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This article was downloaded by: [European University Cyprus]On: 28 February 2014, At: 00:22Publisher: Taylor & FrancisInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Assistive Technology: The Official Journal of RESNAPublication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uaty20
A Review of Conceptual Models for AssistiveTechnology Outcomes Research and PracticeJames A. Lenker M.S. and O.T.R./L. and A.T.P. a & Victor L. Paquet Sc.D. and A.E.P. ba Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Public Health and Health Professions ,University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, New Yorkb Department of Industrial Engineering , University at Buffalo, State University of New York ,Buffalo, New YorkPublished online: 22 Oct 2010.
To cite this article: James A. Lenker M.S. and O.T.R./L. and A.T.P. & Victor L. Paquet Sc.D. and A.E.P. (2003) A Review ofConceptual Models for Assistive Technology Outcomes Research and Practice, Assistive Technology: The Official Journal ofRESNA, 15:1, 1-15, DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2003.10131885
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2003.10131885
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RE
VIE
WA
sst
Tech
nol
2003
;15
:1-1
5©
2003
RE
SNA
AR
evie
wo
fC
on
cep
tual
Mo
del
sfo
rA
ssis
tive
Tec
hn
olo
gy
Ou
tco
mes
Res
earc
han
dP
ract
ice
*Jam
esA
Len
ker
,M.S
.,O
.T.R
./L.,
AT
.P.,
an
dtV
icto
rL
.P
aqu
et,S
c.D
.,A
E.P
.
"Dep
artm
ent
ofR
ehab
ilit
atio
nSc
ienc
e,S
choo
lofP
ubl
icH
ealt
ha
nd
Hea
lth
Pro
fess
ion
s,U
nive
rsit
yat
Bu
ffal
o,S
tate
Un
iver
sity
ofN
ewYo
rk,
Buf
falo
,New
Yor
k;a
nd
tDep
art
men
tof
Indu
stri
alE
ng
inee
ring
,U
nive
rsit
yat
Bu
ffalo
,Sta
teU
nive
rsit
yof
New
Yor
k,B
uff
alo,
New
Yor
k
Co
ncep
tual
mo
del
sp
rov
ide
ath
eore
tica
lb
asis
for
adv
anci
ng
scie
nti
fic
kn
ow
led
ge
and
imp
rov
ing
pro
fes
sio
nal
pra
ctic
e.A
lth
ou
gh
nu
mer
ou
sas
sist
ive
tech
no
lo
gy
-rel
ated
mo
del
sh
ave
app
eare
din
the
lite
ratu
re,
there
has
been
no
syst
emat
iceff
ort
toas
sess
them
.Si
xco
nce
ptu
alm
od
els
are
rev
iew
edh
ere
:C
oo
kan
dH
us
sey
'sH
um
an-A
ctiv
ity
-Ass
isti
ve
Tec
hn
olo
gym
od
el;
the
Wo
rld
Hea
lth
Org
aniz
atio
n's
Inte
rnat
ion
alC
lass
ific
ati
on
of
Fu
nct
ion
ing
,D
isab
ilit
y,an
dH
ealt
h;
Sch
erer
'sM
atch
ing
Pers
on
and
Tec
hn
olo
gy
mo
del
;G
itli
n's
mo
d
elo
fan
AT
use
r's
"ca
reer"
;so
cial
cog
nit
ion
dec
isio
n
mak
ing
theo
ries
;an
dR
og
ers'
Per
ceiv
ed
Att
rib
ute
sT
heo
ry.
Th
em
od
els
are
revi
ewed
inte
rms
of
six
do
m
ain
s:b
ack
gro
un
dan
dg
oal
s;d
escr
ipti
ve
char
acte
ris
tics
;in
dic
atio
no
fo
utc
om
em
easu
res;
pre
dic
tiv
ech
arac
teri
stic
s;va
lid
ati
on
inth
eli
tera
ture
;an
du
tili
tyto
assi
stiv
ete
chn
olo
gy
pra
ctit
ion
ers,
dev
elo
per
s,an
dco
nsu
me
rs.
Th
esa
lie
nt
stre
ngt
hsan
dli
mit
atio
nsar
ehi
gh
lig
hte
dfo
rea
ch
.A
pp
lica
tio
no
fth
em
od
els
toad
va
nce
theo
ry,
rese
arch
,an
dp
ract
ice
isdi
scu
ssed
.K
eyW
ord
s:A
ssis
tive
tech
no
log
y-H
um
an
fact
ors
mo
del
s-O
utc
om
esre
sear
ch-S
oci
al-c
og
nit
ion
mo
d
els-
Us
ab
ility
.
Ass
isti
vete
chno
logy
(AT
)ou
tcom
esre
sear
cher
san
dpr
acti
tion
ers
hav
elo
ngso
ugh
ta
sing
leco
n
cept
ual
mod
elw
ith
desc
rip
tive
and
pre
dict
ive
func
tion
sth
atw
ould
serv
ea
ran
geof
stak
ehol
der
audi
ence
s:re
sear
cher
s,pr
oduc
tde
vel
oper
s,pr
ac
titi
oner
s,th
ird-
part
yre
imbu
rsem
ent
enti
ties
,con
su
mer
s,an
ded
ucat
ors
.Alt
houg
hnu
mer
ousA
T-r
e-
Add
ress
corr
espo
nden
cean
dre
prin
treq
ues
tsto
Jam
esA
.Len
ker
,M
.S.,
a.T
.R.fL
.,A
.T.P
.,D
epar
tmen
tof
Reh
abil
itat
ion
Scie
nce
,Sc
hoo
lofP
ubl
icH
ealt
han
dH
ealt
hP
rofe
ssio
ns,5
15K
imba
llT
ow
er,U
nive
rsit
yat
Buf
falo
,Sta
teU
niv
ersi
tyof
New
Yor
k,B
uffa
lo,
NY
1421
4-3
079
.
late
dm
odel
sh
ave
appe
ared
inth
eli
tera
ture
,lea
din
gA
Tou
tcom
esre
sear
cher
sha
vesu
gges
ted
that
ther
eis
nodo
min
ant
con
cept
ual
mod
elth
atde
sc
ribe
san
dpr
edic
tsA
Tou
tcom
es(F
uh
rer,
Juta
i,Sc
her
er,&
DeR
uyt
er,2
003;
Juta
i,20
02).
Thi
spa
pe
rre
view
sa
conv
enie
nce
sam
ple
ofsi
xm
odel
sfr
omth
eA
T,h
um
anfa
ctor
s,di
sab
ilit
y,a
nd
soci
alps
ycho
logy
lite
ratu
re.T
hech
oice
ofm
odel
sre
flec
tsou
rin
tere
stin
expl
orin
gdi
vers
epe
rsp
ecti
ves,
each
ofw
hic
hof
fers
pote
nti
ally
uniq
uein
sigh
tsto
im
pro
veou
ru
nde
rsta
nd
ing
ofA
Tou
tco
mes
.
WH
AT
DO
WE
ME
AN
BY
"AT
OU
TC
OM
ES
"?
For
the
pu
rpos
esof
this
pap
er,w
eem
brac
eth
eop
erat
iona
lde
fin
itio
ns
ofA
Tou
tcom
esre
sear
chsu
gges
ted
byle
adin
gre
sear
cher
sin
the
fiel
d.A
tth
em
ost
sim
ple
leve
l,ou
tcom
esar
eth
ere
sult
ofan
inte
rven
tion
(Sch
erer
,19
98a)
caus
ing
impa
ctin
the
live
sof
use
rsan
dth
eir
env
iron
men
ts(F
uh
rer,
2001
).D
eRu
yter
defi
nes
outc
omes
mea
sure
men
tas
,"T
he
eva
luat
ion
proc
ess
inth
ese
rvic
ede
live
rysy
stem
that
isde
sign
edto
mea
sure
and
esta
blis
ha
base
line
ofw
hat
wor
ks;
how
wel
lso
met
hin
gw
ork
s;fo
rw
hich
clie
nts
itw
orks
;an
dat
wh
atle
vel
ofec
onom
icef
fici
ency
itw
orks
"(D
eRu
yter
,199
7).
WH
AT
DO
WE
ME
AN
BY
"M
OD
EL
"?
Mo
del
can
conn
ote
diff
eren
tfu
ncti
ons
inth
esc
ien
tifi
cw
orld
,de
pen
ding
onon
e's
fram
eof
refe
ren
ce(R
osen
,198
9):
1)F
un
ctio
ning
prot
otyp
eth
atis
wor
thy
ofem
u
lati
on,e
.g.,
mod
elci
tize
nor
mod
else
rvic
ede
li
very
cen
ter.
2)A
stan
dard
orcl
assi
cap
proa
ch,
whi
chis
ofte
n 1
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Eur
opea
n U
nive
rsity
Cyp
rus]
at 0
0:22
28
Febr
uary
201
4
cont
rast
edw
ith
othe
rw
ays
ofdo
ing
thin
gs,
e.g.
,th
em
edic
alm
odel
.3)
Ast
ruct
ure,
taxo
nom
y,o
run
ifyi
ngde
scri
ptio
nof
apr
acti
cear
ea,e
.g.
mod
elof
augm
enta
tive
com
mun
icat
ion.
4)A
neq
uiva
lent
orre
plac
emen
tfea
ture
ofot
her
orga
nism
sth
atsh
ows
sim
ilar
char
acte
rist
ics
toa
hu
man
phen
omen
on,
e.g.
,m
ouse
mod
elfo
rD
uche
nne
mus
cula
rdy
stro
phy.
5)A
hypo
thes
isor
tent
ativ
eex
plan
atio
nfo
rpr
edi
ctin
ga
syst
em's
beha
vior
,e.
g.,
cont
rol
the
oret
ical
mod
elof
spas
tici
ty.
6)M
athe
mat
ical
lypr
ecis
ede
scri
ptio
nof
syst
embe
havi
orth
atdo
esno
tne
cess
aril
yex
plai
nth
eun
derl
ying
caus
eof
the
beha
vior
,e.
g.,
Fit
tsL
aw(F
itts
,19
54).
Acc
ordi
ngto
San
ders
,as
cite
din
Llo
yd,
Qui
st,
and
Win
dsor
(199
0),m
odel
ssh
ould
stru
ctu
recu
rre
nt
know
ledg
e,of
fer
ape
rspe
ctiv
efo
rex
amin
ing
new
prob
lem
s,fa
cili
tate
inte
grat
ion
ofne
wpa
ram
et
ers
and
rela
tion
ship
sas
afi
eld
evol
ves,
and
pro
vide
ast
ruct
ure
for
plan
ning
and
eval
uati
onof
pro
fess
iona
lse
rvic
esan
din
terv
enti
onst
rate
gies
.E
dyb
urn
(200
1)de
scri
bes
itm
ost
succ
inct
ly,s
tati
ng
that
mod
els
help
prac
titi
oner
san
dre
sear
cher
sto
"und
erst
and
key
vari
able
s,re
lati
onsh
ips,
and
sys
tem
s"th
atst
imul
ate
"adv
ance
men
tsin
theo
ry,r
ese
arch
and
deve
lopm
ent,
polic
yan
dpr
acti
ce."
Thu
s,m
odel
spr
ovid
ea
basi
sfo
rad
vanc
ing
scie
ntif
ickn
owle
dge
and
prof
essi
onal
prac
tice
s(L
loyd
etal
.,19
90).
HO
WC
AN
AT
OU
TC
OM
ES
RE
SEA
RC
HA
ND
PR
AC
TIC
EB
EN
EF
ITF
RO
MA
CO
NC
EP
TU
AL
MO
DE
L?
For
AT
outc
omes
rese
arch
ers,
aco
ncep
tual
mod
el
can
prov
ide
afr
amew
ork
wit
hin
whi
chto
clas
si
fyar
eas
ofin
quir
y;de
velo
ppr
edic
tive
mod
els
ofut
iliz
atio
np
atte
rns
(Git
lin,
1998
;L
ight
,19
99);
eval
uate
desi
gnal
tern
ativ
esan
dpr
edic
th
um
anpe
rfor
man
ce(R
ouse
,19
80;
Sta
nney
&M
axey
,19
97);
and
anal
yze
dat
aco
llect
ion
syst
ems
acro
ssst
ates
,re
gion
s,an
dco
untr
ies
(Sch
erer
&V
ital
iti,
1997
).F
orA
Tpr
acti
tion
ers,
aco
ncep
tual
mod
elca
nan
sw
erth
ees
sent
ial
ques
tion
spo
sed
byev
iden
ce
base
dpr
acti
ce,e
.g.,
how
doA
Tou
tcom
esva
ryw
ith
diff
eren
tpo
pula
tion
sof
end
user
sw
hoha
vea
rang
eof
cont
extu
alci
rcum
stan
ces
(Hol
m,2
000
).In
the
abse
nce
ofa
vali
dpr
edic
tive
mod
el,
clin
icia
nsre
lyon
apr
oces
sof
tria
lan
der
ror
toev
alua
tein
te
rven
tion
opti
ons
(Lig
ht,
1999
),w
hich
ham
per
sre
sear
chpr
ogre
ss(G
itli
n,19
98;J
uta
i,20
02).
2
WH
AT
FE
AT
UR
ES
AR
EN
EE
DE
DIN
AC
ON
CE
PT
UA
LM
OD
EL
?
