A Brief Intro to Cortical Neuroanatomy

Last Update: November 29, 2008Last Course, Louvain, Belgium, 2008

http://www.fmri4newbies.com/

Jody CulhamBrain and Mind Institute

Department of PsychologyUniversity of Western Ontario

14 Major Sulci

Main sulci are formed early in developmentFissures are really deep sulci

Typically continuous sulci•Interhemispheric fissure•Sylvian fissure•Parieto-occipital fissure •Collateral sulcus•Central sulcus•Calcarine Sulcus

Typically discontinuous sulci•Superior frontal sulcus•Inferior frontal sulcus•Postcentral sulcus•Intraparietal sulcus•Superior temporal sulcus•Inferior temporal sulcus•Cingulate sulcus•Precentral sulcus

Other minor sulci are much less reliableSource: Ono, 1990

Interhemispheric Fissure

-hugely deep (down to corpus callosum)-divides brain into 2 hemispheres

Sylvian Fissure-hugely deep-mostly horizontal-insula (purple) is buried within it-separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes

Sylvian Fissure

Parieto-occipital Fissure and Calcarine SulcusParieto-occipital fissure (red)-very deep-often Y-shaped from sagittal view, X-shaped in horizontal and coronal views

Calcarine sulcus (blue)-contains V1

Cuneus (pink)-visual areas on medial side above calcarine (lower visual field)

Lingual gyrus (yellow)-visual areas on medial side below calcarine and above collateral sulcus (upper visual field)

Collateral Sulcus-divides lingual (yellow) and parahippocampal (green) gyri from fusiform gyrus (pink)

Cingulate Sulcus-divides cingulate gyrus (turquoise) from precuneus (purple) and paracentral lobule (gold)

Central, Postcentral and Precentral SulciCentral Sulcus (red)-usually freestanding (no intersections)-just anterior to ascending cingulate

Postcentral Sulcus (red)-often in two parts (superior and inferior)-often intersects with intraparietal sulcus-marks posterior end of postcentral gyrus (somatosensory strip, purple)

Precentral Sulcus (red)-often in two parts (superior and inferior)-intersects with superior frontal sulcus (T-junction)-marks anterior end of precentral gyrus (motor strip, yellow)

Intraparietal Sulcus-anterior end usually intersects with inferior postcentral (some texts call inferior postcentral the ascending intraparietal sulcus)-posterior end usually forms a T-junction with the transverse occipital sulcus (just posterior to the parieto-occipital fissure)-IPS divides the superior parietal lobule from the inferior parietal lobule (angular gyrus, gold, and supramarginal gyrus, lime)

POF

Slice Views

inverted omega= hand area of motor cortex

Superior and Inferior Temporal SulciSuperior Temporal Sulcus (red)-divides superior temporal gyrus (peach) from middle temporal gyrus (lime)

Inferior Temporal Sulcus (blue)-not usually very continuous-divides middle temporal gyrus from inferior temporal gyrus (lavender)

Superior and Inferior Frontal SulciSuperior Frontal Sulcus (red)-divides superior frontal gyrus (mocha) from middle frontal gyrus (pink)

Inferior Frontal Sulcus (blue)-divides middle frontal gyrus from inferior frontal gyrus (gold)

orbital gyrus (green) and frontal pole (gray) also shown

Frontal Eye fields lie at this junction

Medial Frontal-superior frontal gyrus continues on medial side-frontal pole (gray) and orbital gyrus (green) also shown

Learning More AnatomyDuvernoy, 1999, The Human Brain: Surface, Blood Supply, and Three-Dimensional Sectional Anatomy• beautiful pictures• good schematic diagrams• clear anatomy• slices of real brain• Springer, US$326

Ono, 1990, Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci• great for showing intersubject variability• gives probabilities of configurations and stats on sulci• Theime, US$199

Damasio,1995, Human Brain Anatomy in Computerized Images• good for showing sulci across wide range of slice planes• really crappy reconstructions in first edition• second edition available April 2005 with new images• Oxford University Press, US$125

Tamraz & Comair, 2000, Atlas of Regional Anatomy of the Brain Using MRI with Functional Correlations• good overview• Springer, US$203

Talairach & Tournoux, 1988. Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain• just because it’s the standard doesn’t mean it’s good (see also PC vs. Mac, VHS vs. betamax)• Theime, US$240

Wanna get rich? Publish a brain atlas.Sheesh, these are expensive!

EXTRA SLIDES

Anatomical and Functional Neuroanatomy

Images from Brain Voyager Brain Tutor

(Freeware)

Why is so little attention paid to the cortex in traditional neuroanatomy?

Cortical Neuroanatomy

Carpenter, 1991, Core Text of Neuroanatomy

Brain Tutor

• Freeware interactive tutorial available from– http://www.brainvoyager.com/

UNDER CONSTRUCTION

• I’m still working on the “areas” slides and they are admittedly on the lame side, especially for temporal, frontal and subcortical areas

• Suggestions/images welcome

Sensory Areas

Van Essen

Early Visual Areas

Category-Specific Visual Areas

• Lateral Occipital (LO)– object-selective

– objects > (faces & scenes)

faces

places

objects

Malach, 2002, TICS

• Fusiform Face Area (FFA)– face-selective– faces > (objects & scenes)

• Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)– place-selective– places > (objects and faces)

Social StimuliExtrastriate Body Area

Allison, Puce & McCarthy, 2000, TICS

Data from Astafiev et al., 2005, Nature Neuroscience

Data from Downing, 2001, Science

Motion-Selective Areas

MT+ or V5 motion complex

Sunaert et al., 1999, Exp Brain Res

Watson et al., 1993, Cerebral Cortex

Parietal Cortex

Simon et al., 2002, Neuron

Attention

Corbetta et al., 1998, PNAS

Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000, JOCN

Frontal Eye

Fields

Parietal Eye

Fields

Working Memory

• dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (near inferior frontal sulcus, IFS)• ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (above Sylvian fissure, SF)• anterior cingulate cortex

Data: Duncan & Owen, 2000, TICSFigure: Huettel, Song & McCarthy

Language

Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000, JOCN

Memory Encoding

hippocampus

Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000, JOCN

Emotion

• amygdala

Motor RegionsHand area of Motor Cortex

Premotor Cortex

Supplementary Motor Area

Picard & Strick, 2001, CONB

Yousry et al, 1997, Brain