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Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy

134 P. K. Guha Road DumDum Kol-28

Study Material of 28/4/2020

For Class Nursery to XII

Class Nursery

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Letter ‘F’

· Write in copy

Math

· Number ‘6’

· Reading book pg 49, 50

· Write in copy

· Read and repeat

Hindi

· Letter ‘अं’

· Write in copy

Bengali

· স্বরবর্ণ

· ই,ঈ, বর্ণ দুটি ৫ লাইন করে লেখ – Write in copy

Class KG I

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Cursive writing Pg 14, 15

· Write in book

Math

· Backward counting 20 – 01

· Write in copy

Class KG II

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Write 6 CVC words with ‘i’ in the middle

· Answer –

Bib, fig, bin, pin, kid, wig – write in copy

Math

· Number names

· Write the number names of 30 – 40 in copy/ worksheet.

Bengali

· এসো লিখি লেখা শিখি pg 6, 7

· Write in book

Hindi

· बाल गीत Pg 30 (Story)

· Read and understand

Activity

· Draw any 2 fruits of your choice and colour it.

· Do in drawing copy

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Class I

Date 28/4/20

Subject- English 2

Topic-chapter 2 good habits

Good habits help us to lead a healthy and happy life .We should have good habits.Good children have good habits.Some of the good habits are:

· We should go to bed early at night.

· We should get up early in the morning .

· We should brush our teeth twice daily .

· We should always eat freshfood.

· We should drink milk daily. It is good for our health.

· Weshould pray to God daily.

· We should obey our teachers.

· We should respect our parents.

· We should never learn bad habits.

· We should always speak the truth.

· We should never tell lies.

· We should never throw stones at birds.

Class 1

Subject - Maths

Chapter 2 solids around us

Things around us are of different shape.

There are two types of shapes:-1) flat shapes and 2) solid shapes

Flat shapesor 2-D(2-dimensional)shapes like square, rectangle, triangle ,circle.

Solid or 3-D (3- dimensional) shapes like cube, cuboid, cylinder, cone, sphere and oval.

Flat shapes (they have only length (long) and breadth (wide)

A square has four equal sides.

A rectangle has four sides.Opposite sides are equal .

A triangle has three sides.

A circle has no sides.

Solid shapes have Length, breadth and height.

Like brick, television, pencil box, ice cream cone, iron rod, etc.

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Class 2

Subject – eng literature Topic- The Game [POEM]

All the children in the world love to play. Especially small boys are attracted to games such as football, cricket etc and girls enjoys playing with their dolls. In this poem “The Game” we will get to know of a small boy who loves to play football with his friends. Football is an outdoor game which is played in the ground between two teams of having 11 players in each team. The team which scores the maximum number of goals wins the game.

In the first four lines of the poem, the little boy tells us that he and his friends are same, that means they enjoy running and playing football. Through out the game they try to make a goal for their team and when they get it, they clap and cheer for playing so good!

In the last four lines the boy tells us that they play football in the yard ,running through the ground with the ball and kicking it hard and try to make goals for the team. They stop and again chase the ball towards the goal, they shout, they screem and they have a lot of fun through out the game!!!

Key words

Cheer- a shout of encouragement, praise or joy.

Yard- (here) an open area

Yell - a loud, sharp cry of pain, surprise, or delight.

Believe- accept that (something) is true, especially without proof.

CLASS II

SUBJECT- MATHEMATICS CHAPTER-1 (NUMBERS REVISION)

FORWARD COUNTING -Numbers get bigger by 1 when you count forward.

COMPLETE THE COUNTING

a)51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59

b)89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97

AFTER-After number means successor which is 1 more or 1 bigger than the given number.

WHAT COMES AFTER?

a) 59-60

b) 82-83

BEFORE -Before number means predecessor which is 1 less or 1 smaller than the given number.

WHAT COMES BEFORE?

a) 55 -56

b)60- 61

BETWEEN- Between number is one more than the previous number and one less than the next number

WHAT COMES IN BETWEEN?

a)56 57 58

b)62 63 64

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CLASS III DATE-28/04/20

Subject – Eng literature Topic – ch 2 The wooden bowl

The wooden Bowl is a small but very interesting story. The moral of the story also teaches us that what we sow, shall we reap. That means whatever good or bad we do today will give us the same result in future. An old man named kurt lived with his son, daughter in law and a grandson in a small town in Germany. Kurt was a carpenter and since he had become too old his son, Manfred learnt carpentry from him and earned a living by making furniture for the people of the town. He also had a workshop where he worked whole day. Thekla, the daughter in law, looked after the house and also had to takecare of Kurt. She was very rude to kurt as he had become very old and sometimes broke glass, dropped spoon and sometime spilt soup on his own shirt and trousers. Wilhelm, the son of Manfred and Thekla, liked to spend time in the workshop watching his father work. He wanted to learn carpentry, he even learnt to use the saw, hammer, and chisel from his grandfather and carved wood into beautiful shapes .One evening when Kurt was served his meal, he accidently dropped it as his hands were shaking and the plate broke into pieces.This made Manfred and Thekla very angry and they bought a wooden bowl for Kurt a made him sit alone at one corner of the room and was served his meal. Little Wilhelm watched all this and something striked him. Next day he was not found anywhere in the house by his parents and they became very worried. Finally he was found in the workshop making a wooden bowl.On asking by his parents he replied that he was making this wooden bowl for his parents, when they will become old that time he will serve them meal in that bowl. This made Manfred and Thekla realize their fault.

Key words

Workshop- a room where someone does a job

Carpentry- a person who makes things out of wood

Carve- to cut and shape wood or stone

Clumsy- lacking skill or elegance, awkward

Complain- to say you are unhappy about something

Daughter in law- the wife of your son

Earned- received money from work done

Fetch- to go after and bring back something or somebody

Furniture- movable items such as tables,chairs, desks in a room

Grandfather-father of father or mother

Wooden- made of wood

Subject: MATHEMATICS Ch: 2 (Numbers and Number Systems)

We have learnt numbers up to 999. We also obtained the number 1000. 1000 can also be obtained by adding 1 to 999 in following way:

999 + 1 = 9 hundreds + 9 tens + 9 ones + 1 ones

= 9 hundreds + 9 tens + 10 tens


= 9 hundreds + 10 tens

= 9 hundreds + 1 hundreds

= 10 hundreds = 1 thousand = 1000

1000 is the smallest number of four digits

We read 1000 as “one thousand”.

2000 stands for 2 thousands, 0 hundreds, 0 tens and 0 ones. It is read as “two thousand”. Similarly,

3000 is read as “three thousand”.

4000 is read as “four thousand”.

5000 is read as “five thousand”.

6000 is read as “six thousand”.

7000 is read as “seven thousand”.

8000 is read as “eight thousand”.

9000 is read as “nine thousand”.

9999 is read as “nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine”.

9999 is the greatest number of 4 digits.

9999 + 1 = 10000 is the smallest number of 5 digits.

10000 is read as ten thousand.

A Table of smallest and biggest number (1-digit to 9-digit)

Number if digits

Smallest Number

Biggest Number

1-digit

1

9

2-digit

10

99

3-digit

100

999

4-digit

1000

9999

5-digit

10000

99999

6-digit

100000

999999

7-digit

1000000

9999999

8-digit

10000000

99999999

9-digit

100000000

999999999

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Class IV

Subject: English literature

Topic: PIP meets a convict

Date: 28/4/2020

The story is taken or adapted from 'Great Expectations’ by Charles Dickens. Over here the story is narrated by the boy Pip himself. He tells that his father’s family name wasPirrip and his first name Philip. But as a child he couldn’t say either, so he called himself Pip. He came to know about his father’s family name because it was written on his father’s tombstone and also from his sister who was married to the blacksmith.They lived in a marshy area, down by the river. One day when Pip went to visit his parents tombstone which was situated in the churchyard, he suddenly realized that he was an orphan and began to cry. Then suddenly Pip heard a voice telling him to be still or else he would be dead. Pip saw that a man stepped out from behind a gravestone. The man was frightening and wore a rough grey clothes and had a big iron chain on his leg. He was actually an escaped convict. His shoes were torn, he was dirty soaked in a muddy water. He was covered with stones and nettles, was thin and shivering. He glared and growled. The man asked Pip his name and also asked him where he lived. Pip pointed to the village where he lived.

Word meanings:

Tombstone / gravestone - a large flat stone standing or laid over a grave.

Blacksmith- a person who creates tools and objects out of metal.

