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TraffickingGoldenCrescentDrugsintoWesternChina:AnAnalysisandTranslationofaRecentChinesePoliceResearchArticle

Dr.MurrayScotTannerCNACHINA^STUDIES

20110224039CQRD0024357.A2/FinalJanuary2011CNA

NAI.YSIS&SOLUTIONS

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CNAs on-profitesearchandanalysisorganizationcomprisedofheCenterorNavalAnalyses(aederallyfundedesearchanddevelopmentcenter)andhenstituteforPublicResearch. TheCNAChinatudiesivisionrovidestsponsors,ndheublic,nalysesfChina'smergingolenhenternationalrder,China'smpactnheAsia-Pacificregion,mportantssuesnUS-Chinaelations,andnsightsntocriticaldevelopmentswithinChinatself.WhetherocusednChinesedefenseandecurityssues,eijing'soreignolicies,bilateralelations,oliticalevelopments,conomicffairs,rocialhange,uranalystsadheretothesamespiritofnon-partisanship,objectivity,andempiricismhatisthehallmarkof CNAresearch. Ourprogramsbuiltuponaoundationofanalyticproductsandhostedevents.Ourpublicationstakemanyforms:researchmonographs,shortpapers,andbriefingsaswellaseditedbook-lengthstudies.Oureventsncludemajorconferences,guestspeakers,seminars,andworkshops.llofourproductsandprogramsareaimedatprovidingthensightsandontextnecessaryordevelopingsoundlansandoliciesandormakinginformedjudgmentsaboutChina.CNAChinaStudiesenjoyselationshipswith widenetworkofsubjectmatterexpertsfromniversities,romovernment,ndromherivatesectorbothnheUnitedStatesandoverseas.Weparticularlyvalueourextensiverelationshipswithcounterpartorganizationsthroughout"GreaterChina",otherpointsacrossAsia,andbeyond.Dr.AlbertS .Willner,DirectoroftheChinaSecurityAffairsGroup,savailableat(703)824-2883ndn-mailtWILLNERA@cna.org.OurrogramCoordinators s. Tamaraemphill,hoaneeachedt703)24-2106ndn-mailthemphit@cna.org.

Approvedfordistribution: anuary011

Alberts.Willner,Ph.D.DirectorChinaSecurityAffairsCroupCNAChinaStudies

ThisdocumentrepresentsthebestopinionofCN Aatthetimeofissue.Itdoesno tnecessarilyrepresentthe opinionoftheDepartmentoftheNavy.UnlimitedDistributionCopyright2011CNA ThisworkwascreatedintheperformanceofFederalGovernmentContractNumberN00014-05-D-0500 .nycopyrightinthiswork s subjecttotheGovernment'sUnlimitedRightslicenseasdefinedinDFARS252.227-7013 and/orDFARS252.227-7014.

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REPORTDOCUMENTATIONPAGE FormApprovedOMBNo.0704-0188Publicreporting burdenforthiscollection of information isestimatedtoaverage hourper response,includingthe time forreviewinginstructions,searching existingdatasources,gathering an dmaintainingdataneeded,an dcompletingan dreviewingthiscollectionofinformation Sendcommentsregardingthisburdenestimateoran yotheraspectofthiscollectionof information,includingsuggestionsforreducthisburdentoDepartment ofDefense.WashingtonHeadquartersServices,Directorate for InformationOperations an dReports(0704-0188). 21 5JeffersonDavisHighway.Suite1204 .Arlington.VA 22024302 Respondentsshouldbe awarethatnotwithstandingan yotherprovision of law,no personshallbesubjecttoan ypenaltyfor failing tocomplywithacollectionof information ifitdoesno tdisplayacurrevalidOM Bcontrolnumber.LEASEDONO TRETURNYOURFORM TO THEABOVEADDRESS.1 . REPORTDATE (DD-MM-YYYY)

1-20112 . REPORT TYPE

Final3 . DATESCOVERED (From-To)

4 . TITLEANDSUBTITLETraffickingGoldenCrescentDrugsintoWesternChina:AnAnalysisandTranslationofaRecentChinesePoliceResearchArticle

5 a . CONTRACTNUMBERN00014-05-D-05005 b . GRANTNUMBER

5 c . PROGRAMELEMENTNUMBER0605154N

6 . AUTHOR(S)Tanner,Murray,cot

5 d . PROJECT NUMBERR01485 e . TASK NUMBER59945 f WORK UNIT NUMBER

7 . PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S)ANDADDRESS(ES)CenterforNavalAnalyses4825MarkCenterDriveAlexandria,VA22311-1850

8.PERFORMINGORGANIZATIONREPORNUMBER D0024357.A2

9 . SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) ANDADDRESS(ES)FleetReadinessDivisionNavyDepartmentWashingtonDC20350