AT
outc
omes
cons
ider
atio
nsne
cess
itat
eco
ncep
tu
alm
odel
sth
atha
vew
ide-
rang
ing
desc
ript
ive
prop
erti
esde
line
atin
gth
eco
mpl
exel
emen
tsas
so
ciat
edw
ith
AT
use,
incl
udin
gth
edi
vers
ity
ofen
d-us
erab
ilit
ies,
AT
devi
ces,
task
san
dro
les
tow
hich
AT
isap
plie
d,an
dco
ntex
tual
envi
ronm
ents
wit
hin
whi
chA
Tis
appl
ied
(Sm
ith
,199
6).
Inor
der
tosu
ppor
tou
tcom
esre
sear
ch,
mod
els
are
also
need
edth
atof
fer
pred
icti
veth
eori
esab
out
usag
ean
dim
pact
(Fu
hre
ret
al.,
inpr
ess;
Juta
i,20
02).
Insu
mm
ary,
aco
ncep
tual
mod
elfo
rA
Tou
tcom
esre
se
arch
and
prac
tice
shou
ldha
vede
scri
ptiv
ean
d/or
pred
icti
vefu
ncti
ons
that
supp
ort
prov
isio
nof
AT
that
has
posi
tive
impa
cts
for
end
user
s.A
mat
ure
conc
eptu
alm
odel
wou
ldbe
vali
date
dby
mul
tipl
ere
sear
chst
udie
s.
PR
EV
IOU
SR
EV
IEW
SO
FC
ON
CE
PT
UA
LM
OD
EL
S
Bro
mle
y(2
001)
pres
ente
da
brie
fana
lysi
sof
five
mod
els
ofA
Tas
sess
men
t:M
atch
ing
Per
son
and
Tec
hnol
ogy
(Sch
erer
,199
8c);
Lif
espa
ceA
cces
sPr
ofi
le(W
illia
ms,
Ste
mac
h,W
olfe
,&
Sta
nger
,19
95);
Stu
dent
-Env
iron
men
t-T
asks
-Too
ls(S
ET
T;
Zab
ala
,199
5);
Edu
cati
onT
ech
Poi
nts
(Bow
ser
&R
eed,
1995
);an
dW
isco
nsi
nA
ssis
tive
Tec
hnol
ogy
Init
ia
tive
(199
8).B
rom
ley
(200
1)de
scri
bed
each
mod
el's
elem
ents
and
goal
s,fi
ndin
gfo
ursi
mil
arit
ies
amon
gth
em
odel
s:(1
)all
emph
asiz
eth
epr
oces
sof
AT
asse
ssm
ent
and
goal
sett
ing;
(2)
all
asse
sspe
rso
n,
envi
ronm
ent,
and
task
wit
han
ecol
ogic
alfu
ncti
onal
orie
ntat
ion;
(3)
all
emph
asiz
ea
mul
ti
disc
ipli
nary
coll
abor
ativ
eap
proa
chto
AT
asse
ss
men
t;an
d(4
)al
lsh
are
the
goal
offa
cili
tati
ngan
effe
ctiv
em
atch
betw
een
pers
onan
dA
Tfo
rth
een
vi
ronm
ento
fuse
.B
rom
ley
(200
1)no
ted
that
som
eof
the
mod
els
are
mor
esu
ited
tost
ud
ents
and
oth
ers
mor
eap
prop
riat
efo
rw
orki
ngad
ults
.T
hepa
pe
rdo
esno
tas
sess
the
mod
els'
stre
ng
ths
and
lim
itat
ions
,nor
does
itde
scri
beho
wth
em
odel
sfi
tin
the
broa
der
cont
ext
ofth
eA
Tfi
eld.
Edy
burn
(200
2)re
view
ed12
mod
els
that
"un
der
gird
the
know
ledg
eba
seof
the
spec
ial
educ
atio
nte
chno
logy
disc
iplin
e."
He
grou
ped
the
mod
els
into
thre
eca
tego
ries
:A
Tco
nsid
erat
ion,
tech
nolo
gy-e
nha
nced
perf
orm
ance
,an
dde
velo
pmen
tal.
The
AT
cons
ider
atio
nm
odel
sin
clud
edZ
abal
a's
SET
TF
ram
ewor
k(Z
abal
a,19
95);
Bow
ser
and
Ree
d's
(199
5)E
duca
tion
Tec
hPo
ints
;C
ham
bers
'(19
97) H
asA
TB
een
Con
side
red?
;an
dH
aine
san
dS
anch
e's
(200
0)A
TC
oPla
nner
Mod
el.E
ach
incl
udes
spec
ific
ques
tion
sin
tend
edto
guid
ean
dfa
cili
tate
the
proc
ess
ASS
IST
IVE
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
,VO
L.1
5,N
O.1
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Eur
opea
n U
nive
rsity
Cyp
rus]
at 0
0:22
28
Febr
uary
201
4
ofA
Tpr
ovis
ion
for
scho
ol-b
ased
tech
nolo
gyte
ams.
The
tech
nolo
gy-e
nhan
ced
perf
orm
ance
mod
els
in
clud
edC
ook
and
Hus
sey'
s(2
002)
Hum
anA
ctiv
ity
Ass
istiv
eT
echn
olog
y(H
AA
T)
mod
el;
Wile
's(1
996)
Mod
elof
Hum
anP
erfo
rman
ceT
echn
olog
y;an
dK
ing'
s(1
999)
Ada
ptat
ion
ofB
aker
'sE
rgon
omic
Equ
atio
n.E
ach
exam
ines
tech
nolo
gy's
role
inen
ha
ncin
ghu
man
perf
orm
ance
.In
part
icul
ar,t
heW
ile(1
996)
and
Kin
g(1
999)
mod
els
embe
dpr
edic
tive
stat
emen
tsab
out
tech
nolo
gysu
cces
s.T
hede
velo
pm
enta
lm
odel
sin
clud
edPu
glie
se's
(200
1)S
tage
sm
odel
;Edy
burn
's(1
998)
Mod
elof
the
Tec
hnol
ogy
In
tegr
atio
nPr
oces
s;th
eQ
IAT
Con
sort
ium
's(2
003)
Qua
lity
Indi
cato
rsfo
rAss
istiv
eT
echn
olog
ySe
rvic
es;
and
Sch
wan
ke,
Sm
ith,
and
Edy
burn
's(2
002)
A3
mod
el.
Eac
his
apr
oces
sm
odel
that
deli
neat
esdi
scr
ete
phas
esfo
rA
Tse
rvic
ede
liver
yin
educ
atio
nal
sett
ings
.T
hepu
rpos
eof
Edy
burn
's(2
002
)re
view
was
tora
ise
awar
enes
sof
asm
any
mod
els
aspo
ssib
le.
Thi
seg
alit
aria
nsp
irit
,co
mbi
ned
wit
hli
mit
sin
publ
icat
ion
spac
e,li
mit
edth
ede
pth
atw
hich
Ed
ybur
nw
asab
leto
desc
ribe
and
crit
ique
each
mod
el
.E
dybu
rn's
revi
ewis
valu
able
for
its
brea
dth,
clas
sifi
cati
onof
thre
ety
pes
ofm
odel
s,an
dat
tem
pt
tota
rget
apr
acti
tion
erau
dien
ceth
atm
ight
not
othe
rwis
ebe
expo
sed
toth
eva
lue
ofco
ncep
tual
mod
els.
The
revi
ewar
ticl
esde
scri
bed
abov
eof
fer
ast
art
ing
poin
tfo
raw
aren
ess
and
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
ex
isti
ngco
ncep
tual
mod
els.
Asy
stem
atic
crit
ique
ofex
isti
ngm
odel
sis
war
ran
ted
inor
der
toas
sess
our
need
sfo
rfu
ture
theo
reti
cal
deve
lopm
ent.
PU
RP
OS
E
Thi
sp
aper
eval
uate
ssi
xco
ncep
tual
mod
els
us
ing
aco
mm
onst
ruct
ure.
Our
revi
ewis
not
inte
nd
edto
beex
haus
tive
.Tw
ofa
ctor
sgu
ided
sele
ctio
nof
the
six
mod
els
eval
uate
dhe
re:
the
prev
alen
ceof
seve
ral
inth
eA
Tou
tcom
esli
tera
ture
and
our
in
tere
stin
expl
orin
gth
epo
tent
ial
for
mod
els
from
outs
ide
the
AT
fiel
din
orde
rto
offe
rfr
esh
pers
pec
tives
.E
ach
isdi
scus
sed
acco
rdin
gto
six
dom
ains
:
1)B
ackg
roun
d/go
als:
For
wh
atpu
rpos
ew
asth
em
odel
orig
inal
lyde
velo
ped,
and
how
can
itbe
appl
ied
toA
Tou
tcom
es?
2)D
escr
iptiv
etr
aits
:To
wha
text
entd
oes
the
mod
el
desc
ribe
the
Per
son-
Env
iron
men
t-T
echn
olog
ysy
stem
?3)
Impl
icit
outc
ome
mea
sure
s:T
ow
hat
exte
ntdo
esth
em
odel
sugg
est
outc
ome
mea
sure
sof
perf
orm
ance
and/
orim
pact
ofA
Ton
the
end
user
?4)
Pre
dict
ive
trai
ts:
To
wh
atex
tent
does
the
RE
VIE
WO
FA
TC
ON
CE
PT
UA
LM
OD
EL
S
mod
elsu
gges
tre
lati
onsh
ips
betw
een
the
de
scri
ptiv
eel
emen
tsan
dou
tcom
em
easu
res?
5)V
alid
atio
n:T
ow
hat
exte
nth
asth
em
odel
been
test
edin
the
AT
outc
omes
lite
ratu
re?
6)U
tili
tyfo
rpr
acti
tion
ers,
user
san
dde
velo
pers
:Is
the
mod
elus
eful
asa
deci
sion
aid
for
prac
ti
tion
ers,
end
user
s,an
dde
velo
pers
ofA
T?
PE
RS
ON
-EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
INT
ER
AC
TIO
NS
:T
HE
CO
MM
ON
BA
SIS
The
root
sfo
rthe
pers
on-e
nvir
onm
entm
odel
sar
eap
pare
ntly
inth
efi
eld
ofso
cial
psyc
holo
gy.L
ewin
(193
6)pr
opos
edth
atan
indi
vidu
al's
thou
ghts
and
beha
vior
sre
sult
from
inte
ract
ion
betw
een
the
per
son
and
his
orh
eren
viro
nmen
tal
surr
ound
ings
.A
ccor
ding
toL
ewin
,th
isw
asa
phil
osop
hica
lsh
ift
away
from
seek
ing
the
"cau
se"
ofev
ents
ina
sing
leob
ject
orph
enom
enon
toid
enti
fyin
ga
holi
stic
re
lati
onsh
ipbe
twee
na
pers
onan
dhi
sor
her
sur
roun
ding
s.W
ithi
nth
em
any
vari
atio
nson
Lew
in's
(193
6)pe
rson
-env
iron
men
t-be
havi
orm
odel
,th
eco
ncep
tof
cong
ruen
ce(o
r"f
it")i
sus
edto
desc
ribe
the
com
pa
tibi
lity
ofth
ein
divi
dual
'sab
ilit
ies,
goal
s,an
den
viro
nmen
t(S
tein
feld
&D
anfo
rd,
1997
).In
the
AT
lite
ratu
re,
"mat
ch"
isus
edan
alog
ousl
yto
de
scri
beth
ere
lati
veco
ngru
ence
ofA
Tde
vice
sw
ith
indi
vidu
als
and
thei
rco
ntex
tsof
use.
Eac
hof
the
follo
win
gsi
xm
odel
ssh
ares
aco
mm
onor
ient
atio
nto
the
exte
ntth
atth
eyca
ptur
epe
rson
-env
iron
m
ent
rela
tion
ship
s.
HU
MA
NA
CT
IVIT
Y-A
SS
IST
IVE
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
MO
DE
L
Bac
kg
rou
nd
/G
oal
s
Coo
kan
dH
usse
y(2
002
)wro
teth
efi
rst
com
pre
hens
ive
text
onA
T,
thro
ugho
utw
hich
they
em
phas
ized
am
odel
call
edH
AA
T:
Hu
man
Act
ivit
yA
ssis
tive
Tec
hnol
ogy
.The
HA
AT
mod
elis
adap
ted
from
Bai
ley'
s(1
996
)h
um
anpe
rfor
man
cem
odel
,w
ith
two
prin
cipa
ldi
stin
ctio
ns:
(1)H
AA
Tex
pand
sth
ede
fini
tion
ofco
ntex
tto
incl
ude
soci
alan
dcu
ltu
ral
cont
exts
,in
addi
tion
toen
viro
nmen
tsan
dph
ysic
alco
ndit
ions
;an
d(2
)A
Tde
vice
sar
ean
ex
plic
itco
mpo
nent
ofH
AA
T.
HA
AT
desc
ribe
san
AT
syst
emin
term
so
fape
rso
n(h
uman
)usi
ngan
assi
stiv
ete
chno
logy
(AT
)de
vice
toac
com
plis
ha
desi
red
task
(act
ivit
y)in
agi
ven
cont
ext
(env
iron
men
t).
Fig
ure
1il
lust
rate
sth
efo
urin
tera
ctin
gdo
mai
nsof
the
HA
AT
mod
el.
