Hoi An, Viet Nam

CULTURE HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM: Models for Co-operation among Stakeholders

A Case Study on

Hoi An Viet Nam

Submitted to

UNESCO Office of the Regional Advisor for Culture

in Asia and the Pacific

By

The Local Case Study Team

Bhaktapur April 2000

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Section I: 1.1. Heritage : Häüi An old town is a special symbol of traditional port town in Southeast Asia which has been preserved in its integrity. It's the only old town in Viãût Nam kept mostly intact. Most houses in Häüi An are of traditional architecture from the 17th century to the 19th century and situated along the traditional narrow roads. Among them are religious architectural works (temples, shrines, assembly halls, family chapels ...) combined with the stages of formation and development of the community in the port town. Many annual festivals have been being maintained. Traditional way of life, religious , customs and olden cuisine have been, too. The traditional occupations in the villages such as carpentry, pottery, vegetable growing, fishing , exploiting swallow's nests have been preserved and developed. Besides, Häüi An old town is surrounded with the natural environment full of variety including the river , the sea, plain, mountain, island and mainland. Thanks to the value of these, Häüi An has always attracted tourists all the year round. Illustration: - Map with the vestiges (Appendix I-A) - Map with the places for sightseeing (I-B) 1.2. Services: a) Accommodation: At present (30/3/2000) Häüi An has 22 hotels and guest houses. The rooms are 531. In the heritage site (the historic town) there are 3 hotels (Vinh Hung I, Phu Thinh, Pho Hoi I) of 43 rooms. Hotels in Häüi An are small, mainly mini hotels having from 10 to 30 rooms. The biggest hotel has 113 rooms, 5 others have 30 rooms each and the rest have less than 30 rooms. Starred hotels: § 1 three star hotel

§ 2 one star hotels

All the hotels in Häüi An are modern in design. There are not any hotels of completely traditional style for tourists. b) Food services: Häüi An has many inns, and a small number of restaurants locating evrywhere in the area. In the historic site, there are 39 inns, each can serve 20-30 people at the same time. They both serve traditional, local dishes of Hoian and European food as demanded by tourists. Häüi An has 2 big restaurants: The Pho Hoi and The Häüi An (the one in Häüi An Hotel), each can serve 300-500 people. The latter answers all the conditions and standards for a restaurants and well qualified. Outside the Historic Town, 300 places are serving food for the people, so they are very cheap. Häüi An traditional dishes such as Cao lau, Mi Quang, Quai vac, Banh uot, Banh it, fried mussels,

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wanthon ... are served at 53 inns in town, on the beach of Cam An village, in section 1 of Cam Nam village and along the road to the beach. c) Souvenir and handicraft articles shops: 52 places in town sell souvenir and craft wares which are mainly carved in wood, stone, other wares are earthen animals, lanterns, palm leaf hats, or embroidered napkins and pictures. Tourists like ready made or quick made clothes very much. Over 140 cloth shops and tailors are doing business in town. Not so many places sell local handicraft products, so they have to sell wares made from other provinces. Only 17 places sell local made products: wood carvings, lanterns, embroidered napkins or pictures. d) Car/bus parking lots : There are 7 car parks in Häüi An § 1 bus station in Huynh Thuc Khang street