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12 .DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITYSTATEMENT Distributionunlimited13 .SUPPLEMENTARYNOTES1 4 . ABSTRACTInrecentyears,China'slawenforcementofficialshaveshowngrowingconcernovertheincreaseinillegaldrugtraffickingfrom Afghanistanandthe"GoldenCrescent"regionintoChina'swesternregionofXinjiang.Thisreportprovidesananalysisandadrafttranslatioofa2009opensourceChinesepolicearticlewhichpresentsanunusuallydetailedpictureoChina'sconcernsaboutthisdrugtrafficking.ThearticlespotlightsChina'sanxietiesabougrowinglinksbetweendomesticChinesetraffickers-especiallyXinjiangresidents-andCentraAsian-basedinternationaldrugrings;heincreasingroleofNigeriansandothernationalitiesinthistrade,andthechallengesthistrendcreatesforChineseinvestigatortheevolvingtransportroutesthesetraffickersusetocrosstheChineseborder,nd:heincreasingsophisticationoftheseinternationaltraffickers.SuchopensourceChinesepolipublicationscansupportanalysesofAsiandrugtrendsandfacilitateexchangeswithChinesgovernmentofficialsaboutsensitivetopicssuchasdrugtrafficking.1 5 . SUBJECT TERMSChina,llegalDrugs,Narcotics,nternalSecurity,Afghanistan,GoldenCrescent,Heroin,Xinjiang1 6 . SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:a . REPORT

Ub . ABSTRACT

Uc . THISPAGE

U

1 7 . LIMITATIONOFABSTRACT

SAR

18 .NUMBER OFPAGES16

19a.NAMEOFRESPONSIBLEPERSKnowledgeCenter/RheaSton19b.TELEPHONENUMBER(include acode)703-824-2110

StandardForm298(Rev.8-98)PrescribedbyANSIStdZ39.18

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TraffickingGoldenCrescentDrugsintoWesternChina:AnAnalysisandDraftTranslationofaRecent

ChinesePoliceResearchArticle

KeyFindings009penourcehineseolicerticletranslatednh iseport presentsnnusuallyetailedicturefhehineseolice'srowing

concernsboutheraffickingfoldenrescent*rugsntoestern China.ThearticlespotlightsChina'sanxietiesabout:o Therowinginksbetween omest icChineseraffickersespecially Xinjiang residentsandCentra lAsian-based internationaldrugringso ThencreasingoleofNigeriansndothernationalitiesnh israde,andth echal lengesthistrend createsfo rChineseinvestigators o The evolvingransport routes these traffickers useo cross th eChinesebordero Theincreas ingsophistication oftheseinternationaltraffickers .

heexploitationofsuchopensourceChinesepolicepublications cansupportanalysesfAsianrugrendsndanacil itatexchangesithhinese governmentofficials andpolicyspecialistsaboutsensitivetopicssuchasdrug traffickingIntroduction to th eResearchArticleandth eAuthorsIn th epastdecade,Chineselawenforcementofficialshavegrownincreasinglyconcernedabouthenflowofheroinnd therllegaldrugsromAfghanistanndhebroader"GoldenCrescent"egionn towesternChina'sXinjiangUyghurAutonomousRegion (XUAR).A009 pe nourcerticlen Chinesepolicejournalpresentsnunusuallydetailedpictureofthesepoliceoncerns .Theuthors,publicecuritynalystsGuo Jiean dMeiSonglin,reresearchersnheriminalnvestigationtudiesdepartmentofth eXinjiangegion'soppolicecademy,ocatednheegionalapitalofUrumqi.Theirarticleppearsnhepoliceacademy'scademicjournal, neofth emoreuthoritativepublicationsthatwouldaddressthisrelativelynarrowlawenforcementpolicyissue.TherticlenalyzeshencreasingcalendrganizationfGoldenrescentrugsmugglingn towesternChina,speciallyhegrowinginksbetweendomesticChinese * Chineselawenforcementsourcesdefinethe"GoldenCrescent"{finxinyue;t$lf j)asth eillegaldrug-producingregionsofAfghanistan,Pakistan,an dIran.