Churchyard- the area around a church used for burials, usually full of tombstones.

Convict –prisoner.

Nettles –a weed or wild plant that hurts the skin when touched.

The above picture is of the Nettles.

Glared –stare in an angry way.

Growled –to say something in an angry manner.

Class: IV

Subject: MATHEMATICS

Ch: 2 (Numbers and Number Names)

Date: 28/04/2020

Ch: 2 Numbers Number Names










2000 stands for 2 thousands, 0 hundreds, 0 tens and 0 ones. It is read as “two thousand”.

Similarly,












· A Table of smallest and biggest number (1-digit to 9-digit)

Number if digits

Smallest Number

Biggest Number

1-digit

1

9

2-digit

10

99

3-digit

100

999

4-digit

1000

9999

5-digit

10000

99999

6-digit

100000

999999

7-digit

1000000

9999999

8-digit

10000000

99999999

9-digit

100000000

999999999

Expanded Forms:

When we expand number to show the value of each digit, we are writing that n umber in expanded form. Each number has a place value. It determines the value of that digit according to its position in the number. The value of a digit in a number increases as we move from left to right. The digits on the left have lower place value then the digits on the right.

To write the number 7286 in expanded form we follow the given steps:

Step 1: Use the place value diagram to express the number

7286

Millions Ten Thousands Hundreds Units

(7) (2) (8) (6)

Hundred Thousands Thousands Tens

(Expanded Form)

7000 + 200 + 80 + 6

Step 2: Write the number in expanded form

7286 = 7000 + 200 + 80 + 6

Expanded Notation: Writing a number to show the value of each digit. It is shown as a sum of each digit multiplied by its matching place value (ones, tens, hundreds etc.)

For example: 4,265 = 4 1,000 + 2 100 + 6 10 + 5 1.

Example 1: Write the expanded form: (a) 8536 (b) 3406

Solution:

(a) 8536 has 8 thousands, 5 hundreds, 3 tens and 6 ones.

8536 = 8000 + 500 + 30 + 6 ( stands for therefore)

(b) 3406 has 3 thousands, 4 hundreds, 0 tens and 6 ones.

3406 = 3000 + 400 + 6

Example 2: Write the following numbers in short form: (a) 3000 + 800 + 50 + 6 (b) 4000 + 30 + 9

Solution:

(a)3000 + 800 + 50 + 6 stands for 3 thousands, 8 hundreds, 5 tens and 6 ones

3000 + 800 + 50 + 6 = 3856

(b) 4000 + 30 + 9 stands for 4 thousands, 0 hundreds, 3 tens and 9 ones

4000 + 30 + 9 = 4039

· INDIAN SYSTEM OF NUMERATION: (i) 133456, (ii) 289027, (ii) 370563

Lakhs

(L)

Ten-Thousands

(T-Th)

Thousands

(Th)

Hundreds

(H)

Tens

(T)

Ones

(O)

(i)

1

3

3

4

5

6

(ii)

2

8

9

0

2

7

(iii)

3

7

0

5

6

3

The above system is known as Indian system of numeration.

· INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF NUMERATION: 830427596

MILLIONS

THOUSANDS

Hundreds of Millions

8

Tens

Of

Millions

3

Millions

0

Hundreds

Of

Thousands

4

Tens

Of

Thousands

2

Thousands

7

Hundreds

5

Tens

9

Ones

6

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ClassV

Subject: English literatureTopic: Stopping by the woods – Robert frost

Line by Line Explanation of Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

“Whose Woods these are I think I know.

His house is in the village though;

He will not see me stopping here

To watch his Woods fill up with snow.

— The narrator (may be the poet himself) of the poem Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening stops by some woods on his way one evening. The narrator knows the owner of the woods and even where he lives. He is a bit relaxed thinking that the owner of the woods lives in the village and so he won’t see the narrator stopping here. Therefore he can continue watching the natural beauty of his snow-covered woods.

“My little horse must think it queer

To stop without a farmhouse near

Between the wood and frozen lake

The darkest evening of the year”.

— In the second stanza, the narrator of the poem says that his dear horse, whom he is using as his carriage, must think it strange to stop here between the woods and the frozen lake in a dark evening, as he normally stops near a farmhouse. The narrator calls his horse “my little horse”, as it is very dear to him or may be the horse is a little one in the literal sense, i.e., a pony. It may also suggest that the speaker is a humble and ordinary citizen and cannot afford to buy an expensive horse. He also personifies the horse by indicating that it has a thought process and also referring it as “he” in the next stanza. In this stanza the narrator suggest that the weather is cold enough to freeze a lake. The expression ‘darkest evening’ could suggest several things. May be the narrator-traveller was very depressed due to his long journey or the cold weather. Otherwise it may also refer to the longest night of the year – the night with the most hours of darkness. In that case, it is 21st or 22nd December, when the winter solstice occurs in the northern hemisphere.

Subject: Mathematics

Ch: 2 (Numbers and Number Names)

Ch: 2 Numbers Number Names










2000 stands for 2 thousands, 0 hundreds, 0 tens and 0 ones. It is read as “two thousand”. Similarly,












1. A Table of smallest and biggest number (1-digit to 9-digit)

Number if digits

Smallest Number

Biggest Number

1-digit

1

9

2-digit

10

99

3-digit

100

999

4-digit

1000

9999

5-digit

10000

99999

6-digit

100000

999999

7-digit

1000000

9999999

8-digit

10000000

99999999

9-digit

100000000

999999999

Expanded Forms:

When we expand number to show the value of each digit, we are writing that n umber in expanded form. Each number has a place value. It determines the value of that digit according to its position in the number. The value of a digit in a number increases as we move from left to right. The digits on the left have lower place value then the digits on the right.

To write the number 7286 in expanded form we follow the given steps:

Step 1: Use the place value diagram to express the number

(Number:) 7286

Millions Ten Thousands Hundreds Units

(6) (8) (2) ( ) ( ) (7) ( )

Hundred Thousands Thousands Tens

(Expanded Form) 7000 + 200 + 80 + 6

Step 2: Write the number in expanded form

7286 = 7000 + 200 + 80 + 6

Expanded Notation: Writing a number to show the value of each digit. It is shown as a sum of each digit multiplied by its matching place value (ones, tens, hundreds etc.)

For example: 4,265 = 4 1,000 + 2 100 + 6 10 + 5 1.

Example 1: Write the expanded form: (a) 4920561 (b) 95035206

Solution:

(a) 4920561 = 4000000 + 900000 + 20000 + 500 + 60 + 1.

(b) 95035206 = 90000000 + 5000000 + 30000 + 5000 + 200 + 6.

Example 2: Write the following numbers in short form: (a) 7000000 + 500000 + 70000 + 3000 + 200 + 40 + 7 (b) 900000000 + 40000000 + 60000 + 300 + 9

Solution:

(a) 7000000 + 500000 + 70000 + 3000 + 200 + 40 + 7 = 7573247

(b) 900000000 + 40000000 + 60000 + 300 + 9 = 940060309

1. INDIAN SYSTEM OF NUMERATION: (i) 133456, (ii) 289027, (ii) 370563

Lakhs

(L)

Ten-Thousands

(T-Th)

Thousands

(Th)

Hundreds

(H)

Tens

(T)

Ones

(O)

(i)

1

3

3

4

5

6

(ii)

2

8

9

0

2

7

(iii)

3

7

0

5

6

3

The above system is known as Indian system of numeration.

1. INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF WRITING NUMBERS IN WORDS:

In English system (or International system), we use the following:

1 lakh = 100 thousands

10 lakhs = 1 million

1 crore = 10 millions

10 crores = 100 millions

1. INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF NUMERATION:

Write the following numbers in figures:

(i) Four million three hundred forty thousand six hundred

(ii) Six hundred million seven hundred thousand ninety

MILLIONS

THOUSANDS

UNITS

Hundreds of Millions

6

Tens

Of

Millions

0

Millions

4

0

Hundreds

Of

Thousands

3

7

Tens

Of

Thousands

4

0

Thousands

0

0

Hundreds

6

0

Tens

0

9

Ones

0

0

Note: The first three digits from the extreme right make units period, next three digits make thousands period and the next three digits make millions period.

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Class VI

SUBJECT: ENGLISH LITERATURE TOPIC: GOODBYE PARTY FOR MISS PUSHPA TS- NISSIM EZEKIEL

Summary of goodbye party for miss Pushpa TS

Top of Form

Bottom of Form

LINES 1-7

Friends,our dear sisteris departing for foreignin two three days,andwe are meeting todayto wish her bon voyage.

