A Appendix Figure A3: Treatment 1: Exposure to Violencecambridge... · 2019. 3. 12. · 2.21 ⇤⇤⇤ 2.13 ... Income and Wealth x Violence 0.17 (0.14) Government Occupation x Violence

A Appendix

Figure A3: Treatment 1: Exposure to Violence

1

Figure A4: Treatment 2: Economic Growth/National Status

Figure A5: Treatment 3: Integrative Institutions/Youths Joining Army

2

Figure A6: Treatment 4: Common Geography

3

Figure A7: Map of Region

Note: sourced from WikiMedia Commons. Produced by the Central Intelligence Agency. URL:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kashmir_region_2004.jpg

4

Table

A7:Observed

Correlation

betweenSelf-Rep

ortedViolence

Exp

osure

andIdentification

:Part1/4

Ranke

dIndianIden

tity

(1-4)

Iden

tity:Indian/Indian+Kash

miri(1/0)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Violence

Exposure

�0.08⇤⇤

⇤�0.07⇤⇤

⇤�0.05⇤⇤

�0.0001

�0.01

0.02

(0.02)

(0.02)

(0.02)

(0.02)

(0.02)

(0.02)

Age

:18

-27

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.02

(0.04)

(0.04)

(0.03)

(0.02)

Age

:28

-49

�0.08⇤⇤

⇤�0.07⇤⇤

�0.02

�0.01

(0.03)

(0.03)

(0.02)

(0.02)

Gen

der:Fem

ale

0.03

0.02

�0.04

�0.04

(0.03)

(0.03)

(0.02)

(0.02)

>=HighSch

ool

0.04

0.05

0.01

0.02

(0.03)

(0.03)

(0.02)

(0.02)

Religion:Sunni

�0.93⇤⇤

⇤�0.89⇤⇤

⇤�0.43⇤⇤

⇤�0.41⇤

⇤⇤

(0.16)

(0.16)

(0.08)

(0.08)

Religion:Shia

�0.60⇤⇤

⇤�0.56⇤⇤

⇤�0.33⇤⇤

⇤�0.29⇤

⇤⇤

(0.18)

(0.18)

(0.09)

(0.09)

MainEarner

0.06

0.07

0.01

0.02

(0.04)

(0.04)

(0.03)

(0.02)

Wea

lthIndex

�0.001

0.001

0.01

0.001

(0.01)

(0.01)

(0.005)

(0.01)

OccupationGov

t0.01

0.004

0.02

0.01

(0.05)

(0.05)

(0.03)

(0.03)

Constant

1.33⇤

⇤⇤2.21⇤⇤

⇤2.13⇤⇤

⇤0.23⇤⇤

⇤0.66⇤⇤

⇤0.69⇤⇤

⇤

(0.03)

(0.17)

(0.17)

(0.02)

(0.08)

(0.09)

IndividualCov

ariates

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Constituen

cyFixed

E↵ects

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Observations

2,520

2,516

2,516

2,520

2,516

2,516

ResidualStd

.Error

0.61

0.59

0.59

0.42

0.41

0.41

⇤⇤p<0.05,

⇤⇤⇤p<0.01(two-tailed

).Robust

stan

dard

errors

inparenth

eses.

All

regressionsincludedummiesfortrea

tmen

tassignmen

twith

theco

ntrolgroup

beingth

ereference

category.

5

Table

A8:Observed

Correlation

betweenSelf-Rep

ortedViolence

Exp

osure

andIdentification

:Part2/4

Kash

mir

Statu

s:Rem

ain

inIndia

(1/0)

India/Pakistan:PreferIndia

(1/0)

Donationto

IndianNGO

(0-100)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

Violence

Exposure

�0.09⇤⇤

⇤�0.09⇤⇤

⇤�0.06⇤⇤

⇤�0.07⇤⇤

⇤�0.08⇤⇤

⇤�0.04

�1.11

�0.96

�2.19

(0.02)

(0.02)

(0.02)

(0.02)

(0.02)

(0.02)