§ 1 interprovincial bus station in Le Hong Phong street

§ 1 tourist car park in Nguyen Thi Minh Khai street

§ 1 tourist car park in Nhi Trung street

§ 1 tourist car park at 12 Phan Chu Trinh street

§ 1 tourist car park in Hoang Dieu street

§ 1 car park at the beach area

Many times the car parks at 12 Phan Chu Trinh Street and in Hoang Dieu street are overloaded. e) Public toilets: These are very necessary to be facilitated for visitors when they came to Häüi An. Every interesting place has its own toilet which is not enough for grouped tourists. The toilets at 5 Hoang Dieu street and 12 Phan Chu Trinh street are under standard. f) Hospital: There is a Centre of Health Care, 10 Health stations in the ten villages with 200 beds for patients of which the Häüi An hospital takes 150. People who work for the community health care number 242 (44 doctors, 64 nurses, a pestilance preventing team and many assistants). So far, the facilities in Häüi An hospital are not able to serve foreigners. g) Banks:There are 2 branches of banks in the area: one is the Industrial and Commercial bank, the other is the Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. Monetary services by these banks can answer the need of tourists step by step. So far, it's available for the exchange of 11 kinds of foreign currency, 8 kinds of checkque, 2 kinds of credit cards (Visa card, Master Card), remittance payment, checkque payment, giving loan in VND and foreign money. The working network in this field consists of the 2 banks, one at 4 Hoang Dieu street, the other in Son Pho Hamlet, (Cam Chau commune) and other booths at 78 Le Loi, 92 Tran Phu, 26 Nguyen Thai Hoc streets and 5 agencies in hotels.

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h) Post Office: The central post office is at 4B Tran Hung Dao street. It is connected nation wide, assuring post services. There are 15 card phone cabinets, and 4 post stations in 4 communes. At present it is acceptable for tourists.

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Section II: II.1. Statistics: Since 1991, tourists have come to Häüi An more and more. Statistical account shows that during the last 10 years, the tourists coming to this town increases 46.56 times ( 3,400 in 1991 and 188,315 in 1999) In 1999, the tourists getting tickets to visit the historic town are 158,315 in which 73,457 are foreign and 84,858 are domestic. Tourists staying in Häüi An hotels are 77,324 (89% are foreign). a) Average tourist getting tickets for the historic town visit: 13.193/ per month, 440/ per day. b) Percentage of international tourists versus local tourists:

Those getting visiting tickets: 86.56% Those staying in hotels: 783.6%

c) Average stay of visitors: 6,440/ per month; 215/ per day d) Average expenditure:

(As investigated in 1999) $40/ day in which: eating: $9.42; lodgment: $11.7; shopping: $14.3; transport: $1.87; visiting tickets: $2.21.

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Section III: III.1: Economic Indicators: a) Budget: The budget of the municipality is mainly from taxes of comercial activities, land use, donation for social welfare and tourist services. Part of these taxes goes directly to the province.

1999's Budget of Häüi An Items Amount (VND) Percentage (%) Häüi An get directly Communes and urban wards get directly The province get from tourist taxes

Total

37,005,956,302 1,623,929,213 17,391,088,485 56,070,974,000

66.1 2.9 31 100

(Appendix III - A) Budget Analysis for 1999

Items Amount (VND) Percentage (%) Taxes and fees Budget from communes and wards Taxes from hotels Visiting tickets sold

Total

32,359,516,745 1,623,929,213 277,574,557 4,418,865,000 38,679,885,515

83.7 4.2 0.7 11.4 100

(Appendix III - B) Expenditure of Häüi An in 1999

Items Amount (VND) Percentage (%) Monuments Restoration Infrastructure investment (for the historic town included) Drainage treatment Wages Others

Total

551,436,000 17,608,263,900 167,000,000 2,335,017,246 14,242,947,854 34,904,665,000

1.6 50.4 0.5 6.7 40.8 100

Subsidiary Expenditure in the last three years (relatively accounted)

Year 1997 Year 1998 Year 1999 Items Amount % Amount % Amount % Infrastructure Heritage preservation Education Others

Total:

250,000 450,000 200,000 100,000

1,000,000

25 45 20 10 100

350,000 83,000 180,000 187,000 800,000

43.8 10.4 22.5 23.3 100

200,000 614,000 157,862

46,613,295 1,018,439,295

19.6 60.3 15.5 4.6 100

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Section IV: IV.1: Management of Heritage: a) Managing network: The Central Administration is the Ministry of Culture and Information. The Department of Preservation belongs to this Ministry. The Provincial Administration is the People's Committee of Quaíng Nam Province. The Department of Culture anf Information is under to the provincial Administration's direction. The Provincial Museumology belongs to the Department of Culture and Information of the province. In Häüi An, the People's Committee manages and directs all activities in the municipality. The Department of Culture and Information manages Cultural activities in town, the Centre for Monuments Management and Preservation manages and is in charge of preservation and conservation work, the Department of Urban Management and Construction is in charge of basic construction work, the People's Committee of the wards Minh An, Cam Pho, Son Phong are in charge of every thing in there areas. In the last years, there has been a close combination and cooperation of all these agencies, bringing about frastructure good management on the heritage site. b) Budget for Heritage Management Office in 1999 Wages VND 137,125,820 Administration Expenditure VND 306,149,510 Facilities VND 68 ,000,000