HA
AT
seek
sto
char
acte
rize
AT
syst
empe
rfor
m
ance
,ra
ther
than
rest
rict
ing
focu
sto
hu
man
orde
vice
perf
orm
ance
.H
AA
Tre
flec
tsth
epe
rspe
c- 3
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Eur
opea
n U
nive
rsity
Cyp
rus]
at 0
0:22
28
Febr
uary
201
4
CO
NT
EX
T
Soci
alC
onte
xtFa
mily
Peer
sSt
rang
ers
Sett
ing
lIo
me
Scho
ol
Em
plo
ymen
tC
om
mun
ity
Phys
ical
Co
ntex
tSp
ace
Lig
htSo
und
Tcm
pcra
ture
Hum
an
ofth
ese
affe
ctth
epe
rfor
man
cean
dim
pact
ofth
eA
Tsy
stem
.M
any
indi
cato
rsof
impa
ctar
em
en
tion
edsp
ecif
ical
ly,
incl
udin
gef
fect
iven
ess,
effi
ci
ency
,use
rsa
tisf
acti
on,
and
qual
ity
ofli
fe.
Pre
dic
tiv
eT
rait
s
The
HA
AT
mod
eldo
esno
tof
fer
spec
ific
pred
ic
tion
sab
out
AT
impa
ctbe
yond
the
auth
ors
'pla
usi
ble
cont
enti
onth
atsy
stem
atic
cons
ider
atio
nof
all
four
com
pone
nts
will
redu
ceth
epr
obab
ilit
yth
atA
Tw
illbe
reje
cted
orun
deru
tili
zed
.
FIG
.1.
The
Hu
man
Act
ivit
y-A
ssis
tive
Tec
hnol
ogy
(HA
AT
)m
odel
.A
dapt
edfr
omC
ook
and
Hu
ssey
(200
2).
tive
sof
hu
man
fact
ors
engi
neer
ing,
whi
chan
alyz
es
how
char
acte
rist
ics
ofta
sks
and
envi
ronm
ents
impa
cth
um
anpe
rfor
man
ce,
and
occu
pati
onal
ther
apy,
whi
chim
prov
esh
um
anpe
rfor
man
cein
purp
osef
ulac
tivi
ties
.
Des
crip
tiv
eT
rait
s
The
hu
man
com
pone
ntof
the
mod
elis
defi
ned
inte
rms
ofin
nat
eab
ilit
ies
(sen
sory
,co
gnit
ive,
and
mot
orca
pabi
liti
es)
and
acqu
ired
skil
ls,o
rle
vels
ofpr
ofic
ienc
y(e
.g.,
novi
cean
dex
pert
).T
hede
scri
ptio
nof
acti
viti
esre
flec
tsth
eth
ree
prin
cipa
llif
ero
les
deli
neat
edby
the
Uni
form
Ter
min
olog
yfo
rO
ccup
atio
nal
The
rapy
(Am
eric
anO
ccup
atio
nal
The
rapy
Ass
ocia
tion
,19
94):
(1)s
elf-
care
acti
viti
es,
(2)
wor
kan
dsc
hool
,an
d(3
)pl
ayan
dle
isur
e.T
heA
Tde
vice
isde
scri
bed
asha
ving
ahu
man
-tec
hno
logy
inte
rfac
e;a
proc
esso
r(t
ypic
ally
elec
tron
ic,
mec
hani
cal,
e.g.
,lin
kage
sbe
twee
npu
shri
ms
and
whe
els
ona
whe
elch
air,
orel
ectr
omec
hani
cal)
;an
dan
acti
vity
outp
ut.S
ome
sens
ory
aids
(e.g
.,re
adin
gm
achi
neor
hear
ing
aid
)hav
ean
envi
ronm
enta
lin
te
rfac
e,or
acti
vity
inp
ut,
inlie
uof
anac
tivi
tyou
tp
ut.
HA
AT
defi
nes
envi
ronm
ent
inte
rms
ofso
cial
and
phys
ical
cont
exts
(e.g
.,in
clud
ing
tem
pera
ture
,li
ght,
and
soun
d).T
hese
broa
dly
defi
ned
dom
ains
ensu
rere
leva
nce
toal
lag
egr
oups
,dis
abil
ity
pop
ulat
ions
,typ
esof
AT
, an
dco
ntex
tsw
here
AT
mig
htbe
used
.
Imp
lici
tO
utc
om
eM
easu
res
The
HA
AT
mod
elpr
ovid
esa
basi
sfo
rin
dica
tors
that
eval
uate
AT
syst
empe
rfor
man
ce.F
orex
am
ple,
choi
ceof
acti
vity
sugg
ests
the
indi
vidu
al's
goal
s,co
ntex
tde
fine
sth
eci
rcum
stan
ces
wit
hin
whi
chth
eA
Tsy
stem
mu
stfu
ncti
on,a
nd
skil
lssu
gge
stth
eu
ser'
spr
ofic
ienc
yw
ith
the
AT
devi
ce.
All
4
Val
idat
ion
Alt
houg
hth
ein
depe
nden
tva
riab
les
ofvi
rtua
lly
all
AT
outc
omes
stud
ies
coul
dbe
map
ped
onto
HA
AT
, it
has
not
been
test
edpe
rse
.Its
all-
enco
m
pass
ing
nat
ure
affo
rds
poss
ibil
itie
sas
are
fere
nce
fram
ewor
kup
onw
hich
outc
omes
rese
arch
can
beba
sed.
Uti
lity
for
Pra
ctit
ion
ers,
Use
rs,
and
Dev
elo
per
s
The
HA
AT
fram
ewor
kis
anin
tuit
ive
sche
ma
for
AT
prac
titi
oner
s,m
any
ofw
hom
are
infl
uenc
edby
the
holi
stic
trad
itio
nsof
occu
pati
onal
ther
apy
and
hu
man
fact
ors
engi
neer
ing.
For
year
s,th
ean
te
cede
ntof
this
mod
elh
asbe
enth
egu
idin
gfr
ame
wor
kfo
rh
um
anfa
ctor
sde
sign
ers.
Coo
kan
dH
us
sey
(200
2)en
cour
age
cons
ider
atio
nof
HA
AT
'sfo
urp
arts
inor
der
toid
enti
fyan
AT
devi
cem
osts
uite
dfo
ra
cons
umer
'sne
eds.
Tw
oad
diti
onal
stre
ng
ths
are
note
d.C
ook
and
Hus
sey
(200
2)di
stin
guis
hbe
twee
nan
end
use
r'ssk
illan
dab
ilit
y,su
gges
ting
that
AT
impa
cts
are
infl
uenc
edby
chan
ges
inde
vice
prof
icie
ncy
(ski
ll)an
dun
derl
ying
cond
itio
n(a
bili
ty).
The
mod
elal
sode
scri
bes
hu
man
-AT
inte
ract
ion
inte
rms
ofth
efu
ncti
onal
allo
cati
onof
tho
seta
sks
perf
orm
edby
the
hu
man
and
thos
eca
rrie
do
utb
yth
eA
Tde
vice
,w
hich
echo
esS
mit
h's
(200
2)di
scus
sion
ofpa
rall
elin
terv
enti
ons.
Bot
har
eas
sugg
est
the
need
for
fu
ture
rese
arch
.
Su
mm
ary
HA
AT
thor
ough
lyco
nsid
ers
pers
onan
den
viro
nm
ent
fact
ors,
emph
asiz
ing
the
infl
uenc
eof
envi
ro
nmen
tan
dcu
ltur
eon
task
perf
orm
ance
.A
lth
ough
man
yin
dica
tors
ofim
pact
are
men
tion
ed,
HA
AT
does
not
sugg
est
spec
ific
caus
alre
lati
on
ship
sbe
twee
nit
sde
scri
ptiv
eel
emen
tsan
do
ut
com
es.
ASS
IST
lVE
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
,VO
L.1
5,N
O.1
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Eur
opea
n U
nive
rsity
Cyp
rus]
at 0
0:22
28
Febr
uary
201
4
INT
ER
NA
TIO
NA
LC
LA
SS
IFIC
AT
ION
OF
FU
NC
TIO
N,
DIS
AB
ILIT
Y,
AN
DH
EA
LT
H
Bac
kg
rou
nd
/G
oal
s
The
Wor
ldH
ealt
hO
rgan
izat
ion
firs
tpu
blis
hed
the
Inte
rnat
iona
lC
lass
ific
atio
nof
Impa
irm
ent,
Dis
abil
ity
,an
dH
andi
cap
ClC
IDH
)in
1980
.The
re
vise
dve
rsio
nof
the
mod
elw
asap
prov
edin
2001
and
rech
rist
ened
the
Inte
rnat
iona
lC
lass
ific
atio
nof
Fun
ctio
ning
,Dis
abil
ity,
and
Hea
lth
ClC
F;W
orld
Hea
lth
Org
aniz
atio
n,
2001
).T
hem
odel
desc
ribe
sin
divi
dual
sin
term
sof
leve
lof
func
tion
,ra
ther
than
desc
ribi
ngle
vels
ofde
fici
tor
dysf
unct
ion.
Its
purp
ose
isto
prov
ide
afr
amew
ork
for
asse
ssm
ent,
diag
nosi
s,in
terv
enti
on,
and
outc
omes
mea
sure
m
ent,
rega
rdle
ssof
heal
thor
abil
ity
leve
l.
Des
crip
tiv
eT
rait
s
Indi
vidu
als
are
desc
ribe
din
term
sof
six
cate
go
ries
:bod
yfu
ncti
onan
dst
ruct
ure,
acti
vity
,pa
rti
cipa
tion
,an
den
viro
nmen
tal
and
pers
onal
fac
tors
.B
ody
func
tion
sin
clud
eph
ysio
logi
cal
aspe
cts
ofbo
dily
acti
vity
.Bod
yS
tru
ctu
res
are
the
anat
om
ical
par
tsof
the
body
,e.g
.,or
gans
,lim
bs,a
nd
thei
rco
mpo
nent
tiss
ue.A
ctiv
itie
sar
ere
lati
vely
cont
ext
free
task
s,e.
g.,
mov
ing
anar
mor
spea
king
.P
ar
tici
pati
onin
clud
essi
tuat
ions
that
are
par
tofa
life
role
.E
nvir
onm
enta
lfa
ctor
sin
clud
eth
eph
ysic
alan
dso
cio-
cult
ura
lco
ntex
tsin
whi
chpe
ople
live
thei
rli
ves,
incl
udin
gpr
oduc
tsan
dte
chno
logy
;th
ebu
ilt
envi
ronm
ent;
rela
tion
ship
sw
ith
othe
rs;
at
titu
des;
and
serv
ices
,sy
stem
s,an
dpo
licie
s.Pe
rso
nal
fact
ors
incl
ude
dem
ogra
phic
info
rmat
ion
and
stan
dar
dof
livi
ngin
dica
tors
,e.g
.,ag
e,se
x,m
arit
alst
atus
,cou
ntry
ofb
irth
,liv
ing
arra
ngem
ent,
edu
catio
nle
vel,
empl
oym
ent
stat
us,
and
inco
me
.Se
vera
lre
sear
cher
s(D
eRuy
ter,
1997
;G
ray,
Qu
atra
no
,&
Lie
berm
an,
1998
;Ju
tai,
Lad
ak,
Sch
ulle
r,N
aum
ann
,&
Wri
gh
t,19
96)
hav
esu
gge
sted
that
the
ICF
mod
el(o
rit
spr
edec
esso
r,th
eIC
IDH
)pr
ovid
esa
usef
ulfr
amew
ork
for
AT
out
com
esre
sear
ch.
Tab
le1
depi
cts
anIC
F-A
Tm
odel
that
prov
ides
ast
ruct
ure
for
clas
sify
ing
AT
devi
ces
,re
imbu
rsem
ent
mod
els,
fund
ing
crit
eria
,an
dou
tcom
esm
easu
rem
ent
tool
s(L
enk
er&
Juta
i,20
02).
Eac
hdo
mai
nis
defi
ned
broa
dly
enou
ghto
enco
mpa
ssal
lag
ean
ddi
sabi
lity
popu
lati
ons,
typ
esof
AT
empl
oyed
,an
den
viro
nmen
tsof
use.
Imp
lici
tO
utc
om
eM
easu
res
Out
com
esar
eim
plic
itw
ithi
nth
em
odel
toth
eex
tent
that
ther
ear
ein
dica
tors
ofpe
rfor
man
cean
dfu
ncti
onw
ithi
nea
chdo
mai
n.T
able
1su
gges
tsA
Tou
tcom
ein
dica
tors
and
tool
sfo
rea
chdo
mai
n.
RE
VIE
WO
FA
TC
ON
CE
PTU
AL
MO
DE
LS
Sev
eral
AT
outc
omes
mea
sure
sar
ede
pict
edto
span
ICF
dom
ains
.
