A Bibliography of Publications on Computer-Based

Spelling Error Detection and Correction

Nelson H. F. BeebeUniversity of Utah

Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB155 S 1400 E RM 233

Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090USA

Tel: +1 801 581 5254FAX: +1 801 581 4148

E-mail: beebe@math.utah.edu, beebe@acm.org,beebe@computer.org (Internet)

WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/

11 February 2021Version 2.48

Title word cross-reference

n [Ull77, Wag74].

-gram [Ull77].

/usr/group [USE82].

12th [Ano92a]. 14th [Pre91]. 15th[Ano92b, Wil94]. 16th [Hes90]. 17th[RW92]. 17th-century [RW92]. 1880-1920[Car93]. 1981 [ACM81, BS+81, LT81]. 1982[Mor82, USE82]. 1983 [ACM83, Law85].1984 [Boy85, O’S84]. 1985 [ACM85]. 1986[KW87]. 1987 [IEE87b]. 1988 [ACM88].1989 [Ano89]. 1990 [ACM90, Hes90, IEE90].1992 [IEE92a]. 1993 [IEE93c]. 1994

[RAR94, Wil94]. 1995 [IEE95]. 19th[RAR94].

21st [RAR94]. 2D [Lav93]. 2nd[Ano93e, IEE90].

3rd [Ano94c, LT81].

6th [Ano93b].

80 [Hus81]. ’81 [BS+81]. ’87 [IEE87b].

’91 [ASP91]. ’92 [BIP92, IEE92a]. ’93[Ano93b, Ano93c, IEE93a]. ’93-Nagoya[IEE93a]. ’94 [BJ94, Tro94]. 9th [Ano93a].

= [IEE87b].

1

2

Abbreviations [EP82]. accept [IN94].access [Mil95, WG10]. Accuracy[LMPK92, Sen93]. achievement [AB84].Achieving [MM92, TWT84]. ACM[ACM81, ACM83, ACM85, ACM88, ACM89,ACM90, GMJ90, BIP92]. Acoustics[IEE95]. Acquired [CMVR87]. Actes[ACM88]. Actes/Proceedings [ACM88].Actuated [Can81]. Adaptation [Bey88].Adaptive [RSM07]. Add [MM92].Add-A-Word [MM92]. Advanced[Ano93c]. Advances [O’S84]. Advantages[DRG11]. Advertisement [Ano85b].affected [BH92]. affix [BH92]. agents[Fou94]. Agglutinative [Ofl92, OG94]. AI[Mac87, Rob86]. Aid[GMW75, NH84, Pai81, Rob86, KW81].aided [HRLJ93, Klixx]. Aids [Che81, TL82].Airline [Dav62]. Airport [IEE90].Algorithm [AAA19, DC92, MW94, VB12,Wie86, KW81]. Algorithms[AFCB94, DC94]. almost [Tay86]. alphabet[LC03]. Alphabetic [LO95]. alternative[Ano91]. Alternatives [Car93]. American[Ano84, Hod87]. Analysis [AAAA93, Chi84,IEE93b, SPR90, Sid79, BH92, KC94].analytic [BCK85]. Animation [PM17].Annual [ACM85, ACM90, BIP92, BJ94,Pre91, ACM89]. Anticipation [MPG+92].any [KPB87a, KPB87b]. APL [Ive91].Application [BG84, IK83, Ofl92, IYME93,MW94, SC96, TIAY90]. Applications[AT&T86, LK93, CR95, MV93, Van83,RAR94]. Applied [Ano94a, SW93].Approach[Bic87, DC94, LCDM15, LM84, Van83].approximate [DC94, MW94, ZD95]. April[Ano93b, IEE93c]. Arabic[AMS20, AFCB94, AAA19, BH92, ESH89,PM13, RZR+11]. architectures [DGK+90].Arizona [CBC84]. array [Fid97, Lav93].Articles [NCNS82]. Artificial[Ano94c, CC89, IEE90, Ano93e, IYME93,O’S84, RAR94, Ano92a]. ASIC [IEE92a].

Aslib [Law85]. ASMC [Ano93c]. Aspell[AH17]. Assistance [FZ88]. Assisted[BJ94, TWT84]. Association[Ano84, Ano94a, Law85, Par83, USE82].associative [CVB90, TST93]. AT&T[AT&T86]. Atlanta [ASP91]. Atlantic[GMJ90]. attitude [AB84]. Augmented[Hus81]. August [Ano92b]. Authoring[Hur87]. authorship [Smi83]. Auto[CRD16, LHF+20]. Auto-Completion[CRD16, LHF+20]. AutoCAD [Yar95].automata [LK93]. Automated[Hei91, EP82, HRLJ93, LHR+92].Automatic[AFW83, Bic87, Dol86, GR78, LM84, PZ82,PZ84a, Zam80, Cha94, LM87, Ull77, Wot93].Automatically [Kuk92b]. Automation[BDT94, Boy85]. Avignon [Ano92a]. Aviv[BS+81].

Back [Kuk88]. Back-propagation [Kuk88].backtracking [KC94]. Baidu [LHF+20].Base [Zam80]. Based [AAAA93, DS94,DC85, Ebi92, JJJT19, LC16, MDM91,YCS15, Cav94, CVB90, DBT+12, WWSG94,PTKJ07, PT07, TV94, Tur81, Wot93].Baseforms [LM84]. Bases[Bou77, Gon83, WMRB77]. Basic [Thi82].Basque [CC89, CA89]. behavior [WG10].Benchmarking [AH17]. best [JVFM95].Better [AAA19, SW93]. Between [Chi84].Beyond [Dun81, Mil81, Pet81].Bibliographic [Bou77]. Bibliography[Pol82]. binary [Ull77]. Biomedical[IEE87b]. biomedicales [IEE87b]. Blind[NH84]. board [CT92]. Boston[Ano93c, USE82]. brain [DBT+12].brain-computer [DBT+12]. Bratislava[SD94]. Brief [SF15]. Bucharest [Ano93a].Bucket [CS82]. Buffer [CMVR87]. Bug[Rob86]. Builder [Fly88]. Bulgaria [Boy85].byte [IEE87a].

