1. FIGURE shows the chemical reaction of carbon dioxide transport in blood.

a. Name the part of haemoglobin molecule that binds to carbon dioxide.

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b. State the following advantages of erythrocyte characteristics that are related to their

functions.

i. Generate ATP by anaerobic metabolism.

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ii. The biconcave shape.

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c. What are J, K, L and M in FIGURE 3?

J : _________________________________________________________________

K : _________________________________________________________________

L : _________________________________________________________________

M: _________________________________________________________________

d. What happen to HCO3- after undergoing process I?

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e. State the importance of process II and III.

Process II : __________________________________________________________

Process III : ___________________________________________________________

2. FIGURE shows structures found on leaves

a. Name the structures A and B.

A : ______________________________________________________________

B :______________________________________________________________

b. State ONE hypothesis that explains how the whole structure in FIGURE

functions.

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c. Based on FIGURE, state TWO adaptations of structure B to perform its function.

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3. FIGURE shows how gas exchange occurs in animal tissue.

a. Name the substances for I and II.

I: _______________________________________________________________

II: _______________________________________________________________

b. Name the process of substance III entering the red blood cells as shown in

FIGURE.

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c. State the importance of the process named in 1(b).

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d. What form of carbon dioxide transportation is shown in FIGURE 1?

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e. State TWO other methods of transporting carbon dioxide.

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f. Explain briefly what happen when the red blood cells reach the lungs.

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4. The flow chart below shows a series of mechanism involved in breathing.

a. Determine X, Y and Z.

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b. Name the chemoreceptor which control or affect the breathing centre.

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c. What is the role of chemoreceptor?

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d. Where is the location of stretch receptor?

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e. Where signal is send by stretch receptor and give importance of this reaction.

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d. If an injury tore a small hole in the membrane surrounding your lungs, what effect

on lung function would you expect?

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5. FIGURE 1A shows the structure of a stomata.

High CO2 detected by X Impulses sent to Y

Impulses send to Z and

intercostals muscle

Inspiration

a. Identify cell A.

Cell A :_______________________________________________________

b. State ONE characteristic of cell wall of cell A which facilitates the opening and

closing of the stomata.

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c. What happen to cell A during daytime?

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d. Give TWO reasons for your answer in 1(c).

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6. FIGURE shows the oxygen dissociation curves for haemoglobin and myoglobin.

a. Define Bohr’s effect.

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b. Differentiate myoglobin and haemoglobin in terms of structures and the

maximum number of oxygen molecules that they can bind with.

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c. Give ONE reason why people living at high altitude have more red blood cells

compared to people living at sea level.

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7. FIGURE shows the oxygen dissociation curve of human haemoglobin.

a. Name the respiratory pigment found in skeletal muscle.

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b. State ONE function of the respiratory pigment in (a)

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c. Draw the oxygen dissociation curve for pigment 1 (a) in FIGURE

d. What is the percentage of oxygen saturation for haemoglobin at partial pressure

40 mmHg based on FIGURE 1?

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e. What is the condition of the tissues at that partial pressure in 1 (d)?

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f. Compare the level of oxygen saturation between hemoglobin and the pigment in

(a) at 40 mmHg.

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g. Briefly explain your answer for (f).

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h. What will happen to the oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin, if

i. pH of the blood decreases?

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ii. Carbon dioxide increases?

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8. FIGURE shows the effect of carbon dioxide on the oxygen dissociation curve A and B.

a. Which curve represents the effect of higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

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b. Explain your answer in 1 (a) (i).

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c. Name the effect that causes the change of curve A to B.

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d. State ONE factor affecting the affinity of oxygen towards haemoglobin.

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9. FIGURE 2 shows a structure involved in gaseous exchange in plants.

a. Name Y and Z.

Y : ______________________________________________________

Z : ______________________________________________________

b. What will happen to Y during daytime?

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10. FIGURE shows chemical reaction in red blood cell during the transportation of carbon

dioxide.

a. Name the molecule labeled R.

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b. State the function of enzyme A.

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c. State the importance of reaction B.

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d. Explain what happen to R when it reaches the lung.

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11. FIGURE shows oxygen dissociation curves for haemoglobin and myoglobin.

a. Identify the curves in FIGURE 1B which represent oxygen dissociation for

haemoglobin and myoglobin.

Haemoglobin : ________________________________________________

Myoglobin : ________________________________________________

b. What happen to curve K in active tissue? Give your reason.

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12. FIGURE shows oxygen dissociation curve in normal condition. Draw an oxygen

dissociation curve in FIGURE 1C if the red blood cell in pH 7.2

13. The figure below shows the oxygen dissociation curves for haemoglobin of Ilama, pigeon

and lowland animals.

a. Explain briefly how the dissociation curves indicate pigeon adaptation to obtain

its supply of oxygen.

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b. Explain why the breast meat of pigeon is very dark whereas the breast meat of

poultry is usually white.

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c. Explain why the oxygen dissociation curve of lowland animals is shifted to the

right while the oxygen dissociation curve of Llama is shifted to the left.

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14. Figure 3 shows the difference in Oxygen (O2) content and blood temperature during rest

( 37˚C ) and exercise(42˚C).

a. State what happen at X and Y

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b. Calculate the percentage of oxygen unloaded to the tissue in a person at rest.

c. Calculate the percentage of oxygen unloaded to the tissue during exercise.

d. Explain why higher blood temperature shift the curves to the right.

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42˚C 37˚C

15. The diagram below shows a summary of a chemical reactions which occuring a

Mammalian during the transportation of carbon dioxide by red blood cells(RBC).

IV T

I

a. State the substances labeled R, S , T and U in the above diagram

R : _________________________________________________

S : _________________________________________________

T : _________________________________________________

U : _________________________________________________

b. Name the part of hemoglobin molecule that binds to carbon dioxide

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c. Explain what happens at stage I , II and IV in the above diagram

I : _______________________________________________________________

II : _______________________________________________________________

IV: ______________________________________________________________

d. What happens to HCO3- after process IV?

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e. Suggest the reason for movement of T in the diagram

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f. State the importance of process III

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R + O2 CO2 + H2O

CO2 + H2O

HCO3- H+ + Hb O2

II

S

H2CO3 HbO2

U

III

16. The following graph shows the oxygen dissociation curve for four different animals

a. Which of the curves I , II , III and IV represent the animals below. Explain your

answers.

i. Llama

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ii. Elephant

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iii. Mouse

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iv. Earthworm

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b. Relates the usage of oxygen with animal size.

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