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Section V: V.1. Chart of completed Heritage projects: Renovation of the vestiges and basic structure of Häüi An old town

1999-2005 :123 billion VND Projects for hotels and tourism 1991-1999 V.2. Charts of project of heritage which will be excuted: Victoria Hotel (on the beach) 1999-2000 70 billion VND joint-venture with Austria Cam Thanh Village of Tourism 1999-2000 7 billion VND joint-venture with Ha Noi Tourism Village along Cam Chau River

1999-2000 9 billion VND joint-venture with Ha Noi

An Hoi Tourism Quarter 1999-2000 4.3 billion VND Häüi An Cua Dai Tourism Village 1999-2000 22 billion VND Häüi An Cam Nam West Tourism Village Thanh Ha Tourism Pottery Village 2000-2002 1 billion VND Häüi An Enlarging Cua Dai Resort 2000-2002 2.46 billion VND Häüi An Thuan Tinh Relaxation and Tourism Quarter

1999-2004 3.5 billion VND Häüi An

Cham Island Tourism 1996-2005 7 billion VND Häüi An

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Section VI: Planning for heritage: VI.1. Condition of heritage: Häüi An is an assemblage of vestiges, chiefly made of wood in various designs. According to the latest statistics, the total of vestiges in the core area is 1102. They are decaying and degraded with time. To master these situations, they are classified as follows: A: good; B: decaying; C: seriously degraded. Classification A B C Total Quantity 297 483 327 1107 % 26.8 43.6 29.6 100

(Appendix VI-B) Because of this situation, the investment of money to restore the vestiges is in different levels. The State own vestiges are renoted with 100% of the National Budget. According to the situation of a common or statement , The amount often from 20% - 50% of the total of expenditure. VI.2: Cost of Restoration of Heritage: Because of the special characteristics in renovating the vestiges, these figures given here are for your reference. There is a definite difference in expenditure for one - floor and two floor vestiges of the people or of religious purpose. Estimation for seriously degraded two- floor vestiges (Group C) ( From expenditure of the house 21 Nguyen Thai Hoc) Items Expenses/100m2 % Material Workers Management, study, others

Total

110,477,343 VND 40,404,173 VND 78,844,614 VND 229,726,130 VND (~ 16,410 USD)

48.1 17.6 34.3 100

Estimation for seriously degraded one - floor vestiges

(Group C) (from expenditure of 132 Nguyen Thai Hoc) Items Expenses/100m2 % Material Workers Management, study, others

Total

73,382,000 VND 31,888,212 VND 32,379,406 VND 137,649,618 VND (~ 9,830 USD)

53.3 23.2 25.5 100

Before the renovation, the two vestiges were seriously degraded (Group C, appendix VI-A). For group B, expenditure is about 60-70% of group C.

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The public works in the old part of the town are mainly roads, drainages and sidewalks. According to the characteristics of the area or their degrading level, the expenditure may range: The estimation for the renovation drainage and sidewalks (from the espenditure for Nguyen Thi Minh Khai street) Item Expenditure/100 m2 % Material Workers and Machinery Management, study, others

Total

49,883,002 VND 12,020,067 VND 13,446,376 VND 229,726,130 VND (~ 16,410 USD)

66.2 16 17.8 100

With the above-mentioned estimations, we can have the following charts (the diameter of the chart stands for the total of expenditure)

Chart of expenditure for the renovation

(estimated over 100 m2)

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Section VII: Planning for tourism: VII.1. Carrying Capacity and Tourism Development Strategy: Nowadays, tourism becomes one of the key industries of many countries. Its role in the national economy is affirmed with the GDP and the foreign currency income brought to the country. People get jobs, other industries are encouraged to develop better and international exchanges happen more often. Häüi An is rich in tourist potentials and is quite able and quite suitable to develop tourism. The master plan for Häüi An tourism developing plan has been built for the period 1995 - 2010. Viewpoint: § Turning tourism into one of the key economic industries of the town; making the advantage

of the cultural, artistic, historic and architectural values of the assemblage of historic buildings (of an old town) recognized by the world and promoting all the natural tourism potentials.