CA [ACM83, ACM90, VP94]. CALICO

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[BJ94]. California [CB87, IEE88, IEE93c].Canada [ACM85, IEE87a, Pre92]. Cannes[ACM88]. Capabilities [Ber86b]. Carolina[BS83]. Case [CMVR87, FW82, SKS96].catalogs [WG10]. Cedar [Tei84]. Center[ACM89, IEE92b]. Century[Edm82, RW92]. Changes [LMPK92].channel [Dol88a, Dol88b]. Character[TST93, TV94]. Characterization [PZ83].Characters [KPB87b, KPB87a, LAS93].Check [Ano85a, Ano86a, Ano95, CWC15,LCDM15, ZCX+17, MM93]. Checker[AKGH93, Ben85, Cun94, Fly88, KKC04,Ric98, Wie86, YCS15, Alt90, Ano92d, Arc83,Bom82, CEU94, CEU93, Cri88, Rob83, Sil85].Checkers[AH17, Mit87a, MM90, Ofl92, Ros82, Che87,CVB90, Fur90, Mit87b, HP88]. Checking[Ano93d, Hug04, LLWL15, Tur81, CW04,GDEJ05, LNL99, MW94, NSV+10]. Checks[WS94]. Children [NF92]. Chinese [Cha94,CWC15, HBHC15, WWSG94, LNL99,LLWL15, LCDM15, LC16, YCS15, ZCX+17].chip [Lav92]. City [GMJ90, IEE93b, Pre91].class [Van83]. Classic [RB05].Classification [Pai81]. Clause [Ber86b].clerical [PM87]. Cn [Mea87]. CNIT[IEE92a]. co [Law85]. co-sponsorship[Law85]. COBOL [VD84, LD76]. Code[MF82a, Hug04]. Codes [SGM11].Cognitive [PMC85]. COLING [Ano92b].COLING-92 [Ano92b]. Collection[CC89, NCNS82, PZ83]. collections [SF15].Collegiate [Pet82]. Colorado [SK83].Command [Ebi92, Ric98, IYME93].Commercial [CR95]. Commission[Law85]. Commonwealth [ACM89].Communication [GT84, IEE87a, SW93].Communications [SF15, Wil82].Communities [Law85]. Comparison[MM92]. Completion[CRD16, LHF+20, TST93]. Complex[HSSS78]. Components [BKP86].Compositors [Har91]. Compound

[FZ88, Ros82]. compressed [Mil95].compression [Coo05]. Compu [MM92].computable [EH88]. Computation[MV93, VMA95]. Computational[Ams86, Ano94a, Ano92b]. Computer[ACM89, Ada84, Ano86a, BS82, BRSS94,BJ94, Che81, Chi84, Hus81, Klixx, Law85,Mor82, MC75, Pai81, Pet80a, Pet80b, Pol82,SM80, Ter81, Wil82, Ano92d, Ano93a, AB84,CT92, CHJ94, DBT+12, Dam64, Gor85,HRLJ93, LM87, PM87, TWT84, TG83,Tur81, BRSS94, FW85]. Computer-aided[Klixx, HRLJ93]. computer-assisted[TWT84]. computer-based [Tur81].computer-managed [TG83].Computer-Tutor [Ter81]. Computerized[Hei72]. Computers[ACM83, BS83, Dev94, LT81, Rad83, LT81].computing [Pfa86]. Computr [Mea87].Concurrent [Ano86a]. Conference[ACM83, ACM85, ACM89, Ano93b, Ano93c,Ano94a, Ano94b, Ano94c, BS+81, BRSS94,BIP92, BS83, CC89, CBC84, CB87, GMJ90,Har94b, Hes90, IEE86, IEE87b, IEE88,IEE90, IEE92b, IEE93a, IEE93b, IEE93c,IEE95, INN90, KW87, Law85, LT81, Mor82,O’S84, Sch82, SD94, USE82, VP94, Wil82,Ano92a, Ano92b, Ano93a, IEE87a, Pre91,Pre92, RAR94, ACM90]. conferences[IEE87b]. Confusion [LC16]. Congres[INN90]. Congress [CC89]. conjugation[Bos94]. connaissance [EBR87].connectionistic [DGK+90]. Consistency[LMPK92]. Consortium [BJ94].constraints [Sen93]. Construct [Pet82].Consultants [Chi84]. consumers [Pre92].containing [OL95]. Context[Buy20, Jac83, MDM91, EF13, Ram94].Context-Dependent [Buy20].context-sensitive [EF13]. Continuous[LO95]. continuously [JVFM95].Contributed [CC89]. Control [Ano93a].controlled [DBT+12]. Convention[ACM89, IEE92b]. Conventional [CVB90].

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Conversion [LO95, Bes94]. cooperative[CW90]. Copenhagen [BIP92]. corpus[WWSG94]. correct [PTKJ07]. Correcting[EBR87, HBHC15, Kuk92b, MF82a, Pet80a,Ram94, Bla60]. Correction[AAAA93, AMS20, AFW83, Ano92c, AAA19,BG84, BA88, Bic87, Buy20, DS94, DC85,Dol86, DC92, Dun81, DLS83, Ebi92, GHU84,JJJT19, MDM91, Mil81, Mor69, OG94,Pet80b, Pet81, PZ82, Pol82, PZ84b, RZR+11,Sid79, TKS86, Urq84, Wag74, WF74, Yer86,YEMR91, Zam80, Adr95, Ano91, BSY00,BH92, Ber87, Cha94, CG91, Dam64, EF13,EBR87, Fid97, Hei72, IY85, KO84, Kuk92a,Lav92, Lav93, LM87, Mor70, PZ84a, RSM07,RW92, RS81, SC96, SS84, TIAY90, TTK86,TV94, Ull77, VTTC94, VTTC95].Corrector [AKGH93, IYME93, YF83a].Correctors [Mit87a, Mit87b]. Corrects[AHZ81]. Correspondences [HHHR66].cost [TG83]. Could [Edm82]. courseware[DR94]. crawled [RSM07]. Croatian[DRG11]. Cues [HHHR66]. CUG248[Art89]. CUG360 [McC92]. CUG374[Law92].