Pre
dic
tiv
eT
rait
s
The
prin
cipa
llim
itat
ion
ofth
eIC
Fm
odel
resu
lts
from
its
lack
ofte
mpo
ral
and
caus
alco
mpo
nen
ts(G
ray
&H
ende
rsho
t,20
00),
both
ofw
hich
are
nec
es
sary
inor
der
tode
velo
pa
pred
icti
vem
odel
for
outc
ome
sre
sear
ch.T
heIC
Fcl
assi
fica
tion
does
not
sugg
est
whe
ther
(or
how
),fo
rex
ampl
e,m
obil
ity
outc
ome
sar
esu
ppos
edto
infl
uen
ceth
eac
hiev
em
ent
ofou
tcom
es
inm
ajor
life
area
s.N
ordo
esit
sugg
est
how
psyc
hoso
cial
fact
ors
infl
uenc
eou
tco
mes
atan
yle
vel
(Len
ker
&Ju
tai,
2002
).F
ully
inte
grat
ing
the
ICF
mod
elin
toA
Tou
tcom
esre
se
arch
and
prac
tice
requ
ires
deve
lopm
ent
ofa
caus
alm
odel
orm
odel
sth
atha
vea
pred
icti
vefu
nc
tion
rela
ting
user
,A
Tde
vice
,ta
sk,
and
envi
ron
men
t.
Val
idat
ion
The
rear
enu
mer
ous
effo
rts
unde
rway
tocl
arify
the
cate
gori
es,d
evel
opm
easu
rem
enti
nst
rum
ents
,an
dde
vel
ophy
poth
eses
that
coul
dva
lida
tepo
rti
ons
ofth
eIC
Fm
odel
(NC
HS
,200
3).
Uti
lity
for
Pra
ctit
ion
ers,
Use
rs,
and
Dev
elo
per
s
The
ICF
subd
ivid
esth
epe
rson
into
thre
ese
pa
rate
leve
ls,a
nab
stra
ctio
nth
atpr
obab
lyli
mit
sth
em
odel
'sva
lue
for
cons
umer
san
dpr
oduc
tde
velo
per
s.T
heIC
F-A
Tm
odel
prop
ose
dby
Len
kera
nd
Ju
tai
(200
2)as
soci
ates
func
tion
aldo
mai
ns,
type
ofA
T,
reim
burs
emen
tm
odel
,an
dou
tcom
esm
ea
sure
men
tto
ols
ina
man
ner
usef
ulfo
rpr
epro
fes
sion
aled
ucat
ion.
Su
mm
ary
The
ICF
mod
elh
assu
cces
sfu
llytr
ansf
orm
edth
evi
ewin
reha
bili
tati
onre
sear
chfr
oma
pers
pec
tive
that
plac
esth
e"p
robl
emin
pers
on"
toa
conc
eptu
alfr
amew
ork
that
feat
ure
sa
"pro
blem
insy
stem
"or
ien
tati
on(C
ook
&H
uss
ey,
2002
).T
heIC
Fm
odel
does
not
clea
rly
deli
neat
epa
rall
elin
terv
enti
ons
(Sm
ith,
1996
)th
ataf
fect
perf
orm
ance
(e.g
.,th
ero
leof
pers
onal
assi
stan
ceor
alte
rnat
ives
toA
T),
and
itla
cks
tem
pora
lan
dca
usal
com
pone
nts
that
wou
ldfa
cili
tate
hypo
thes
iste
stin
g.L
enke
ran
dJu
ta
i's(2
002)
ICF-
AT
mod
elis
anex
tens
ion
ofth
eIC
Ffr
amew
ork
that
visu
ally
rela
tes
func
tion
alst
atu
san
dca
paci
ty,
type
sof
AT
devi
ces,
area
sof
prac
tice
,re
imbu
rsem
ent
mod
el,
fund
ing
crit
eria
,an
dou
tcom
esm
easu
rem
ent
tool
s.
5
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uary
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0>
TABLE1.IeFmodelappliedtotheassistivetechnologyoutcomesandpractice
ICFdomainBodyfunctionsandstructures
(bodylevel)Activities
(individuallevel)Participation(rolelevel)
Contextualfactors(societallevel)
Publicpolicy
EnvironmentalQualityAssessmentScale
Societalvalues
Featuresofthephysicalandsocialworldthataffecttheindividualbutarenotspecifictotheindividual'sabilityordisability;e.g.,physicalbarriersinpublicspaces,employerattitudes;fundingforsocialservicebenefits;publicpolicy;
-devices/products-builtenvironment-people(friends,relatives,
peers)Accessiblepublicvenues:build
ings,transportation,communications,recreation;thirdpartyreimbursementforATservicesandequipment
Involvementinlifesituationsandperformanceinroles(family,work,andeducational;selfcare;leisure)thattakeplaceinspecificcontexts(physical,social,cognitive)
Jobmodificationsoftask/device/environment;homemodification;vehiclemodification;computer-basedAT
FIM,visualacuity,hearingtest,languageproduction
viceMedical
Medicalnecessity
Performanceofactionoractivity(cognitive,sensory,motoric,and/orbehavioral)thatfacilitatesperformanceinmultipleroles:
-initiate,organize,sequence,judge,attend
-sit,lift,stand,climb,reach,pinch,grasp,hold,release
-relate,interact,cope-hear,speak,see,taste,move-read,write,learn,understandMobilityaids:wheelchairs,
crutches,canes,walkers;upperextremityorthotics:eyeglasses,hearingaid,augmentativeandalternativecommunicationde-
VocationalrehabilitationEducationEmployerEnduserVocationalrelevanceEducationrelevanceRelativeadvantagetoperfor-
manceand/orqualityoflifeJobperformance(e.g.,raises,
promotions)Schoolperformance(e.g.,grades,
degrees)Roleparticipation
QUEST:QuebecUserEvaluationofSatisfactionwithAssistiveTechnology(usersatisfactionwithdevicesandservices)PIADS:PsychosocialImpactofAssistiveDevicesScale(well-being/qualityoflife)
COPM:CanadianOccupationalPerformanceMeasureATDPA:AssistiveTechnologyDevicePredispositionAssessment
EKG,bloodpressure,Ashworthmuscletonescale
Medical
Medicalnecessity
Heartpacemaker,hip/kneereplacement,cochlearimplant,baclofenpump
Functionalandstructuralintegrityvs.impairment.Normalphysiologicprocessesandorgansystemsfunction:cognition,sensory,perception,motor,physiologicandpsychologicalprocesses
Domain-specificmeasures
Domain-spanningmeasures
Fundingmodel
Fundingcriterion
Domain-relevantassistivetechnology
Domain-relevantexamples
..... en
~UJ
-UJ>-,3
~~(J
52oro.~ar'z9Note:ICF=InternationalClassificationofFunctioning,Disability,andHealth;FIM=FunctionalIndependenceMeasure@>.AdaptedfromLenkerandJutai(2002)......
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uary
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FIG
.2.
The
Mat
chin
gP
erso
nan
dT
echn
olog
y(M
PT)
mod
el,i
llus
trat
ing
the
inte
ract
ing
infl
uenc
esof
mil
ieu,
per
son
, an
dte
chno
logy
that
prod
uce
aco
ntin
uum
of"p
ositi
ve"
and
"neg
ativ
e"ou
tcom
es(S
cher
er,1
998b
).
MA
TC
HIN
GP
ER
SO
NA
ND
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
(MIL
IEU
-PE
RS
ON
-TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
)
Bac
kg
rou
nd
/G
oal
s
The
Mat
chin
gP
erso
nan
dT
echn
olog
y(M
PT)
mod
el(S
cher
er,
1998
c)po
sits
that
the
inte
ract
ion
ofm
ilie
u,pe
rson
,an
dte
chno
logy
infl
uenc
eslo
ng
term
use
orno
nuse
ofA
Tde
vice
s(F
ig.2
).T
heM
PTin
clud
esa
stru
ctur
edas
sess
men
tpr
oces
sto
faci
lit
ate
sele
ctio
nof
anA
Tde
vice
that
isth
ebe
st"m
atch
"fo
rth
een
dus
er,
AT
devi
ce,a
ndth
eco
nte
xtof
use
(Sch
erer
&C
radd
ock,
2002
).T
hepr
em
ise
isth
atA
Tde
vice
sar
ea
mea
nsto
anen
dth
atm
ay
or
may
not
addr
ess
anin
divi
dual
'sun
ique
need
san
dci
rcum
stan
ces.
Sch
erer
(199
8c)
stat
escl
earl
yth
atth
em
odel
is"n
otde
sign
edto
pred
ict
use
orno
nuse
ofa
tech
nolo
gy."
Des
crip
tiv
eT
rait
s
Anu
mbe
rof
inst
rum
ents
have
been
deve
lope
dsp
ecif
ical
lyfo
rth
epu
rpos
eof
oper
atio
nali
zing
the
thre
edo
mai
ns.
The
MPT
inst
rum
ents
expl
ore
stre
ngth
s,li
mit
atio
ns,
and
goal
sof
the
pers
onat
two
key
leve
ls:
body
func
tion
and
role
perf
or
man
ce.
Thi
sis
aco
nsci
ous
effo
rton
Sch
erer
's(1
998c
)p
art
topr
eser
veco
nsis
tenc
yw
ith
the
emer
ging
ICF
pers
pect
ive
and
term
inol
ogy.
Que
sti
ons
abou
tm
ilie
uan
dA
Tde
vice
usag
efo
cus
onth
ein
divi
dual
'sp
aste
xper
ienc
esan
dgo
als
for
the
imm
edia
tefu
ture
.
Imp
lici
tO
utc
om
eM
easu
res
The
mod
elan
das
soci
ated
tool
ssu
gges
tth
atth
epr
eem
inen
tout
com
ein
dica
tors
are
AT
use/
nonu
se,
RE
VIE
WO
FA
TC
ON
CE
PT
UA
LM
OD
EL
S
user
sati
sfac
tion
,an
dsu
bjec
tive
wel
l-be
ing
ofth
een
dus
er.T
hem
odel
isno
tex
plic
itab
out
outc
ome
indi
cato
rssu
chas
effe
ctiv
enes
san
def
fici
ency
.
Pre
dic
tiv
eT
rait
s
Sch
erer
(199
8c)
mod
estl
yem
phas
izes
that
the
MPT
mod
elan
dits
asso
ciat
edm
easu
rem
ent
tool
sar
eno
tin
tend
edto
pred
ictA
Tus
eor
nonu
se.H
ow
ever
,S
cher
er(1
998c
) has
iden
tifi
ednu
mer
ous
fac
tors
asso
ciat
edw
ith
succ
essf
ulan
dun
succ
essf
ulus
erex
peri
ence
sw
ith
AT
.The
sefa
ctor
sar
eea
sily
clas
sifi
edw
ithi
nth
eM
PTst
ruct
ure,
sugg
esti
ngth
atth
em
odel
prov
ides
afr
amew
ork
for
pros
pec
tive
stud
ies
atte
mpt
ing
topr
edic
tus
age
and
im
pact
ofA
T.
Val
idat
ion
The
MPT
emer
ged
from
grou
nded
theo
ryre
se
arch
wit
h10
adul
tsw
ith
phys
ical
disa
bili
ties
(fiv
ew
ith
spin
alco
rdin
jury
and
five
wit
hce
rebr
alpa
lsy)
who
iden
tifi
edfa
ctor
sre
late
dto
mil
ieu
,per
so
nal
need
san
dpr
efer
ence
s,an
dde
sira
ble
fea
ture
sof
AT
(Bro
wn-
Tri
olo
,200
2;W
eiss
-Lam
brou
,20
02).
Var
ious
pape
rs(S
cher
er&
Cus
hman
,19
97;
Sch
erer
&G
alvi
n,19
96)h
ave
retr
ospe
ctiv
ely
iden
tif
ied
fact
ors
asso
ciat
edw
ith
use
orab
ando
nmen
tof
AT
devi
ces,
incl
udin
gth
efo
llow
ing:
1)E
nvir
onm
enta
lfa
ctor
s(m
ilie
u):
Insu
ffic
ient
trai
ning
onA
Tde
vice
use,
envi
ronm
enta
lob
st
acle
s,an
dfi
nanc
ial
disi
ncen
tive
sba
sed
onbe
nefi
tst
ruct
ure.
2)In
divi
dual
char
acte
rist
ics
(per
son)
:C
hang
esin
func
tion
alab
ilit
ies,
min
imal
need
for
AT
devi
ce,
chan
ges
inac
tivi
ties
,or
mot
ivat
ion;
mat
ches
cons
umer
'sli
fest
yle
and
pers
onal
ity;
user
expe
ctat
ions
;se
nse
ofco
ntro
l;se
nse
ofst
atu
sas
soci
ated
wit
hde
vice
use;
self
-est
eem
;in
depe
nden
cede
sire
d;
focu
son
barr
iers
;an
dte
chno
phob
ia.
3)A
Tde
vice
char
acte
rist
ics
(tec
hnol
ogy
):P
hysi
ca
lde
man
ds;
sens
ory
requ
irem
ents
;co
gnit
ive
dem
ands
;co
st;
trai
ning
;re
pair
and
mai
nte
nanc
eis
sues
;est
heti
cs; a
ndus
abil
ity
feat
ures
,in
clud
ing
devi
cepe
rfor
man
ce(S
cher
er&
Cus
hman
,199
7).
Alt
houg
hto
ols
exis
tfo
rm
atch
ing
tech
nolo
gyto
the
need
sof
chil
dren
(Sch
erer
,19
99),
the
mod
elh
asno
tbe
engr
ound
edw
ith
dat
afr
omyo
unge
rpo
pula
tion
s.
