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ABriefHistoryofClassicalEducationLecture6
ChristopherA.Perrin,M.Div.,PhD
Age
Lev
el Aim School and Teacher Subjects
18 to
20
Mili
tary
Sc
hool
Defense of Athens Ephebic Training (Military Officers, Soldiers)
Military Training 15
to 1
8 -
priv
ilege
d A
dvac
ned
Seco
ndar
y Training in
citizenship, leadership
Civic and Cultural Observatio and Participation (Supervision of Elders)
Participation in civic and cultural life
10 to
14
Seco
ndar
y Arete, skills that made for military excellence
Gymnasium (Paidotribes, gymnasts, supervised by a Gymnasiarch)
Wrestlling, boxing, running, discus, javelin, long jump
7 to
14
Seco
ndar
y
Arete “Music” school (Grammatistes, Citharistes)
Reading, recitation, writing, arithmetic, practicing the lyre and aulos, singing, some dancing
7 to
14
Elem
enta
ry Thee good and
beautiful man: arete. Individual and political excellence
Palaestra (Paidotribes)
Wrestling
GreekCurricula:MakingoftheMan
GreekSchoolSetting
SchoolName Aim Subjects Teacher
Variousacademies
Aretechangesintopersonalpolitical
ambition;theleadershipofother
men
DialecticandRhetoricaspracticalskillstoachievesuccessandinfluence;oratorical
tricks,shortcuts,mnemonicdevices.Othersubjectsalsotaughtingreater
depth:literature,philosophy,mathematics,astronomy;rhetorical
exercises
Pythagoras,Prodigus,Gorgias,Isocrates
Influenceonprimaryandsecondaryeducation
Increasingemphasisonlinguisticskillandreadinessofspeech.Educationtakesa“vocational”and“technical”turn.
Influenceoncivicand
culturallife
Studentsandcitizensbecamemoreinterestedinpersonalsuccessandthe“talkerandstylist”thanfortherightorderingofcivic
affairsProtagoras Politicalsuccess,via
personalambition.Manthemeasureof
allthings.Isocrates Practicalorientation
butforthegoodofthecity,notmerepersonalsuccess.
Wantedmoralpurposeand
practicalsuccess.
Emphasizedstudyofliteraryclassics;astronomy,geometry,dialectic;chief
subjectwasrhetoric:trainingoftheorator
Plato Opposedthesophistsandarguedforphilosophyover
rhetoric.
Philosophy
GreekCurricula:MakingoftheMan
SchoolName Aim Subjects/Means
Socrates Opposedsophistseventthoughheresembledonehimself(hetraveledaboutAthensteachingandtalking
asthesophistsdid).
Carefulanalysisaboutthemeaningofwordstodiscoverourownignorance;thenacarefulpursuitoftruthandknowledgeguidedby
reason(whichshouldovercomeourirrationalimpulse).Suchareasonedpursuitwouldbringdiscipline,orderandlifetoAthens.
Wrotenobooks.
Plato Opposedthesophistsandarguedforphilosophyoverrhetoric.3aims:
toleadthematuremantothevisionoftheGood;tobringthis
visiondowntoearthinaorderedsociety;tomakethemenwhoare
capableofthis.
StartedhisownacademyincompetitionwithIsocrates.ConstructedanidealeducationalsysteminhisbookTheRepublic,whichthoughneverfullyrealizedhashadgreatinfluencetothe
presenttime.Heproposedandeducationofaneliteclass(Guardians,includingphilosopher-kings)whoafter50yearsofeducationandpreparationwouldleadandadministerthecity.
Aristotle Modifiedoppositiontosophists;approvedorrhetoricwhenusedwell.Educationalaims:educate
citizensinthosequalitiesofcharacterthatwillsustain
democraticwayoflife;shouldbethesameforall;goodpersonsas
wellasgoodcitizens.
Childrenareturnedintogoodmenandgoodcitizensbyformingtherighthabitsunderthedirectionoftherationalprinciplewithinus.Goodnessofintellectcomesfromgoodinstruction;goodnessof
charactercomesfromhabitformation—makingapracticeofactingintherightway,andbypursuingmoderation,themeanbetweenextremesofexcessanddefect(e.g.,courageisthemeanbetween
rashnessandfear).Approvestraditionalcurriculumofreading,writing,gymnastics,music,andadddrawing.Notallsubjectsaretobepursuedfortheirusefulness:Buttoalwaysbeseekingaftertheuseful“doesnotbecomefreeandexaltedsouls.”Somesubjects
(likemusic)arepursuedbecausetheyennoble.Intellectualhappinessthegreatesthappinessandisevenhigherthanserviceto
thestate.
Paideia Originallythemeansofpreparingchildrenforadultlife(frompais,
child).Cametomeantheendwhichthisprocesssought:culture,thesumofaesthetic,intellectualand
moralqualitiesthatmakeacompleteman.
ChiefworkofarttotheGreeks:themakingofMan.Greeksthefirsttotrytomoldmanaccordingtoanideal(arête).Education
(paideia)isthemakingofmennottrainingmentomakethings.Technicalorvocationalinstructionisusefulbutisnottheeducation
ofthewholeman.Romanschosetotranslatepaideiawiththeirwordhumanitas.
Age
Leve
l Aim School and Teacher Subjects
18 o
r 19
to 2
1&
25
Uni
vers
ity
Professional career inlaw, medicine,architecture,professor
Greek UniversitiesUniversity of Rome(Professor)
LawMedicineArchitectureMathematicsGrammarRhetoric
16 to
18
or19 C
olle
giat
e Schools of Rhetoric (Rhetor)
GrammarRhetoricDialecticLaw
12 to
16
Seco
ndar
y Latin GrammarSchools(Grammaticus)
Grammar and Literature
6 or
7 to
12
Elem
enta
ry
Good citizen;cultivation of habitsthat create character:piety, Constantia,fortitude, industry,gravitas, modesty,frugality, duty.