The speaker addresses the colleagues and subordinates as friends in a party to bid goodbye to a subordinate He tells them that their dear sister, Miss Pushpa is leaving for a foreign country and they all wish her happy journey.

LINES 8-14

You are all knowing, friends,What sweetness is in Miss Pushpa.I don’t mean only external sweetnessbut internal sweetness.Miss Pushpa is smiling and smilingeven for no reason but simply becauseshe is feeling.

In these lines the speaker reminds the friends of Miss Pushpa’s sweetness which is both internal and external. He tells of Miss Pushpa’s good and amicable nature. She always puts on a smiling face. It is obvious that Nissim Ezekiel is ridiculing the habitual use of the continuous tense even where it is ungrammatical and inappropriate.

LINES 15-19

Miss Pushpa is comingfrom very high family.Her father was renowned advocatein Bulsar or Surat,I am not remembering now which place.

The speaker continues his address at the Goodbye Party and tells the audience that Miss Pushpa belongs to rich family. Her father was a famous advocate in Bulsar and Surat but he does not remember the correct place.

SUBJECT- PHYSICS CHAPTER - ( MATTER )

Matter: Matter is the substance which occupies space and has mass .

Matter is composed of large numbers of molecules .

Molecules: Molecules is the smallest particle which can exist freely in nature by itself and it retains the properties of the substance.

There are three states of matter- solid , liquid , gas .

In solids molecules are rigid , the inter-molecular spacing is least , so solid has definite shape and size and volume .

In liquids molecules are not rigid , the inter-molecular spacing is more than solid , so liquid has definite volume but not definite shape .

In solids molecules are not rigid , the inter-molecular spacing is maximum , so gases has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume .

Properties of particles of matter

· Particles of matter have space in between them .

· Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion. Particles, as they have kinetic energy, are continuously moving. This kind of movement is zigzag or random. This movement goes up on heating.

· Particles of matter attract each other:

· Particles of matter attract each other with force, this force could be inter-atomic, inter molecular.

States of matter:

Solids: A solid has a definite shape and volume. Examples of solids include ice (solid water), a bar of steel, and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide).

Liquids: A liquid has a definite volume, but takes the shape of its container. Examples of liquids include water and oil.Gases: A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. Examples of gases are air, oxygen, and helium.Plasma: Plasma is recognized as fourth state of matter.

Interconversion of three states of matter:

1. Melting: Change of substance from solid state to liquid state.

2. Evaporation or boiling: Change of substance from liquid state to gaseous state. Transpiration is the evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the leaves and stems of plants

3. Condensation: Change of substance from gaseous state to liquid state.

4. Freezing or solidification: Change of substance from liquid state to solid state.

5. Sublimation: Change of substance directly from solid state to gaseous state.

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Class VII

Subject – Physics

Chapter: Physical Quantities and Measurement.

Physical Quantity: Physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured.

Example of physical Quantities: Length, area, volume, density and speed etc.

Note: To express physical quantities, a magnitude and a unit are required.

Example of magnitude: 5, 9 , 12 etc. ie, any positive number.

Example of unit: cm, m, km etc.

Conversion of units:

10 mm = 1cm

10 cm = 1 dm

10 dm = 1 m

10 m = 1dam

10 dam = 1 hecm

10 heck = 1 km.

Area: The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area. The SI unit of area is m2 (square metre).

Square metre: One square metre is the area of a square that’s each side is 1 metre in length.

Relationship between different units of area :

1 cm2 = 100 mm2

1m2 = 1000 cm2

1 km2 = 1000000 m2

1 hectre = 10000 m2

We can calculate area of some regular figure using geometry.

Shape (square) : Formula for area (side × side)

Shape (Rectangle) : Formula for area (Length × Breadth)

Shape (Triangle): Formula for area (1/2 × Base × Height).

SUBJECT- English Literature

The Sri Krishna Eating House

Give meanings of the words and make sentences with them:-

1) Subscribe- Arrange and receive something regularly.

We subscribe to several magazines.

2) Substitute- A person acting or serving in place of another.

Soya milk is used as substitute dairy milk.

3) Subdue- Overcome

Mohan managed to subdue his anger.

4) Subordinate- Lower in rank or position.

A captain is subordinate to a major.

5) Suburb- An outlying district of a city.

They settled to the suburb.

6) Subsequent- Following

The war occurred subsequent to the Japanese attack.

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Class VIII

CLASS: VIII

DATE: 28/04/20

SUBJECT: ENGLISH LITERATURE

TOPIC: A SHOT IN THE DARK – SAKI

A SHOT IN THE DARK

Philips Sletherby settled himself down in an almost empty railway carriage, with the pleasant feeling of starting of an agreeable and profitable trip he was bound for manager, the country residence of his new acquaintance, Mrs Saltpen Jago.Honoria Saltpen Jago was a person of some social importance in London, of considerable importance and influence in the country of Chalkshire.The country of Chalkshire was of immediate interest to Philip Sletherby; it was held for the government in the present parliament by a gentleman who did not intend to seek re-election, and Sletherby was under serious consideration by the party managers as his possible successor. He was obviously on approval, and if he secure the Goodwill of his hostess he might count on the nomination as an aged thing.

His travelling companion was a young man of about twenty-two, with dark hair, fresh complexion, and the blend of smartness and disarry that is typically of a rambler. He was searching for something,from time to time he dig a six penny coin out of a waistcoat pocket and stared at it ruefully, then recommenced the futile searching operations.A cigarette case, a matchbox, key, silver pencil case and railway ticket turned out onto the seat beside him, but none of these articles seems to afford him satisfaction he cursed again rather loudly than before.

He starts a conversation with Philip Sletherby , “ didn’t I hear you say you were going down to stay with Mrs Saltpen- Jago at Brill Manor? What a coincidence! My mother, you know, I am coming there on Monday evening, so we shall meet. I am quite a stranger; haven’t seen mother for six months at least. I'm Bertie, the second son,you know”.

Philip Sletherby asks him whether he has lost something, to which he says,” I've come away without my coin-purse, with four quid in it”. It was in his pocket and just beforestarting he wanted to seal a letter and the coin- purse happens to have his crest on it, and he must have left it on the table. He had some change loose in his pocket, but after he had paid for a taxi and his ticket he had only got this little sixpence left. He would be stopping at a little country Inn near Brondquay for three day's fishing. He requests Mr Sletherby to lend him two pounds ten, or three.

Philip Sletherby then enquires about the crest. “What is your crest by the way?” “Not a very common one,” said the youth; “a demi-lion holding a cross- crosslet in its paw'.

With a tinge of coldness in his voice he says to Bertie that when his mother wrote to him, giving him a list of trains, if he could remember rightly, she had,a running greyhound on her notepaper. “ that is the Jago crest”, responded the youth promptly, ' the demi-lion is a saltpen crest. We have the right to use both, but I always use the demi-lion, because after all we are really Saltpens” There was silence for a moment or two, and the young man began to collect his fishing tackle and other belongings from the rack. Philip Sletherby says that he has never met his mother though they have corresponded several times.

His introduction to her was through political friends. He asks Bertie “Does she resemble you at all in feature”?

“She’s supposed to be like me. She has the same dark brown hair and high colour it runs in her family”.

“Good bye” said Sletherby. Opening the carriage door and pitching his suitcase on the platform, Bertie said “you’ve forgotten the three quid”. Sletherby said severely that he has no intention of lending three pounds or three shillings.

SUBJECT : Physics

Chapter 1 : Matter ( Synopsis)

1. The averagge kinetic enery of molecules of a substance is a measure of its termperature.

2. In general when a substance absorbs heat, the average kinetic energy of its molecules increases due to which its temperature rises. But if the substance gives out heat, the average kinetic energy of its molecules decrese due to which its temperature falls.

3. During the change of state, when a substance absorbs or gives out heat, there is no change in average kinete energy of its molecules and so the temperature of the substance does not changs during the change of state Actually the heat absorbed (or rejected) increases (or decreases) the average potential energy of its molecules The heat so absorbed (or rejected) is called the latent heat or hidden heat.

* Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter.

All forms of matter are composed of molecules. Molecule is the smallest unit of matter which can exist independently. A molecule is made up of two or more atoms of same type or of different types. A molecule of a substance has all its properties.

> Molecules in matter are always in a state of motion (translational or vibrational) and so they possess kinetic energy

>On heating, the increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the molecules.