Uti
lity
for
Pra
ctit
ion
ers,
Use
rs,
and
Dev
elo
per
s
As
wit
hth
eH
AA
Tm
odel
,th
eM
PTsc
hem
ais
usef
ulas
ahe
uris
tic
tool
for
AT
prov
isio
n.T
he
7
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uary
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4
··~~
~i~~
·······
·····;
need
s
Dev
ice
inst
ruct
ion
Initi
alde
vice
app
rais
als
Pro
ject
ion
ofse
lf-ca
re...
......
-:.
···~:~
~~~;~~
·········
·l
Ris
kfa
ctor
s
Env
ironm
enta
lfi
t
Se
lf-ca
rego
als
&pr
act
ice
s
......
.......
......
......
...
......
:~
Exp
erie
nced
Use
r~
iE
xper
tU
ser
iH
ome
7-12
mos
.~
Hom
e>
1yr
:
........
........
........
......;
iJ
Con
sisf
ent
use
rsIn
cons
iste
ntus
ers
No
n-us
ers
FIG
.3.
Git
lin'
s"C
aree
r"m
odel
(Git
lin,
1998
).
MPT
'sas
soci
ated
mea
sure
sar
ehe
lpfu
lsc
reen
ing
tool
sfo
rco
unse
lors
and
case
wor
kers
seek
ing
info
rm
atio
nab
out
anin
divi
dual
'shi
stor
yof
tech
nolo
gyus
e,cu
rren
tne
eds,
and
read
ines
sfo
rne
wte
chno
log
y.T
heus
er-c
ompl
eted
inst
rum
ents
asso
ciat
edw
ith
the
MPT
iden
tify
usab
ilit
yan
dps
ycho
soci
alfa
ctor
sth
athi
ghli
ght
sali
ent
issu
esfo
rth
een
dus
er.
The
mod
elsu
gges
tsa
fram
ewor
kfo
rde
vel
oper
sof
AT
tost
ruct
ure
usab
ilit
yte
stin
gas
par
tof
prod
uctd
evel
opm
ent.
Som
eex
plic
atio
nsof
MP
Tin
the
lite
ratu
resu
gge
stex
iste
nce
ofan
idea
l"m
atch
"be
twee
nco
nsum
eran
dte
chno
logy
,w
hich
subt
lyim
plie
sth
ata
perf
ect
AT
devi
ceex
ists
for
ever
yco
nsum
er.
Inre
alit
y,ho
wev
er,A
Tde
vice
sar
eof
te
nre
com
men
ded
beca
use
they
rep
rese
ntt
hebe
stav
aila
ble
com
prom
ise
atth
eti
me
ofev
alua
tion
.
Su
mm
ary
The
MPT
mod
elem
phas
izes
anin
clus
ive,
user
ce
nter
edor
ient
atio
nth
atis
refl
ecte
din
the
stru
ctu
reof
the
mod
elan
dth
em
ann
erin
whi
chth
em
odel
isdi
ssem
inat
ed.
Alt
houg
hit
iden
tifi
esnu
m
erou
spe
rson
and
envi
ronm
entf
acto
rsth
atin
flu
ence
long
-ter
mus
ean
dno
nuse
ofA
Tde
vice
s,th
eM
PTm
odel
lean
sm
ore
tow
ard
the
desc
ript
ive.
Pro
spec
tive
rese
arch
isne
eded
tode
term
ine
ifth
eM
PTas
sess
men
tpro
cess
prod
uces
bet
ter
deci
sion
m
akin
gan
dou
tcom
esfo
rA
Tus
ers.
GIT
LIN
'SM
OD
EL
:B
IOP
SY
CH
OS
OC
IAL
FR
AM
EW
OR
KA
ND
CO
NC
EP
TO
F"C
AR
EE
R"
Bac
kg
rou
nd
/G
oal
s
The
"car
eerp
ath"
mod
elfo
rAT
use
(Git
lin
,199
8)be
gins
inth
eho
spit
al(F
ig.3
).It
isgr
ound
edin
a
8
biop
sych
osoc
ial
fram
ewor
kth
atco
nsid
ers
effe
cts
ofph
ysic
al,
intr
apsy
chic
,an
dso
cial
aspe
cts
ofa
pers
on's
exis
tenc
e.K
aufe
rtan
dL
ocke
r(1
990)
de
scri
bed
the
"car
eers
"ex
peri
ence
dby
peop
lew
ith
disa
bili
ties
inte
rms
ofph
ases
that
rep
rese
nt
pe
riod
sof
rela
tive
cons
tanc
ybe
twee
nm
ajor
life
even
ts.
Git
lin'
sre
nder
ing
ofan
AT
devi
ceca
reer
pat
his
sim
ilar
toC
ook
and
Hus
sey'
s(2
002)
sug
gest
ion
that
AT
user
sex
hibi
tti
me-
vary
ing
leve
lsof
capa
city
and
skill
that
affe
ctpe
rfor
man
ceof
the
AT
syst
em.
The
purp
ose
ofth
eca
reer
pat
hm
odel
isto
desc
ribe
the
chan
ging
nat
ure
offa
ctor
sth
atin
flue
nce
AT
use
and
impa
ctov
erti
me.
Des
crip
tiv
eT
rait
s
Git
lin'
s(1
998)
mod
elis
root
edin
abi
opsy
chos
oci
alpe
rspe
ctiv
eth
atis
cons
iste
ntw
ith
the
HA
AT
,IC
F,an
dM
PTm
odel
s.M
ore
uniq
uely
,th
eca
reer
pat
hm
odel
emph
asiz
esth
atde
vice
use
may
ex
ten
dov
erm
any
year
s,d
uri
ng
whi
chan
indi
vidu
al
'sab
ilit
ies,
prio
riti
es,
envi
ronm
enta
lde
man
ds,
and
reso
urce
sw
illal
lch
ange
.O
fsp
ecia
lin
tere
star
eth
etr
ansi
tion
poin
tsth
atde
mar
cate
are
la
tive
lyab
rup
tch
ange
ofli
feci
rcum
stan
ce(e
.g.,
dis
char
gefr
omho
spit
al)
that
impa
cts
the
use
ofA
T.
As
indi
vidu
als
acqu
ire
skill
,th
eypr
ogre
ssfr
omno
vice
toex
pert
AT
user
s.T
heen
viro
nmen
tof
novi
ceA
Tu
sers
isde
fine
das
"hos
pita
l,"
whi
chis
cons
iste
ntw
ith
the
focu
sof
the
book
chap
ter
inw
hich
itw
asin
trod
uced
.F
orap
plic
atio
nto
abr
oade
rra
nge
ofA
Tus
ers,
the
mod
elre
quir
esa
broa
dert
reat
men
toft
he
envi
ron
men
tan
dco
ncom
itan
ttem
pora
lmil
esto
nes
soth
atit
coul
dbe
appl
ied
toA
Tu
sers
who
sego
als
are
ed
ucat
iona
lor
voca
tion
alin
natu
re.
Inad
diti
on,t
he
ASS
IST
IVE
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
,VO
L.1
5,N
O.1
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Eur
opea
n U
nive
rsity
Cyp
rus]
at 0
0:22
28
Febr
uary
201
4
Per
ceiv
edP
erso
nal
Atti
tud
eC
ons
eque
nces
Tow
ard
Beh
avio
r-
~B
ehav
iora
l~
Beh
avio
r
Inte
ntio
n
No
rmat
ive
Infl
uen
ceo
fB
elie
fsS
ocia
l-
Env
iro
nmen
t
FIG
.4.
The
Soci
alC
ogni
tion
Mod
el(a
dapt
edfr
omC
arte
r,19
90).
mod
eldo
esno
tde
fine
the
four
stag
esof
expe
rtis
e;th
us
itis
not
poss
ible
toop
erat
iona
lize
the
skill
clas
sifi
cati
ons
for
theo
ryte
stin
gw
ith
spec
ific
pop
ulat
ions
ofus
ers
and/
orsp
ecif
icA
Tde
vice
s.
Imp
lici
tO
utc
om
eM
easu
res
The
mod
elsu
gges
tsa
num
ber
ofou
tcom
esin
di
cato
rs:
AT
use,
func
tion
alin
depe
nden
ce,w
ell-
be
ing
,an
du
ser
goal
sfo
rse
lf-c
are.
Pre
dic
tiv
eT
rait
s
Thi
sm
odel
iden
tifi
esca
usal
vari
able
sth
ataf
fect
devi
ceus
age
atdi
scre
te,
crit
ical
tran
siti
onpo
ints
alon
ga
lin
ear
tem
pora
lp
ath
(Jut
ai,
2002
).A
ddi
tion
ally
,it
depi
cts
the
chan
ging
infl
uenc
eof
un
derl
ying
fact
ors
asin
divi
dual
sgr
owfr
omno
vice
toex
peri
ence
dus
ers.
The
sete
mpo
ral
feat
ures
sug
gest
pote
ntia
lfo
rth
eca
reer
pat
hm
odel
asa
basi
sfo
rth
eori
esof
AT
devi
ceus
age
and
impa
ct.
Val
idat
ion
Git
lin
(199
8)
desc
ribe
sse
vera
lfa
ctor
sth
atpr
edi
ctea
rly
use
ofA
T:i
ndep
ende
nce,
abil
ity
tous
eth
ede
vice
atho
me,
stig
ma
asso
ciat
edw
ith
devi
ceus
e,p
erso
nali
dent
ity,
and
soci
alfa
ctor
s.T
hese
are
cons
iste
ntw
ith
man
yof
the
fact
ors
iden
tifi
edin
Sch
erer
's(1
998a
,b,
c)re
sear
ch.
Git
lin'
s(1
998
)m
odel
does
not
defi
neth
ech
arac
teri
stic
sdi
ffer
en
tiat
ing
novi
ceus
ers
from
earl
y,ex
peri
ence
d,a
nd
expe
rtus
ers.
Alt
houg
hth
em
odel
isno
doub
tin
fo
rmed
byG
itli
n's
exte
nsiv
ere
sear
chw
ith
elde
rsus
ing
assi
stiv
ede
vice
sin
thei
rho
mes
,it
wou
ldbe
stre
ng
then
edif
clea
rer
asso
ciat
ions
wer
edr
awn
betw
een
elem
ents
ofth
em
odel
and
publ
ishe
dre
se
arch
find
ings
.
Uti
lity
for
Pra
ctit
ion
ers,
Use
rs,
and
Dev
elo
per
s
Pra
ctit
ione
rsm
ight
bene
fit
byco
nsid
erin
gth
ein
flue
nce
ofG
itli
n's
(199
8)f
acto
rson
indi
vidu
alA
T
RE
VIE
WO
FA
TC
ON
CE
PT
UA
LM
OD
EL
S
user
s.F
rom
the
cons
umer
'spe
rspe
ctiv
e,ho
wev
er,
the
conc
epto
fcar
eer
pat
han
dsk
ill
may
bees
oter
ic
.T
hem
odel
'sfo
cus
onfa
ctor
sth
ataf
fect
earl
yad
opti
onof
AT
wou
ldbe
very
usef
ulfo
rA
Tpr
oduc
tde
velo
pers
who
are
test
ing
the
usab
ilit
yof
prod
uct
desi
gns.
Su
mm
ary
The
tem
pora
ln
atu
reof
this
mod
elh
aspr
omis
efo
rhy
poth
esis
form
ulat
ion
and
test
ing.
The
four
stag
esof
use
rex
pert
ise
are
clea
rly
iden
tifi
ed,
al
thou
ghno
tde
fine
d,
and
caus
alva
riab
les
attw
ost
ages
ofan
AT
user
'sca
reer
(nov
ice
and
earl
yu
ser)
can
bere
adil
yop
erat
iona
lize
d.D
evel
opm
ent
ofth
em
odel
wou
ldre
quir
ede
fini
tion
sof
novi
ce,
earl
y,ex
peri
ence
d,
and
expe
rtus
ers
inor
der
toco
nduc
tth
eory
test
ing
wit
hsp
ecif
icpo
pula
tion
sof
use
rsan
d/or
spec
ific
AT
devi
ces.
App
lica
tion
ofth
em
odel
tovo
cati
onal
ored
ucat
iona
lco
ntex
tsw
ould
requ
ire
expa
nded
desc
ript
ions
ofen
viro
nmen
tal
and
tem
pora
lm
iles
tone
s.
SO
CIA
LC
OG
NIT
ION
MO
DE
LS
Bac
kg
rou
nd
/Go
als
The
fiel
dof
psyc
holo
gyof
fers
seve
ral
soci
alco
gni
tion
mod
els
who
sego
alis
topr
edic
tbe
havi
or(C
arte
r,19
90).
An
impl
icit
assu
mpt
ion
wit
hso
cial
cogn
itio
nth
eori
esis
that
peop
len
atu
rall
yse
ekbe
ha
vior
sth
atm
axim
ize
expe
cted
bene
fit.
Indi
vid
uals
wei
ghth
eir
atti
tude
s,pe
rcep
tion
sof
bene
fit,
and
perc
eive
dco
ntro
lof
beha
vior
sag
ain
stth
eex
pe
ctat
ions
ofsi
gnif
ican
tot
hers
,ult
imat
ely
choo
sin
gbe
havi
oral
alte
rnat
ives
that
offe
rth
em
ost
fa
vora
ble
set
ofco
nseq
uenc
es.
