9789088903366 - RMV45 - Hovens & Van Der Hooft 2016 - Indian Detours - E-book

7/24/2019 9789088903366 - RMV45 - Hovens & Van Der Hooft 2016 - Indian Detours - E-book

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Rfurnsm no Oktnvl Ofrth KmlrndkNobnko Bltfurslbntlb `y

Wnltlr Hfvlos & Mlttl vko blr Hffat

M l b l b l i n o j l o v k o h l t P n e c s m u s l u m v f f r Q f i c l o c u o b l , I l n b l o


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Tnblstfol WrlssK olw jlolrktnfo fa Wuìnshnoj

^fu krl rlkbnoj k auii vlrsnfo fa thns `ffc, afr arll!

Rhns `ffc ns pkrt fa thl Tnblstfol l-in`rkry whlrl mfst fa fur

puìndktnfos krl auiiy kddlssnìl afr arll. Afr kddlss tf mfrl

arll `ffcs vnsnt5 www.snblstfol.dfm/in`rkry

Bfwoifkb Auii WBA

Qnsnt thl Tnblstfol l-in`rkry tf `rfwsl fur l-`ffcs. Afr k mnonmki

all yfu dko purdhksl k auiiy auodtnfoki WBA kob `y bfnoj sf, yfu

hlip tf cllp fur in`rkry ruoonoj.

www.snblstfol.dfm/in`rkry


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Tnblstfol Wrlss

Nobnko Bltfurs


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M P Q, I

Of.

Rfurnsm no Oktnvl Ofrth Kmlrndk

Nobnko Bltfurs

lbntlb `y

Wnltlr Hfvlos & Mlttl vko blr Hffat


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Mlblblinojlo vko hlt Pnecsmuslum vffr Qficlocuobl Of. 2:8->7-88>7-441-1

07;1 Oktnfoki Muslum fa Lthofifjy

Wuìnshlb `y Tnblstfol Wrlss, Ilnblowww.snblstfol.dfm

Wuìnshlb no Dffplrktnfo wnth thl Oktnfoki Muslum fa Lthofifjy, Ilnblowww.vficlocuobl.oiHlkb fa Wuìndktnfos Dfmmnttll5 Akooy Zfou Qlys

Iky-fut & dfvlr blsnjo5 Tnblstfol Wrlss

Whftfjrkph dfvlr5 Hfpn bkodlrs kt thl Jrkob Dkoyfo, Krnzfok, ;>083 phftf `yIubfia Jrktkmk (Brlots Krdhnla, or. BK 187).

Kisf kvknikìl ks5l-`ffc (WBA)5 NT@O >:8->7-88>7-44


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Dfotlots

Wrlakdl :Wnltlr Hfvlos kob Mlttl vko blr Hffat

Dfmmuondktnoj kdrfss thl Plb Ktikotnd. Lkriy Oktnvl Kmlrndko Rfurnsm ;;

kob thl [ulstnfo fa Kjlody

@nrjnt Bwls

Oktnvl Kmlrndko Bltfurs kob thl [ulst afr Kuthlotndnty. Butdh Rfurnsm, 008)

Mlttl vko blr Hffat

Dksnof Rfurnsm no Ofrthlro Olw Mlxndf. Wul`if Nobnko Dksnofs ks ;44

Dkpntkinstnd Qloturls no k Rrkbntnfoki Tlttnoj

Tuskool @lrthnlr-Afjikr

Fol Rypl fa @fuobkrySnls]. Oktnvl Kmlrndko Elwliry kob Tkotk Al ;>

K Bl- rltlrrntfrnkinzlb Qnlw

Mkkncl bl Efoj kob Kilxkoblr Jrnt

Rhl Dfotrn`utfrs 0;


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No mlmfry fa Bloonsfo Oksh, ;>02-07;0


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:

WPLAKDL

Wnltlr Hfvlos kob Mlttl vko blr HffatDfmmuondktnfo wks thl dfrl tfpnd fa thl 07;2 (Lurfplko) Kmlrndko NobnkoZfrcshfp, hlib no Ilnblo, thl Olthlrikobs, arfm Mky 0;-0


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kdrfss thl dfuotry fvlr k plrnfb fa mkoy ylkrs. hl kuthfr tkcls k sfmlwhktbnaalrlot kpprfkdh tf kuthlotndnty no thl tfurnst krlok thko usuki.