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traffickersndakistan-basedndentralsian-basednternationalrugings.heincreasingroleofAfricansin thistradeespeciallyNigeriansisan importantthemefo rtheseuthors.Theuthorsdentifyhemajorhighway,ir ,ndailoutes longwhichChinesendCentralAsianuthorities avedetecteddrugmugglingases.Theylso spotlighthatheyeesncreasingrofessionalismndophisticationnrugsmugglingtechniquesoverth epastfiveto te n years.Thisublicationontains oodea lfrareata,ncludingpreviouslyunpublishedpolicestatistics,informationaboutthepredominantroutesusedbysmugglers,traffickers'improvingechniquesndechnologicaldaptationsohineseawnforcementmethods,hehanging ationalnd thnicprofilesofdrugraffickers,ndheiseofdomesticdrugsellingnetworkswithinChina.Thisarticlealsohintsatsome,thoughnotall,ofth einstitutionalchallengesthatChineselawenforcementforcesconfrontindealingwithcross-borderdrugsmuggling,including theincreasingproblemofinterrogating smugglerswhoonlyspeak"obscure"Africanan dCentralAsiananguageshatrepresumablyunfamiliartopolice fficialsnXinjiang.Thisarticledoesnot,however,discussseveral thersensitivenstitutionalhortcomingsofChina'scounternarcoticssystem.tdoesnotmention whatsomeChineseofficialsseeas hortagefrainedoliceersonnel,speciallynmpoverishedegionsikeXinjiang.NordoesitaddresspotentialproblemsofcoordinatinglawenforcementpolicybetweenCentralndocal-levelChinese fficials.Nordoest oteheeportedly igh levelsofcorruptionbylocalChineseofficialswhoac tasso-called"protectiveumbrellas" fo rtraffickersan dothercriminals.TheoldenrescentrughreatohinaGrowingcalendhift ingOrganizationGuo an dMei'scentralpointisthatthethreatChinafacesfromGoldenCrescentdrugs especiallyheroinhasrisensteadilysince991ndespeciallysince2005.Overthepastdecade,Chinesepoliceevaluatehatth edrugtraffickingchallengeromhisregion as surpassedhatromGoldenTriangledrugs.TheybelievehatChinas ow neofth efourmajorinternationaltransshipmentroutesfo rillegaldrugsflowingoutofth eGolden Crescent.Theuthors lsoee majorshiftnhe rganizationofthisraffic.Theyontendhat large-scalenternationaldrug-smugglingrings av encreasinglyomeodominatehistrade,eplacingwhatheyharacterizeshemall-scale, iecemeal rugraffickingfromhisegionhatwasypicalnhe990sndarly000s.1Moreover,heyeeinternationaldrugringsncreasinglyinkingupwithdomesticChinesedrug-traffickers,

1Theseam eolicenalystsddresshencreasingscalendhanging rganizationofGoldenCrescent traffickingnomewhatmore etailnnotherecentrticle:uWei,Guoie ,ndMeiSonglinTh eEffectha theGoldenCrescent'DrugProblemsHavingnOurCountry,"(LunJinXinYue'Dupin WentiDuiWoguodeYingxiang;it&$fTn n n MggMHj IS ffl & n f o ) ,FazhiyuShehui(LegalSystem andSociety),August2009,pg .201.

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whotransshipthesedrugsfromKashgaran dUrumqiinXinjiangontoth emajorcitiesofChina'seastcoastShanghai ,Beijingan despeciallyGuangzhou.Fromthereth eheroin iseithersolddomesticallyorisfurtherprocessed,shippedbackoutofChina,an dsoldby gangsoperatinginSoutheastAsia.

ChinesePoliceIdentifyKeyDrugShipmentRoutesThearticleprovidesan overview ofth emajorhighway,air,an drailwaylinksthattraffickersusetomovedrugsintoXinjiang,an dnotesseveralmajorshippingcasesthatChinese,Pakistani,an dAfghanpolicehavecracked.oldenCrescentdrugtraffickersmoveheroinoKashgaran dUrumqiprimarilyviaseveralhighwayroutesfromPakistan,TajikistanndKyrgyzstan,an dby irfromIslamabad,Peshawar,Karachi,Lahore,Kabul,an dDubai.uo an dMeido n otindicatethatnorthernroutesacrossth eKazakhorMongolian bordersaresignificantavenuesfo rdrugshipmentintoXinjiang.hey lsosserthatnternationalailwayines,nontrastohighwaysnd irroutes,are"notespeciallyprominent"avenuesfo rmovingdrugsintoXinjiangin recentyears.uondeielieve,owever,hatewlypenedhina-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistanai lxtension(whichransitsrightthroughhe eartoftheregionn whichheuthorslaimhatostraffickingakeslace)illresentew challengesfo rlawenforcement.

The"Internationalization"ofTraffickers'ackgroundsaisesewnstitutionalChal lenges fo rLawEnforcement Thearticlenotesn"internationalization"ofth ethnicbackgroundsofdrugsmugglerscomingn toXinjiang.TheuthorssserthatCentralAsiansndAfricansespeciallyNigeriansareplayinganincreasingrolein smugglingdrugsintoan dbackoutofChina.By2006th e"main body"offoreign drugsmugglersencounteredbyXinjiangpolicewere fromPakistanan dNigeria,withotherscomingfromAfghanistanan dotherCentralAsian countries,Ghanaan dotherAfricanstates,an dSoutheastAsia.Thisreportalsostronglysuggeststhatth ebroadeningethnicbackgroundsofcross-bordertraffickersarecreatinggrowinginstitutionalan dlinguisticobstaclesfo rChinesepolicein theirinvestigationsan dinterrogations.Guo an dMeido notse ethis"internationalization"ofraffickerssccidental,ndheyomplainbouthencreasinglyobscure"languagespokenyheseraffickers.heyhargehattheseeliberatelyreatelinguistic bstacleopreventtraffickers]romonfessingheactsofth erime,nddelaytheprogressof[our]nterrogations,an dse tupbarrierstoin-depthnvestigation ofcases."