The force of attraction between the molecules of same kind is called the force of cohesion, whereas the force of attraction between the molecules of different kinds is called the force of adhesion.

>The force of attraction between the molecules is also called inter-molecular force of attraction. The space between the molecules of matter is called inter-molecular space.

>In case of solids, inter-molecular space is the least and so inter-molecular force of attraction is maximum.

>In liquids, the inter-molecular space is more than in solids and the inter-molecular force of attraction is less than in solids.

-In gases, the inter-molecular spaces are maximum while the inter-molecular force of attraction is negligibly small.

> A substance can exist in three different states the solid, liquid and gas.

> The process of change from one state to the other state at a constant temperature is called change of state.

The change from the solid state to the liquid state on heating at a fixed temperature is called melting and the change from the liquid state to the solid state on cooling at the same fixed temperature is called freezing - The constant temperature at which a substance changes from its solid state to the liquid state by absorbing heat is called its melting point. Similarly, the constant temperature at which a substance changes from the liquid | state to the solid state by giving out heat is called its freezing point. The melting point and freezing point of a substance are same. The melting point of ice or the freezing point of water is 0°C. >The heat absorbed by a substance during melting and the heat given out by it during freezing for the same mass without change in temperature, are same.

Ice at 0C absorbs 336 x 103 joule per kilogram of heat to convert into water at 0 C while water at 0 C rejects 336x 103 joule per kilogram of heat to convert into ice at 0 C. bolling or Vapoization, The reverse process of change from the vapour state to the liquid state on cooling at the same fixed temperature is called condensation. heat is called its boiling point. The boiling point of water is 100 C.

* The helat absorbed by a liquid during vaporization and the heat given out by it during condensation of the same mass without change in temperature, are same.

* Water at 100C abiorbs 2260 x 103 joule per kilogram of heat to change into steam at 100°C, while steam at 100 C changes into water at 100°C by giving out 2260 x 103 joule per kilogram of heat.

* The vaporization of a liquid can take place in the following different ways:

(i) Through boiling at a fixed temperature, and

(ii) Through evaporation at all temperatures.

- The change from the liquid state to the vapour state at all temperatures from the surface of liquid is called evaporation. Evaporation is a slow process. Evaporation produces cooling.

> The rate of evaporation of a liquid depends on (i) the temperature of liquid, (ii) the area of the surface exposed,

(i) The nature of liquid, (iv) the wind or blowing air above the liquid surface, and (v) the presence of humidity. The process of change of solid directly into gas (or vapour) at a fixed temperature without changing into liquid is called sublimation while the reverse process of change of vapour (or gas) directly into solid at a fixed temperature without changing into liquid is called deposition or solidification e.g, camphor, ammonium chloride etc. sublime when heated and solidify when cooled at a fixed temperature.

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Class IX

Subject- Commercial Studies Topic- Commercial& Non- Commercial Activities (Chapter -1)

From this chapter we will come to know about

· Meaning of human activities.

· Types of Human Activities

· Meaning of economic or commercial activities

· Meaning ofnon economic and non commercial activities

· Comparison between commercial and non-commercial activities

· Types of economic or commercial activities

· Concept of business profession and employment and the distinction between them

Meaning of Human Activities:

Human activities mean all those activities which human beings undertake .Human activities are undertaken to satisfy human wants. These activities continue throughout life because wants are unending, unlimited and recurring.

Characteristics of Human Activities:

The main characteristics of human activities are as follows

i) Human activities are those activities which can be undertaken only by human beings that is men, women and children.

ii) Human activities are undertaken to satisfy human wants which are unlimited.

iii) Human activities continue throughout life

iv) Human activities have a very wide range.

v) Human activities are performed both for earning money as well as for obtaining personal satisfaction.

Types of Human Activities:

There are mainly two types of human activities-

i) Economic Activities

ii) Non- EconomicActivities

· Economic Activities: Activities that are undertaken by humans to earn money are known as economic activities. Such activities are also known as commercial activities. Example production of goods, buying and selling of goods, transportation etc.

· Non-EconomicActivities: Activities that are undertaken by humans to satisfy their social cultural names are termed as non economic activities. Such activities are also known as Non-Commercial Activities.

Distinction between Commercial and Non-Commercial Activities:

Point of distinction

Commercial activities

Non commercial activities

1) Objective

Economic objective. It means to earn a living and acquire wealth.

Sentimental and emotional objectives. It means it is performed to obtain some sort of personal satisfaction

2) Expectation

Money income is expected from these activities

Money income is not expected from these activities

3) Relationship

It is directly related to income and wealth

It is not related to income and wealth

4) Measurement of outcome

Its results can be measured in terms of money

Its result cannot be measured in terms of money

5) Logic

Such activities are guided by rational considerations of cost and benefit

Such activities are guided by sentiments and emotions without regard to gain or sacrifice

6) Types

Business , profession and employment are different types of economic commercial activities

Family oriented, religious, social, cultural and national activities are different types of non -commercial activities

SUBJECT- English Literature

The Old Man and The Bridge

“I am without politics,” he said. I am seventy six years old. I have come twelve kilometres mow and I think now I can go no further.” “This is not a good place to stop,” I said. “If you can make it, there are trucks up the road where it forks for Tortosa.”

“I will wait a while,” he said, “and then I will go. Where do the trucks go?”

“Towards Barcelona,” I told him.

Answer the following questions:-

11) Why did the soldier tell the old man that it was not a good place to stop?Ans:- The soldier told the old man that it was not a good place to stop because the enemy was advancing and soon their planes would launch bombs on the bridge.

12) Where did the narrator want the old man to go?Ans:- The narrator wanted the old man to go up the road to where it divided for Tortosa as there were trucks there which would take the old man to Barcelona.

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Class X

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

EVS

Topic – Chapter - 01:Controlling Air Pollution

Today we will discusssome other questions which are related with controlling of air pollution.

Q3. Explain any four ways of controlling the problem of road traffic in big cities

· Vehicle traffic is a major problem in metro cities. To manage this the regulatory agencies have to implement- radical solutions:.

i) Mass Rapid Transport System may be considered for the fast expanding and major urban areas in the country.

ii) Constructions of express highways linking major urban areas should be undertaken.

iii) Roads should be maintained.

iv) Traffic bottlenecks should be eased through traffic management.

Q5. Describe the ways by which thepublic transport system can help to

preserve the environment._

· Augmentation of public transport systeminstead of private transport. It saves moneyas well as to protect environment from air pollution.It is helpful to avoid traffic jam during peak hour.

· Use of car pool by working people, which reduces the carbon dioxide emission in the environment.

· Use of bicycles and pedestrian routes or other pollution free from transport systems should be encouraged.

Q6. How can personal contributions help incontrolling vehicular pollution?

· Plantation of trees.

· Choosing a place to live that reduces the needto drive is another way.

· Use of non-conventional source of energy

Hindi 2ndlang

सूर के पद

सूरदास

2.खीजत जात माखन खात।

अरुण लोचन, भौह टेढी, बार बार जमात। कबहुँरुनझुन चलत घुटुरन, धूल धूसर गात। कहुँ झुक के अलक खेचर, नैन जल भर लात.......... सुर हरि की नियति शोभा, नामिक तजत न मात।।

शब्दार्थ –

खीजत जात-चिड़चिड़ा ते हुए

अरुण लोचन-लाल नेत्र

जमहात-जम्हाई लेते हुए

धूल धूसत-धूल से सना शरीर

अलक-बाल

तूतरे बोल बोलत- पुतला कर बोलते हैं

नामिक – पल

व्याख्या- माता यशोदा भगवान कृष्ण को माखन खिला रही है वह मचलते हुए माखन खा रहे हैं नींद के कारण उनकी आंखें लाल और भवरे टेढ़ी हो रही है तथा भी बार बार जम्हाई ले रहे हैं कभी व घुटनों के बल चलते हैं और उनके पैरों की पैजनी के घुंघरू छन छन करते हुए बजने लगते हैं पूरा शरीर धूल में सना हुआ है कभी वे झुककर अपने बाल खींचते हैं कभी उनकी आंखों में आंसू आने लगते हैं कभी वे अपनी तोतली आवाज में कुछ बोलने लगते हैं तो कभी बात कहते हैं अर्थात नंद बाबा को बुलाते हैं अंत में सूर्य दास जी कहते हैं कि कृष्ण के हाव भाव से मुग़धहोकर माता यशोदा एक पल के लिए भी उन्हें अपने से अलग होने नहीं देना चाहती है

