  West  singing  at  the  Hurricane  Sandy  Relief  Concert  in  New  York

By:  Nick  Tuleu

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Mick  Jagger  right,  Keith  Richards  left,  from  The  Who  perform  in  the  Hurricane  Sandy  Relief  Concert.

Bruce  Springsteen  kicking  off  the  show  in  Madison  Square  Garden  for  the  Hurricane  Sandy  Relief  Concert.

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After Katrina, many artists displayed their creative side of the storm. The works of art were for the memorial of people who died during Katrina, a look back at the horrors of the storm, and an inspiration for other artists. The second picture on the facing page is a mark of the flooding point of the building. People may find these in restaurants, houses, shops, etc. The first picture on the facing page is a sculpture resembling a globe surrounded by a storm. The above photo resembles Dorothy’s house from The Wizard of Oz as well as a house destroyed by Hurricane Katrina. Katrina created a sense of character and kindness when the community gathered together to rebuild the city.

The Scrap House, created by Sally Heller, consists of recycled and found material. This was created for the remembrance of the victims of Katrina.

Katrina Insp

By Adele Reynoir

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This sculpture was created by Rashit Suleymanov as a memorial sculpture for the victims of Katrina.

ires Artwork

N e w O r l e a n s r e s i d e n t R o y Arrigos shows the flooding point of his house from Katrina.

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By: Nico Salas

Patricia Smith’s, Katrina, Brings Realism to the Hurricane Aftermath

I was birthed restless and elsewhere gut dragging and bulging with ball lightning, slush,broke through with branches, steel I was bitch-monikered, hipped, I hefteda whip rain, a swirling sheet of grit. Scraping toward the first of you, hungering for wood, walls,unturned skin. With shifting and frantic mouth, I loudly lovedthe slow bones of elders, fools, and willows.

David Bates, “Elysian Fields Avenue.” 2007; The Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art

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Patricia Smith was born in 1955 in Chicago, Illinois. Her career as a poet, author, and performance artist started in the late 1980’s. She also is a teacher at Georgia Tech University, and a Cave Canem, a home for black poetry, faculty member. She has written many poems such as the above poem, Katrina, Shoulda Been Jimi Savannah, Blood Dazzler, and Teahouse of the Almighty. Patricia Smith’s works have been published in many anthologies including American Voices, The Spoken Word Revolution, and Burn Rush the Page. She also authored a history book as well as a children’s book. Amazingly, Mrs. Smith has also performed two one-woman plays. Her current work in progress is called, Fixed on a Furious Star, a biography about Harriet Tubman, an African American abolitionist who lived during the Civil War and helped to free slaves. To this day she continues to create magnificent works of art and verbally perform them for all others to hear. Patricia Smith’s poems have given a new face to

african american poetry throughout the country.

Patricia Smith performs in one of her two one-woman plays in front of an audience.

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THE FORGOTTENHow photography helped raise awareness about the Dust Bowl

Many iconic photographs were taken during the Dust Bowl Era. This was mainly because the FSA, or Farm Security Administration, hired photographers like Dorothea Lange to document migrant workers and inspire Americans to help. Dorothea Lange, perhaps one of the most famous FSA photographers, captured two out of the three images shown here. She captured a picture of a young migrant living in Kern County (above). She also captured a photograph of a young girl living in the Dust Bowl region leaning on a barbed wire fence (facing page, top). Most of Dorothea Lange and other FSA photographers’ photographs capture the sadness of this period of time known as the Dust Bowl. The other picture (facing page, bottom), is one recognized millions across the country, and was taken by photojournalist Arthur Rothstein, a fellow member of the FSA. Because of the efforts of the FSA photographers, the Dust Bowl migrants have not been forgotten.

By Connor Page

A young Dust Bowl migrant, who is living in a federal camp in Kern County, California holds what appears to be a cotton sack.

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The bleached skull of what was once an animal rests on the dry, cracked ground as a reminder of the Dust Bowl’s devastation.

A young girl living in the Dust Bowl region leans on a barbed wire fence.

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How The Movie 2012 Affected Views on Natural Disasters

In the movie 2012 an adventure about a global cataclysm that brings an end to the world and tells the struggle of the survivors. A character named Dr. Helmsley, part of a geophysical team investigating is the effect on the earth of radiation from unpredicted solar storms, learns that the earth's core is heating up. He warns the current president that the crust of the earth is becoming unstable and that without preparing properly the could lose half of the worlds population. A Geophysicist and his wife visit an indian doctor where he is led to the world's deepest copper mine, and he finds evidence that the Earth's crust is heating up faster than expected. The characters fight to survive after some parts of the world began to crumble and their time is coming soon. This movie shows anything can happen, unexpectedly. It also shows how any natural disaster can turn out worse than you expect.

By Erin Henry

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above: picture from the film where the heating of the earth’s crust destroys a field.

above: picture from the film where two buildings collapse, during the destruction of the cataclysm.

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Charles Richter Dies at Age 85By Will Reynoir

Charles Richter, a very famous physician, was born on April 26, 1900. He died at the age of 85 due to congestive heart failure on September 30, 1985. This physician is most famous for his creation of the Richter scale His first step in creating the Richter scale was earning his physics degree at the University of Stanford. After he graduated, he went to the California Institute of Technology where he then became interested in seismology. Then, with Beno Gutenberg, he created the Richter scale in 1935. This machine records the motion of the ground to determine how strong an earthquake is. Earthquakes that range between 2.0 or below on the Richter Scale can sometimes be felt by humans. Earthquakes that range between 2.1 to 4.9 are easily noticed and usually no major damage occurs. Earthquakes that range from 5.0 and 7.9 can destroy buildings that are poorly constructed and cause serious damage over a wide area. Earthquakes that are 8.0 or above on the Richter scale can cause severe damage that can sometimes be irreparable. Because of this invention, Richter helped show the world how strong earthquakes were and he will always be remembered as a great physician.

Charles Richter is standing with his world known Richter scale. This scale shows people how bad an earthquakes are according to the ground’s movement.

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Charles Richter attending the California Institute of Technology. His attendance to the institute was crucial to his creation of the Richter scale because he became interested in earthquakes there.

Beno Gutenberg was a seismologist who worked with Charles Richter at the Seismology Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Together, they created the Richter scale.

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By Erin Henry

By Nico Salas

By Erin Henry

Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter Carter was elected as president of the United States in 1976, and gradually became famous. In Carter’s early life he won election as governor, in the Georgia Senate. When he was president, the U.S faced some problems with unemployment an the soviet invasion. When Carter created FEMA he described that he put it together with ‘three specific commitments’. The first commitment was that it would be led by trained professionals dealing with disasters. The second commitment was that it would be independent and not under any agency. The third commitment was that it would be funded. The former president said that the reason for creating the agency was to respond to governors who asked to join together into one whole of the sixteen administrative policy-making groups. Carter hoped that these changes would remain permanent. Carter agreed with Bush when he said: "I think that now is the best time not to look back on blaming about Katrina, but

to try to correct the defects that have evolved in recent years and make sure it is not repeated."

Jimmy Carter, the 39th president of the U.S.

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By Connor Page