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Traffickers'IncreasingSophistication CreatesTechnica lChallenges to Detect ion GuondMeisserthatdrugraffickersredemonstratingncreasingophisticationn concealment,processing,ndpackagingdrugshatransitth eChineseborder.Muchofthisophisticationocusesnheoncea lmentofdrugsnsidehebodiesfhuman "mules,"ithinheramesfvehicles,ndmongargehipmentsfommercialcommodities.Guo an dMei ote,nparticular,theincreasingly"professional"qualityofdrugpackagingusedbytraffickers,includingpackagingthatisresistanttodetectionan dphysicaldeteriorationastscarriedwithinthehumanbody.Chinesepolicealsoreportthatdruggangsrecontinuously"daptingheirechniquesoounterChineseaw enforcementperationss esultfactivenquiriesbouthenvestigatoryn dinspectionmethodsan dtacticsusedbyChinese]departments"thatthesedrugringsaremaking.Chal lengesCreatedyheRisenChineseDomest icDrugNetworks,Especially AmongXinjiangCitizens AlthoughhebulkofGuondMei'srticleocusesnheoleofforeigndrugingscoordinatingdrugrafficking,heinalectionsoncedehat etworksofthousandsprobablyen sfhousandsofXinjiangitizensrelayingnncreasingolen traffickingGoldenCrescentdrugshroughoutChina.GuondMeiite ationwidendprovincialfiguresthatindicateasharpincreaseinthenumberoftheseXinjiangresidentswhoav eeenrrestedorraffickingntherprovincesrom00 0nward.heyattributethistrendtoavarietyoffactorseconomicdifficultiesinChina'simpoverished interior,thnicensions,ecidivismnddrugddictionmongx-criminals,ndotherforces.AlthoughGuondMeiee rendowardncreasinglyight rganizationmonghesedomestichineseraffickingetworks,heanguageheyseoescribeomesticChinesedrugtraffickingnetworkstilldoesnotportraythesegroupsasbeingnearlyswell-organizedan dpowerfulstheinternationalringswithwhichtheycollaborate.Guo an dMei'sviews nhispointmayeflectheealitiesoftheseraffickingings.Theymaylso,owever ,eflectheong-standingesitancyfChineseawnforcementofficialstoconcedethatdomesticorganizedcrimeinChinamightbereachingthelevelsoforganizationorpowereennRussia,Nigeria,Pakistan, r ther ighlyorruptedsocieties.IndicationsofSino-PakistaniandSino-AfghanLawEnforcementCooperation GuondMei'srticledoesotdirectlyddresshessueofChina'snternationalaw enforcementooperationgainstdrugrafficking.Theas edatausednheiranalysis,sourcedoPakistanindAfghanpolice,ppeartondicatehatChinesepolicenalystsareteastbleoelyuponooperationwithhesecountries'policeorcesobtain

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importantdatand therntelligenceboutdrug-smugglingrends.AlthoughGuondMeidonotindicateth esourceoftheirinformationaboutthemajorhighway,air,an drailroutesusedbyraffickersromCentralAsia,hi snformationmaylsoeflectimilarcooperation withotherCentralAsian orMiddleEasternauthorities.

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DraftTranslationofChinesePolice Analysison IllegalDrugSmugglingfromth eGolden Crescentinto China'sXinjiangRegion

ArticleTitle:OverallTrendsintheSmugglingan dInfiltration of'GoldenCrescent'IllegalDrugsintoXinjiang"

OriginalChineseTitle:JinxinyuedupinduiXinjiangzuosishentou zongtitaishi; $ijl

SourcePublication:Journalof theXinjiangPoliceOfficer'sAcademy(Xinjiangjingguan gaodengzhuankexuexiaoxuebao;SfrSiWllitj^Nr^r^

Volume/Issue:January2009,Volume29, No.,pp .8-10.

Authors :Guo Jie(fRi&)an dMei Songlin(**&)

Author sInstitutionalAffil iation:XinjiangAutonomousRegion PoliceOfficer'sAcademy,InvestigationDepartment,Urumqi,Xinjiang,830013.

BIOGRAPHICAL/INSTITUTIONALNOTES:ootnotesnpage nedentifyGuo Jies aleyghurbornn957oworkingsnoffice-rank"rofessionalresearcherintheInvestigationDepartmentoftheXinjiangPoliceAcademy.MeiSonglin isidentifiedasafemaleofDahanerethnicityborn in960andservingasalecturerin th eInvestigationepartmentoftheXinjiangPoliceAcademy.esearchupportorhis articlewasprovidedbyaMinistryofPublicSecurity'sTheoryan dSoftScienceResearchSupportrogram rojectntitledResearchnheenetrationofGoldenrescent'DrugsintoXinjiang,"researchgrantnumber2007LLYJXJQT037.

ENGLISHABSTRACT (a sprintedinoriginaltext)"WithheignificantncreaseofopiumyieldnAfghanistan, rugraffickinggroupshomendbroadolludedwithach therobuildupnnternationalassagen to Xinjiangyrganizationsndeliberately. ituationasomen toeinghere commandsrerombroad,permeationn toentralAsia,ransferringnXinjiang,ndwholesaleinGuangdongan dShanghai.hepenetration ofdrugsintoXinjianghasmanyoutletsndsecret,professional,ndnternational.hehreatofdrugsromGoldenCrescent'asxceededhatromheraditionalrugreaGoldenriangle'.he narcoticscontrolin Xinjiangfacesahugetestan dchallenge."

