03 Gaseous fuels (economics, business, marketing, policy)

profile and the possible applications of solvent-free two-component polyurethane adhesives (2-K PU) and recently developed polyurethane hot-melt adhesives (PU-HM) for the manufacture and/or assembly of panels.

x:X: Porous adsorbent8 for vehicular natural gas storage:

Menon, V. C. and Komarneni, S. J. Porous Mater., 1998, 5, (l), 43-58. Both experimental and simulated methane adsorption data under condi- tions of direct relevance for vehicular natural gas storage have been compiled from the literature for various microporous adsorbents and are discussed here. A common trend of gravimetric methane adsorption capacity scaling with surface area among the diverse microporous adsorbents is demonstrated. Furthermore, increasing the adsorbent surface area on a volumetric basis is shown to be very important for vehicular natural gas storage where fuel storage volume is a constraint. Also discussed is the effect of other adsorbent properties such as heat of adsorption and heat capacity on the natural gas storage capacity.

9W03716 Potagas: international partnership in underground storage Plaziat, J.-F. Gaz d’Aujourd’hui, 1997, 121, (5), 333-335. Cross-border storage contracts for natural gas are bound to increase in the future in Europe, either as one-off assistance or long-term firm rental commitments. Wnderground storage is very costly, so potential customers are sought before starting construction work; therefore a natural gas storage ‘market’ does not really exist in the way a crude oil market, for example, does. The article discusses the storage complex known as LABl-2- 3 and the joint venture between SPP and Nafta Gbely for the development and marketing of the LAB4 storage facility.

9W03717 Saline aquifer storage of carbon dioxide in the Sleipner project Kongsjorden, H. er al. Waste Management, 1998, 17, (.5/6), 303-308. Situated in the middle of the North Sea, near the border line between United Kingdom and Norway, the Sleipner offshore gas field is 240 km from the nearest town on the Norwegian coast, Stavanger. The field was first discovered in 1974 with the gas containing reservoirs laying around 3500 m under the sea bed. Together with the even larger Troll gas field further north, Sleipner will produce a larger part of Norway’s gas supply to the European Union and will function as a hub for a number of pipelines transferring this gas from north to south.

96103716 Study on the development of composite CNG pressure vessels Kim, B. S. et al. Cryogenics, 1998, 38, (1) 131-134. The paper studies the development of composite CNG (compressed natural gas) pressure vessels with HDPE (high density polyethylene) liner and metal end nozzles. No significant damages were revealed by the CNG environmental tests carried out for HDPE, resins and reinforcing fibres. The stacking sequence was analysed and applied in filament winding of the pressure vessels. They showed satisfactory results when subjected to burst tests.

9wo3719 Thermal analysis of slow discharge from a pressur- ized natural gas storage tank Zhou, Z. Appl. Therm. Eng., 1997, 17, (ll), 1099-1110. In relation to operation safety, a thermal analysis of the slow depressuriza- tion of a high-pressure gas-filled vessel is described. The inherent differences and similarities of simple mathematical models and their solutions are discussed. A safety criterion to prevent the vessel wall temperature from dropping below the ductile-brittle transition limit of the steel is established. The influences of some important system parameters are investigated.

gwo3720 The underground storage of LPG in France: the example of proven technologies Grappe, J. Gaz d%jourd’hui, 1997, 121, (5), 336-339. Set up in 1965, Geostock, a French company, has emerged as a world leader in oil and gas underground storage in their liquid, liquefied and gaseous forms. This engineering company equally owned by Elf, Total, BP France and the Belgian energy group Tractebel has a headcount of over 200 persons distributed over three sites: the Rueil-Malmaison head office, west of Paris and the Lavera and the Manosque facilities, where the largest storage units are located.

Economics, Business, Marketing, Policy

9WQ3721 AGL to double Brisbane gas supply capacity Anon. QGMJ, 1998, 99, (1156), 4-5. At an estimated cost of $100 million, AGL is planning to expand Brisbane’s natural gas pipeline system to double its gas supply capacity in response to Brisbane’s growing demand. Due to measures taken to minimize the impact on communities, the environment is not threatened. The first stage of the

plan commenced in 1997 and involves upgrading existing compressors to increase their capacity in conjunction with a 55 km looping programme in four sections. When all stages of the looping are complete, the pipeline will provide up to 172 TJ/day, compared to its current 80 TJ/day level.

