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Heinz Ruther UCT
A brief Introduction
to
Remote Sensing
Heinz Ruther UCT
History of Commercial EarthHistory of Commercial EarthObservation SatellitesObservation Satellites
• 1959 - Explorer-6 - Transmission of First image of Earth from Space
• 1960’s - USA & USSR - numerous remote sensing missions for: weather,
intelligence and lunar landing programs
• Jul 72 - ERTS-1 (later named Landsat-1) - First civil remote sensing
satellite for Earth resources
• Feb 86 - SPOT-1 - Launch of French government developed, first
commercially operated RS satellite
• Oct 92 - US Land Remote Sensing Policy Act signed into law
licensing US companies to operate satellites for commercial use
Heinz Ruther UCT
Ikonos
Ground footprint
eg 4 by 4 m
Satellite
v
vMixcel : one value for eachband only
Band a Blue
Band b Green
Band c Red
Band d Infrared 1
Band e Infrared 2
Band f Thermal Infrared
Band g ………..
Pixel (resolution)
Heinz Ruther UCT Red Band
Heinz Ruther UCT Blue Band
Heinz Ruther UCT
Thermal Infrared Band
Heinz Ruther UCT
Colour Composit
(blue/red/thermal)
Heinz Ruther UCT
Imaging Satellites Use Classificationby Spatial Resolution
• Very Low > 300 m Meteorology
• Low > 30 < 300 m Resources
• Medium > 3 < 30 m Land Cover-Use
• High > 0.5 < 3 m Features
• Very High < 0.5 m Details
Heinz Ruther UCT
Widely used Satellite Images
• Landsat (15 m, 30 m, 80 m)
• Spot ( 2.5 m and 4 m)
• Ikonos ( 1 m and 4 m)
• Quickbird ( 0.6 m and 2.4 m)
Heinz Ruther UCTGreen Band of Landsat Image 30 m Resolution
Heinz Ruther UCTInfrared Band of Landsat Image 30 m Resolution
Heinz Ruther UCT
Heinz Ruther UCT
Heinz Ruther UCT
0.78 - 0.89 µm20 mB3 : near infrared
0.61 - 0.68 µm20 mB2 : redSPOT 3
0.50 - 0.59 µm20 mB1 : greenSPOT 2
0.50 - 0.73 µm10 mPanchromaticSPOT 1
1.58 - 1.75 µm20 mB4 : mid infrared (MIR)
0.78 - 0.89 µm20 mB3 : near infrared
0.61 - 0.68 µm20 mB2 : red
0.50 - 0.59 µm20 mB1 : green
0.61 - 0.68 µm10 mMonospectral
SPOT 4
1.58 - 1.75 µm20 mB4 : mid infrared (MIR)
0.78 - 0.89 µm10 mB3 : near infrared
0.61 - 0.68 µm10 mB2 : red
0.50 - 0.59 µm10 mB1 : green
0.48 - 0.71 µm2.5 m or 5 mPanchromatic
SPOT 5
spectral bandspixel sizeelectromagnetic spectrumsensor
SPOT Image
Heinz Ruther UCT
SPOT IMAGE
8 by 8 km section out of 60 km by 60 kmpanchromatic scene - 10 metre resolution
Heinz Ruther UCT
1625 lines/sLine rate
3,454Number of cross-trackpixels
48 µm x 48 µmPixel size
Multispectral
6500 lines/sLine rate
13,816Number of cross-trackpixels
Panchromatic
12.2 kmSwath width
0.88 m PAN, 3.52 m MS,orbital altitude of 600 km
Spatial resolution (GSD)
0.45-0.52 µm, 0.52-0.60 µm,0.63-0.69 µm, 0.69-0.90 µm
Spectral range MS(multispectral)
0.45 - 0.90 µmSpectral range PAN(panchromatic)
High resolution IKONOS
Heinz Ruther UCT Ikonos 4 m Resolution Cape Town
Heinz Ruther UCT
Sidney Panchromatic Ikonos image 1 m resolution
Heinz Ruther UCTPan sharpened Ikonos Image Millennium Dome London 1 + 4 m
Heinz Ruther UCT
Heinz Ruther UCT
QuickBird
Highest resolution sensors available commercially
60-cm panchromatic at nadir
2.4-m multispectral at nadir
Heinz Ruther UCT
Quickbird 60 cm resolution image of Cancun, Mexico
Heinz Ruther UCT
Quickbird 60 cm resolution image of Cancun, Mexico
Heinz Ruther UCT
STEREO for DTM Generation
Heinz Ruther UCT
• Classification
Heinz Ruther UCT
Red Reflectance
GreenReflectance
Surfacecover type 1
Classification
Blue Green Red IRed
Surfacecover type 2
Signature
Heinz Ruther UCT
Band 1
Band 2
Band 3
Heinz Ruther UCT
Heinz Ruther UCT
Applications in heritage
• Crop mark detection
• Landuse / landcover
• GIS (mapping)
• Landscape models
• Virtual historical landscapes
Heinz Ruther UCT
Heinz Ruther UCT
Heinz Ruther UCT
Airborne Laser Scanning
Penetrates Foliage
Generates Terrain (DTM) and Surfacemodel (DSM)
and intensity (texture and different materialsbut no colour)
Heinz Ruther UCT
SAR
Synthetic Aperture Radar
Penetrates Foliage and to some extentground (???)
Heinz Ruther UCT
Google Earth
Satellite images of the entireglobe in a wide range of
resolutions