As
illu
stra
ted
inF
igur
e4,
Car
ter
(199
0)co
nte
nds
that
beha
vior
ispr
eced
edby
inte
ntio
nsth
atar
ein
flue
nced
byth
ein
divi
dual
'sat
titu
de
tow
ard
the
beha
vior
and
the
imm
edia
teso
cial
envi
ron
men
t.P
erso
nal
atti
tud
esto
war
dbe
havi
orar
e 9
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Eur
opea
n U
nive
rsity
Cyp
rus]
at 0
0:22
28
Febr
uary
201
4
form
edby
the
perc
eive
dpo
siti
vean
dne
gati
veco
nse
quen
ces
ofth
ebe
havi
or,w
hich
are
mod
ulat
edby
pers
onal
mot
ivat
ion.
The
infl
uenc
eof
soci
alen
vi
ronm
ent
incl
udes
the
effe
cts
ofno
rmat
ive
beli
efs
held
bysa
lien
tot
hers
,e.g
.spo
use,
cow
orke
rs,a
nd
prac
titi
oner
s.F
orex
ampl
e,an
indi
vidu
al's
inte
ntio
nto
use
anau
gmen
tati
veco
mm
unic
atio
nde
vice
will
beaf
fect
edby
the
supp
orti
vene
ssof
her
com
m
unic
atio
np
artn
ers
asw
ell
asth
epe
rson
alco
nse
quen
ces
she
asso
ciat
esw
ith
usin
gth
ede
vice
tosu
pple
men
th
erun
aide
dve
rbal
and
nonv
erba
lex
pr
essi
vela
ngua
gesk
ills
.M
ulti
attr
ibut
eU
tili
ty(M
AU
)The
ory
isa
rela
ted
soci
alco
gnit
ion
mod
elba
sed
onva
lue
expe
ctan
cyth
eory
.M
AU
pred
icts
beha
vior
from
anin
divi
du
al's
asse
ssm
ent
ofth
eco
nseq
uenc
esth
atar
eas
so
ciat
edw
ith
com
peti
ngbe
havi
oral
opti
ons
(Car
ter
,199
0).
Sm
ith
(200
2)a
ppli
esM
AU
theo
ryto
the
cont
exto
fAT
usag
e,su
gges
ting
that
the
beha
vior
al
deci
sion
tous
eA
Tis
infl
uenc
edby
the
rela
tive
mer
its
ofsi
xco
mpe
ting
"par
alle
lin
terv
enti
ons"
:(1
)us
eof
AT
devi
ces
and
serv
ices
,(2
)m
odif
ied
stra
tegi
esor
tech
niqu
e,(3
)en
viro
nmen
tal
mod
ifi
cati
on,
(4)
task
mod
ific
atio
n,(5
)ch
ange
infu
nc
tion
alca
paci
ty,
and
(6)
assi
stan
cefr
omot
hers
.E
ach
ofth
ela
tter
five
fact
ors
offe
rsre
lati
vead
va
ntag
esan
ddi
sadv
anta
ges
com
pare
dw
ith
the
optio
nof
usin
gA
T,
incl
udin
gth
ede
gree
tow
hich
the
para
llel
fact
orsu
ppor
tsor
impe
des
AT
effe
cti
vene
ss.
Inth
ism
anne
r,S
mit
h's
six
para
llel
in
terv
enti
ons
infl
uenc
eth
epe
rcei
ved
bene
fits
asso
ci
ated
wit
hA
Tus
age.
Bel
lam
y,B
rick
ley,
and
McA
ndre
w(1
996)
de
scri
bein
flue
nces
onbe
havi
orth
atar
eap
plie
dhe
reto
the
beha
vior
ofA
Tus
age.
Per
sona
lm
otiv
atio
nan
dth
epe
rcei
ved
bene
fits
ofA
Tar
eth
edr
iver
sof
AT
usag
e.In
divi
dual
sar
em
otiv
ated
tous
eA
Ton
lyif
they
belie
veth
eyar
ew
orse
offb
yno
tus
ing
AT
.T
hepe
rcei
ved
impa
ctof
AT
isin
flue
nced
bype
rcep
tion
sof
thre
efa
ctor
s:(1
)po
tent
ial
gain
sfr
omA
Tus
e,(2
)pe
rcei
ved
cons
eque
nces
ofno
tus
ing
AT
,an
d(3
)th
epe
rcei
ved
effo
rtan
dco
sts
ofA
Tus
e.C
onsu
mer
sw
ith
oste
nsib
lysi
mil
argo
als
and
abil
itie
sm
ayha
vedi
ffer
ing
perc
epti
ons
rega
rdin
gth
eir
need
for
AT
and
the
poss
ible
perf
orm
ance
gain
sw
ith
the
use
ofA
T.
Des
crip
tiv
eT
rait
s
The
soci
alco
gnit
ion
mod
els
desc
ribe
dab
ove
are
vari
atio
nson
ath
eme.
The
ydo
not
expl
icit
lyde
sc
ribe
syst
ems
inte
rms
ofth
epe
rson
,tas
k,an
den
vi
ronm
ent.
Rat
her,
they
focu
son
the
infl
uenc
eof
envi
ronm
ent,
task
,an
dto
ols
onbe
havi
oral
deci
si
ons
(e.g
.,w
heth
eror
not
tous
eA
T).
Thi
sfa
mil
y
10
ofm
odel
sis
appl
icab
leto
peop
leof
all
ages
,ab
ili
ties,
and
envi
ronm
enta
lco
ntex
ts.
Imp
lici
tO
utc
om
eM
easu
res
The
goal
ofso
cial
cogn
itio
nm
odel
sis
topr
edic
tbe
havi
or.
Fo
rou
rpu
rpos
es,
the
prin
cipa
lout
com
ein
dica
tor
ofin
tere
stw
ith
thes
em
odel
sis
the
be
havi
orof
AT
usag
e.
Pre
dic
tiv
eT
rait
s
Soci
alco
gnit
ion
mod
els
sugg
est
that
the
per
ceiv
edbe
nefi
tsof
AT
use
(e.g
.,en
hanc
edpe
rfor
m
ance
and/
orqu
alit
yof
life)
are
pred
icto
rsof
AT
use.
Sm
ith'
s(1
990)
desc
ript
ion
ofpa
rall
elin
ter
vent
ions
sugg
ests
com
peti
ngbe
havi
oral
alte
rna
tive
sth
atin
flue
nce
perc
eive
dbe
nefi
tsof
AT
use.
Val
idat
ion
Inon
est
udy
ofw
orkp
lace
adop
tion
ofco
mpu
ter
soft
war
e(D
avis
,B
agoz
zi,
&W
arsh
aw,
1992
),it
was
hypo
thes
ized
that
perc
eive
dus
eful
ness
and
enjo
ymen
tar
eth
ean
tece
dent
sto
soft
war
eus
age.
The
find
ings
indi
cate
dth
atpe
rcei
ved
usef
ulne
ssis
infl
uenc
edby
perc
eive
dea
seof
use,
ou
tpu
tqua
lity
,an
dta
skim
port
ance
.R
oela
nds,
Van
Oos
t,D
epoo
rter
,an
dB
uyss
e(2
002)
oper
atio
nali
zed
aso
cial
cogn
itio
nm
odel
(Fig
.5)
inre
sear
chco
nduc
ted
wit
h49
1co
mm
unit
ydw
elli
ngel
ders
inB
elgi
um.T
heir
find
ings
sugg
est
that
awar
enes
sof
anas
sist
ive
devi
ceim
pact
sat
ti
tude
san
dno
rmat
ive
beli
efs
tow
ard
usin
gth
ede
vi
ce.
Inad
diti
on,
they
foun
dth
atin
tent
ion
tous
eA
Tde
vice
sw
asim
pact
edby
atti
tude
s,no
rmat
ive
belie
fs, a
nd
self
-eff
icac
yre
gard
ing
AT
use.
Alt
houg
hth
efi
ndin
gsw
ere
prom
isin
g,se
vera
lac
know
ledg
edli
mit
atio
nsto
the
mea
sure
men
tm
etho
dsm
itig
ate
the
degr
eeto
whi
chth
eR
oe
land
set
al.
(200
2)st
ud
yva
lida
tes
the
soci
alco
gni
tion
mod
el.
Par
tici
pant
sw
ere
quer
ied
abou
tth
eir
know
ledg
eof
and
inte
ntio
nto
use
32di
ffer
en
tA
Tde
vice
s,re
gard
less
ofre
leva
nce
toth
ein
di
vidu
al's
circ
umst
ance
s.W
ith
this
form
at,
part
ic
ipan
tsw
ere
pote
ntia
lly
bias
edto
indi
cate
high
awar
enes
sof
assi
stiv
ede
vice
sin
orde
rto
avoi
dap
pe
arin
gig
nora
nt.
Inad
diti
on,
ther
ew
ould
have
been
an
atu
ral
bias
for
resp
onde
nts
toin
flat
eth
eir
inte
ntio
nto
use
AT
devi
ces,
sinc
eus
age
was
bein
ghy
poth
etic
ally
proj
ecte
dto
anin
dete
rmin
ate
tim
ein
the
futu
re.
Uti
lity
for
Pra
ctit
ion
ers,
Use
rs,
and
Dev
elo
per
s
Per
ceiv
edva
lue
isa
prom
isin
gpr
edic
tor
ofA
Tus
age
and
impa
ct.
One
stud
yfo
und
that
anti
cipa
t-
ASS
IST
lVE
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
,V
OL
.15,
NO
.1
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Eur
opea
n U
nive
rsity
Cyp
rus]
at 0
0:22
28
Febr
uary
201
4
Aw
aren
ess
of
AD
Att
itud
eT
ow
ard
AD
Use
Self
-eff
icac
yre
gard
ing
AD
use
Sub
ject
ive
Nor
mR
egar
din
gA
Dus
e
Inte
ntio
nto
Use
AD
Func
tiona
lSt
atus
FIG
.5.
Roe
land
s'M
odel
ofA
Tus
ein
olde
rpe
rson
s(a
dapt
edfr
omR
oela
nds
etaI
.,20
02).
edps
ycho
soci
alim
pac
tof
envi
ronm
enta
lai
dsto
dail
yli
ving
(EA
DL
)fo
rpe
rson
sw
ith
Duc
henn
e's
mu
scu
lar
dyst
roph
y(M
D)
wa
ssi
mil
arto
the
psy
chos
ocia
lim
pac
tex
peri
ence
dby
use
rsof
EA
DL
wit
hM
D(J
uta
i,R
igby
,Rya
n,&
Sti
ckel
,200
0).
Al
tho
ug
hit
has
no
tbe
enas
soci
ated
wit
hpu
blis
hed
rese
arch
,th
eD
evic
epo
rtio
nof
the
AT
Dev
ice
Pre
di
spo
siti
onA
sses
smen
t(S
cher
er,
1998
)in
clud
es12
ques
tion
sel
icit
ing
the
usab
ilit
yan
dst
igm
aus
er
sas
soci
ate
wit
han
AT
devi
ce.
Pra
ctit
ion
ers
coul
du
seth
ese
oro
ther
mea
sure
sto
iden
tify
area
sof
cons
umer
conf
iden
cean
ddo
ubt
wit
hre
spec
tto
AT
devi
ceop
tion
s.C
onsu
mer
sm
igh
tfin
dit
usef
ulto
rate
the
rela
tive
valu
eof
AT
com
pare
dw
ith
oth
erin
terv
enti
onop
tion
sav
aila
ble
toth
em.
Dev
el
oper
sco
uld
use
the
para
llel
inte
rven
tion
sm
odel
tost
ruct
ure
usa
bili
tyte
stin
gan
dde
scri
ptio
nsof
rel
ativ
ead
van
tag
eas
soci
ated
wit
hne
wpr
oduc
tde
si
gns
.
Su
mm
ary
Th
eso
cial
cogn
itio
nm
odel
sse
ekto
pred
ict
be
hav
ior.
As
appl
ied
here
,per
ceiv
edbe
nefi
ts,p
erso
n
alm
otiv
atio
n,a
ttit
ud
esof
othe
rs,a
nd
rela
tive
ad
van
tag
eco
mpa
red
wit
hpa
rall
elin
terv
enti
onop
ti
ons
are
fact
ors
infl
uenc
ing
AT
usag
ebe
havi
or.T
od
ate,
none
ofth
eso
cial
cogn
itio
nm
odel
sh
asbe
enfu
llyre
aliz
edfo
rp
redi
ctio
nof
AT
usa
gean
do
ut
com
es.
The
stu
dyco
nduc
ted
byR
oela
nds
etal
.(2
002
)de
mon
stra
tes
the
pote
ntia
lof
this
mod
elto
pred
ict
AT
usag
e,al
tho
ug
hm
etho
dolo
gica
lli
mi
tati
ons
indi
cate
the
need
for
addi
tion
alva
lida
tion
rese
arch
.
RE
VIE
WO
FA
TC
ON
CE
PT
UA
LM
OD
EL
S
RO
GE
RS
'P
ER
CE
IVE
DA
TT
RIB
UT
ES
TH
EO
RY
Bac
kg
rou
nd
/G
oal
s
Ev
eret
tR
oger
sis
aso
cial
scie
nce
theo
rist
who
has
publ
ishe
dfo
ured
itio
nsof
abo
okti
tled
Dif
fu
sion
ofI
nnov
atio
ns
(Rog
ers,
1995
).T
hedi
ffus
ion
mod
elde
scri
bes
two
inte
rrel
ated
proc
esse
s,in
no
vati
ondi
ffus
ion
and
inno
vati
onad
opti
on,
that
oc
cur
betw
een
conc
epti
onof
an
ewpr
oduc
tde
sign
and
cons
umer
usag
eof
the
resu
ltin
gpr
oduc
t.R
og
ers
desc
ribe
san
inno
vati
onas
any
idea
,pr
acti
ce,
orob
ject
that
ispe
rcei
ved
as"n
ew."