Data [AH17, Bou77, GMJ90, Gon83, Gri83,HSSS78, WMRB77, WL84, Yan87, Zam80].Database [CFGJ91, CRF92, Hei91, RW92].Databases [Ber86b, PZ82, Sch82, Jam84].datasets [Mil95]. deaf [Kuk92a].December [ACM83]. Decoding[HBHC15, Dol88a, Dol88b]. decryption[Che87]. Deep [AMS20]. deletion [Ull77].Denmark [BIP92]. Dependent[Buy20, RSM07]. Depth [Boy85]. Design[FW82, PZ84b, Rad83, Yul94, Gor85, TG83].Designing [WS84, DC94]. Detecting[EBR87, MF82a, Pet80a, WMRB77].Detection[AMS20, AAA19, MC75, PZ82, Pol82, PZ84b,Zam80, Dam64, Hei91, Hei72, Smi83, EBR87].Determination [LM84]. Deutsche [BN85].Developing [HSSS78, LC03].

Development [ACM85, BIP92, McI82,McI95, BS+81, TG83]. Device [Gri83].Diagnosis [LD76, Bos94]. dialect [Sla87].Dialectal [RZR+11]. Dictionaries[Ano86c, Yan87, RSM07]. Dictionary[AHZ81, Ano85a, Arn83, Bre93, CS82,Nix81, Par83, Pet82, Rad83, RZR+11, SM80,CW04, Yan91]. DIDAC [DR94]. Diego[ACM83, CB87, IEE88]. Digital [Gri83].d’ingenieire [EBR87]. Directions [BS82].Disambiguation [TV94]. disk[Ano92d, Arn83]. Display [KW87, Thi82].distance [EH88, MV93, SKS96]. distances[VMA95]. Districts [Car93]. diverse[SHC83]. Diversifying [CRD16]. do [Dit87].docile [Fou94]. Document [IEE93b, Jam84,KL82, LAS93, NCNS82, VP94]. documents[Ber87, FQA89]. Does [GDEJ05, JS91].domain [RSM07, SKS96].domain-dependent [RSM07]. Domains[SPR90]. d’orthographe [EBR87]. Dulles[IEE90]. during [FS92]. Dutch [Bos94].Dynamic [Ano85a, JVFM95]. Dysgraphia[CMVR87]. Dyslexia [PMC85]. Dyslexic[NF92, LBW92].

EACL [Ano93b]. East [CB87]. Easy[Rob86]. ECAI [O’S84]. ECAI-84 [O’S84].Ecrire [GT84]. Edit[Ano86a, MV93, SKS96, VMA95]. editing[FK90, FQA89]. editor[HK95, Dun81, Mil81, Pet81]. Editors[Thi82]. Education[BRSS94, CBC84, LT81]. Effect[LMPK92, AB84, WG10]. effectiveness[BSY00]. Efficient[Gon83, JJJT19, Nix81, Wie86, Yan87].Eighth [ACM85, IEE86]. Electric [Rob83].Electronic[Bre93, GMW75, Hur87, TL82, Ber87].Electrotechnical [BS+81].Electrotechnology [BS+81]. Embedded[Hes90]. Empirical [VD84, PM87].Engineering

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[EBR87, Thi82, IEE87a, RAR94]. engineers[Wei82]. English [Adr95, CS82, Coo05,EBR87, Fur90, HR92, Hua87, Klixx, MM93,PM87, RW92, Sko82, Ven76]. Entry[Gri83, SS14, WCD83]. Enumeration[Car93]. Environment [MF82b].Environmental [SD94]. equipment[Mit85]. equivalents [PTKJ07]. erreurs[EBR87]. Error [AMS20, Bos94, DC85,LD76, Pai81, PZ82, Pol82, Cha94, EF13,LM87, SC96, TTK86, YF83a].Error-Proneness [LD76]. Errors[AHZ81, AAA19, Bou77, DC92, EBR87,FS92, HBHC15, LD76, Mac87, MF82a,MC75, Pet80a, PZ83, PZ84b, WMRB77,Zam80, Ber87, Bla60, Dam64, Dol88a, Hei91,Hei72, LM87, OL95, Pet86, Ram94, SS84,Tur81, Ull77, YF83b]. Essential[SM80, Cri88]. Euro [IEE92a]. European[Law85, O’S84, SD94]. Evaluation[TL82, BSY00, HK95, PM87, TG83].Evidence [CMVR87]. Example[EBR87, DRG11]. exemple [EBR87].Experience [AH17, Nix81]. Experiment[Hua87]. Expert [BA88, Ano92a].Exploration [LMPK92]. Exploring [GF87].Extending [Ber86b, Ano92d].

Face [Yul94]. Factor [BJ94]. Factory[Ano93c]. familiarity [WG10]. Fast[CS82, DC92, Rob86, SPR90, VMA95, DC94].Fault [Sch94]. Fault-tolerant [Sch94].Faulty [MF82b]. features [LHR+92, VD84].February [ACM89, VP94]. Fifteenth[BIP92]. File [Ano86b, IK83, Yan87, IY85].Files [Bre93]. Filter [Urq84]. filtering[Cav94]. Finding [ZD95]. Finds [Pro95].Fingerspelled [PM17]. Fingerspelling[SGM11]. finite [LK93]. First [AHZ81,CB87, Edm82, SD94, BS+81, TWT84].FITE [PTKJ07]. Flags [Mac87]. Font[KPB87b, KPB87a]. Foolproof [WS94].foreign [Gor85]. foreign-language [Gor85].formatter [MM93]. formatting [Jac83].

forming [BDT94]. forms [RW92]. FORTH[Hes90]. FORTRAN [Hei72]. Fourth[Bic87, Ano94a]. Fourth-Generation[Bic87]. Framework[CWC15, Adr95, Ber87, CC89, EF13]. Fran

aise [GT84]. France[ACM88, Ano92b, IEE86, INN90, Ano92a].Francisco [ACM90, IEE93c]. French[Bey88, DR94]. Frequency[Bou77, PTKJ07]. Frequency-based[PTKJ07]. Fully [Ano86b]. Function[GHU84, Urq84]. Further [LMPK92].Future [Ano93c, IEE87a, Yar95]. Fuzzy[IEE93c, IYME93]. Fuzzyness [Sch75].