3.मैयामेरी, चंद्र खिलौनाललैहो।

धोरी को पर पान न करिहौ, बेनी सिर न गुथैहौ। मोतिन माल न धरिहौ उर पर झुंगली कंठ न लैहौ।............................. ……

सूरदास सब सखा बराती, नूतन मंगल गैहो।।

शब्दार्थ–

धौरी-सफेद गाय बेनी-चोटी, बालों की चोटी

झुंगली –ढीला ढाला वस्त्र सुत-बेटा

न धरिहौ उर पर- छाती पर धारण नहीं करूंगा दाउहि- बड़े भाई बलराम को

व्याख्या- बालक कृष्णको ज़िद चढ़ गई है कि उन्हें खिलौने के रूप में चंद्रमा चाहिए और अपनी पूरी जिद करने के लिए मां यशोदा को धमकियां दे रहे हैं वे कहते हैं कि यदि तुम मुझे चंद्र खिलौना नहीं दोगी तो मैं सफेद गाय का दूध नहीं पियूंगा मैं अपने बालों की चोटी भी नहीं बुलाऊंगा मोतियों की माला नहीं पहन लूंगा तथा अपने गले में झंगोला भी नहीं डालने दूंगा मैं अभी जमीन पर ले जाऊंगा और तुम्हारी गोद में कभी नहीं आऊंगा मैं अपने पिता नंद बाबा का बेटा कह लाऊंगा तेरा बेटा नहीं कल आऊंगा यशोदा मां कृष्ण के कान में कुछ कहती है कि वह चंद्रमा से भी सुंदर नई नवेली दुल्हन के साथ उनका विवाह करवाएंगे यह सुनकर कृष्ण कहते हैं किमां तेरी सौगंध मैं अभी विवाह करना चाहता हूं सूरदास जी कहते हैं कि सारे सखा बराती होंगे और नए-नए मंगल गीत गाएंगे।

English 1

Transformation of sentences-II

To transform means to change. Transformation of a sentence means to change the sentence, following the instruction given and changing the grammatical form without changing its meaning: as; direct to indirect speech, active to passive voice or some other forms or vice versa. Sentence can be altered or changed without changing their meaning in various ways. So a sentence can be changed from one grammatical form to another.

Exercise 1.

Interchange of one part of speech for another.

1. He got success in his efforts. ( Noun)

He succeeded in his efforts.(verb)

2. He refused all we proposed.(verb)

He refused all our proposals. (Noun)

3. I do not know his innocence.( Noun)

I do not know that he is innocent. ( Adjective)

4. He admitted his guilt. (Noun)

He admitted the he was guilty. (Adjective)

5. He was successful in his attempt.( Adjective)

He got success in his attempt. (Noun)

ECONOMICS

FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Today let us start with another factor of production i.e. Capital.

Capital:

All man – made means of production is called capita example machineries which help in further production.

Money when used for starting any business for purchasing raw materials, machinery, tools etc it is regarded as capital.

Capital also includes physical capital like factories, machineries,tools,buildings,equipments

etc.

Now let us discuss the characteristics of capital:

a. Capital is man-made

b. Capital is durable

c. Capital is a passive factor of production

d. Capital is a mobile factor

e. Supply of capital is elastic

f. Capital is subject to depreciation

g. Capital is the result of past savings.

1. What do you mean by capital?

Answer:Capital refers to those reproducible or man-made durable goods that are used as inputs to produce other goods and services in the future.

Example: factories, machineries,tools,buildings,

equipments

etc.

2. How is capital different from land?

Answer:

a.Land is a free gift of nature but capital is man-made.

b. land is fixed and limited in supply, while the supply of capital can be increased or decreased.

c. Land is permanent but capital is perishable.

d. Land is immobile while capital is mobile.

3 . How is capital different from labour?

Answer:

a. Capital is a passive factor of production,while labour is an active factor of production.

b. Capital can be separated from his owner while labout cannot be separated from labourers.

c. Capital I durable while labour is perishable.

Commercial studies

Advertising & Sales Promotion

In previous study material we have discuss about the meaning and importance of advertising

Today we will discuss the importance of advertising to customers and society.

Beside providing advantages to company, advertising also provides benefit to customers as well as society. Here, we will discuss how advertising helps to customer and society.

Questions

1.Explain in brief how advertisementprovide benefits to customers.

Answer: Advertising provides following benefits to the customers

I) Convenience: Advertising make people aware of the source and availability of different products.Thus consumer can make better choice among different varieties.

II) Education of customers: Advertising provides education and knowledge to customers about new products and their diverse uses.

III) Lower prices:Effective advertising reduce cost due to large scale production and elimination of wholesalers. As a result customers gets goods at lower price.

IV) Better quality: Advertising is generally done through brand names.Producers try to create special features in their products to make it differentiated from competitors from competitors. Hence customer get better quality product.

2. Explain how advertising is beneficial to society.

Answers:Advertising serves the society in the following ways:

i) Employment generation: Advertisement provides direct employment to a large number of people engaged in designing, writing script etc. Indirectly it provides employment opportunities by increase the volume of production and distribution.

ii) Higher standard of living: Advertising improves the standard of living of the people by promoting variety and quality products for consumption.

iii) Sustain the press: Advertising provides an important source of revenue to newspapers, magazines, radio and television. And consumers gets required information about the products.It increase the circulation of newspapers and magazines.

iv) Stimulate research and development:In order to derive maximum benefit from advertising in the competitive market producer tries to make their products differentiated from competitors product. It is possible through developing new advertising process.

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

“দেবতার জণ্ম”

শিবরাম চক্রবর্তী

দ্বিতীয় দিনের পাঠ-

হঠাৎ একদিন দেখা যায় পাথরটি যথা স্থানে নেই। তারপর কোন একদিন মোড়ের অশ্বত্থতলায় পাথরটি এমনভাবে পুঁতেছে দেখে মনে হচ্ছে একটি শিবলিঙ্গ। ফুল বেলপাতা দিয়ে রীতিমতো তার পুজো আরম্ভ হয়েছে। তারপর লেখক দেখেন কিছু সন্ন্যাসী সেখানে আস্তানা গেড়েছে। অনেক ভক্তের ভিড় জমেছে। পথ চলতি মানুষ আলোচনা করছে এই পাথরটি হল- ত্রিলোকেশ্বর শিব। তাদের ধারনা এই শিব পাতাল ফুঁড়ে উঠেছেন, এরতল নেই। অতএব এর উপযুক্ত সম্বর্ধনা করতে হলে একটা মন্দিরের প্রয়োজন। লেখক এই সব দেখার পর ইচ্ছা হল এই পাথরটার আসল পরিচয় সকলকে জানিয়ে দিতে। কিন্তু কিছু ধর্মান্ধ মানুষের ভয়ে কিছু বলার সাহস হলনা তাঁর। আস্তে আস্তে সেখানে মন্দির গড়ে ওঠে, শঙ্খ ঘণ্টার আওয়াজে কান পাতা দায়-এত ভিড় যে তা ঠেলে এগানো কঠিন। আর সেই কৌতূহলী জনতা সন্ন্যাসী সেজে প্রধান সেবাইত হয়ে বসেছে। তবে এই পাথরটি নিয়ে ওই কৌতূহলী জনতার উৎসাহের কারন কী?......

শব্দার্থ

পারলৌকিক- পরলোক সম্বধীয়

পদোন্নতি- চাকরিতে উচ্চ পদে উত্তরণ

মূহ্যমান –কাতর

প্রফুল্ল- উৎফুল্ল

উত্তলা- উদ্বিগ্ন

অভ্রভেদী- গগনচুম্বী

জীবনবিমা- জীবনের আশঙ্কায় বিমাকরা

লব্ধপ্রতিষ্ঠহয়েছেন- প্রতিষ্ঠা লাভ করেছেন

পুলকিত- আনন্দিত

মর্মাহত –দুঃখিত

কলেরব- শরীর

চত্বর –প্রাঙ্গণ

বিনিপুঁজিরব্যাবসা- মূলধন ছাড়াই ব্যাবসা

কুণ্ঠিত – দ্বিধাগ্রস্ত

চন্নামেত্ত- চরণামৃত

আকসার – সর্বদা

গলাধঃকরণ- গিলেফেলা

স্বচ্ছল- অর্থবান

Math

Topic: Commercial Mathematics.

Chapter: Shares and Dividends.

Study item: Some example and formulae of share and dividend.