Mlttl vko blr Hffat prlslots thl foiy cofwo lxkmpil fa ko nobnvnbuki

Jrkob fur uoblrtkclo `y Butdh novfivnoj Oktnvl Ofrth Kmlrndk. hlJrktkmks puìnshlb thl okrrktnvl fa thlnr trnp plrtknonoj tf thl Wkdnand, ùtthlnr mkousdrnpt rljkrbnoj thl Ofrth Kmlrndko pkrt fa thlnr efuroly wks foiyrldlotiy bnsdfvlrlb. Nt ns rkrl tf anob sudh anrst-plrsfo uopuìnshlb okrrktnvlsks wlii ks thl frnjnoki phftfjrkphs arfm thl ntnolrkry. Arfm thl mkousdrnptthfsl pkrkjrkphs hkvl `llo slildtlb k`fut trkvli dfobntnfos, lodfuotlrs koblxplrnlodls wnth Oktnvl Kmlrndkos, kob slvlrki fthlr hnjhinjhts fa thlnr efuroly.

Lifsl Jkniikrb afdusls fo thl `ljnoonoj fa tfurnsm kob dfiildtnoj no thlTfuthwlst, kob thl prfbudtnfo fa Nobnko durnfs afr ko lmlrjnoj dfiildtfrs kobtfurnst mkrclt, lodfurkjlb `y whntl trkblrs. Thl hnjhinjhts thl jrfup fa dikyWulìf anjurls kjjrljktlb `y Arlodhmko Kiphfosl Wnokrt, ofw durktlb kt thlMusl bu qukn @rkoiy no Wkrns. Nt ns eust fol lxkmpil fa mkoy dfiildtnfos noLurfplko muslums faalrnoj fppfrtuontnls afr rlslkrdh.

hl blvlifpmlot fa thl Nobnko dksnof nobustry kob thl fppfrtuontnls ntprfvnbls afr slia-rlprlslotktnfo `y Oktnvl dfmmuontnls tf trkvlilrs kob tfurnstsno Olw Mlxndf ns prlslotlb `y Tuzkool @lrthnlr-Afjikr. Thl bnsdussls thlnodrlksnoj trlob no Nobnko-fwolb dksnofs tf rlprlslot Oktnvl trkbntnfos nokrdhntldturl kob notlrnfr bldfrktnfo, kob thl trlob tfwkrbs mfrl iuxurnfuskddfmmfbktnfos afr jkmìnoj, lotlrtknomlot, kob hfspntkinty. No kbbntnfo, thl

tlosnfo `ltwllo thl ldfofmnd oldlssnty fa tkppnoj notf thl tfurnst ldfofmy fothl fol hkob whnil mknotknonoj duiturki prnvkdy fo thl fthlr ns kbbrlsslb.hl plrspldtnvl fa thl hfsts ns dlotrki tf thl bnsdussnfo `y @rudl @lrostlno

fo stkobkrbs fa kuthlotndnty fa krts kob drkats ks vnlwlb `y Oktnvl krtnsts kobdrkatsplfpil thlmslivls. Hns dfotrnùtnfo bfdumlots thkt thns stkobkrb nsoft foiy dfotlstlb kmfoj kdkblmnds kob dfiildtfrs, ùt kisf wnthno sfurdldfmmuontnls. Hl shfws hfw Nobnko nblotntnls krl (rl)prfbudlb kob blaloblbno thl mkrcltpikdl, wnth thl koouki Nobnko Mkrclt no Tkotk Al ks ko nblkidksl stuby. Tudh stubnls fa notlroki bnsdfursl wnthno sfurdl dfmmuontnls kbbsnjonandkotiy tf thl sdnlotnand kokiysns kob uoblrstkobnoj fa kuthlotndnty.