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ARTICLETEXT ONE:THESITUATION CONCERNING THESMUGGLING AND INFILTRATIONOFGOLDENCRESCENTDRUGSINTOXINJIANG.In recentyears,followingthegradualcontractionintheproduction ofillegaldrugsintheGoldenTriangleregion,llegaldrugproduction withinth eGoldenCrescentwhichhas Afghanistanstsorehas limbedyearfteryearzhunianansheng; |: /|).Afghanistanaslreadyecomeheorld'seadernpiumoppyultivationndopiumproduction.Spurredbyviolencen dmarket]demand.GoldenCrescent eroin ha secomeheostttractiveubstituteorGoldenriangleeroin.oreignrugsellinggroupsllegallyntrenchednheGoldenCrescent av eteppedupheirdrug-runningn to urcountry,ndXinjiangnheNorthwesternborderprovinceegionas beenbearingheruntfhettack." ithhenceasingncreasenultivation,processing,an dtransshipmentactivitiesinAfghanistan,Xinjianghasalreadybecomeon eoftheourmajorxportransitoutesorllegaldrugsromheGoldenCrescent.TheillegaldrugituationnheGoldenCrescentCentralAsiaegionlreadyonstitutesn ongoingthreattoXinjiang.In termsofgeographicalconditions,Xinjiang'sbordersareadjacenttoeightcountriesin CentralAsiandSouthAsia,t as7CategoryOnepe nborderntrypointsyiei kaifangou'an; JFS npr),ndtsegardedsurcountry'sbridgeheadndimportantgatewayohemarketsofCentralndSouthAsia.Throughmanyyearsofdevelopment ,Xinjianghasalreadyformedtraderoutesthatcombinehighways,railways,an dairlines.TransnationaldrugtraffickinggroupshavecovetedXinjiangfo ralongtime(chuixianyijiu;LiX),nd ope, iaheseonvenientradeoutes,o"borrowheroadoXinjiang"norderochieveheirevilgoalsofcrossingbordersoel ldrugstransnationally.injiang'specialeographicalosition,ongborderlines,ndross-border thnicndeligiousinkagesouldextremelyasyornternationalrugtraffickersokeepnye n ,ndwithegardtoEastAsiandrugrafficking etworks,Xinjiangisbecomingth elink-uppointtoge tthroughtoAfghanistan,romwhichillegaldrugsoriginate.Followinghe reatncreasenAfghanpium roductionevelsndherogressive openingupofmanyinternationaldrugtraffickingroutesoutofAfghanistanthroughour territory,therehasbeenadramaticincreaseintheGoldenCrescentheroin thathascomeacrossXinjiang'sborder.Thesedrugs]quicklynappeduphellegaldrugxchangesan donsumptionmarketsnXinjiang,ndoonhis eroinvenxceededhemarketpositionoftraditionalGoldenTriangleheroin.Xinjiangisnowtherontlinebasenhe campaignoblockupheourcenddamupheiver(duyuanjieliu;UMWM*),ndXinjiang'santi-drugworkisfacingenormoustestsan dchallenges.AsweookatthesituationofGoldenCrescentdrugsbeingsmuggledn toXinjiang,wecan learlydivideheim en towotages:rom991o004,ndrom00 5ohepresent.

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Fromun e ,991whenXinjiangrackedtsirstas eofsmugglingllegalGolden Crescentdrugsacrossth eborderuntil2004,theconcernedgovernmentdepartmentsin Xinjiangrackedmorehan0asesnvolvingllegaldrugs,ndhaveuncoverednd seizedatotalof:27.550kilosofGoldenCrescentheroin,opium,an dmarijuana{mayan;MM),orethan66tonsofth eprecursorchemicalceticnhydridecusucmgan;WiW.iff)beingsmuggledoutoftheborder. 800,000tabsofthepsychoactivedrugamfepramone (Jingshenyaopinanfeilatong;