“13% Rs100 shares at Rs 135” means that

(1) The face value of 1 share = Rs 100

(2) The market value of 1 share = Rs 135

(3) The dividend (profit) on 1 share = 13% of Rs100 = Rs 13 p.a.

(4) The income on Rs 135 is Rs 13 for one year.

(5) The rate of return (or yield) p.a. =(13/135 ×100)% = (1300/135)% =9 17/27 %

Similarly, “ 10% Rs 100 share at a discount of Rs 8 “ means that

(1) The face value of a 1 share = Rs 100

(2) The market value of 1 share = Rs 100 –Rs 8 = Rs 92

(3) The dividend on 1 share = 10% of Rs 100 = Rs (10/100 × 100) p.a.= Rs 10 p.a.

(4) The income on Rs 92 is Rs10

(5) The rate of return p.a. = (10/92 × 100)% =10 20/23%

Formulae :

1) Investment :

Money invested = number of shares × market value of one share.

2) Income and Return :

(i)Annual income = number of shares × rate of dividend × face value of one share.

(ii)Rate of return = {(annual income/ investment) ×100}%

3)Number of share :

Number of shares purchased ( or held ) = investment/market value of one share or annual income /income on one share.

Computer Application

Ch – 2

A. Write the correct option.

1. Which among the following is not a valid error in Java?

a. Syntax errors b. Logical errors

c. Run-time errors d. Technical errors

Ans. d. Technical errors

2. Which among the following Scanner methods allows us to input a number with a decimal point?

a. nextInt() b. nextFloat()

c. nextDecimal() d. nextPoint()

Ans. b. nextFloat()

3. The output in BlueJ occurs in which window?

a. Console window b. Terminal window

c. Both a and b d. None of these

Ans. b. Terminal window

4. The input in BlueJ occurs in which window?

a. Console window b. Terminal window

c. Both a and b d. None of these

Ans. b. Terminal window

5. Assigning value to a variable during declaration is called.

a. Declaration b. Assignment

c. Initialisation d. None of these

Ans. c. Initialisation

6. Which among the following is used to represent single-line comment?

a. // b. /* c. \\ d.

Ans. a. //

7. Which among the following is a logical error?

a. Missing semicolon b. Mismatched braces in classes and methods.

c. Misspelled keywords and identifiers. d. Addition is required but subtraction is performed.

Ans. d. Addition is required but subtraction is performed.

19 Revision Tour II

8. Which among the following represents a syntax error?

a. Dividing an integer by zero.

b. Accessing an element that is out of bounds of an array.

c. Trying to store a value which is incompatible to a certain data-type.

d. Missing semicolon

Ans. d. Missing semicolon

9. If the data that is to take part in a calculation in a method is fixed, which form of input is necessary?

a. Initialisation b. Parameterised input

c. Scanner input d. None of these

Ans. a. Initialisation

10. In case you need to give a proper message (prompt string) before taking an input from the user, which would be the most preferable method?

a. Parameterised input b. Initialisation

c. Scanner input d. None of these

Ans. c. Scanner input

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. The break statement is used to avoid fall through.

2. The next().chart(0) function of the Scanner class is used to accept a character from the user.

3. A loop within another loop is called nested loops.

4. The relational/comparison operator is used to compare two quantities.

5. The else block is preceded by the if block.

6. The sqrt() function of the Math class is used to return the square root of a number.

7. The return type of cbrt( ) function is double.

8. The continue jump statement is used to skip the remaining statements in a loop.

9. Single line comment and multiline comments are two types of comments in Java.

10. Any error in the grammar of the language is a syntax error.

C. State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).

1. Scanner class is present in the java.lang package. F

2. Math.abs( ) is used to find the absolute value of a number. T

3. The return type of Math.sqrt( ) function is float. F

4. The fraction 1/2 will evaluate to 0.5. F

5. The continue statement in a switch block is used to avoid fall through. F

6. The default statement is essential in a switch block. F

7. The for loop is an entry controlled loop. T

8. The while loop is an exit controlled loop. F

9. The do-while loop is generally used when the number of iterations is known. F

10. You can have only the for loop as the nested loops. F

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Class XI

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

EVS

Chapter 1 – Mode of Existence

Impact of mode of existence on resource

Q) Impact of Industrialization on environment .

Ans - There are four primary impact points when it comes to industrialization — air, water, soil and habitat.

· The biggest problem is air pollution, caused by the smoke and emissions generated by burning fossil fuels. The United State’s EPA regulates more than 80 different toxins that can be found in industrial pollution, from asbestos and dioxin to lead and chromium. In spite of these regulations, industries are among the worst generators of air pollution in the world.

· Water pollution is also a problem in these areas, specifically in regions where factories are built next to natural water sources. These toxins can come in a variety of forms — solid, liquid or gaseous — and they can all end up contaminating the local water supplies. Even landfills and other waste disposal areas can leach toxins into the local water supply, leading to water pollution as in the case of River Nile.

· Soil contamination is another problem that goes hand in hand with industrialization. Lead is the most common form of soil contamination, but other heavy metals and toxic chemicals can also leach into the soil and, in turn, contaminate any crops that grow there.

· Finally, industrialization has led to dramatic habitat destruction. Forests are cut down for their lumber, and ecosystems are destroyed to create roads, strip mines and gravel pits. Destroying these habitats upsets local ecosystems and leads to plant and animal extinction if the species are unable to relocate or adapt to their new surroundings.

English 1

Book review

A book review describes analysis and evaluates the merit of a contemporary work. It conveys an opinion, supporting it with evidence from the book. It is unbiased and critical in nature.

Common elements that are to be included while writing a book review are as follows:

· The title, author, publisher, number of pages and price.

· An opening sentence to set the tone of the review, giving the overall feel of the work.

· A concise summary of the plot, followed by the specific aspects of the work, individual characters, incidents and scene. ( Do not write the entire story)

· The outstanding idea that runs throughout the book.

· Specific reference from the book to highlight it’s unique points.

· Overall impression of the work, including its shortcomings, if any.

1. Write the review of a book you have read recently.

HISTORY

GROWTH OF NATIONALISM

SUB TOPIC- REVOLUTIONARY NATIONALISM: Bengal formation of Anushilan Samity and Jugantar Group

Assessment of the movement

The Dacca Anushilan Samitywas founded by Pulin Das and its several branches were opened in different parts of East Bengal.

Like Bengal revolutionary activities showed a marked increase in Bihar, Orissa, Maharashtra , Rajasthan, Madras and Punjab.

Notable among revolutionaries in Punjab were Ajit Singh, Lala Hardayal , Amba Prasad, Lajpat rai

The foremost among the revolutionary associations in Maharashtra was Abhinava Bharat.

The Abhinava Bharat did much new revolutionary ideas among the youth by emphasizing on physical

Culture which incuded sword and lathi plays, riding ,swimming and mountain climbing.

A member of Abhinava Bharat, P.N. Bapat was sent to Paris to learn the art of bomb making from Russian revolutionaries.

Revolutioary activities and propaganda were also conducted outside India. Madanlal Dhingra assassinated Sir William Curzon- Wylie in London. He was tried and hanged.

Assesment of the movement: The growth of revolutionary activities , though disturbed the British authority of India ,it could not challenge the authority as a whole.

1. Question: Who founded Dacca Anushilan Samity? What was its contribution in freedom struggle of India?

Answer: The Dacca Anushilan Samity was founded by Pulin Das. He concentrated on secret training of cadres through physical culture. The Samity made efforts to assassinate Allen, the District magistrate of Dacca and to blow up the train in which the Bengal Governor Fraser was travelling.

2. Question: Name the states where the secret societies were spread out.

Answer: Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Punjab, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madras.

3. Question: Who wanted to organize the tribal class for armed insurrection?

Answer: Basudev Balwant Rao Phadke .

4. Question: Who was Chapekar brothers?

Answer: Damodar and Balkrishna_the two brothers killed the oppressive Plague Commissioner Rand and his assistant Agaurst at Poona.

5. Question: Name some secret societies in Maharashtra.

Answer: Bal Samaj, Arya Bandhab Samaj Mitra Mela, Abhinava Bharat

6. Question: Who was P.N. Bapat?

Answer: P.N.Bapat , member of Abhinava Bharat was sent to Paris to learn the art of bomb making from Russian revolution.

7. Question: State the Revolutionary activities conducted outside of India.

Answer: V.D.Savarkar, Lala Hardayal set up association in London.

Ajit Singh, Madam Cama became active in Europe. Madanlal Dhingra killed Mr. Wyllie in London. Shyamji Krishna Varma founded Indian Home Rule League in London.

