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A. Bay Beijing October 2005 1
AcceleratorsWe want to study submicroscopic structure of particles.Spatial resolution of a probe ~de Broglie wavelength = 1/p=> increase energy of probes.
targetr
p
probe
The collider is the most efficient way to get the max usableenergy:
collider with
fixed target of mass m2
(Ecm)2=
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 2
General structure
RF fromKlystrons
In addition: sophisticated instrumentation for the control of the orbit
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 3
A cavity
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 4
Energies of Colliders vs time
LHC:starting date 2007
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 5
Max Energy limiting factors
* Need powerful magnets to curb the orbit* Synchrotron radiation in a machine of radius r andenergy E goes like E4 :
Suppose you want an energy of 500 GeV. With electronsyou must increase the klystron power by ~ (500/50)4 !
Consider like baseline design the LEP machine witha radius of 4.3 km. At 50 GeV/beam the power dissipatedis of the order of 10-7 W per electron.There are ~ 1012 electrons in the LEP => 105 W needed fromthe klystrons.
€
Power ≈2Ke2c
3
γ 4
r2~
E
m
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟4
2 possibilities: use protons (mp=2000me) or increase r.
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 6
The proton collider
Because the p is a composite particle the total beam E cannotbe completely exploited. The elementary collisionsare between quarks or gluons which pick up only a fractionx of the momentum:
proton
proton
quarksspectators
quarksspectators
p2
p1
x1p1
x2p2
momentum availableis only x1p1+ x2p2
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 7
Luminosity
Interaction rate for a process of cross-section rate [s] = L
The luminosity of a collider is proportional to the currentsof the 2 beams I1, I2, and inversely proportional to their section A,
ni are the number of particles per bunch, b the number of bunches,f the frequency of the orbit.For gaussian bunch profiles: y
x
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 8
Example: LEP
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 9
Example of L calculation for LEP
I= 1.38 and 1.52 mA e=1.6 10 Cb = 8
... close to the real (measured) value of ~ 4 - 5 1030
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 10
Example of rate calculation for LEP
Cross sections for processes at the Z peak:
where
from rate [s] = L assuming we obtain an hadronic rate of 0.3 s
In one year 3x107 s, assuming that the system is on dutyfor 1/3 of the time, we have an "integrated luminosity" of107 x 1031 = 1038 cm 105 nb
The number of hadronic events/year is ~ 0.3 107
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 11
Luminosity vs time
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 12
The Large Hadron Collider
Build a 7 GeV/beam machine in the LEP tunnel.
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 13
LHC
LHC
LHCbpoint 8
LHCb
Pb PbGeneva
jet d'eau
Alps
Leman lake
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 14
viewed from the sky on July 13, 2005
Jet d’eau
ALTAS surface buildings CERN
Genève
Salève
new wood building
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 15
LHC magnets• ~1650 main magnets (~1000 produced) + a lot more other magnets• 1232 cryogenic dipole magnets (~800 produced, 70 installed):
– each 15-m long, will occupy together ~70% of LHC’s circumference !
Lowering of 1st dipole into the tunnel (March 2005)B fields of 8.3 T in opposite directions for each proton beam
Cold mass
(1.9 K)
Joining things up
Cryogenic services
line
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 16
LHC schedule—Beam commissioning starting in Summer 2007
—Short very-low luminosity “pilot run” in 2007 used to debug/calibrate detectors, no (significant) physics
—First physics run in 2008, at low luminosity (1032–1033 cm–2s–1)
—Reaching the design luminosity of 1034 cm–2s–1 will take until 2010
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 17
LHC parameters
—Ecm = 14 TeV
—Luminosity ~ 3 1034 cm-2 s-1 generated with
—1.7 1011 protons/bunch
— t = 25 ns bunch crossing
—bunch transverse size ~15 m
—bunch longitudinal size ~ 8cm
— crossing angle =200 mrad
The proton current is ~1A, ~500 Mjoules/beam (100kg TNT)
25 ns
detector
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 18
CLICThe Compact LInear Collider CLIC is the name of a novel technique to produce the RF required for acceleration, based on a Two Beam Acceleration (TBA) system.The goal is to have a gradient of acceleration of the order of150 MeV/m. Aa 250+250 GeV machine would be 5 km long
sub-nanometerbeam !!!!!!!!!
30 GHz
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 19
CLICelectron beam to be accelerated
Low E, very high intensity beam used to produce RF
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 20
The CLIC idea
A gradient of 150 MeV/m requires a RF of ~30 GHz.Klystrons are limited at ~10 GHz => go to TBA:
1) create a beam of ~ 1 GeV electrons made of bunches 64 cm apart2) reorganize in time the bunches so that they are 2 cm apart:this corresponds to 0.67 ns at the speed of light3) send the bunches into passive microwave devices (Power Extraction and Transfer Structure, PETS)where a 30 GHz radio-wave is excitedand then transferred by shortwaveguides to the main accelerator.
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 21
CLIC Test Facility 3 CTF3
Produce a bunched 35 A electron beam to excite 30 GHz PETS.Accelerate a 150 MeV electron beam up to 0.51 GeV
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 22
CTF3 first phase
has proven the possibility to reduce the pulse spacing tothe nominal value of 0.67 ps.
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 23
Nanometer size beam
Requires a nanometricstability of all the components,in particular the last quadrupole.
geophone Need to fight (hard) againstseveral possible sources of vibrations(ex.: cooling liquid),ground motion, etc.
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 24
ground motion
StabilizationUse a combination of active and passive stabilization techniques
quadrupolemotion
1
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 25
Luminosity gain w/wo stabilization
~70% of thenominal luminosityhas been obtained
Simulation of the beam collision behaviour
A. Bay Beijing October 2005 26
The experiments
e+e collisions and collisions