Geller [Ang90]. Genealogy [Car93].generalized [OL95]. Generalizing [SKS96].Generated [Chi84]. Generating [LC16].Generation [Ano86b, Bic87, Yan91, Kuk88].Georgia [ASP91]. German [KW81].Germany [Ano94a]. GIS [ASP91].GIS-LIS [ASP91]. Glove [Gri83]. grade[AB84]. graders [TWT84]. gram[Cav94, Ull77]. grammar[Adr95, HP88, Klixx]. grammars [JVFM95].Grammatical [EF13]. Grapheme[HHHR66, Bes94]. grapheme-to-phoneme[Bes94]. Graphemic [CMVR87, LMPK92].graphical [HR92]. Greek[VTTC94, VTTC95]. Group[Law85, USE82, USE82]. guide [Pfa86].guided [CW90]. Guild [Law85].

hand [HR92]. handbook [Pfa86, Stu82].Handicapped [Ter81]. handwritten[PM13, SKS96]. Harbor [CB87, IEE88].Hart [Har91]. Hash [CS82, MF82a, Wie86].Hash-Bucket [CS82]. Hashing[Flo87, Mil95]. Having [Ano86a]. Hebrew[Sch82]. held [CC89, RAR94]. Herndon[IEE90]. Heuristic [Coo05]. Heuristical[Bes94]. Hidden [DS94]. Hierarchical[IK83, IY85]. High

6

[Flo87, Lav92, TTK86, TKS86].High-Performance [Flo87]. Hindi[JJJT19, SS14, SS84]. historical [RW92].History [Ven76, FW82]. HMM [PT07].HMM-based [PT07]. Honour [BRSS94].Horn [Ber86b]. Hotel[ACM83, ACM88, IEE87a, IEE90]. Houston[Mor82]. Human [BS82, BJ94, LM87].Human-Computer [BS82, LM87].Humanities [BS83]. Hunspell [AH17].Hyatt [IEE90]. Hybrid[LCDM15, VB12, ZCX+17]. Hypercard[Fly88]. Hyphenation [Pet82].

IBM [Mit85]. Icon [Fly88]. ICSLP[Ano94b]. Identification[JS91, CW04, PTKJ07]. IEEE[IEE90, IEE93c, Ano93c, CB87].IEEE/SEMI [Ano93c]. IFIP[Boy85, LT81]. IJCNN [IEE92b, IEE93a].IJCNN-91-Seattle [IEE92b]. imagery[DBT+12]. Impact [Bou77].Implementation [Mil90, HK95].implications [Yan91]. improve [TWT84].Improvement [HHHR66, LHR+92].Improving [Fur90, Sch82, Sen93].In-Depth [Boy85]. Includes [Fly88].incorporate [SKS96]. Incorporating[Par83]. Independent [CFGJ91, JLMG93].Index [YCS15]. Indian [SC96]. Inductive[WL84]. inflection [CA89]. Information[ACM85, BIP92, Law85, LM84, SD94, Wil82,HK95, SKS96]. Informational [Wil82].Inforum [ASP91]. INNC [INN90].insertion [Ull77]. Insights [AH17].Instruction [BJ94, Hod87, TWT84].Instrument [TL82]. Integrated[Ano92c, Lav93]. Integrating [SHC83].Integration [Dal87]. Intelligence[Ano94c, CC89, IEE90, Ano92a, Ano93e,O’S84, RAR94]. Intelligent[AHZ81, YEMR91, YF83a]. interaction[LM87, SC96, BS82]. Interactive[Rad83, RW73]. Interactively [FQA89].

Interface [Gri83, HSSS78, CW90, DBT+12].Interfaces [DLS83]. International[ACM85, Ano92a, Ano92b, Ano93a, Ano94b,Ano94c, BRSS94, BIP92, Boy85, BS83, CB87,GMJ90, IEE86, IEE87a, IEE88, IEE90,IEE92b, IEE93a, IEE93b, IEE93c, IEE95,INN90, KW87, Pre92, Sch82, WS84, RAR94].Introduction [LLWL15, Gor85]. Inverted[YCS15]. investigation [VD84]. Invited[CC89]. IPCC [IEE87a]. ISKO [SD94].Island [CB87, IEE88]. ispell [Ric98]. Israel[BS+81, Sch82]. Issue [LLWL15]. issues[Gor85]. Istanbul [Ano93e]. Italy [O’S84].IX [RAR94].

Jake [Ang90]. January [ACM90]. Japan[IEE93b]. Japanese [Bre93, Fur90, HK95].Jerusalem [Sch82]. Joint[IEE92b, IEE93a, USE82]. Jointly [Law85].Jose [VP94]. July [IEE88, IEE92b, INN90,LT81, RAR94, USE82]. June[ACM81, ACM85, Ano92a, Ano93e, BIP92,BS83, CB87, Hes90, IEE92a, Mor82, Pre91,Pre92, Sch82]. Just [Cun94].

Kaleidoscope [CW90]. Kansas [Pre91].katakana [IN94]. Kaypro [Hic83].Kentucky [ACM89]. Keyboard[Can81, WCD83]. Keywords [Sch75].Khmer [Har94a]. Knowledge[Dal87, Ebi92, EBR87, SD94, SHC83].Knowledge-Based [Ebi92]. KONVENS[Tro94]. Korean [KC94, KKC04].

label [GDEJ05]. Language[Ano86c, Ano94a, Ano94b, BH95, Bic87,BJ94, HSSS78, JJJT19, LO95, PM17,Woo85, Ano92a, BDT94, CR95, GF87,Gor85, Sla87, dO94]. Languages[ACM90, OG94, Wag74, SC96]. Large[LHF+20, WMRB77, Zam80, LK93, Yan91,ZD95]. Large-Scale [LHF+20]. Lattice[HBHC15]. Lausanne [LT81]. Learning[AMS20, Hua87, JJJT19, TL82, WL84,