Dif
fusi
onis
am
acro
leve
lpr
oces
sby
whi
chan
inno
vati
onev
olve
sfr
omra
wfo
rmto
pro
toty
peto
fini
shed
prod
uct
topr
oduc
tth
atis
sold
and
use
dby
adop
ters
ofth
ein
no
vati
on(R
oger
s,19
95).
Inn
ovat
ion
dif
fusi
onis
am
acro
leve
lpr
oce
ssin
whi
chan
inno
vati
onsp
read
sto
gen
eral
use
(Car
r,19
99).
Inn
ovat
ion
adop
tion
isth
eco
mpl
emen
tary
stag
eat
whi
chan
indi
vidu
alch
oose
sto
ado
pta
tech
nolo
gyfo
rhi
sor
her
own
use
(Car
r,19
99).
Rog
ers
(199
5)de
scri
bes
aP
erce
ived
Att
rib
ute
sT
heor
yth
atid
enti
fies
seve
nfa
ctor
sin
flue
ncin
gin
no
vati
onad
opti
on:
(1) r
elat
ive
adv
anta
ge,
(2)
com
p
atib
ilit
y,(3
)co
mpl
exit
y,
(4)
tria
lab
ilit
y,
(5)
ob
serv
abil
ity,
(6)
re-i
nven
tion
,an
d(7
)ch
ange
agen
tco
ntac
t(C
arr,
1999
).E
ach
fact
oris
desc
ribe
dbe
low
asit
mig
ht
appl
yto
the
AT
aren
a.
Rel
ativ
ead
vant
age
isth
ebe
nefi
tof
cont
inu
edde
vice
use
com
pare
dw
ith
the
bene
fits
ofn
on
use
ordi
scon
tinu
edu
se,
whi
chis
anal
ogou
sto
the
"per
ce
ived
cons
eque
nce
s"co
nstr
uct
incl
uded
inth
eso
ci
alco
gnit
ion
mod
els.
Inth
eco
ntex
tof
AT
out
com
es,
rela
tive
adv
anta
gew
ould
beco
mpr
ised
offa
ctor
ssu
chas
func
tion
alpe
rfor
man
ceg
ain
s,in
- 11
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Eur
opea
n U
nive
rsity
Cyp
rus]
at 0
0:22
28
Febr
uary
201
4
crea
sed
inde
pend
ence
,cos
tsa
ving
s,an
dqu
alit
yof
life
impa
ct.
Com
pati
bili
tyis
the
degr
eeto
whi
cha
prod
uct
isco
nsi s
ten
tw
ith
the
soci
o-cu
ltur
alan
dte
chni
cal
elem
ents
that
com
pris
eth
ead
opte
r'sen
viro
nmen
tof
use
.A
ppli
edto
AT
,co
mpa
tibi
lity
impl
ies
that
the
AT
devi
ceis
cons
iste
nt
wit
hth
eco
nsum
er's
abil
itie
s,ro
leex
pect
atio
ns,
and
soci
o-cu
ltur
alen
vi
ron
men
t.C
ompl
exit
yis
the
use
r'spe
rcep
tion
rega
rdin
gea
seof
use
,whi
chis
sim
ilar
toth
eid
eaof
lear
na
bili
tyth
atis
desc
ribe
din
the
hu
man
fact
ors
lite
rat
ure
(Jor
dan,
1998
).T
rial
abil
ity
isth
ede
gree
tow
hich
the
adop
ter
can
use
the
prod
uctp
rior
toac
quis
itio
n.T
ypic
ally
,th
ere
isli
mit
edop
port
unit
yfo
rtr
ial
use
ofA
Tbe
ca
use
ofth
ree
fact
ors:
the
tech
nolo
gyis
too
expe
nsi
vefo
rc e
nte
rsto
buy
all
devi
ces
wit
hin
apa
rtic
ul
arA
Tca
tego
ry;
dist
ribu
tors
are
geog
raph
ical
lysc
atte
red,
mak
ing
itdi
ffic
ult
tobo
rrow
som
ede
vi
ces;
and
prac
titi
oner
'sti
me
isex
pens
ive
and
lim
ited
byth
ird
par
typa
yers
who
min
imiz
eco
sts
bypl
acin
gno
rmat
ive
lim
its
onbi
llab
leti
me
forA
Tas
se
ssm
ents
.O
bser
vabi
lity
isth
ede
gree
tow
hich
apr
oduc
tis
visi
ble.
De s
ire
for
pers
onal
priv
acy
,em
bar
rass
m
ent,
and
devi
cees
thet
ics
cont
ribu
teto
ane
gat
ive
leve
lof
obse
rvab
ilit
yfo
rso
me
who
feel
that
use
ofA
Tse
tsth
emap
art
from
thei
rpe
ers.
Re-
inve
ntio
nis
the
degr
eeto
wh
ich
prod
ucts
can
bem
odif
ied
orad
apte
d.M
any
AT
devi
ces
hav
ea
mul
tipl
icit
yof
conf
igur
atio
nop
tion
s,so
re-i
nve
ntio
nis
typi
call
ypo
ssib
leas
the
user
'sab
ilit
y,sk
illle
vel,
orn
eed
sch
ange
.H
owev
er,
re-i
nven
tion
ofA
Tof
ten
requ
ires
the
skill
sof
anad
vanc
edus
eror
expe
rien
ced
AT
prac
titi
oner
.C
hang
eag
ents
are
pers
ons
who
infl
uenc
eth
ead
opte
r.A
Tac
quis
itio
nis
freq
uen
tly
med
iate
dby
two
pow
erfu
lch
ange
agen
tp
arti
es:
ath
ird
-par
typa
yer
and
anA
Tp
ract
itio
ner.
Thi
rdp
arty
paye
rspr
ovid
efu
ndin
gfo
ras
ses s
men
tan
dtr
ain
ing
ser
vice
s,as
wel
las
the
AT
devi
ceit
self
.Ex
per
tpr
ac
t iti
oner
sas
sess
indi
vidu
alne
eds
and
perf
orm
ance
capa
city
,oft
enfa
cili
tati
ngtr
ial
use
ofA
Tpr
oduc
ts.
Bec
ause
ofth
eec
onom
icpo
wer
wie
lded
byth
ird
part
ypa
yers
,an
dth
eso
cio-
tech
nica
lpo
wer
pos
sess
edby
exp
ertp
ract
itio
ners
,the
dyna
mic
sof
AT
reco
mm
enda
tion
and
purc
hase
dono
tfa
vor
em
pow
erm
ent
ofth
een
du
ser.
The
defa
cto
role
ofth
ese
part
ies
can
bem
ore
akin
toa
gat
ekee
per
than
aca
taly
st,m
akin
gen
du
sers
"sec
onda
ryco
nsu
mer
s"of
AT
(Ste
yaer
t,19
99).
Des
crip
tiv
eT
rait
s
Th
eP
erce
ived
Att
rib
utes
Th
eory
does
not
par
titi
onch
arac
teri
stic
sof
pers
onor
envi
ron
men
t.
12
Rat
her
,it
sse
ven
attr
ibu
tes
char
acte
rize
inte
rac
tion
betw
een
pers
onan
den
viro
nm
ent.
The
theo
ryle
nds
itse
lfto
indi
vidu
als
ofal
lag
es,
func
tion
alab
ilit
ies,
and
cont
exts
ofde
vice
orpr
oduc
tu
se.
Imp
lici
tO
utc
om
eM
easu
res
The
prin
cipa
lout
com
ein
dica
tori
spr
oduc
tado
pti
onan
du
sage
.
Pre
dic
tiv
eT
rait
s
The
seve
npe
rcei
ved
attr
ibu
tes-
rela
tiv
ead
van
tage
,co
mpa
tibi
lity
,co
mpl
exit
y,tr
iala
bili
ty,
ob
serv
abil
ity,
re-i
nven
tion
,an
dch
ange
agen
tco
nta
ct-
are
the
pred
ictiv
eel
emen
tsof
Rog
ers'
(199
5)th
eory
.In
addi
tion
,R
oger
s(1
995
)de
scri
bes
two
reas
ons
for
anin
divi
dual
'sde
cisi
onto
disc
onti
nue
prod
uct
use:
repl
acem
ent
and
dis
ench
an
tmen
t.R
epla
cem
ent
invo
lve
sre
ject
ion
ofa
prod
uct
infa
vo
rof
anim
prov
edpr
oduc
t,w
her
eas
dise
ncha
nt
men
tis
defi
ned
aspr
oduc
trej
ecti
onth
atca
nbe
at
trib
ute
dto
use
rdi
ssat
isfa
ctio
n.
Val
idat
ion
At
leas
tone
AT
outc
omes
stu
dy(R
iem
er-R
eiss
&W
acke
r,20
00)
has
used
Rog
ers'
(199
5)P
erce
ived
Att
ribu
tes
The
ory
asa
basi
sfo
rm
easu
rem
ent
ofva
riab
les
top
redi
ctA
Tu
sefo
r11
5p
arti
cipa
nts.
Five
end
use
rsan
dtw
opr
acti
tion
ers
help
edth
eau
thor
sde
vise
ast
udy-
spec
ific
mea
sure
wit
hse
par
ate
subs
cale
sfo
rfi
veof
Rog
ers'
perc
eive
dat
tri
bute
s:re
lati
vead
vant
age
(nin
eit
ems)
,com
pati
bil
ity
(one
item
),tr
iala
bili
ty(o
neit
em),
re-i
nven
tion
(one
item
),an
dch
ange
agen
tsu
ppor
t(s
even
item
s).I
ndiv
idua
lite
ms
wer
eno
tde
scri
bed.
Log
is
ticre
gres
sion
anal
ysis
reve
aled
that
rela
tive
ad
van
tage
was
the
stro
nges
tpr
edic
tor
ofA
Tu
sage
.T
heau
tho
rsdi
dno
tpu
blis
hth
eir
mea
sure
men
tto
ol,t
hu
sth
war
tin
gre
plic
atio
nst
udie
s.
Uti
lity
for
Pra
ctit
ion
ers,
Use
rs,
and
Dev
elo
per
s
The
Per
ceiv
edA
ttri
bute
sT
heor
yof
fers
afr
ame
wor
kfo
rpr
acti
tion
ers
and
deve
lop
ers
toev
alu
ate
the
pote
ntia
lfo
rde
vice
adop
tion
byin
divi
dual
sor
grou
psof
indi
vidu
als.
Su
mm
ary
Rog
ers'
(199
5)P
erce
ived
Att
ribu
tes
The
ory
of
fers
intr
igui
ngpo
ssib
ilit
ies
for
rese
arch
ers
inte
res
ted
inpr
ospe
ctiv
ely
mea
suri
ngfa
ctor
sp
redi
ct
ing
AT
adop
tion
and
usa
ge.
Th
eP
erce
ived
Att
ri
bu
tes
The
ory
lack
sth
ede
scri
ptiv
est
ren
gths
ofth
eH
AA
Tan
dIC
Fm
odel
s.R
ath
er,
itde
scri
bes
char
-
ASS
IST
IYE
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
,YO
Lo15
,NO
.1
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Eur
opea
n U
nive
rsity
Cyp
rus]
at 0
0:22
28
Febr
uary
201
4
acte
rist
ics
ofin
tera
ctio
nbe
twee
npe
rson
,pr
oduc
t,an
den
viro
nmen
tth
atpr
edic
tde
vice
adop
tion
be
havi
or.
Rog
ers
(199
5)of
fers
afr
amew
ork
wit
hin
whi
chto
clas
sify
the
fact
ors
that
Sch
erer
(199
9)an
dG
itli
n(1
998)
asso
ciat
ew
ith
succ
essf
ulA
Tou
tco
mes
.Man
yof
the
seve
nat
trib
ute
sar
eca
ptur
edby
item
sco
ntai
ned
inth
eP
sych
osoc
ial
Impa
ctof
Ass
isti
veD
evic
esSc
ale
(PIA
DS;
Day
&Ju
tai,
1996
),th
eD
evic
esu
bsca
leof
the
Que
bec
Use
rE
valu
atio
nof
Sat
isfa
ctio
nw
ith
Ass
isti
veT
echn
ol
ogy
(QU
ES
T;
Dem
ers,
Wei
ss-L
ambr
ou,
&S
ka,
2000
),an
dth
eD
evic
ese
ctio
no
fth
eA
ssis
tive
Tec
h
nolo
gyD
evic
eP
redi
spos
itio
nA
sses
smen
t(A
TD
PA;S
cher
er,1
998c
).