Since2005,GeneralSecretaryHuintao,LuoGan,ZhouYongkangnd therCentralleadingcomradeshaveneveral ccasionsssuedmportantdirectivesonheproblem ofillegaldrugmugglingromheGoldenCrescentegion.They av edemandedhat [ lowerevel fficials]doptffectivemeasuresnd al thexpansionofillegal rugsmugglingromheGoldenCrescent.TheXinjiang]AutonomousRegion'sAnti-DrugCommission an dtheRegionalPublicSecurityBureauhavealsotakenveryseriouslyth eworkfnvestigatingrugmuggling,ndheyaveeaselesslyncreasedheirinvestmentndtrengthenedheirprofessionalworkinhisrea).They av ebuiltup theirorps,ndlsoontinuedeepeningnti-drugropagandaorkegardinghe"people'swaragainstdrugs,""activitiestobuilddrug-freecountiesan dcities,"al laimedatheoldenrescent.ivenheealityhatrugmugglingndnfiltrationre becomingmoreprominentveryday,uchdepartmentsshePublicSecurityBorderDefense,ailwayecurity,ransportecurity,ndviationecurity,heustomsdepartments,hePostOffice,nd therdepartmentsallunderthedirecteadershipofth eXinjiang]utonomousegionublicecurityBureau'sAnti-DrugCorpsjinduzongdui;%&\>k)havestrengthenedtheircampaignto"blockupthesourcean ddam upheiver,"ndtruggleorcefullygainstheGoldenCrescent.They av echieveddefiniteesultsnblockingndnterceptingllegal rugsutsideofth eborderdupindujieaijingwai;uhtfSMtt^t'l'),nvestigatingndeizingdrugs]nheborderregions,an dorganizingan dcarryingoutsternblowsanti-drugcrimeactivitiesthathave astheirkeyelements"attackinggangs,""crackingmajorcases,""destroyingnetworks,""arrestingdrugords"duxiao;%$k),ndseizingdrugmoney"Jinzi; nf ).n 2005injiangoliceorcesrackedin eoldenrescentasesndetained4suspectedcriminals,an dseized4.215kilosofheroin.n2006thenumberofcasesrose to4,heydetained6uspectedriminals,ndeized65.140kilosofherointhesenumberswere,espectively .67imes igherhan005, .29imes igher,nd .1 7 timeshigher.n2007theyalsocracked29casedrelatedtotheGolden Crescent,arrested50suspectedcriminals,ofwhomcriminalsuspectsfromoreigncountriesnumbered29,an deized47.386kilosofheroinnd4,848 ilosofmarijuana.Theamountofillegaldrugsseizedalreadyhasexceededtheentiretotalfo r2006.romJanuarytoSeptemberof2008,XinjiangPoliceforceshad alreadycracked22Golden Crescentrelatedcasesan ddetained43criminalsuspects,ofwhom29wereofforeigncitizenship,an dseized76.232

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kilosofheroin.Amongthesecases,onSeptember20 ,2008,hePeople'sArmedPoliceXinjiangPublicSecurityBorderDefenseBrigade'szongdui;H > k )BordernspectionStationtKunjerabak aKonjirapChineseHongqilapu;lH-lvffW]),spartofthe"Open Road2008"concentratedanti-drugoperation,discovered7kilosofillegaldrugsinth ebodyofapassengerca renteringtheborderfromthePakistanside.Fromthis,wecanclearlyse eth eseriousnessofth etrendofsmugglingan dinfiltratingGoldenCrescent illegaldrugsintoXinjiang.

TWO:THEBASICSPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OFTHESMUGGLING AND INFILTRATION OF GOLDEN CRESCENT ILLEGAL DRUGS INTO XINJIANG.Based nnnalysisbyGoldenCrescentllegaldrugaseshat av ebeenrackedbyXinjiangpolicenheas twoyears,weaneehat]llegalrugmugglingndinfiltrationn toXinjiangs oongeramatterofaewpiecemeal,unconnectedllegaldrugales,stwasnhepast.nstead,tsow matterofinternational arcoticstraffickinggroupswhoareorganizedan dwhoaremovingwithaplanoopenuptrade]routesan destablish etworksandhispotentialdangerisnownheprocessofbeingtransformedn toapresentdanger.llegaldrugtraffickinggangsnsideChina's]borderareinkingpithhoseutsideheorder,ndreirecting Centralsian infiltration"rom utsideheborder.n censideXinjiangthesedrugs]rehanginghandsoGuangdongndShanghaiollectionnddistributiontructures.Xinjiangas alreadybecomeabordercrossingroutean dtransferpoint.Basedonan analysisofcasesthathavealreadybeen cracked,th eactivitiesofdrugtraffickinggroupsoutsideth ebordersmugglingillegaldrugsintoXinjianghavethefollowingcharacteristics./.heobjectiveof transportingdrugsistotravelthroughXinjiangontoGuangdong,Shanghai,andotherplaces.AccordingoeveraleportsprovidedbyhePakistanipolice,tasbeenevealedhat outofagroupof22asesofattemptedmugglingofillegalGoldenCrescentdrugsoChinathatwerecrackedbyPakistanipolicein2005,thoseinvolvingXinjiangnumbered 13,or59.09percentofthetotal.n2006,outof58uchcasescrackednPakistanan dAfghanistan,Xinjiang-relatedcasesaccountedfo r55.17percent.Ofth eXinjiangGolden Crescentdrugcasesinvestigatedan dhandledduringthosetw oyears,mostofthemwereusinginjiangs ransferointzhongzhuanian:t1H\i)rs pointfconsumption"xiaofeidi;MH-Hil),heemaindermovedth edrugs]noGuangzhou,Shanghai,Beijingan dothersuchplaces,withthegreatestconcentration of themmoving alongonth eroutefromUrumqiontoGuangzhou.AfterthedrugsarrivedinGuangzhou,theywereprimarilytransferredtoNigeriansan dotherpersonsofAfricancitizenship(N iriliyadengfeizhoujirenyuan;/S0 U4F.^^#t|fnAb\)tobesold.