§ Tourism development should push forth society; economy development, improving education

for the people; assuring security and social stabilization, protecting and promoting the people's characters and traditional values.

§ Tourism development should assure good protection for the historic town, the cultural

heritage, the natural landscape, ecology and environment and lowering environmental pollution step by step.

§ Häüi An tourism development should have a close relation with tourism in Da Nang, Hue,

Nha Trang and others. Orientations:

o Heightening the managing role of the state on the area, creating unity in tourism management, directing business doing agencies to invest in tourism activities up to the state laws; having restoration work implemented up to conservation principles; giving priority to investing in natural and ecological tourism and very important, being able to protect the people's culture.

o Carrying out the restoration and development of traditional handicraft occupations of the folk cultural activities for the sake of building a good environment of cultural tourism.

o Paying attention to have an acceptable quantity of tourist facilities and improving their quality for the present quick development.

o Having suitable measures in the months when international tourists don't come (as it is not their season to travel) to attract domestic visitors, improving the environment and services to increase the number of high spending tourists.

o Giving priority to river and maritime tours development to support cultural tourism; multiplying tourist products for better tourism business doing; encouraging tourists to spend and keeping tourists in Häüi An longer.

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o Establishing professional companies to pave the way for tourism to develop in depth.

o Continuing advertisement, opening training courses in tourism, holding seminars or

workshops on different sorts of tours for tourists and stabilizing the tourist market. Aims: The above orientations aim at giving the best conditions for tourism development, contributing to gradually turn the economic structure of the locality, striving for Häüi An to become an international tourist city in the early 21st century in accordance with its potentials already affirmed. - In 2000, continuing to develop tourism basing on making use of the attraction of the historic

town; solving contradictions, limiting negative phenomena generating in the development procedure; specially carrying out the historic town conservation; internationalizing the cultural heritage of Häüi An and cherishing the people's cultural character.

- Until 2010: Developing high quality tourism with the combination of all tourist spots in Häüi

An closely with tourist spots in the area of Quaíng Nam - Da Nang - Hue and the country. Building Häüi An into a cultural tourism assemblage and building up prestige in the regional and international market. The environment must be carefully controlled and activities that can do harm to the environment must be prevented while promoting more effectively the historic town teemed with the people's cultural character. The slogan is "Let relic affords for itself".

The management of investing to beautifying Häüi An cultural heritage is strategically the condition and aim for tourism development. Therefore it is the first of all priorities. 1) With the historic town: Concentrating solving all contradictions: - Investment: Giving the priority order; choosing the best way to preserve the town in the limited budget; investing in the new town to remove part of the people in the historic town out ... - Benefit: Improving facilities for the people in the historic town as the flow of society but at the same time keeping good requirements of the town conservation; combining the benefit the community can have with their responsibility for the historic town preservation to assure firm and steady tourism. - The problem of infrastructure investment , of services in the historic site, of the fire prevention. - The problem of benefit between tourist exploiting bases, the agency for monuments management and the people in the historic town . The historic town preservation and promotion should be well managed. 2) With relic outside the historic town : Building a network, clarifying the order of priorities in restoration, conservation, increasing the benefit for relics, stretching the tourist to the historic town vicinity. 3) Bringing into full play the riverscape through Cam An, Cam Thanh, Cam Chau, Cam Nam communes and the Cham Island as well.

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4) Plan of receiving tourists: Year 1995 Year 2000 Year 2005 Year 2010 1/ Tourists getting tickets: Increasing rate 2/ In which - Staying tourists - International tourists - Domestic tourists 3/ Average staying days - International tourists - Domestic tourists 4/ Days of room occupied - International tourists - Domestic tourists 5/ Total of rooms

75,000

37,500 35,000 2,500

200,000 22%

40,000 81,000 9,000

1.9 1

162,900 153,900

9,000

502

322,000 10%

145,000 130,000 15,000

2.5 1.5

347,500 325,000 22,000

919

473,000 8%

212,800 170,000 42,000

3.00 2.00

596,600 510,000 85,600

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5) Tourists: v 1995 - 2000: for low spending tourists. In this period, trying to prepare good facilities for the

next period. v 2000 - 2010: striving for serving high spending tourists.