(1.33)

(1.34)

(1.32)

Age

:18

-27

�0.05

�0.06⇤⇤

�0.06

�0.08⇤⇤

1.45

1.38

(0.03)

(0.03)

(0.04)

(0.03)

(2.03)

(1.98)

Age

:28

-49

�0.04

�0.04

�0.06⇤⇤

�0.07⇤⇤

0.82

1.31

(0.02)

(0.02)

(0.03)

(0.03)

(1.64)

(1.58)

Gen

der:Fem

ale

�0.03

�0.02

�0.02

0.0002

4.20⇤

⇤2.92

(0.02)

(0.02)

(0.03)

(0.03)

(1.74)

(1.72)

>=HighSch

ool

�0.01

0.01

0.02

0.04

1.85

1.34

(0.02)

(0.02)

(0.03)

(0.03)

(1.85)

(1.80)

Religion:Sunni

�0.34⇤⇤

⇤�0.35⇤⇤

⇤�0.36⇤⇤

⇤�0.40⇤⇤

⇤�5.48

�3.96

(0.08)

(0.08)

(0.04)

(0.06)

(5.53)

(5.48)

Religion:Shia

�0.14

�0.19

�0.06

�0.14⇤⇤

0.06

5.22

(0.09)

(0.10)

(0.05)

(0.07)

(6.10)

(6.16)

MainEarner

0.03

0.03

0.06

0.06

3.62

3.00

(0.03)

(0.03)

(0.03)

(0.03)

(1.91)

(1.87)

Wea

lthIndex

�0.005

�0.003

�0.01

�0.01

0.51

2.01⇤⇤

⇤

(0.01)

(0.01)

(0.01)

(0.01)

(0.36)

(0.40)

OccupationGov

t0.01

0.005

0.15⇤

⇤⇤0.14⇤⇤

⇤0.07

�0.08

(0.04)

(0.04)

(0.04)

(0.04)

(2.62)

(2.57)

Constant

0.33⇤

⇤⇤0.69⇤⇤

⇤0.56⇤⇤

⇤0.64⇤⇤

⇤1.00⇤⇤

⇤0.95⇤⇤

⇤26.02⇤

⇤⇤26.61⇤

⇤⇤3.51

(0.02)

(0.09)

(0.10)

(0.03)

(0.06)

(0.09)

(1.61)

(5.85)

(6.07)

IndividualCov

ariates

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Constituen

cyFixed

E↵ects

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Observations

2,379

2,375

2,375

1,739

1,737

1,737

2,520

2,516

2,516

ResidualStd

.Error

0.44

0.44

0.43

0.49

0.48

0.47

32.91

32.81

31.65

⇤⇤p<0.05,


).Robust

stan

dard

errors

inparenth

eses.

All


tmen

tassignmen

twith

theco

ntrolgroup

beingth

ereference

category.

6

Table

A9:Observed

Correlation

betweenSelf-Rep

ortedViolence

Exp

osure

andIdentification

:Part3/4

National

Iden

tifica

tion

Index

INational

Iden

tifica

tion

Index

II

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Violence

Exposure

�0.12⇤⇤

⇤�0.13⇤⇤

⇤�0.09⇤

⇤�0.14⇤⇤

⇤�0.14⇤

⇤⇤�0.09

(0.04)

(0.04)

(0.04)

(0.05)

(0.05)

(0.05)

Age

:18

-27

0.02

0.01

�0.04

�0.04

(0.06)

(0.06)

(0.07)

(0.07)

Age

:28

-49

�0.07

�0.05

�0.10

�0.08

(0.05)

(0.05)

(0.06)

(0.06)

Gen

der:Fem

ale

0.002

�0.01

�0.02

�0.01

(0.05)

(0.05)

(0.06)

(0.06)

>=HighSch

ool

0.04

0.05

0.10

0.11

(0.05)

(0.05)

(0.06)

(0.06)

Religion:Sunni

�1.41⇤⇤

⇤�1.35⇤⇤

⇤�1.19⇤

⇤⇤�1.20⇤⇤

⇤

(0.19)