8. Question: Mention reasons why did the Revolutioary Movement fail to challenge the British authorities?

Answer: There were various reasons for failure of the Revolutionary Movement to challenge the British authorities:

a) The movement could not mobilize the masses.

b) The movement had no base among the people.

c) The moderates did not support the movement for its violent method of activities.

Still the Revolutionary movement aroused patriotic feelings and spirit to sacrifice lives for the sake of Mother land.

Physics

Motion in plane

We will learn different cases of projectile motion

Cases :

Vertical Projectile

Max pt ( velocity = 0)

u

ground

Here horizontal component = 0 so range X = 0. Initial velocity is u . Height h = +ve .

(Maximum height = u2/2g)

Also we have ,

(Time of ascent and descent = u/g)

Biology

Kingdom Monera

Today we will discuss about Mycoplasma,

Cyanobacterium

· Mycoplasma:Mycoplasma are the smallest known living

Cells without a cell wall.

· They occur in soilsewage water, different substrates and in humans, animals. plants, even in hot waterSprings and other thermal environment,

· There is so much variability in shape thatno two forms are alike, varying in diameter between 0.3 and 0.9 µm. It can pass throughmany filters.

· It causes serious diseases in human, animalsand plants like pleuropneumonia in cattle.

· Economic importance of cyanobacteria

· i)Spirulina, a non-toxic, fast growingcyanobacterium, is cultured in tanks as aprotein-rich food. It is an important componentof traditional food in some parts of Africa.

· ii)Synchrococcus: serves useful food in spaceflights and nuclear submarines. It is alsowater recycling and oxygen regenerating organism.

· iii) Some cyanobacteria act as nitrogen fixingagent in rice fields which causes paddy yield by 30%.

· iv) Some cyanobacteria release toxinsharmful to aquatic fauna.

English Literature

The Chinese Statue

Summary (Part 4):-

The end of the story is also the reader gets an insight into just how desperate Alex is. He knows that he may get only seven hundred or eight hundred pounds for the statue but he still nonetheless is prepared to take the money. He and the narrator are in total shock when the base of the statue raises thirty- two thousand guineas. More than enough for Alex to start life afresh. Though as mentioned the reader does not feel as though this will be Alex’s intentions. He is to return to the casinos and play roulette believing that he has the ability to beat the house. Even though he has never managed to do so. What was important to the three generations before Alex is of no importance to Alex. He is driven by money and not beauty. However the statue (and base) has served one purpose other than being admired for its beauty. The sale of both has managed to clear Alex’s debts but so much more may be lost. The tradition within the family of passing the statue to the first male will be no longer. A tradition started by Sir Alexander has been lost.

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

প্রথম অধ্যায় -

ঠাকুরদা

রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর

প্রথম দিনের পাঠ-

ঠাকুরদা কলকাতার যে বাড়িতে থাকতেন তাঁর থাকার পক্ষে যথার্থ না হলেও সেখানে থাকতে বাধ্য হয়েছিলেন। ঠাকুরদা মশাই নির্বোধ ছিলেন এমনটা নয়। সকলেই তাঁকে ভালবাসত ও তাঁর কথায় সায় দিত এবং নয়নজোড়ের প্রাচীন গৌরব সম্বন্ধে অত্যুক্তি প্রয়োগ করত। আলোচ্য গল্পে যে সুশ্রী যুবকের পরিচয় পাওয়া সেই যুবক শিক্ষিত এম.এ পাশ। তখনকার দিনে এমন পাত্রের সন্ধান পাওয়া ভূমণ্ডলে অদবিতিয়। দেশ বিদেশ থেকে তার সম্বন্ধ আসত, কন্যাভারগ্রস্ত পিতার পূজা সে মাদকের মত গ্রহণ করত। যুবকটি কৈলাস বাবুর হীননয়নজোড়ের অত্যুক্তি সহ্য করত না, সে সর্বদা চাইত ঠাকুরদা মশাইয়ের মিথ্যার ভিত্তিকে দুর্বল করে সর্বদা সত্যকে সবার সামনে প্রকাশ করতে কিন্তু প্রথা বশত তা করতে পারত না।

Hindi 2nd lang

बाल लीला सूरदास

3.मैया मोहि दाऊ बहुत खिझायौ। मौन सौ कहा मोल को लीनहो, तू जसोमति कब जियो। कहा करो इहि............................ सूर श्याम मोहि गोधन की सौ हो माता तू पूत।

शब्दार्थ-

मैया-माँ मोहि-मुझे खिझायो-तंग करता है, मोल को लिनही-खरीदा

जसोमति –यशोदा बलभद्र –बलराम चबाई-चालाक

जनमत ही को-जनम से ही धूत-धूर्त गोधन-गौऔ की संपत्ति। रिस-गुस्सा

व्याख्या- सूरदास जी श्री कृष्ण की सुंदर एवं सुखद बाल लीला का वर्णन करते हुए कहते हैं कि श्रीकृष्ण अपनी माता यशोदा से अपने बड़े भाई बलराम की शिकायत करते हुए कहते हैं कि हे मैया मुझे बलराम भैया बहुत तंग करते हैं वे मुझे कहते हैं कि तुझे तो हम ने मोड़ लिया है मतलब खरीद कर लाए हैं तू यशोदा मैया से कब पैदा हुआ क्या करूं कि मैं इस गुस्से के कारण खेलने भी नहीं जाता वह बार-बार मेरे से पूछते हैं कि तेरी माता कौन है और तेरे पिता कौन है नंद बाबा और यशोदा मैया तो दोनों गोरे हैं तुम काले शरीरशरीर वाले कहां से आए बलराम के सिखाने पर सभी ग्वाल बाल भी चुटकी बजा बजाकर मुझ पर हंसते हैं हे मैया तू भी तो मुझे मारना सीखी है तू जरा भी बलराम पर क्रोध नहीं करती गुस्सा नहीं करती यशोदा मैया उनकी बात सुनकर प्रसन्न होती हैं और कृष्ण को समझाते हुए कहती हैं कि बलराम तो बड़ा चालाक है और जन्म से ही धूप धूप है सूरदास जी कहते हैं कि अपने पुत्र को विश्वास दिलाने के लिए माता यशोदा गांव की कसम खाते हुए कहती है कि मैं ही तेरी माता हूं और तू ही मेरा बेटा है।

Mathematics

Trigonometric equation

To find the general solution of the equation cos θ= k (-1≤k≤1) :

Determine an angle α such that cos α =k and 0<α<π. Then we have, cos θ = k = cos α

Or, cos α-cos θ =0

Or, 2 sin [(θ+α) /2] sin[(θ-α) /2]=0

Therefore, either sin [(θ+α) /2]=0......(1)

Or, sin [(θ-α) /2]=0........(2)

Now, from (1) we get, (θ+α) /2=nπ

Or, θ = 2nπ-α......(3)

And from (2) we get, (θ-α) /2=nπ

Or, θ = 2nπ+ α ..... (4)

where n= any integer

Clearly, the solutions (3) & (4) may be combined in the following form:

θ = 2nπ+α

Therefore, the general solution of cos θ=cosα is θ= 2nπ+α where n= any integer, 0<α<π

To find the general solution of the equation tanθ=k (-∞≤k≤∞) .

Determine an angle @ such that, tan α=k and -π/2<α<π/2. Then we have, tan θ =k = tanα

Or, tan θ- tan α =0

Or, (sin θ/ cos θ) -(sin α/ cosα) =0

Or, (sinθ cos α- cos θ sin α) /(cos θ cos α)=0

Or, sin (θ-α) =0

Therefore, θ -α =nπ

Or, θ = nπ+α, where n= any integer.

Therefore, the general solution of tan θ= tan α is θ = nπ+α where n= any integer.

General solution of an equation of the form a cos θ + b sin θ =c ( a, b, c are constant and IcI<√(a2 +b2 ) :

a cos θ + b sin θ =c...... (1)

Let, a= r cos θ and b = r sin θ ehere r>0

Now, a2 +b2 = r2 cos 2 θ+ r2 sin 2 θ

=> r =√(a2 +b2 ) [ since, r>0]

and tan α = (r sin α/r cos α) = b/a

Therefore, α= tan -1 b/a

Now, putting the values of a and b in (1) we get,

r cos α cos θ + r sin α sin θ = c

Or, r cos (θ - α) =c

Or, cos (θ -α) = c/r = cos β (say)

therefore, θ -α= 2nπ±β

or, θ= 2nπ ± β +α where n=0,±1,±2,...

and cos β=c/r=c/√(a²+b²)

clearly, equation (1)is solvable when

I cos β l ≤1

or, l c/√(a²+b²)l≤1

or, lcl ≤√(a²+b²)

if lcl >√(a² +b²) then lcos βl>1 and hence, equation (1) is not solvable.