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DR94, dO94]. learns [FW82]. Legal[Ano93d]. Legal-Specific [Ano93d].Lemmatizing [KW81]. Length [Tur82].Length-segmented [Tur82]. lessons[Klixx]. Letter [Dun81, Mil81, Pet81, BH95].Lexical [Ber86b, MPG+92, SC96].lexicology [Ams86]. lexicon[CD01, VTTC95]. lexicons [ZD95]. life[Ano92d]. Lightning [Yer86]. line [RW73].Linear [Fid97, EH88]. Linguistics[Ano94a, Ano92b]. LIS [ASP91]. LISP[Sla87]. List[McI82, McI95, Pet82, YCS15, Coo05]. lists[Tur82]. Literacy [CBC84]. literary[Smi83]. Literate [Knu92]. Live [FK90].logical [Ber87]. LOGO [GF87]. London[Wil82]. look [Cri88]. looks [Yar95].Lookup [RZR+11]. lost [Ano92d].Louisville [ACM89]. Low[MM92, TWT84, TG83]. Low-Achieving[MM92]. low-cost [TG83]. LPC [BG84].LRE [Adr95]. Lumpy [Yan87].

machine [EF13]. Macro [LHR+92]. mai[ACM88]. Making [Joh81]. Malay [BSY00].man [Arc83]. managed [TG83].Management [GMJ90, Law85, SD94].Managers [SM80]. Manipulation[ACM81]. Manual [Ano84].Manufacturing [Ano93c]. Maps [LHF+20].March [CBC84, IEE93c]. Market [WS84].Markov [DS94]. Massachusetts [Ano93c].Master [Pet82]. match [Tay86]. matches[ZD95]. Matching[IK83, VB12, BSY00, DC94]. Mathematics[Dev94]. Matter [Pro95]. Max [Alt90].May[Ano89, Ano93a, BS+81, GMJ90, KW87].Me [Cun94]. Meaning [JS91]. Measure[AFW83]. Measures [Kre92]. Mechanism[YCS15]. Mediterranean [BS+81].Meeting [Ano89, Wil94]. MELECON[BS+81]. membership [MW94]. memory[CVB90]. memory-based [CVB90]. menu

[CW90]. menu-guided [CW90]. Message[Che87]. Method [AAAA93, LC16, Mil90,MF82a, WMRB77, IN94, PT07, TIAY90].methods[BSY00, Bes94, KO84, RW92, WG10].metric [EH88]. Micro[Art89, Cri88, LHR+92]. Microcomputers[CBC84]. Microprocessored [AHZ81].MicroSpell [Law92]. Misspelled[Bic87, Dav62, SF15]. Misspellings[Mit87a, Alb67, Mit87b]. mistakes [Dol88b].mixed [WG10]. MMSFORTH [Mil90].MO [Pre91]. Model [DC92, Kre92,ZCX+17, AB89, LBW92, Ram94]. Models[DS94, BH95]. Modern[VTTC94, VTTC95]. Montech [IEE87b].Montfleury [ACM88]. Montreal[ACM85, IEE87b]. Morphological[AAAA93, SC96, CA89, ESH89, KC94].Morphologically [Wot93]. motor[DBT+12]. MT [Adr95]. much [Rob83].Multi [Ano86c]. Multi-Language[Ano86c]. Multiculturalism [Cun94].Multiple [Ano86a, Dal87, DC92].

N [Cav94, JVFM95]. N-best [JVFM95].N-gram-based [Cav94]. Nagoya [IEE93a].Name [CFGJ91, Mil90, AFCB94]. Names[Bic87, CFGJ91, CRF92, Dav62, Ebi92,VB12, JVFM95]. Naming[LMPK92, LM87, Hei91]. Nantes [Ano92b].National [Mor82, Wil94, Ano89]. Natural[Ano94a, HSSS78, Tro94, Ano92a, CR95].Naturlicher [Tro94]. NC [BS83]. need[GDEJ05]. Neighborhood [LMPK92]. net[AB89, LBW92]. Netherlands [Ano93b].Network [INN90, Ano93e, Hei91, IYME93,Kuk92a, TV94]. network-based [TV94].Networks [Boy85, CB87, IEE88, IEE92b,IEE93a, JVFM95, Boy85]. Neural[AB89, CB87, IEE88, IEE92b, IEE93a,INN90, Ano93e, JVFM95, LBW92, TV94].Neuropsychological [PMC85].neuropsychology [AB89]. newspaper

8

[KW81]. next [BD95]. nineties [Pre91].ninth [RAR94]. NJ [GMJ90]. No [Pro95].Non [CW04, GT84, BCK85]. non-semantic[BCK85]. Non-Verbale [GT84]. Non-word[CW04]. Nonword [LMPK92]. normal[LBW92]. normalized [MV93, VMA95].North [BS83]. note [Pet86]. Notes[Car93, Pol82, Ven76]. nothing [BD95].November [ASP91, IEE87b, IEE90, Law85].novembre [IEE87b]. Number [PM17].

obtained [PTKJ07]. OCR[TIAY90, TKS86]. October [ASP91,Ano93c, Ano94a, IEE86, IEE87a, IEE93b].Office [Boy85, GR78, SM80, Mit85]. Offline[PM13]. Omnifont [BKP86]. on-line[RW73]. Online[Ano89, Wil94, DRG11, WG10]. OPACs[Sch94]. operators [EP82]. Optically[Can81]. Optimization [IY85]. Order[Wag74]. Order- [Wag74]. Oregon[ACM81]. Organization[IK83, SD94, IY85]. ORTHO [DR94].ORTHO-DIDAC [DR94]. Orthographe[GT84]. Orthographic [LMPK92]. Other[Yan87]. Oxford [Har91].

Pacific [Ano94c]. Packed [Lyo78]. Page[BKP86]. Palais [INN90]. paper [WL83].Papers [ACM90, CC89, KW87, MM93].Paris [IEE86, IEE92a, INN90]. parser[CA89]. Parsing [Ofl92]. Part [Bre93].Pascal [KP81]. Passenger [Dav62].password [MW94]. Pathways [Wil82].Patient [FS92]. Pattern [IEE86, OL95].Patterns [DC85]. PC [ACM88, HP88].PDAs [LC03]. Pearls [Ben85, Ben86].Pennsylvania [RAR94]. perfect [Mil95].Performance [Flo87, Lav92]. person[Bom82]. Personal[ACM83, Rad83, VB12, CT92, Ive91, Pfa86].Personalized [LHF+20]. Personnel[SM80]. Perspectives [CC89]. Phoneme[HHHR66, WL84, Bes94, TTK86].