(0.19)

(0.19)

(0.19)

Religion:Shia

�0.85⇤⇤

⇤�0.74⇤⇤

⇤�0.59⇤

⇤⇤�0.58⇤⇤

⇤

(0.21)

(0.22)

(0.21)

(0.21)

MainEarner

0.12

⇤⇤0.13⇤⇤

0.14⇤⇤

0.16⇤⇤

(0.06)

(0.06)

(0.07)

(0.07)

Wea

lthIndex

0.01

0.03

⇤⇤�0.02

0.001

(0.01)

(0.01)

(0.01)

(0.01)

OccupationGov

t0.03

0.004

0.12

0.11

(0.08)

(0.08)

(0.09)

(0.09)

Constant

0.08

1.40⇤

⇤⇤0.93⇤⇤

⇤0.28⇤⇤

⇤1.39⇤⇤

⇤0.80⇤⇤

⇤

(0.05)

(0.21)

(0.22)

(0.06)

(0.21)

(0.23)

IndividualCov

ariates

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Constituen

cyFixed

E↵ects

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Observations

2,377

2,373

2,373

1,724

1,722

1,722

ResidualStd

.Error

0.97

0.94

0.91

0.98

0.95

0.93

⇤⇤p<0.05,


).Robust

stan

dard

errors

inparenth

eses.

All


tmen

tassignmen

twith

theco

ntrolgroup

beingth

ereference

category.

7

Table

A10:Observed

Correlation

betweenSelf-Rep

ortedViolence

Exp

osure

andIdentification

:Part4/4

Pea

cefulProtest

Participation(1-5)

ViolentProtest

Endorsem

ent(1-5)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Violence

Exposure

0.29

⇤⇤⇤

0.26⇤⇤

⇤0.32⇤⇤

⇤0.25⇤⇤

⇤0.26⇤⇤

⇤0.16⇤⇤

(0.05)

(0.05)

(0.05)

(0.07)

(0.07)

(0.07)

Age

:18

-27

0.09

0.06

0.03

�0.04

(0.08)

(0.08)

(0.10)

(0.10)

Age

:28

-49

0.12

0.12

0.03

0.04

(0.07)

(0.07)

(0.09)

(0.08)

Gen

der:Fem

ale

�0.09

�0.06

0.03

�0.03

(0.07)

(0.07)

(0.09)

(0.09)

>=HighSch

ool

0.10

0.12

0.21⇤

⇤0.19⇤⇤

(0.07)

(0.07)

(0.09)

(0.09)

Religion:Sunni

0.08

0.04

0.04

�0.14

(0.20)

(0.21)

(0.29)

(0.27)

Religion:Shia

�0.01

�0.12

0.02

�0.14

(0.23)

(0.24)

(0.32)

(0.32)

MainEarner

�0.002

�0.01

0.18

0.10

(0.07)

(0.07)

(0.10)

(0.10)

Wea

lthIndex

0.04

⇤⇤⇤

0.01

�0.05⇤⇤

⇤0.01

(0.01)

(0.02)

(0.02)

(0.02)

OccupationGov

t�0.07

�0.10

�0.07

�0.14

(0.10)

(0.10)

(0.13)

(0.13)

Constant

3.97⇤

⇤⇤3.86⇤⇤

⇤4.42⇤⇤

⇤2.74⇤⇤

⇤2.55⇤⇤

⇤2.53⇤⇤

⇤

(0.06)

(0.23)

(0.25)

(0.08)

(0.31)

(0.34)

IndividualCov

ariates

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Constituen

cyFixed

E↵ects

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Observations

2,443

2,440

2,440

2,44

92,446

2,446

ResidualStd

.Error

1.27

1.27

1.24

1.68

1.67

1.58

⇤⇤p<0.05,


).Robust

stan

dard

errors

inparenth

eses.

All


tmen

tassignmen

twith

theco

ntrolgroup

beingth

ereference

category.