6) Plan for 2001: Hoi An plans to receive (in 2001) 220,000 tourists; 110,000 of which will stay in Hotels (95,000 foreigners)

o Average international guest stay: 2 days

o Average domestic guest stay: 1.5 days

o Average room use : 55%

o Estimated rooms in 2001: 858 rooms/ 27 hotels

o Average visitors: 612 tourists/ per day Tourists are many in 6 months: July, August, October, November, December and February.

o Number of restaurants for 50 - 200 people now and in 2001: 5 restaurants

o Number of restaurants for 200 - 500 people now: 2 restaurants and in 2001 : 4 restaurants.

o Car parks: In 2001, building one more car park.

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Section VIII: VIII.1. Budget for the heritage preservation:

o 50% of taxes got from private firms or enterprises. In 1999 this budget is 623,300,000 VND

o Historic town entrance tickets: VND 50,000/ foreigner; 10,000/ Vietnamese Total: 4,418,000,000 VND of which 2,430,000,000 (55%) goes to the restoration fund. From 2000 on, this percentage will be 76%.

o Traditional music show: VND 40,000/foreigner; 10.000/ Vietnamese. The income from this activity is used for thewhole theatre.

o Local guides: There are 10 local guides speaking English and French. They are able to help tourist with the tour in Häüi An area. Each of them gets 500,000 - 600,000 VND/ month, ie. 60,000,000/year

o Car park: There are 4 tourist car parks near the historic town and 1 near the beach:

w One at 05 Hoang Dieu street w One in Nhi Trung street w One in Nguyen Thi Minh Khai street w One at 12 Phan Chu Trinh street w One at Phuoc Tan hamlet, Cam An commune - Car park fee: Tickets will be sold for the drivers: w 4 - 9 seat car: VND 5,000/ car w 12 - 24 seat car: VND 10,000/car w Over 24 seat car: VND 15,000 /car

The car park fee in 1999 reach up to 108, 035,000 VND . This sum of money goes to people or units working for this service. - At present, the brochures and tourist maps are given free to tourists. Books about the town or other printing matters haven't been published yet. VIII.2. Comment: - As said above, only 50% tax of private firms or enterprises and 55% the money got from tickets sold go to the historic town restoration fund. - Most of tourists feel comfortable and pleased when they were in Häüi An. However:

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v There should be reasonable improvement in arranging a tour for tourists . v Children still follow tourists all the way, making them annoyed.

v Tourists maps and information should be clear about interesting places in and out of the

historic town. v More entertaining places are needed.

v Service prices are all right with most of tourists.

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Section IX: IX.1. Promotion and Preservation of Heritage: a) Schemes implemented to attract visitors: - The National Symposium in 1985 and 1995. - The International Symposium held in Da Nang in 1990, Tokyo in 1990, 1995. - Documentary films; photograph and painting exhibitions;... - Organizing Vietnamese, Chinese festivals, the Vietnam - Japan Culture exchange festival, the monthly : "Legendary Night"... - Advertisements on the media (books, magazines, television, radio, internet...) - Signing contracts with travel agencies all over the country. b) Explanation of the heritage to the visitors: - Published information (maps, books, brochures, tickets ...) - Signage and information boards at public spaces. - Guides at the interesting places and at the tourist services office. c) Living culture presented to visitors: - Tours to craft villages of Kim Bong (carpentry), Thanh Ha (pottery), Tan Hiep (fishing ) and handicraft product making workshops in the historic town. - Every night performance of traditional arts at the Performance House of traditional Arts (75 Nguyen Thai Hoc street) and on the Cultural Boat. - Holding festivals for tourists to participate. - Through communication, showing the traditional cultural behaviour of Hoi AN People to visitors. d) Authenticity in services: In Häüi An, the authenticity can be seen in every activitiy, service, product ... especially at places of living, the method of cooking dishes, artistic performance, the rules of operation in craft occupations. Specialized bodies often give consultancy to owners of cafes, restaurants, shops ... how to decorate their places in traditional style. Metal, plastic implements are minimized to use in there. The traditional process of cooking some dishes, the rules of producing some traditional craft products ... are revived. e) Vehicles in the heritage site: - Since 1997, cars have been prohibited from entering the old quarter (except special cases such as: funeral, wedding,, VIP's cars, garbage truck...)