Example: Solve sin θ-2=cos 2θ, when 0≤θ≤2π

Solution: sin θ-2=cos2θ

Or, sin θ -2 = 1 - 2 sin 2 θ

Or, 2 sin 2 θ + sin θ -3 = 0

Or, 2 sin 2 θ + 3 sin θ - 2 sin θ -3 =0

Or, sin θ ( 2 sin θ +3) -1(2 sin θ +3) =0

Or, (2 sin θ +3) (sin θ -1) =0

Therefore either 2 sin θ +3 =0 i.e; sin θ =-3/2,

Which is impossible since the numerical value of sin θ can't be less tan -1.

Or, sin θ -1 =0

Or, sin θ = 1

Or, θ = (4n +1) π/2.......(1)

Where n= any integer.

Now putting n=0 in (1) we get, θ=π/2

n=1 in (1) we get, θ = 5π/2

Therefore, the required solution in 0≤θ≤2π is θ=π/2.

Example: Solve sin 4θ cos 2θ= cos 5θ sin θ.

Solution: sin 4θ cos 2θ = cos 5θ sin θ

Or, 2 sin 4θ cos 2θ = 2 cos 5θ sin θ

Or, sin 6θ + sin 2θ = sin 6θ - sin 4θ

Or, sin 2θ + sin 4θ =0

Or, 2 sin 3θ cos θ =0

Therefore, either, sin 3θ =0 i.e; 3θ=nπ

Or, cos θ =0 i.e; θ= (2n+1) π/2

Therefore, the required solution are

θ = nπ/3, θ= (2n +1) π/2 where n=any integer.

Exercise: Solve cos θ +sin θ= cos 2θ+ sin 2θ

[Hints : cos θ + sin θ= cos 2θ + sin 2θ

Or, (cos θ- cos 2θ) -(sin 2θ -sin θ) =0]

BUSINESS STUDIES

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Today let us recall the meaning of enterprise and then discuss the features of an enterprise

The essential features of an enterprise are as follows:

a. An enterprise consists of people who work to gather primarily for the purpose of making or selling a product or service.

b. An enterprise utilizes raw materials ,machinery,

energy,

Space and other inputs to produce and sell. It has to incur costs on the procurement of these inputs.

c. Every enterprise makes a comparison between its costs (inputs) and gains (outputs).

d. An enterprise is a continuing entity.

Now let us read the steps in setting up an enterprise: A promoter or entrepreneur who wants to establish a new business enterprise has to take the following decisions:

1.Selecting the line of business

2. Deciding size of the unit.

3.Choosing the form of ownership

4. Locating the appropriate site.

5.Fainancing the proposition

6. Provision of physical facilities.

7. Plant layout.

8.Internal organization

9.Acquiring the required human resources

10. Compliance with statutory requirements.

11. Launching the enterprise.

Questions:

What are the features of an enterprise?

Answer: The essential features of an enterprise are as follows:

a. An enterprise consists of people who work to gather primarily for the purpose of making or selling a product or service.

b. An enterprise utilizes raw materials ,machinery,

energy,

space and other inputs to produce and sell. It has to incur costs on the procurement of these inputs.

c. Every enterprise makes a comparison between its costs (inputs) and gains (outputs).

d. An enterprise is a continuing entity.

2. What is entrepreneurial decision?

An entrepreneur has to take several decisions in order to establish an enterprise.

Such decisions are known as Entrepreneurial decisions.

Entrepreneurial decisions are required to tackle the problems of launching a new enterprise.

COMMERCE

NATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESS

Today let us discuss how profit earning has become essential in business.

Profit earning is essential in business due to the following reasons:

1. Incentive-Profit is the driving force behind every business .It inspires people to start an enterprise and to work hard for making it successful.

2. Survival-profit is essential for the survival of business and it ensures the continuity of an enterprise.

3. Growth-Profit is the biggest source of capital for the growth ns expansion of business.

4. Measure of efficiency-Profit is considered to be the index of success in the business.

5. Prestige and recognition-A loss making business enjoys no goodwill.

Thus we can say that profit earning is an essential and desirable objective of every business , a business cannot survive without profits just as a person cannot live without food but profits cannot be the sole purpose of business just as eating is not the aim of life.

1. Classify the following into economic,social, Human and national objectives of business:

a.creating customers.- Economic objectives

b.innovations-economic objectives

c.generatibg employment-social objectives

d.paying taxes-soical objectives

e.canteen for workers-human objectives

f.training employee-Human objectives

g.developing small scale industries.-National objectives

h.controlling pollution- national objectives.

2.’Profit can no more be the objective of a business than eating is the objective of living’. In the light of this statement , discuss the objectives of business.

Answer: Profit earning is essential in business due to the following reasons:

1. Incentive-Profit is the driving force behind every business .It inspires people to start an enterprise and to work hard for making it successful.

2. Survival-profit is essential for the survival of business and it ensures the continuity of an enterprise.

3. Growth-Profit is the biggest source of capital for the growth ns expansion of business.

4. Measure of efficiency-Profit is considered to be the index of success in the business.

5. Prestige and recognition-A loss making business enjoys no goodwill.

Thus we can say that profit earning is an essential and desirable objective of every business , a business cannot survive without profits just as a person cannot live without food but profits cannot be the sole purpose of business just as eating is not the aim of life.

ECONOMICS

BASIC ECONOMIC CONCEPTS

Today we shall start by distinguishing between wealth and welfare :

Some important differences

Between wealth and welfare are as follows:

1. Wealth is objective and

Can be measured-example:

cash, income,

property where as welfare and cannot be measured numerically – example:

civility, literacy

,general decorum etc

2. Wealth can be measured in terms of money where as welfare can be estimated from the standard of living, life expectancy, literacy rate and other public amenities.

3. Wealth may be same for many people but welfare is subjective and differs from person to person.

Now let us discuss types of welfare.

Welfare can be categorized as economic welfare and social welfare:

Economic Welfare: Economic welfare is the level of prosperity of individuals or group of individuals in a country. It includes measures such as GNP,standard of living and the volume and utility obtained from wealth and material goods and services.

Social welfare : Social welfare ,on the other hand ,includes factors which affect human welfare in a country other than wealth. It includes besides wealth ,the distribution of the wealth, the eradication of unemployment, the assurance of basic amenities of the people of the country such as food,clothing,shelter,health,security,self esteem,freedom etc.

No let us discuss the term ‘money’-

Anything which is widely accepted in payment for goods or in discharge of other kinds of obligations.

Money , as a medium of exchange performs a number of functions in the economy.

Thus we can say money includes all medium of exchange such s gold, silver, bills of exchange , cheques, credit and debit cards etc.

Money also plays a vital role in guiding economic activity and it has a value.

Note: Money as a medium of exchange has also helped in overcoming the inconveniences of the barter system.

Question:

1. How can you differentiate between wealth and welfare?

Answer:

Some important differences

Between wealth and welfare are as follows:

a. Wealth is objective and

Can be measured-example:

cash,income,property where as welfare and cannot be measured numerically – example:

civility,literacy,general decorum etc.

b.Wealth can be measured in terms of money where as welfare can be estimated from the standard of living, life expectancy, literacy rate and other public amenities.

c.Wealth may be same for many people but welfare is subjective and differs from person to person.

2.What is Economic welfare?

Answer: Economic welfare is the level of prosperity of individuals or group of individuals in a country. It includes measures such as GNP,standard of living and the volume and utility obtained from wealth and material goods and services.

3.What is social welfare?

Answer: Social welfare ,on the other hand ,includes factors which affect human welfare in a country other than wealth. It includes besides wealth ,the distribution of the wealth,the eradication of unemployment,the assurance of basic amenities of the people of the country such as food,clothing,shelter,

health,

security,self esteem,freedom etc.

4.What do you understand by the term money?

Answer:Anything that is generally accepted as a means of exchange ,acts as a medium of value and facilitates store of wealth.

Computer Science

1’s complement &

2’s complement

1’s complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it, i.e., transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0.

Examples:

Let numbers be stored using 4 bits

1's complement of 7 (0111) is 8 (1000)

1's complement of 12 (1100) is 3 (0011)

2’s complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1’s complement of

Documents

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