8

Table

A11:Correlation

betweenSelf-identification

andPreferences(C

ontrol

GroupRespon

dents)

OLS

OLS

OLS

OLS

OLS

Kash

mir

Statu

sIndia

(1/0)

Ind-P

ak:PreferIndia

(1/0)

Donation:India

(%)

Pea

cefulProtests(1-5)

ViolentProtests(1-5)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

Iden

tity

IndianorIndianandKash

miri(1/0)

0.23⇤

⇤⇤0.23⇤⇤

⇤5.75

0.27⇤⇤

0.32

(0.05)

(0.05)

(3.48)

(0.13)

(0.19)

Ranke

dIndianIden

tity

(1-4)

0.14⇤

⇤⇤0.11⇤⇤

⇤6.01⇤⇤

⇤�0.17

0.04

(0.04)

(0.03)

(2.13)

(0.10)

(0.12)

Constant

0.24⇤

⇤⇤0.11⇤⇤

0.55⇤⇤

⇤0.47⇤⇤

⇤24.25⇤

⇤⇤17.75⇤

⇤⇤4.05⇤⇤

⇤4.32⇤⇤

⇤2.78⇤⇤

⇤2.80⇤

⇤⇤

(0.02)

(0.05)

(0.03)

(0.05)

(1.67)

(3.16)

(0.07)

(0.14)

(0.09)

(0.17)

Observations

466

466

360

360

501

501

485

485

486

486

ResidualStd

.Error

0.45

0.45

0.48

0.48

32.84

32.70

1.25

1.25

1.68

1.69

⇤⇤p<0.05,⇤⇤

⇤p<0.01(two-tailed

).Robust

standard

errors

inparenth

eses.

9

Table

A12:RefusalRates

byTreatmentCon

dition

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

Violence

Exp

osure

0.00

010.00

2�0.02

00.02

40.00

01�0.02

00.02

2�0.00

1�0.00

3(0.003

)(0.006

)(0.015

)(0.029

)(0.003

)(0.015

)(0.029

)(0.011

)(0.011

)Econom

icGrowth

�0.00

20.00

010.00

70.05

5�0.00

20.00

50.06

10.00

5�0.00

2(0.002

)(0.007

)(0.020

)(0.036

)(0.002

)(0.021

)(0.036

)(0.014

)(0.013

)Econom

icGrowth

+Violence

�0.00

20.00

5�0.04

1⇤⇤

0.03

6�0.00

2�0.04

3⇤⇤⇤

0.03

0�0.01

9�0.00

9(0.002

)(0.008

)(0.016

)(0.036

)(0.002

)(0.016

)(0.036

)(0.011

)(0.012

)IntegrativeInstitution

s�0.00

2�0.00

40.00

40.02

8�0.00

20.00

30.03

70.01

90.00

9(0.002

)(0.006

)(0.020

)(0.035

)(0.002

)(0.020

)(0.036

)(0.016

)(0.014

)IntegrativeInstitution

s+

Violence

�0.00

2�0.00

1�0.02

60.05

5�0.00

2�0.02

80.05

30.00

80.01

0(0.002

)(0.007

)(0.017

)(0.035

)(0.002

)(0.017

)(0.035

)(0.014

)(0.014

)Geograp

hic

Priming

�0.00

2�0.00

4�0.01

80.06

0�0.00

2�0.02

00.05

5�0.01

6�0.01

4(0.002

)(0.006

)(0.018

)(0.036

)(0.002

)(0.018

)(0.036

)(0.011

)(0.011

)Geograp

hic

Priming+

Violence

�0.00

2�0.00

8⇤⇤

�0.01

90.01

4�0.00

2�0.02

10.01

5�0.00

3�0.00

1(0.002

)(0.004

)(0.017

)(0.034

)(0.002

)(0.018

)(0.034

)(0.013

)(0.013

)Con

stan

t(C

ontrol

GroupMean)