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- From 18:00 to 22:00 every 14th evening of the lunar month, all vehicles are not allowed in the old quarter. - A project for gradually keeping motocycles out of the old quarter is being drafted. f) The limitation upon tourists on some special days: Tourists are posible to enter the old quarter whenever they want.

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Section X: Survey of tourists: X.1. Visitor survey / conclusion (appendix X) X.2. Analysis: The results of the survey show the agreement between domestic and foreign visitors being asked about the same problems. Most of them say that they come to Häüi An for cultural tourism as well as relaxation. This fits with the historic and cultural characteristics of Häüi An. Travel agencies haven't important roles in organizing tours to Häüi An. Over 60% opinions say they arrange their own tours to Häüi An by themselves and afford for every service. Visitors got information of the heritage through their friends, giude books and the Internet. Domestic tourists often come to Häüi An within 1 day. Those who spent a week in Häüi An are not many (6%). There's a different of daily spending between foreign and domestic tourists. Generally speaking, tourist spending in Häüi An is low, popularly under $20 with Vietnamese and under $50 with foreigners. Most tourists are interested in traditional services (eg. Traditional stage show, traditional food, dishes). They are much impressed with traditional services in traditional spaces (in old houses, old looking theatre, old restaurants...). However, some services, as not effectively publicized, do not have considerable customers. Most opinions say that the infrastructure, pollution in Häüi An are acceptable whereas some say in the opposite way. Anyhow, it's good to give suitable adjustment to them. Heritage introduction is also accepted by most of people. However, over 1/3 say forms of introduction should be more various. Most visitors agree with the ticket price for the historic town visit and say they are always ready to pay more if they know that the money will be used for the heirtage preservation.

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Section XI: XI.1. Community participation a) Services: - There are 7 guides working for the Hoian Office of Tourist Services (5 are local and 2 others are from the neibouring districts), 5 working for HoiAn Tourism Company, all are Hoianians. Besides there are many part time local guides. - 53/53 inns and restaurants are own by the local people. - 15/22 hotels are owned by the local people. - 52/52 souvenir shops, craft wares shops are own by the local people. - 20/26 people of the Performance House of Traditional Arts are local. b) Conservation: - The local people are well aware in the participation of restoring traditional festivals for themselves and also for tourism attraction. They also participate in assuring the legal laws and regulations on preserving the townscape, environment and the authenticity of historic buildings. - All the staff (31 people) of the Centre for Monuments Management and Preservation are local people. c) Education: - The local history and culture have been taught in local schools. - Many contests on the historic and cultural value have been organized for students and young people. - Students of schools in Häüi An and in other districts of Quaíng Nam province often visit the historic town free of charge. - Students, both domestic and foreign, are helped when they come to Häüi An for their studies on the history and culture of Häüi An. - There have been plans for the publication of documents (lists od monuments, natural scenic spots of Häüi An; the statute for monuments and scenic spots management, preservation, the manual for home owners...) to publicize among the community so as to help them and raising their awareness heritage value, forming their responsibility for the heritage site.