Phoneme-Grapheme [HHHR66].phonemes [Yan91]. Phonemic[LM84, Sko82]. phonetic [Wot93].Phonological [PMC85]. pilot [Cha94].Pisa [O’S84]. Plagued [Rob86]. Plus[CBC84]. POI [LHF+20]. Poor[Mit87a, Arc83, Bom82, Mit87b]. Portland[ACM81]. Possible [BG84]. Postal[SGM11]. Pour [GT84]. practical [Pfa86].practice [SW93]. Prediction [SS14].Predictive [Ano92c, DBT+12, KC94].Preparation [NCNS82, KL82]. Presented[ACM90, CC89]. Press [Har91]. PRICAI[Ano94c]. PRICAI-94 [Ano94c].Principles [ACM90, Thi82]. Printed[KPB87b, KPB87a, LAS93]. Probabilistic[CWC15, KO84]. Probability [CG91].Problem [WF74, Ram94].problem-solving [Ram94]. Problems[Yul94, Ano92d]. Proceed [JS91].Proceedings [Ano93c, Ano94c, BRSS94,BJ94, Boy85, IEE93a, Law85, SD94, USE82,Wil82, Wil94, ASP91, Ano89, Ano94a,BS+81, BIP92, IEE92a, LT81, O’S84,RAR94, ACM81, ACM88, GMJ90, IEE90,IEE93b, IEE95, Sch82, IEE86]. process[BDT94]. processes [AB89, Sch94].Processing [Ano86c, Ano94a, Ano94b,Ber86b, IEE95, Tro94, Chr87, CR95,MCM86, SC96, Stu82, Woo85, FW85].Processors [Ano86a]. Prof [BRSS94].Professional [IEE87a]. proficiency[TWT84]. program[Ams86, Bla60, PM87, RS81, SS84].Programming [ACM90, Ben85, Ben86,Knu92, Mor69, Sla87]. Programs[Fly88, MM92, NF92, Pet80a, Pet80b, AB84,Hei72, Mor70, SK83, Van83]. Project[Bre93, Adr95]. Prolog [Ber86a].Proneness [LD76]. pronunciation[HK95, HRLJ93, LHR+92].pronunciation-information [HK95].Proof [WL83]. Proof-reading [WL83].propagation [Kuk88]. Prospect [Hod87].

9

Prototype [BA88]. Proximity [Mac87].Proximity-Scan [Mac87].Pseudohomophone [LMPK92].Psychological [Ano84]. public [WG10].Publication [Ano84].

Qualified [Ano86b]. Quebec [ACM85].Queries [MF82b]. Query[CRD16, LHF+20, CW90]. question [Asi82].

R13 [Yar95]. Raed [Mea87]. Rajaraman[BRSS94]. Raleigh [BS83]. RAM [Edw87].RAM-resident [Edw87]. Random [Mil95].Ranking [LCDM15]. Reaction [Kre92].Reactive [WCD83]. Reader[BKP86, LMPK92, BCK85]. Readers[Har91, CHJ94]. reading[Van87, WL83, PMC85]. Readings[AT&T86]. Real[AAA19, LO95, JVFM95, Ram94].Real-time [LO95, JVFM95]. Real-Word[AAA19, Ram94]. Reclaiming [Ano92d].Recognition[Dal87, IEE86, IEE93b, KPB87b, SGM11,JLMG93, JVFM95, KPB87a, LAS93, OL95,PM13, PT07, SKS96, Sen93, SHC83, TV94,TST93, VP94, Yan91]. recognizer [BH95].Recognizing [DGK+90]. Record[ACM90, Dav62, IEE87a]. Reduction[WL84]. reflexive [dO94]. Regular[Wag74]. Reject [Ano95]. Remedial[Pai81]. Remediation [NF92].Representation [Sko82]. representing[LK93]. Rescoring [YCS15]. Research[BIP92, LNL99, Yul94, Ams86, ACM85].resident [Edw87]. RESORT [Kra84].Responsiveness [Sch82]. results [SW93].REtrieval [Har94b, ACM85, BIP92,CFGJ91, Dav62, MF82b, BSY00, WG10].Retrospect [Hod87]. Revelation [Mac87].reversal [Ull77]. review [Klixx]. right[Sil85]. Rim [Ano94c]. road [Pou84].robust [BH92]. Rochester [Hes90, Hes90].Role [CMVR87]. Romanian

[CEU93, BDT94, CEU94]. ROSE [Van87].ROWS [Van87]. Rules [Har91, Hua87,WL84, EP82, PTKJ07, YF83b, Yan91].Russell [Mil90]. Russell-Soundex [Mil90].

San [ACM83, ACM90, CC89, CB87, IEE88,IEE93c, VP94]. Scale [LHF+20]. Scan[Mac87]. Scatter [Lyo78]. scholar [Pfa86].Scholarly [PZ83, PZ84b, PZ84a]. Science[ACM89, IEE93b, Ano93a, MM93].Scientific [KW87, PZ83, PZ84b, PZ84a].scientists [Wei82]. scoring [CG91]. screen[WL83]. Scripting [RB05]. Scripts [Chi84].Search [CS82, LHF+20, Sch94, WG10].Searches [Sch75]. Searching[CS82, Flo87, Fou94, Gon83, RW92, SF15].Seattle [IEE92b]. Sebastian [CC89].SECC [Adr95]. Second [CC89, IEE93b,Sch82, dO94, Har94b, IEE93c]. Secretaries[SM80]. security [MW94]. Seed [LC16].Seed-Based [LC16]. Segmentation[LAS93, LNL99]. segmented [Tur82].Selected [KW87]. selectively [JVFM95].Selfspell [NF92]. semantic [BCK85].SEMI [Ano93c]. Semiconductor [Ano93c].sensitive [EF13, Jac83]. Sept[CC89, SD94, Wil82]. September[Boy85, O’S84]. Sequence[Buy20, SGM11, Kuk88].Sequence-to-Sequence [Buy20].sequences [TTK86]. Sequential[Dol88a, Dol88b]. Sets [LC16].Seventeenth [ACM90, ACM89]. Seventh[Pet82]. Shell [RB05]. Sheraton[CB87, IEE87a, IEE88]. Sichere [BN85].SIGIR [ACM85, BIP92]. SIGMOD[GMJ90]. Sign [LO95, PM17, HR92]. Signal[IEE95]. Signed [HR92]. Signs [PM17].SIGOA [ACM81]. SIGPLAN [ACM81].SIGSMALL [ACM88]. SIGSMALL/PC[ACM88]. Silbentrennung [BN85]. Similar[IK83]. Similar-String [IK83]. Similarity[AFW83, Sch75, Sid79, Alb67, BSY00].Simplified [Adr95]. single [SS84]. Sinhala