0.00

20.00

8⇤⇤

0.07

0⇤⇤⇤

0.28

1⇤⇤⇤

0.00

20.07

2⇤⇤⇤

0.28

7⇤⇤⇤

0.03

2⇤⇤⇤

0.03

0⇤⇤⇤

(0.002

)(0.004

)(0.011

)(0.020

)(0.002

)(0.012

)(0.020

)(0.008

)(0.008

)

Observations

2,52

22,52

22,52

22,52

22,52

22,52

22,52

22,52

22,52

2Residual

Std.Error

0.02

80.08

40.23

10.46

30.02

80.23

30.46

50.17

40.16

8

⇤⇤p<0.05

,⇤⇤

⇤ p<0.01

(two-tailed

).Rob

ust

stan

darderrors

inparentheses.

10

FigureA8:HeterogeneousE↵ects

ofViolence

Exp

osure

byEducation

Level

Note:

Figuresplotproportion

san

dmeansalon

gwith95%

confidence

intervals.

Circles

plotmeansan

dproportion

sforlow

education

respon

dents

(<highschoo

leducation

)an

dtriangles

plotmeansan

dproportion

sforhigheducation

respon

dents

(�highschoo

leducation

)

11

FigureA9:HeterogeneousE↵ects

ofViolence

Exp

osure

byBaseline(C

ontrol

Group)National

Identification

inCon

stituency

Note:

Figuresplotproportion

san

dmeansalon

gwith95%

confidence

intervals.

Circles

plotmeansan

dproportion

sforrespon

-dents

from

lownational

identification

constituencies

andtriangles

plotmeansan

dproportion

sforrespon

dents

from

high(above

median)national

identification

constituencies

12

Table A13: Heterogeneous Treatment E↵ects of Violence Exposure on National Identifica-tion Index (Benjamini-Hochberg Adjusted p-values)

Violence Exposure 0.58 (0.34)p = 0.27

Age Above Median 0.08 (0.09)p = 0.73

Female 0.06 (0.12)p = 0.98

Completed High School 0.39 (0.11)⇤⇤⇤

p = 0.01Sunni Muslim �0.46 (0.19)

p = 0.08Main Earner 0.15 (0.13)

p = 0.54Income and Wealth Above Median 0.001 (0.09)

p = 1.00Government Occupation �0.06 (0.18)

p = 0.99Constituency National Identification Above Median 0.56 (0.09)⇤⇤⇤

p = 0.00Age x Violence �0.05 (0.13)

p = 0.99Female x Violence �0.09 (0.16)

p = 0.98High School x Violence �0.51 (0.15)⇤⇤⇤

p = 0.01Sunni Muslim x Violence �0.40 (0.30)

p = 0.49Main Earner x Violence �0.02 (0.18)

p = 0.99Income and Wealth x Violence 0.02 (0.13)

p = 0.99Government Occupation x Violence 0.02 (0.23)

p = 0.99Constituency National Identification x Violence �0.29 (0.12)

p = 0.08Constant �0.06 (0.21)

p = 0.99

Observations 918Residual Std. Error 0.92

⇤⇤p

Table

A14:SplitSam

ple

Tests

ofHeterogeneousTreatmentE↵ects

ofViolence

Exp

osure

onNational

Identification

Index

(Benjamini-Hochb

ergAdjusted

p-values)

DummyVariable

takingvalues

1/0

CATE

(1)

CATE

(0)

Di↵.p-val.

Di↵.p-val.(B

Had

j.)

Con

trol

Mean(1)

Con

trol

Mean(0)

Age

AboveMedian

-0.18(0.09)

-0.12(0.09)

0.68

0.97

0.08

-0.03

Fem

ale

-0.15(0.09)

-0.15(0.09)

0.97

0.97

-0.01

0.05

Com

pletedHighSchoo

l-0.50(0.13)

-0.03(0.07)

0.00

0.01

0.23

-0.06

SunniMuslim

-0.17(0.06)

0.22

(0.30)

0.12

0.31

-0.01

0.51

MainEarner

-0.13(0.12)

-0.16(0.07)