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Section XII: XII.1. New innovations promoted by tourism: a) New job opportunities and the emergence of new industries Until 12/1999: 22 enterprises operating in tourism field, and 22 hotel and guest houses. In 1999, 3 new hotels , 3 branches of travel agencies began to operate, giving jobs to 50 people. Hundreds of people also got jobs in tourist services: booking offices, e-mail, visa extension, transportation, postage ... In 2000, 3 tourist bases of large scale will be in operation, promoting to bring jobs to 200 people. By the end of 1999, about 950 people work in tourist bases (those who work in shops ... are not included), taking 5.6 % total labour forces in the whole town. b) Renovation of Infrastructure: - The improvement of infrastructure takes much concern and investment from the local administration. - The lighting system in the historic site and outside is invested and improved for better illumination. The roads 607 ( to Da Nang) and 608 ( to the beach) are facilitated with high pressure white lights while those in the historic town are of yellow lights. The underground cable system and the sidewalk pavement of old looking tiles are testingly invested in Nguyen Thi Minh Khai street. - Public toilets are still inconsiderable because of the lack of public space in town. However, the local administration has decides to build 4 public toilets at 05 Hoang Dieu, 51 Nguyen Thai Hoc, 149 Tran Phu, 92B Bach Dang street.

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Section XIII: XIII.1. Pollution: a) Spacial pollution: - With tourist activity, the amount of people (visitors, local people outsiders who come to rent houses for services) makes the old town narrower and noisier. Thus, the tranquillity by nature of the old town is not as it was before. - The shops are opened more and more for services, narrowing the interior space of every old house. The spaces for belief, resting, relaxation in the house are occupied for commodities display for sale. b) Economic pollution: - In the last years, the at-place tourist activities considerably contribute to the increase of the local municipality budget as well as the income of each family. However, this income has not been distributed equally, esp. to old buildings not yet visited by tourists or not used for tourist services. In some certain aspect, tourist services stir up the development of some occupations such as handicraft, fine arts, food processed, gardening, sea product farming ... Many young people who used to go away to earn a living years ago have come back to Hoi An and got jobs in doing services. However, this also leads to the appearance of many food inns, restaurants, souvenir shops, cloth shops, tailor's right in the historic site. Many new services have appeared: mid goers, transportation, internet using, communication... c) Spiritual pollution: Tourists, esp. foreigners and their behaviour give certain negative results to the traditional values to the mind of a number of people, esp. the young who directly take part in tourist services. Sometimes, unsuitable attitude of tourists when visiting religious temples offends the spiritual and cultural life of the people, and if there is no prevention, social evils will become serious through tourism development without good control and management. d) Material Culture: It's easier to recognize the changes caused by tourist activities in material cultural compared with spiritual culture. It's easiest to see the changes of functional spaces in old houses. They are now used to display things for sale. This leads to freely change the structure of the building: widening, opening the area to do business. The porches in many houses which used to be the places for resting have become small shops. For better services , the modern facilities like electric fans, colourful lights, washing machines, gas cookers, ... are installed more and more popularly, making traditional things in the houses disappear and of course, the authenticity of old building is very much reduced. On the other hand, the fact that visitors search for old things like ceramic plates, bowls, vases... becomes more and more serious. Some old signboards are replaced with new ones. The presence of a lot tourists makes inns for special dishes appear more and more. However, this also lower the quality of some local dishes due to serving to so many of them.

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f) Visual and noise pollution: This problem is not avoidable when a place develops with tourism. Hoi An tries, however, to limit it: motorised vehicles are not allowed in the core area. But the regular presence of visitors and people doing tourist services breaks the tranquillity of the heritage site, esp. in the Christmas and New Year time. Though there are regulations about advertisement usages in the historic site, vision is still blocked here and there. Some large sized signboards are written in different languages, covering the facades. Some directing boards put in front of shops or hung along streets also cause the same problem. Furthermore, sun and rain cutting parasols also make things worse.

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Section XIV: XIV.1. Community survey: 1) Results: (Appendix XIV) 2) Analysis: The survey upon 200 people shows the reality that many a local people take part in services (64%) It also says that the local residents love and attach to the heritage even though the making known about the heritage is still limited. Most opinions say that tourist activities act actively to the people's daily life and no opinion say that they act negatively. It's clear that the local people benefit a lot from tourism development. Tourist service income is the condition for better preservation of the heritage but suitable and good orientations for tourism development are needed. The results of the survey also show that the state should invest appropriate fund for the preservation work (94% of the answers). This suggest the idea of mobilizing the community force for the mentioned purpose. Hoi An, March 24th , 2000