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//.Drugtransshipmentlines followmanyroutes.Theirstoutesiaublicighwayhroughorderntryoints.ince000,heXinjiangBorderDefense,Customs,nd therdepartments averackedmorehan0casesofdrugsmugglingthroughborderentrypointsviapublichighways.Themajorpublichighwaysthatareusedfo rdrugsmugglingare:romakistantounjerabKonjirap]Hongqilapu;l-Kfi^f)toKashgar

(Kashi;Hff)toUrumqi.romTajikistantoKarasuKalasu;fe^)toKashgarKashi; rff)toUrumqi.romKyrgyzstanto Tuergate (ftt/J^#)toKashgartoUrumqiromKyrgyzstantoIrkeshtam[akaIlkshtam,Ilkstan*](Yierkeshidan-ffifoJtW

iH)toKashgartoUrumqi.romBishkek(Bishekaike;btifWifo)toUrumqi.Amongthesecases,th ekeyborderentrypointfo rdrugsmugglinghasbeenKunjerab(Konjirap/Hongqilapu)ontheChina-Pakistanborder,whereillegaldrugsbeingsmuggledacrosstheborderfromPakistanwereseizedonrepeatedoccasions.On October5,2006,th eCustomsDepartmentinKunjerab,whiledoingan inspection ofsomegoodsbeingbroughtacrossth eborderfromPakistan,seized6.406kilosofheroinconcealedin2,384bottleswithintencasesofdepilatorycream(cangnizai10xiangtuomaoshuangneide12,384pingdupinhailuoyin6.406qianke;WM&.0ffifl^^ffirt r - J2,384M^&U'fa

m6.406=?#).Thesecondrouteisviaaviationinks.ince2005,th eairportsinUrumqi,Kashgar,an dotherlacesnsideinjiangav eontinuallyeizedllegalrugsromheolden Crescent.etweenun endeptemberf005,injiangolicetherumqiInternationalirportndheashgarnternationalirportrackediveasesfsmugglingllegal rugs,detaining2uspects,n deizing .5 ilosofheroin,llofwhichwerebeingbroughtin by personsflyingin fromIslamabad(Yisilanbao;t f H)an deshawarBaishawa;TC)nakistan.heiroutesromslamabadndPeshawarinPakistantoUrumqian dKashgarhavebecomeakeypointai rrouteinvolvedindrugs.Atth esametime,drugshavebeenrepeatedlydiscoveredbeingsmuggledinto

AChinesegovernmentwebsiteprovidestheol lowinginformationaboutth ehighwayportofIlkshtan:"A s ighway ort,heortofIlkshtan]situatednWuqiaCountyofKizilsuKirgizAutonomousPrefecturendeighborsnoshtate,irghiziaepublic.ince906,on-governmentalradeexchangeshavebeenconductedthroughth eport,soithasalonghistoryof trading.FromJuly997on ,itha sbeen openedfo rtemporarypassageofgoods.The portisopenedfo rthelastte ndaysofeverymonth.Itisanticipatedthatannually300,000[tonsof ]goodsan d200,000peoplecanpasstheportaftertheportha sbeenbuilt."http://www.xjdcp.gov.cn/englisli/environment/p-llkshtan.htm.K)