0.83

0.97

0.09

-0.01

Incomean

dWealthAboveMedian

-0.20(0.09)

-0.11(0.09)

0.49

0.97

0.04

0.01

GovernmentOccupation

-0.19(0.23)

-0.15(0.07)

0.84

0.97

0.07

0.02

Con

stituency

National

IDAboveMedian

-0.27(0.10)

-0.02(0.07)

0.05

0.19

0.30

-0.27

14

Table A15: Heterogeneous Treatment E↵ects of Violence Exposure on Protest Index

(1) (2) (3)

Violence Exposure �0.15⇤⇤ �0.14⇤⇤ �0.52(0.07) (0.07) (0.31)

Age Above Median �0.03 �0.13(0.07) (0.10)

Female 0.09 0.09(0.09) (0.13)

Completed High School 0.19⇤⇤ 0.27⇤⇤

(0.08) (0.11)Sunni Muslim �0.07 �0.20

(0.13) (0.17)Main Earner 0.12 0.16

(0.10) (0.14)Income and Wealth Above Median 0.06 �0.01

(0.07) (0.10)Government Occupation �0.17 �0.24

(0.12) (0.18)Constituency National Identification Above Median �0.04 �0.05

(0.07) (0.09)Age x Violence 0.18

(0.14)Female x Violence 0.01

(0.18)High School x Violence �0.18

(0.16)Sunni Muslim x Violence 0.26

(0.25)Main Earner x Violence �0.10

(0.20)Income and Wealth x Violence 0.17

(0.14)Government Occupation x Violence 0.15

(0.24)Constituency National Identification x Violence 0.04

(0.14)Constant 0.11⇤⇤ 0.06 0.24

(0.05) (0.16) (0.22)

Observations 944 943 943Residual Std. Error 1.02 1.02 1.02

⇤⇤p

Table A16: Heterogeneous Treatment E↵ects of Violence Exposure on Identification Index(Principal Components)

(1) (2) (3)

Violence Exposure �0.18⇤⇤ �0.15⇤⇤ 0.65(0.08) (0.08) (0.43)

Age Above Median 0.10 0.13(0.08) (0.11)

Female �0.10 �0.10(0.10) (0.15)

Completed High School 0.15 0.42⇤⇤⇤

(0.10) (0.15)Sunni Muslim �0.86⇤⇤⇤ �0.61⇤⇤

(0.19) (0.25)Main Earner 0.14 0.09

(0.12) (0.16)Income and Wealth Above Median �0.04 �0.08

(0.08) (0.12)Government Occupation �0.02 0.01

(0.15) (0.23)Constituency National Identification Above Median 0.56⇤⇤⇤ 0.71⇤⇤⇤

(0.08) (0.11)Age x Violence �0.06

(0.16)Female x Violence 0.01

(0.21)High School x Violence �0.57⇤⇤⇤

(0.19)Sunni Muslim x Violence �0.58

(0.39)Main Earner x Violence 0.09


(0.16)Government Occupation x Violence �0.02

(0.30)Constituency National Identification x Violence �0.31⇤⇤

(0.16)Constant 0.06 0.48⇤⇤ 0.13

(0.06) (0.21) (0.28)


⇤⇤p

Table A17: Heterogeneous Treatment E↵ects of Violence Exposure on Identification Index(Standardized Z)

(1) (2) (3)

Violence Exposure �0.08⇤⇤ �0.07⇤⇤ 0.40⇤⇤(0.04) (0.04) (0.20)

Age Above Median 0.04 0.06(0.04) (0.05)

Female 0.02 0.07(0.05) (0.07)

Completed High School 0.10⇤⇤ 0.24⇤⇤⇤

(0.05) (0.07)Sunni Muslim �0.38⇤⇤⇤ �0.26⇤⇤

(0.09) (0.12)Main Earner 0.10 0.09

(0.06) (0.08)Income and Wealth Above Median 0.01 �0.01



(0.04) (0.05)Age x Violence �0.04

(0.08)Female x Violence �0.10






(0.14)Constituency National Identification x Violence �0.20⇤⇤⇤

(0.07)Constant �0.002 0.13 �0.08

(0.03) (0.10) (0.13)