10

[PM17]. Sinnentsprechende [BN85]. Sixth[O’S84, Wil82, AB84, BS83]. sixth-grade[AB84]. Size [KPB87b, LMPK92, KPB87a].Skilled [Kre92]. Skipping [GHU84].Slovakia [SD94]. Small[ACM83, SPR90, Van83]. smarter [Joh81].Smoothing [KKC04]. Society [Wil82].Sofia [Boy85]. Software[BD95, Ber86b, Hic83, KP81, USE82, WS84,GDEJ05, MM93]. Solution [GR78]. solving[Ram94]. Some [Mit85, Pol82]. Sound[JS91, LMPK92, MPG+92, BCK85, Van87].Soundex [Car93, Mil90, Pro95]. source[Hug04]. Sources [Dal87, SHC83]. Space[Nix81, Ano92d]. Spacing [KKC04]. Spain[CC89]. Speak [TL82, FW82]. Speaker[CFGJ91, JLMG93].Speaker-Independent [CFGJ91, JLMG93].Special [LLWL15]. Specialized [Yan87].Specific [Ano93d]. Specification [Ano86b].Specified [Ano86b, Ano86d]. Speech[CRF92, GMW75, IEE95, LO95, Tro94,FW85, WWSG94, PT07, Woo85, Yan91].Speed [Edm82, TKS86, TTK86].Speed-Spelling [Edm82]. Spell[AH17, Ano85a, Ano86a, Ano93d, Ano94d,Ano95, Art89, Bey88, Cun94, LLWL15,Pro95, SPR90, TL82, WS94, Alt90, CW04,Dit87, FW82, GDEJ05, LNL99, NSV+10,HRLJ93, LHR+92, MM92]. spell-checking[GDEJ05]. Spellchecker [DGR09].spellchecking [DRG11]. SpellCode[Ang90]. Spelled [CRF92, BH95, JVFM95].Speller[Ano91, CT92, SM80, DBT+12, dO94].Spellers [Mit87a, Mit87b]. Spelling[AHZ81, AAAA93, AKGH93, AFW83,Ano86d, Ano92c, BG84, BH92, Ben85,Ber86a, BA88, Bou77, Buy20, CMVR87,CWC15, CS82, DS94, DC85, Dol86, DC92,Dun81, DLS83, Ebi92, Edm82, EBR87,Fly88, FS92, FZ88, GHU84, GMW75, GR78,HHHR66, Hod87, HBHC15, Hua87, JJJT19,JS91, KO84, Kre92, Kuk92a, KKC04,

LMPK92, LCDM15, MDM91, McI82, McI95,MM93, Mil81, Mit87b, Mit87a, MPG+92,MF82a, Mor69, Mor70, MM90, NH84, NF92,Ofl92, OG94, Pai81, Par83, Pet80a, Pet80b,Pet81, PZ82, Pol82, PZ83, PZ84b, Rad83,Ric98, Ros82, RZR+11, Sid79, Sil85, Sko82,Urq84, Ven76, WMRB77, Wie86, WL84,YCS15, Yer86, YEMR91, Yul94, Zam80,ZCX+17, Ano91, Ano92d, Arc83, AB84,Asi82, AB89, BSY00, Ber87, Bla60, Bom82,Bos94, BCK85, Cha94]. spelling[Che87, CVB90, CG91, CEU94, CEU93,Cri88, Dam64, DR94, Dol88a, Dol88b, Fid97,Fur90, Hei72, HP88, Hug04, IYME93, IY85,JLMG93, WWSG94, Klixx, Lav92, Lav93,LC03, LBW92, PT07, PZ84a, PM87, Ram94,RW92, RS81, Rob83, SC96, SS84, TIAY90,TWT84, TG83, TV94, Tur81, VTTC94,VTTC95, Van87, WG10, YF83a, YF83b,Yan91, dO94]. spelling-checker[Ano92d, CEU94]. spelling-correction[BSY00, RW92]. Spelling-Sound[LMPK92]. Spelling-To-Phoneme [WL84].spelling-to-sound [BCK85].spelling-word [WWSG94]. Spellings[CFGJ91, Dal87, Ros82]. Spoken[Ano94b, CRF92]. Sponsored [Law85].sponsorship [Law85]. Sprache[Tro94, BN85]. squeeze [CD01]. Standard[GT84]. Standardizing [SW93]. State[BS83, CBC84, IEE92b, SK83]. Statistical[MCM86, WMRB77, Bes94, EF13].statistics [WWSG94]. Status [MPG+92].Steps [Hic83]. Stochastic [KKC04].Stockholm [KW87]. Store [Nix81].Strategic [MPG+92]. Strategy[Kre92, JVFM95]. street [Hei91].Strictness [SPR90]. String [Ada84, Alb67,IK83, TKS86, WF74, BSY00, DC94].string-similarity [BSY00].String-to-String [WF74]. strings[BH92, EH88, OL95]. Structure[Yan87, Sch94]. structured [FQA89].Structures [Ofl92, RW73]. Students

11

[MM92, AB84, PM87]. Studies [PMC85].Study [LD76, Cha94, SKS96, WG10].Stuttgart [Ano94a]. style [Adr95].Stylometry [Smi83]. Sublexical[MPG+92]. substitution [Ull77].Supervised [JJJT19]. Supplement[Ano85a, Ano86d]. Support[Ano86d, dO94]. Surface [PMC85]. Survey[NCNS82, PM13]. Sweden [KW87].Switzerland [LT81]. Symposium [ACM81,ACM88, ACM90, Ano93e, BJ94, Boy85].System[AT&T86, Ano86a, Ano92c, BA88, Can81,Dav62, GT84, GR78, Hus81, JJJT19, LO95,PZ84b, SS14, YEMR91, Ano91, Bos94, Chr87,ESH89, HRLJ93, HR92, LHR+92, TIAY90,TG83, TV94, VTTC94, Wei82, WG10].Systems[BRSS94, Hes90, IEE93c, Mor69, NCNS82,Sid79, Ano92a, Ano93a, EP82, Mor70, Sen93].systolic [Lav92, Lav93].