DIS
CU
SS
ION
Con
cept
ual
mod
els
can
clas
sify
area
sof
inqu
iry,
pre
dict
usa
gep
atte
rns,
redu
cetr
ial
and
erro
rw
hen
eval
uat
ing
inte
rven
tion
opti
ons,
and
stru
ctu
reu
sabi
lity
test
ing
ofde
sign
alte
rnat
ives
-all
ofw
hic
hsu
ppor
tAT
outc
omes
rese
arch
and
prac
tice
.B
road
lysp
eaki
ng,
the
firs
tth
ree
mod
els
revi
ewed
her
e-H
AA
T,
ICF
,an
dM
PT-o
ffer
supe
rior
de
scri
ptiv
efr
amew
orks
forc
lass
ifyi
ngan
dde
scri
bing
the
trai
tsas
soci
ated
wit
hin
divi
dual
san
dth
eir
cont
extu
alen
viro
nmen
ts.
The
latt
erth
ree-
Git
lin
's(1
998)
care
erm
odel
,th
eso
cial
cogn
itio
nm
od
els,
and
Rog
ers'
(199
5)
Per
ceiv
edA
ttri
bu
tes
The
or
y-o
ffer
tem
pora
lan
dpr
edic
tive
elem
ents
that
tran
slat
em
ore
read
ily
tote
stab
lehy
poth
eses
that
mig
ht
ulti
mat
ely
shap
ecl
inic
alde
cisi
on-m
akin
g.F
rom
the
soci
alco
gnit
ion
mod
els,
the
conc
epts
ofpe
rcei
ved
valu
ean
dre
lati
vead
vant
age
com
pare
dw
ith
para
llel
inte
rven
tion
ssh
owg
reat
estp
rom
ise
for
pre
dict
ing
AT
use
.All
seve
nfa
ctor
sfr
omR
og
ers'
(199
5)P
erce
ived
Att
ribu
tes
The
ory
are
prom
is
ing
pred
icto
rsof
usa
ge.
Tog
ethe
rth
ese
coul
dfo
rmth
eba
sis
for
the
typ
eof
pred
icti
veth
eory
be
ing
call
edfo
rby
Fu
hre
ret
al.
(in
pres
s).
Oth
erm
odel
sar
eap
plic
able
and
wor
thy
ofm
en
tion
.Z
abal
a's
(199
5)S
ET
Tfr
amew
ork
isa
stru
ctu
red
set
ofqu
esti
ons
that
guid
eA
Tas
sess
men
tin
sch
ool
sett
ings
base
don
rele
van
tpe
rson
and
en
viro
nm
enta
lfa
ctor
s:st
ude
nt,
env
iron
men
t,ta
sks,
and
tech
nolo
gy.B
owse
ran
dR
eed
's(1
995)
Edu
ca
tion
alT
ech
Poi
nts
and
Lan
gton
and
Hug
hes'
(199
4)T
ech
Poi
nts
cons
ider
AT
serv
ice
deli
very
prac
tice
sas
par
tof
the
ever
yday
edu
cati
onal
and
voca
tion
alre
habi
lita
tion
proc
esse
s,re
spec
tive
ly.
Eac
hof
the
abov
epr
oces
sm
odel
sw
ould
bebo
lst
ere
dby
pro
spec
tive
rese
arch
dem
onst
rati
ng
that
thei
ru
sage
inev
eryd
aypr
acti
ceim
prov
escl
inic
alde
cisi
on-m
akin
g.
RE
VIE
WO
FA
TC
ON
CE
PT
UA
LM
OD
EL
S
CO
NC
LU
SIO
N
App
lied
fiel
dsof
prac
tice
bene
fitf
rom
conc
eptu
alm
odel
sth
atpr
ovid
ea
com
mon
theo
reti
cal
touc
hst
one
for
rese
arch
ers
and
prac
titi
oner
s.T
heco
n
tinu
edsc
arci
tyo
ffun
ding
reso
urce
sfo
rA
Tas
sess
m
ents
,equ
ipm
ent,
and
trai
nin
gpo
rten
dsth
ene
edfo
rpr
edic
tive
algo
rith
ms
that
can
faci
lita
tede
ci
sion
-mak
ing
bypr
acti
tion
ers,
reim
burs
emen
tag
enci
es,
and
cons
umer
s.T
hela
ckof
afu
llyre
al
ized
pred
icti
vem
odel
for
AT
outc
omes
rese
arch
in
dica
tes
the
need
for
deve
lopm
ent
and
vali
datio
n.In
the
latt
erre
gard
,so
cial
cogn
itio
nm
odel
san
dR
oger
s'(1
995)
The
ory
ofP
erce
ived
Att
ribu
tes
in
trod
uce
fres
hin
sigh
tsab
out
elem
ents
ofp
erso
nen
viro
nmen
tin
tera
ctio
ns
that
affe
cth
um
anbe
ha
vior
.
Ack
now
ledg
men
ts:
The
auth
ors
wou
ldlik
eto
than
kA
nnB
isan
tz,C
olin
Dru
ry,J
effH
iggi
nbot
ham
,an
dth
eA
ssis
tiu
eTe
chno
logy
revi
ewer
sfo
rth
eir
insi
ghts
and
advi
cein
resp
onse
toea
rly
draf
tsof
this
man
uscr
ipt.
Spe
cial
than
ks
toE
dw
ard
1.S
ever
son
III
for
ongo
ing
tech
nica
las
sis
tan
ce.
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
Am
eric
anO
ccu
pati
onal
Th
erap
yA
ssoc
iati
on.
(199
4).
Uni
form
term
ino
logy
for
occu
pati
onal
ther
apy
(3rd
ed.)
.R
ock
vill
e,M
D: A
uth
or.
Bai
ley
,R
.W.
(199
6).
Hu
ma
np
erfo
rma
nce
eng
inee
ring
(3rd
ed.)
,E
ngle
woo
dC
liff
s,N
J:P
ren
tice
-Ha
ll.B
ella
my
,C.A
.,B
rick
ley
,M.R
.,&
McA
ndr
ew,R
.(19
96).
Mea
su
rem
ent
ofp a
tien
t-de
rive
dut
ilit
yva
lues
for
peri
odo
nta
lh
e alt
hu
sin
ga
mul
ti-a
ttri
bu
tesc
ale
.Jo
urn
alo
fC
lini
cal
Per
iod
onto
logy
,23,
805
-80
9.
Bow
ser,
G.,
&R
eed
,P
.R
.(19
95).
Edu
cati
onT
EC
HP
oin
tsfo
ras
sist
ive
tech
nol
ogy
plan
nin
g.Jo
urna
lofS
pec
ialE
du
cati
onTe
chno
logy
,12
(4),
325
-338
.B
rom
ley
,B.E
.(20
01)
.Ass
isti
vete
chn
olog
yas
sess
men
t:A
com
pa
rati
vean
aly
sis
offi
vem
odel
s.P
aper
pres
ente
dat
the
CS
UN
Con
fere
nce
onTe
chn
olog
ya
ndP
eopl
ew
ith
Dis
abil
it
ies,
Los
Ang
eles
,CA
.B
row
n-T
riol
o,D
.(20
02).
Un
der
stan
din
gth
epe
rson
behi
nd
the
tech
nolo
gy.
InM
.J
.Sc
her
er(E
d.)
,A
ssis
tiv
ete
chno
logy
:M
atch
ing
devi
cea
nd
con
sum
erfo
rsu
cces
sfu
lre
hab
ilit
a
tion
.W
ash
ingt
on,D
C:A
mer
ican
Psy
chol
ogic
alA
ssoc
iati
on.
Car
r,V
.H.(
1999
).Te
chno
logy
adop
tion
an
ddi
ffus
ion
.An
On
line
Ed
uca
tion
Sou
rceb
ook.
Nat
iona
lL
ibra
ryof
Med
icin
e,T
he
Col
labo
rato
ryfo
rH
igh
Per
form
anc
eC
omp
uti
ngan
dC
omm
un
icat
ions
.R
etri
eved
Nov
emb
er11
,20
03,
from
htt
p:
//co
llab
.nlm
.nih
.gov
/tu
tori
alsp
ubl
icat
ion
san
dmat
eria
ls/
sou
rceb
ookl
adop
tion
diff
usio
n.h
tml
Car
ter,
W.
B.
(199
0).
Hea
lth
beha
vior
asa
rati
onal
proc
ess:
Th
eory
ofre
ason
ed
actio
nan
dm
ult
iatt
rib
ute
theo
ry.
InK
.G
lanz
,F
.M
.L
ewis
,&B
.K.
Rim
er(E
ds.)
,Hea
lth
beha
vio
ra
ndhe
alth
educ
atio
n:
The
ory,
rese
arch
,a
nd
pra
ctic
e(p
p.63
-92)
.San
Fra
ncis
co:J
oss
ey-B
oss.
Ch
amb
ers,
A.
C.
(199
7).
Ha
ste
chn
olog
ybe
enco
nsid
ered
?A
gui
defo
rIE
Pte
am
s.R
esto
n,V
A:C
AS
EIT
AM
.
13
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Eur
opea
n U
nive
rsity
Cyp
rus]
at 0
0:22
28
Febr
uary
201
4
Coo
k,A
.M
.,&
Hus
sey,
S.
M.
(200
2).A
ssis
tive
tech
nolo
gies
prin
cipl
esa
nd
pra
ctic
e(2
nd
ed.)
,St.
Lou
is:
Mos
by.
Dav
is,
F.D
.,B
agoz
zi, R
P.,
&W
arsh
aw,P
.R(1
992)
.Ext
rins
ican
din
trin
sic
mot
ivat
ion
tous
eco
mpu
ters
inth
ew
orkp
lace
.Jo
urna
lo
fAp
pli
edSo
cial
Psy
chol
ogy,
22(1
4),
1111
-113
2.D
ay,H
.,&
Juta
i,J
.(19
96).
PIA
DS
:Th
eP
sych
oso
cial
Imp
act
ofA
ssis
tive
Dev
ices
Sca
le.
Tor
onto
:Aut
hors
.D
emer
s,L
.,W
eiss
-Lam
brou
,R,&
Ska
,B.(
2000
).Q
ueb
ecU
ser
Eva
luat
ion
of
Sa
tisf
act
ion
wit
hA
ssis
tive
Tec
hnol
ogy
(QU
ES
T,V
ersi
on2.
0):
An
outc
ome
mea
sure
for
assi
stiv
ede
vi
ces.
Web
ster
, NY
:In
stit
ute
for
Mat
chin
gP
erso
n&
Tec
hno
logy
.D
eRuy
ter,
F.(
1997
).T
heim
port
ance
ofou
tcom
em
easu
res
for
assi
stiv
ete
chno
logy
serv
ice
deli
very
syst
ems.
Tech
nolo
gya
nd
Dis
abil
ity,
6,89
-104
.E
dybu
rn,D
.L.(
1998
).P
artII
I:A
map
ofth
ete
chno
logy
inte
gr
atio
npr
oces
s.C
losi
ngth
eG
ap,
Feb
ruar
y-M
arch
.E
dybu
rn,D
.L.(
2002
).M
odel
s,th
eori
es,a
ndfr
amew
orks
:Con
tr
ibu
tion
sto
und
erst
andi
ngsp
ecia
led
ucat
ion
tech
nolo
gy.
Spec
ial
Ed
uca
tion
Tec
hnol
ogy
Pra
ctic
e,4,
16-2
4.F
itts
,P.M
.(19
54).
The
info
rmat
ion
capa
city
ofth
eh
um
anm
oto
rsy
stem
inco
ntro
llin
gth
eam
plit
udes
ofm
ovem
ent.
Jour
n
al
ofE
xper
imen
tal
Psy
chol
ogy,
47,
38
1-3
9l.
Fu
hre
r,M
.J.(
2001
).A
ssis
tive
tech
nolo
gyou
tcom
esre
sear
ch:
Ch
alle
nges
met
and
unm
et.A
mer
ican
Jour
nal
ofP
hysi
cal
Med
icin
ea
nd
Reh
abil
itat
ion
,8,
528-
535.
Fu
hre
r,M
.J.
,Ju
tai,
J.W
.,S
cher
er,
M.
J.,
&D
eRuy
ter,
F.
(200
3).A
fram
ewor
kfo
rth
eco
ncep
tual
mod
elin
gof
assi
stiv
ete
chno
logy
devi
ceou
tcom
es.
Dis
abil
ity
&R
eha
bil
ita
tion
,25
,12
43-1
25
l.G
itlin
,L.(
1998
).Fr
omho
spit
alto
hom
e:In
divi
dual
vari
atio
nsin
expe
rien
cew
ith
assi
stiv
ede
vice
sam
ong
olde
rad
ults
.In
D.
B.
Gra
y,L
.A.
Qu
atra
no,&
M.
L.L
iebe
rman
(Eds
.),D
esi
gn
ing
an
dus
ing
assi
stiv
ete
chn
olog
y(p
p.11
7-13
5).B
al
timor
e:P
aul
H.B
rook
es.
Gra
y,D
.B.,
&H
ende
rsho
t,G
.E.
(200
0).T
heIC
IDH
-2:
Dev
el
opm
ents
for
ane
wer
aof
outc
omes
rese
arch
.A
rch
ives
of
Phy
sica
lM
edic
ine
an
dR
ehab
ilit
atio
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O.1
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ded
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Eur
opea
n U
nive
rsity
Cyp
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at 0
0:22
28
Febr
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201
4
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RE
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Au
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etri
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Sep
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ber
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03,
from
htt
p://
sweb
.uky
.edu
/-js
zaba
O/S
ET
Ti n
tro
.htm
l
15
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Eur
opea
n U
nive
rsity
Cyp
rus]
at 0
0:22
28
Febr
uary
201
4
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