⇤⇤p

Table A18: Heterogeneous Treatment E↵ects of Violence Exposure on Index of NationalIdentification Excluding Questions on Kashmirs Political Future and India-Pakistan Prefer-ence

(1) (2) (3)

Violence Exposure �0.13⇤⇤ �0.12⇤⇤ 0.48(0.06) (0.06) (0.33)

Age Above Median 0.05 0.06(0.06) (0.09)

Female 0.06 0.08(0.08) (0.12)

Completed High School 0.20⇤⇤ 0.46⇤⇤⇤

(0.08) (0.11)Sunni Muslim �0.49⇤⇤⇤ �0.31

(0.15) (0.20)Main Earner 0.11 0.08

(0.09) (0.13)Income and Wealth Above Median 0.06 0.02



(0.06) (0.09)Age x Violence �0.03

(0.12)Female x Violence �0.05






(0.22)Constituency National Identification x Violence �0.24⇤⇤

(0.12)Constant 0.003 0.11 �0.15

(0.04) (0.16) (0.22)


⇤⇤p

Table

A19:Average

TreatmentE↵ects:AllGroups

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

Violence

Exp

osure

�0.06

�0.04

�0.04

�0.09

⇤⇤�2.72

�0.15

⇤⇤�0.21

⇤⇤⇤

�0.20

⇤⇤�0.12

(0.04)

(0.03)

(0.03)

(0.04)

(2.04)

(0.06)

(0.07)

(0.09)

(0.11)

Econom

icGrowth

�0.01

�0.00

3�0.05

�0.02

0.89

�0.04

�0.05

0.01

�0.14

(0.05)

(0.03)

(0.04)

(0.05)

(2.61)

(0.08)

(0.09)

(0.10)

(0.13)

Econom

icGrowth

+Violence

�0.02

0.02

�0.06

�0.02

0.24

�0.06

�0.04

0.01

�0.15

(0.05)

(0.03)

(0.03)

(0.05)

(2.66)

(0.08)

(0.10)

(0.10)

(0.13)

IntegrativeInstitution

s�0.03

0.04

�0.00

010.06

�0.63

�0.02

�0.00

10.15

�0.01

(0.05)

(0.03)

(0.04)

(0.04)

(2.51)

(0.08)

(0.09)

(0.10)

(0.14)

IntegrativeInstitution

s+

Violence

�0.03

�0.02

�0.01

�0.02

2.30

�0.02

�0.04

0.18

⇤⇤�0.02

(0.05)

(0.03)

(0.03)

(0.04)

(2.58)

(0.08)

(0.09)

(0.09)

(0.13)

Com

mon

Geograp

hy�0.06

�0.01

0.02

0.01

1.68

�0.05

�0.08

�0.01

0.01

(0.04)

(0.03)

(0.04)

(0.05)

(2.62)

(0.08)

(0.09)

(0.10)

(0.13)

Com

mon

Geograp

hy+

Violence

�0.07

0.04

�0.01

�0.04

�1.26

�0.04

�0.10

�0.05

�0.16

(0.05)

(0.03)

(0.03)

(0.04)

(2.37)

(0.07)

(0.09)

(0.10)

(0.13)

Con

stan

t(C

ontrol

GroupMean)

1.30

⇤⇤⇤

0.23

⇤⇤⇤

0.29

⇤⇤⇤

0.61

⇤⇤⇤

25.55⇤

⇤⇤0.03

0.22

⇤⇤⇤

4.10

⇤⇤⇤

2.85

⇤⇤⇤

(0.03)

(0.02)

(0.02)

(0.03)

(1.47)

(0.05)

(0.05)

(0.06)

(0.08)

Observations

2,52

02,52

02,37

91,73

92,52

02,37

71,72

42,44

32,44

9Residual

Std.Error

0.61

0.42

0.45

0.49

32.91

0.97

0.98

1.28

1.68

⇤⇤p<0.05

,⇤⇤

⇤ p<0.01

(two-tailed

).Rob

ust

stan

darderrors

inparentheses.