T [Sla87]. Tables [Lyo78]. tag [NSV+10].Take [Ric98]. Tale [MM90]. TALISMAN[BA88]. talk [FW82]. Tasks [Ano85a]. TC[Boy85, LT81]. TC-3 [LT81]. Teaching[Hus81, Pai81, EP82, HRLJ93]. Technical[Law85]. Technique [CS82, Dam64, Ull77].Techniques [Kuk92b]. technologies[IEE87b]. Technology[Mac87, WCD83, Pre91, Pre92]. Tel[BS+81]. Tel-Aviv [BS+81].telecommunications [Kuk92a]. Telephone[CRF92, JLMG93, JVFM95]. Tempe[CBC84]. terminology [Buc93, SW93].Terms [LMPK92]. Testing [Kre92, PM87].Texas [Mor82, TL82]. Text[ACM81, Ano86c, Gon83, Har94b, Kuk92b,LNL99, PZ83, PZ84b, SS14, WCD83, Cav94,Chr87, FK90, HR92, MCM86, MM93, PM13,PZ84a, RSM07, RW92, SKS96, Sen93,SHC83, Tur81]. Texts [AAA19, MF82b,BSY00, BH92, KW81, WL83]. Textual[PZ82]. Thai [PT07]. their [Dal87, Yan91].

Theme [Ano93c]. Theoretic [LM84].theory [SW93]. Therapy [GMW75].thesaurus [RW73]. Three [MM90]. Ths[Mea87]. Time[Kre92, EH88, JVFM95, LO95]. tolerant[Sch94]. Tolerating [FS92, Sch75]. tool[CHJ94, Cri88]. Toolkit [Mac87]. Tools[Hur87, IEE90, KP81, USE82, HP88, Law85].topologies [Kuk88]. Toronto [Pre92].touching [LAS93]. tour [Tei84]. Trade[IEE92b, Law85]. traditional [OL95].trained [JVFM95]. transcription [Wot93].transformation [PTKJ07]. Translating[Law85]. Translation [Law85, MPG+92,BCK85, EF13, HR92, WWSG94, PTKJ07].Translator [Law85, HR92, Mit85].transliteration [AFCB94]. transposition[OL95]. TREC [Har94b, Cav94]. TREC-2[Har94b, Cav94]. Trigram [AFW83].Tsukuba [IEE93b]. Turbo [Yer86]. Turkey[Ano93e]. Turkish[AKGH93, Ano93e, Buy20, Ofl92]. Tutor[Pro95, Ter81]. Tutoring [YEMR91, Bos94].Twenty [Edm82]. Twenty-First [Edm82].Two [Kre92, AB84]. Two-Strategy[Kre92]. Type [Yer86]. Typesetting[Har94a]. typing [Pet86]. Typist [Rob86].Typographical [MC75, Sen93, Tur81].

understanding [WWSG94, Woo85].undetected [Pet86]. Unfold [GHU84].Units [KW87]. University[BS83, CBC84, Hes90, Sch82, Har91, SK83].UNIX [AT&T86, Chr87, KL82, Ebi92].unknown [Fou94]. Unstructured [Gon83].USA [IEE90, RAR94]. Usability [Sch82].Use [GMW75, Pet82, TWT84]. USENIX[USE82]. User[Ano86b, Ano86d, DC85, DLS83, Thi82].User-Specified [Ano86d]. Users[Chi84, USE82, Fur90]. Uses [Mac87].Using [AFW83, Car93, KKC04, NF92,SK83, BSY00, CFGJ91, EF13, KO84, MM93,Ram94, RW92, Sen93, Van83]. Uspell

REFERENCES 12

[McC92]. usr [USE82]. Utilities [Edw87].Utility [Fly88]. Utilization [VTTC95].utilizing [HK95]. Utrecht [Ano93b].UTTAM [JJJT19].

V [BRSS94]. v2.0 [Law92]. VA [IEE90].Validation [FS92]. value [Mil95]. Variant[Buc93, Ros82]. variants [IN94]. VCATS[Hus81]. Ventura [Alt90]. Verarbeitung[Tro94]. verb [CA89]. Verbale [GT84].verbs [Bos94]. Verification [Ber86a, GR78].Very [Gon83, DC94]. Video [SGM11]. view[Ive91]. Virtual [Wie86]. Visual [Hus81].vocabularies [LK93]. voice [LC03].voice-spelling [LC03]. VP [Alt90].VP-to-the-Max [Alt90]. VR [LO95].

WA [IEE92b]. warning [GDEJ05].Washington [IEE92b]. Way [Nix81]. Web[RSM07]. Web-crawled [RSM07]. Webster[Pet82, Sil85, Rob83]. well [Dit87].Westgate [ACM83]. Whole [BCK85].Whole-word [BCK85]. Winnipeg[IEE87a]. within [CC89]. without[CW04, KC94]. Word[AAA19, Ber86b, HBHC15, JS91, KKC04,McW82, Ofl92, Par83, SS14, Sid79, BDT94,BCK85, CW04, Coo05, WWSG94, Ram94,RW92, Sil85, Stu82, MM92]. word-forming[BDT94]. word-forms [RW92].Word-Spacing [KKC04]. Wordprocessing[Ano92c]. Words[Dal87, FZ88, Kuk92b, PM17, Ros82,DGK+90, Fou94, SS84, TST93, Ull77].Wordz [Tay86]. Work[Edm82, KW87, KW87]. Workbench[SK83, Van83]. Workshop [Ano93c]. World[CC89, LT81]. WP [Joh81]. Writer[HP88, SK83, Van83]. Writers[Che81, CHJ94]. Writing[Chi84, Rob86, Wei82].

York [Ano89]. Yur [Mea87].

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