Ludi or PrimarySchools(Ludi Magister)
ReadingWritingReckoning
RomanCurricula:MakingofanEmpire
CaptiveGreecetookcaptiveherrudeconquerorsandbroughttheartstoLatium—Horace
W.KaneontheRomanmind…p.61
RomanSchoolSettings
TheNumberoftheLiberalArtsGrammar Logic Rhetoric Geometry Arithmetic Astronomy Music Medicine Architecture
VARRO VARRO VARRO VARRO VARRO Astrology VARRO VARRO VARRO
SENECA SENECA SENECA SENECA SENECA
QUINTILLIAN QUINTILLIAN QUINTILLIAN QUINTILLIAN QUINTILLIAN QUINTILLIAN
AUGUSTINE AUGUSTINE AUGUSTINE AUGUSTINE AUGUSTINE Philosophy AUGUSTINE
CAPELLA CAPELLA CAPELLA CAPELLA CAPELLA CAPELLA CAPELLA
CASSIODORUS CASSIODORUS CASSIODORUS CASSIODORUS CASSIODORUS CASSIODORUS CASSIODORUS
Varro:116– 27BC(Nine“disciplines”)
Seneca:8BC– 65AD(Lackslogicandrhetoric)Quintillian:35– 96AD(Nologic,possiblyincludedwithinrhetoric)Augustine:354– 430AD(Substitutesphilosophyforastronomy)
Martanius Capella:5th or6th Cent.AD(Pagancontextualizationofsevenarts)Cassiodorus:546– 569AD(Sevenartsarea“completeandperfect”number)
TheCatechism LessonbyJules-AlexisMuenier
EarlyChristianandEarlyMiddleAges
• CatechumenalSchoolsinAlexandria,Caesarea,Antioch(Clement,Origen)
• MartianausCapella,TheMarriageofMercuryandPhilology(c.414AD)
• Boethius (475),Cassiodorus (490),OntheLiberalArtsandSciences;fixesthenumberofartsatsevenbyscripturalauthority
Wisdomhathbuildedherhouse;shehathhewnouthersevenpillars--Proverbs9:1
EarlyChristianandEarlyMiddleAges
• Isidore,BishopofSeville(570),EtymologiesorOrigines:encyclopediaofancientlearningformonksandclergy.ForbadeuseofGreekandRomanliterature.
• Alcuin (781),educationalreformerinCharlamagne’scourt(treatisesontheTriviumandastronomy)
• Maurus (819):OntheInstructionofClergy,DeUniverso
EarlyChristianandEarlyMiddleAges
• Onevolumemanuscriptscomposedofbriefextracts,bitsofmiscellaneousinformation,listsofnames
• Somebooksinquestionandanswerform• Teacherhadacopy,pupilsdidnot(nottexts)• Purpose:totransmitmodicumofsecularknowledgeneededfortheserviceofthechurchandapreparationforthestudyoftheologicalwritings
ExtentofLiberalArtsStudyintheEarlyMiddleAges
ToweroftheSevenLiberalArts1508
Theyouthhavingmasteredhisletters,isescortedbyWisdomtothetempleofknowledge.
Congruitas (grammar)atthedoor;Donatus,Priscian(1stand2ndfloor);LogicwithAristotle,RhetoricandPoetry withTully,Arithmetic withBoethius(3rdfloor);Music withPythagoras,Geometry withEuclid,Astronomy withPtolemy.ThenPhilosophy(physics,moralswithSeneca).LastlyTheology(ormetaphysics)withPeterLombard.
TriviumArts Grammar Apreparatorypathleadingtogreatergoals,abilitiesstemmingfromthemasteryoflanguage.Logic
Rhetoric
Quadrivium Arts Arithmetic Apreparatorypathleadingtogreatergoals,abilitiesstemmingfromthemasteryofnumberandmeasurement.
GeometryMusic
Astronomy
“Philosophy” NaturalPhilosophy Wisdom,InterpretationofScriptureMoralPhilosophy
Theology
Sciences LawMedicine
FineArts
FinalFormoftheCurriculumattheTimeoftheRenaissance
OverviewofMiddleAgestothePresent
• MiddleAges:EmergenceoftheUniversity• PGMAPT• Renaissance:LatinandGreekLit.,Rhetoric• Reformation/CounterReformation:Extension• Enlightenment:ScientificEmpiricism,Rationalism• VictorianEngland,Romanticism• ColonialAmerican,PreandPost-CivilWar• Modern,Postmodern:PoliticizedEndsandAims• PresentRecovery
OutlineofEducationalApproaches
MedievalModelofEducationJamesDaniels
James Daniels
AComparison:TheModernandMedieval
GrammarSchool
MODERN MEDIEVAL
JamesDaniels
PresentRecoveryofClassicalCurricula
• PaideiaMovementofMortimerAdler• ClassicalPrepSchool/LowIntegration• HighIntegration,Sayersian Stages• Homeshool Communities(CC,SG,etal)• CottageSchool• UniversityModelSchools(NAUMS,etal)• CharlotteMasonHybrid• ParadigmDisciplines/TriviumIntegration• ClassicalCharterSchools
ForFurtherStudy
• ManyBooksontheHistoryofEducation• CourseonProgressiveEducationwithDr.JasonEdwards
• CourseontheLiberalArtsTraditionwithKevinClarkandRaviJain
Books:AncientandMedievalEducation
Ancient GreekandRomanEducation
Ancient RomanEducation
EarlyChristianEducation
MedievalEducation
Books:ModernEducation
RiseofProgressiveEducation
TheLast 100YearsinAmerica
SurveyofAmericanEducation