9wo3722 The development of the gas industry through technological innovations Clavel, J. Car Aujourd’hui, 1998, 122, (3), 139-145. (In French) After the board of energy ministers of the EU adopted a project for the natural gas market, Gaz de France found itself confronted by some of the accompanying challenges that are equal to its place in the European gas scene. However, the history of the company has proved that it has always known how to meet the challenges with which it has been presented. Its success has made it one of the most important gas societies in Europe. This paper shows how Gaz de France has achieved its goals during its 50 years of existence.

9wo3723 Dynamism and expansion of the gas industry Chabrelie, M. F. Gaz d’Aujourd’hui, 1997, 121, (5), 254-261. The recovery of world natural gas activity is confirmed after the slow-down in its expansion observed at the beginning of the 1990s. Being an eventful year, 1996 in particular marked a renewal in the global expansion of natural gas, often referred to as the energy source of the 21st century.

9wo3724 tion project

ElginlFranklin: a leading Elf exploration & produc-

Hull, T. Gaz d’Aujourd’hui, 1997, 121, (5), 300-305. Elf Aquitaine has been established for over 30 years in the United Kingdom, Norway and the Netherlands and the group has become number four oil operator in the North Sea. This area is also the core of its gas activities. In the future, the two fields Franklin and Elgin in the British part of the North Sea, where Elf acts as operator and where deliveries should start in 1999, will increase Elf’s contribution to the European gas supply.

9wo3725 Future of natural gas and potential of non-conven- tional natural gas Kaneko, H. Nensho Kenkyu, 1998, 111, 39-54. (In Japanese) Topics discussed include world-wide supply and demand of natural gas, sufficient resources and insufficient infrastructure, LNG use and market expansion, gas transportation technology and the coal bed methane industry in USA and Japan.

9WO3726 Future of natural gas and potential of non-conven- tional natural gas Kaneko, H. Nensho Kenkyu, 1998, 111, 39-54. (In Japanese) Reviews the world-wide supply and demand of natural gas, sufficient resources and insufficient infrastructure, LNG use and market expansion, gas transportation technology and coal bed methane industry in USA and Japan.

9WQ3727 Gas driving Queensland development Day, B. Queensland Oil and Gas, 1998, 4, (3), 35-38. Australia’s fastest growing energy source is gas and Queensland’s gas market could potentially experience the most rapid growth of all the states. Future developments in the gas industry will be affected by factors such as: the current supply and demand situation; the identified potential market growth areas; government role and policy objectives; competitive tendering for pipeline infrastructure and the national reform agenda and its likely implications for Queensland’s gas market. Compared with a national average of 17.6%, gas takes up only 5.3% of Queensland’s final energy consumption. However, recent developments and future market predictions suggests gas will play a greater role in the state’s energy mix. This paper discusses future sources of supply and demand, greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation strategies, government policy and costs. In recent months, Australia’s gas market has seen significant reform and Australia is now in a strong position to develop infrastructure and eventually mature competitive markets with gas on gas and pipeline on pipeline competition.

9W03726 Natural gas pricing policies in Southeast Asia Pacudan, R. B. National Resources Forum, 1998, 22, (1) 27-36. Energy demand has witnessed a rapid increase within the very dynamic economies of south-east Asia. There has also been a concurrent increase in the utilization of indigenous natural gas resources. Gas-pricing policies in the region are reviewed here, partly explaining the rise in gas utilization. Although diverse, energy pricing policies in south-east Asia address the common objective of enhancing domestic gas production and utilization. A more rational gas-pricing policy framework is emerging in the region, this work has discovered. It is advised that refinements in the pricing framework should be undertaken, as demand for gas approaches existing and/or forecast production capacities, if an efficient gas-pricing mechanism is to be achieved.

96103729 trends

Regional gas markets: contrasted growth and

Chabrelie, M. F. Gaz dxujourd’hui, 1997, 121, (5), 261-277. The policies of energy diversification that have been implemented since the early 1970s in the industrialized countries and in many developing countries have enabled natural gas to regularly increase its role in the world energy

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