(1)Ran

kOrderingof

SocialIdentities:Ran

kof

Indianidentity

(1-4)withhigher

values

indicatinggreaternational

identification

.(2)Self-Identification

:Respon

dentsees

herselfas

“IndianOnly”or

“Indianan

dKashmiri”

(1)or

“KashmiriOnly”(0)

(3)KashmirsPolitical

Status:

Kashmir

shou

ldremainwithIndia

(1)rather

than

becom

ingindep

endentor

joiningPak

istan(0)(4)

India-Pak

istanPreference:Ifindep

enden

ceis

not

anop

tion

,shou

ldKashmir

remainwithIndia

(1)or

join

Pak

istan(0)

(5)Beh

avioralMeasure

ofIdentification

:Allocationto

all-India

NGO

(%)rather

than

NGO

workingon

lyin

Kashmir.

(6)Index

ofNational

Identification

I:(excludingIndia-Pak

istanpreference)

(7)Index

ofNational

Identification

II:(includingIndia-Pak

istanpreference)

(8)Participationin

PeacefulProtests:

Statedwillingn

essto

participatein

peacefulprotestsag

ainst

theIndiangovernment(1-5)

(9)SupportforViolence:Endorsementof

violen

ceag

ainst

theIndiangovernment(1-5)

19

We compute minimum detectable e↵ect sizes for each outcome variable. The minimum de-tectable e↵ect size (MDE) is the smallest e↵ect that, if true, has a given chance of producing anestimate of the treatment e↵ect that is statistically significant at a given level. Here we computeMDEs based on assuming that the observed variance in the outcome in the sample of control grouprespondents is equal to the population variance, with ↵ = 0.05 and � = 0.80 according to thefollowing formula adapted from Duflo et al. (2007)72:

MDE = (t(1�K) + t↵/2) ⇤

s1

P (1� P )

r�2

N(6)

Where, t↵ is the critical value for the probability that the null hypothesis H0 is rejected whenit is false and t1�K is the critical value needed to achieve a power of K (0.84 for a 80% power forinstance). P is the fraction of subjects allocated to the treatment group (0.5 if respondents areassigned with equal probability to the treatment and control condition), � is the standard deviationof the treatment e↵ect (di↵erence in means or proportions), and N is the sample size. The formulawe use for the power calculations is thus given by:

MDE = (0.84 + 1.96) ⇤ 2 ⇤ SE (7)

and estimate the standard error of means and proportions using the following formula (assumingequal variance in control and treatment conditions, a sample size of 1000, and half the respondentsassigned to control and treatment conditions, respectively).

SE =q(s2C/nC) + ((s

2T /nT )) (8)

Table A20: Power Analysis

Variable Control Mean Control Var. SE MDERanked Indian Identity (Reversed 1-4) 1.3 0.41 0.04 0.23

Indian or Indian+Kashmiri/Kashmiri (1/0) 0.23 0.18 0.03 0.15Donation to All-India NGO (Percent) 25.55 1081.95 2.08 11.65Kashmir remain Part of India (1/0) 0.29 0.21 0.03 0.16India/Pakistan: Prefer India (1/0) 0.61 0.24 0.03 0.17

National Identification Index 0.03 1 0.06 0.35Peaceful Protest Participation (1-5) 4.1 1.59 0.08 0.45Violent Protest Endorsement (1-5) 2.85 2.85 0.11 0.6

72Esther Duflo, Rachel Glennerster, and Michael Kremer. Using randomization in devel- opment economicsresearch: A toolkit. CEPR Discussion Paper No. 6059. Center for Economic Policy Research, 2007.

20

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A Appendix Figure A3: Treatment 1: Exposure to Violencecambridge... · 2019. 3. 12. · 2.21 ⇤⇤⇤ 2.13 ... Income and Wealth x Violence 0.17 (0.14) Government Occupation x Violence