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Xinjiangromuch irportssKarachindLahorenPakistan,KabulnAfghanistan,an dDubaiinth eUnitedArabEmirates(alianqiu,dibai;Mk\)(i.iiiiff).Since2007,inthewakeofincreasinglyforcefularrestsinth e[Xinjiang]egion aimedat blockingviationdrugmugglingoutes,nternationaldrugmugglinggroupsutside China'sbordersav ebeennheprocessofthinkingpndeeking ewoutesndchannelsormugglingndrugs.ookingtheGoldenCrescentdrugasesracked since007,weaneeha thereasbeennncreasenoreignnternationalrugorganizationswitchingheirouteszhuanao\ii)orhipping rugs,oarding flightsDushanbenTajikistantowardXinjiang.Duringjustth eperiodromJune1o June28 2008theUrumqiCustomsBureauAnti-SmugglingDepartmentsdiscoveredthreecasesofmovingdrugsfromDushanbetoUrumqi,detaining3peopleandseizing0.167 kilosofheroin.Moreover,themodeoftransportfo rmovingthedrugswasineachas estowingthedrugsinthecarry-onluggagerack(xinglixiang jiaceng;j'l^flK)A).Thehirdoutesbymeansofrailway.ByookingtheituationofGoldenCrescentdrugmugglingasesrackednXinjiangnecentyearsweaneehatheuseofrailroadl inesomuggledrugshasnotbeenspeciallyprominent.Atpresent,herearetw ointernationalrailwaylinesthattransitXinjiangonerouteisviatheWestern Spurofth eLanzhou-XinjiangRailwayinourcountryan dtheconnectinglineinKazakstan;thatis,romUrumqihroughAlashankouotheKazakhcapitalofAlmatyal lhewayotheen dofthelineinRotterdam(Lutedan;/t il)inHolland.ThesecondrouteistheAsia-Europeailwaydiriaoyanielu\.&3EI>0C$cJ&).narch5001heCustomsServicenAlashankoueized2.95 ilosofheroin nnnternationalrainn thisine;hedrugtraffickersonfessedhathey ad lreadyransported kiloscrossth ehineseordernourreviousrips.notheroutetheoutherninjiang Railway'sesternxtensionroject'shina-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistanailroad(zhongjiuuielu;*F?- / Ii&)has lready pened,n dhiswillnevitablybecomen ewproblemhatXinjiangwillncounternryingonvestigatendhutdownhe smugglingofdrugsacrosstheborder.///.The personnel whotransportillegaldrugsar ebecomingmoreinternationalized.Atpresent,thereisaveryapparenttrendtowardtheinternationalizationofthepersonnelwhotransportillegaldrugsfromth eGolden Crescent.Theyhaveexpandedfromth epast,whenheyprimarilyusedpersonsofPakistani ationality,oncreasinglyusingpersonsofAfghan,Centralsian,"frican,ndtherationalities,ndhissraduallytransformingn toGoldenCrescentdrugordsnCentralAsianndelatedountriescarryinguthedirectionnd rganizationofPakistani,Afghan,ndotherpersonsomovehedrugscrosshebordern toUrumqi.nUrumqiheyhange ands, rre moveddirectlynoGuangzhou,whereheyreransferredoAfricanpersonnelwho carryoutprocessingonthemorsalewithinChina's]borders,ormovethemoutofthebordertointernationaldrugtraffickingnetworksthatsellth edrugsinSoutheastAsia.n2005,4uspectsofforeign ationalitieswhoweremplicatednllegaldrugsromhe Golden CrescentweredetainedinXinjiang.Since2006thecriminalsuspectsdetainedby

II

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th eAfghanoliceorelling rugsnXinjiangwerellitizensfthirdountries,includingGhana,Thailand,an dPakistan.Amongthemareanumberofpersonswhohaverecordsofenteringourbordersnmultiple ccasions.TheasesofdrugmugglingcrackedbyXinjiangn006evealhatPakistani-nationalityndNigerian-nationalitydrugellerswerehemainbodyofcriminalswhoweremugglingGoldenCrescentillegaldrugsintoXinjiang.IntelligencerevealsthatwithinPakistanareanumberofWestAfrican ationalityllegaldrugsmugglinggangs,withNigeriansasheirmain lement,whoremugglingllegal rugsoourountry.mongheoreigndrugraffickersseizedbyPakistanrepersonsrom40 rmoreountriesncludingNigeria,Thailand,Tanzania,outhfrica,fghanistan,nduineaJineiya;L\ H 5E).monghese,personsofNigerian nationalityconstituted60 percentofthetotal.IV .heacticsndmethodsse doeepllegaldrugransshipmentsovertare changingin manyways.Thecovertization"ofmethodsorllegal rugransshipment.llegal rugrafficking organizationsfromth earliesttimeshavemployedheluggagean dgoodsoftravelersenteringan dexitingbordersto moveillegaldrugs.oday,thistrendhasdevelopedtothepointfusingveryethodncludingransportationehiclesithargehipmentsconcealedinside,largeshipmentsofgoodscontainingcontraband{dazonghuowujiadai;A' tS^J 'ff?),ransshipmentnsideheumanbodyrenifanyun;W JSL)ndothermethods,ohatth emeansoftransshippingdrugsobecomemoreovertbyheday.Atheam eime rugrafficking rganizationsrectivelynquiringboutheinvestigatoryndnspectionethodsndacticsse dyurepartments,ndcontinuouslytransformingtheirmethodsfo rconcealing illegaldrugs.V .herocessingechniquesforandlingllegalrugs/reecomingIncreasinglyProfessionalized. Basedonnanalysisoftheinternalndexternalpackagingoftheseillegaldrugs,omeoftheheroin hasbeenprocessedan dpackagedbyoreignnternationaldrugtrafficking groupsusingprofessionalpackagingequipment;theirgranulesareuniforman deven,thepackagesrehapedikeatesleisiaohuang;iU - k),ndheyossesshecapacityoweakenheffectivenessoffluoroscopy.henternalackagingswhite transparentplastic,althoughortheexternalpackagingtheyusebeige-coloredlit.riceyellow colored"]plastic.Theyareacid-resistant{kangsuanxing;MMfi.),an dcanlastalongtimewithoutsuffering deteriorationfromhuman gastricjuices{weiye;n'M).VI .TheLanguages/oftheTraffickers]areProliferatingBecausefhean yanguageshatreixedogetheramongheraffickers]includingEnglish,Urdu,Persian,Africanribalanguagesbulnoyuyan;P^ip-g"),PakistanindAfghandialectstheircontactsareincreasinglysecretive(lianxigengwei

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