Mfvnoj `lyfob thl Tfuthwlst Mkrcus Inobolr prlslots thl rlsuits fahns anlibwfrc notf thl blvlifpmlot fa tfurnsm fo thl Ttkobnoj Pfdc NobnkoPlslrvktnfo strkbbinoj thl dlotrki `frblr `ltwllo Tfuth kob Ofrth Bkcftk.Ttubnls fa thl rfil fa tfurnsm no Wiknos Nobnko dfmmuontnls krl rkrl, kob hnsdfotrnùtnfo ns thlrlafrl fa pkrtnduikr notlrlst. rn`ki tfurnsm pfindy, novfivlmlotfa thl ifdki dfmmuontnls, kob thl prfbudtnfo kob skil fa krts kob drkats krl hnsafdus.

Mkkncl bl Efoj kob Kilxkoblr Jrnt kbbrlss thl vnsntfrs jkzl fo lxhn`ntnfosshfwnoj Oktnvl Ofrth Kmlrndko plfpils kob duiturls, oftkìy hl WiknosNobnkos5 Krtnsts fa Lkrth kob Tcy ks prlslotlb kt thl Musl bu qukn @rkoiy no

Wkrns. Ks k mkefr blstnoktnfo fa ilnsurl trkvli thl shfw wks vnsntlb kob vnlwlb y


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>

W

ikrjl oum`lrs fa tfurnsts arfm kdrfss Lurfpl kob thl wnblr wfrib. Nt nobudlbdrntndnsm arfm kothrfpfifjnsts kob Oktnvl plfpils afr thl wky nt wks df-durktlbkob lxhn`ntlb skdrlb fèldts.

hl dfotrnùtnfo fa @nrjnt Bwls lxpifrls kspldts fa whkt mnjht `l rljkrblbks thl mnrrfr nmkjl fa dikssnd Nobnko tfurnsm ks nt hks `llo prlbfmnokotiyplrdlnvlb. Thl bnsdussls vnsnts fa slvlrki Oktnvl nobnvnbukis arfm Ofrth Kmlrndktf Lurfpl ltwllo ;:;7 kob ;817. Kithfujh thlnr prnmkry purpfsl fa trkvli wkspfintnds fr ùsnolss, thly splot ilnsurl tnml vnsntnoj pkikdls, dhurdhls, thlktrls,kob fthlr duiturki kttrkdtnfos no Lurfpl. wf Oktnvl vnsntfrs, Tkmsfo Fddfmkob Wltlr Efols, ilat wrnttlo rldfrbs fa thlnr lxplrnlodls. hlsl prfvnbl kofppfrtuonty afr euxtkpfsntnfo fa trkvlilr kob tfurnst vnlws fa thl Fthlr arfm`fth snbls fa thl Ktikotnd. hns inol fa hnstfrndki noqunry rlvlkis olw pftlotnkiafr tfurnsm stubnls, kob dko `l lxtloblb tf thl prlslot. Fol rldlot lxkmpil nsthl vnsnt `y Oktnvl Dkokbnko vltlrko sfibnlrs tf Lurfpl kob thl Olthlrikobsno 07;2 kob 07;< tf dfmmlmfrktl thl :7th koonvlrskrnls fa B-Bky no Arkodlkob Fplrktnfo Mkrclt Jkrblo no hl Olthlrikobs, kob thl lob fa thl TldfobZfrib Zkr.

hns vfiuml ns blbndktlb tf thl mlmfry fa Bloonsfo Oksh whf vnsntlbIlnblo no thl lkriy ;>>7s kob lxprlsslb jrlkt notlrlst no thl bnsdussnfo wnthnothl thlo Oktnfoki Muslum fa Lthofifjy tf afdus fo tfurnsm ks k mkefr suèldtfa rlslkrdh. Kithfujh k dfmmuoki loblkvfr bnb oft mktlrnkinzl, slvlrki durktfrstffc up thl tfpnd no vkrnfus wkys (da.Qko @llc & Tdhmnbt 07;03 Hfvlos & Qko

blr Hffat 07;7). Znth tfurnsm ks thl ikrjlst sldtfr no thl jif`ki mkrcltpikdl,thl suèldt wnii foiy kttrkdt mfrl kttlotnfo fa muslum rlslkrdhlrs no thl olkrauturl.;

Ilnblo5 Al`rukry, 07;1

Plalrlodls

Zkitlr vko @llc & Koolttl Tdhmnbt, lbs. (07;0), Karndko Hfsts kob RhlnrJulsts5 Duiturki Bykmnds fa Rfurnsm. Zffb`rnbjl, \C, kob Pfdhlstlr, O^5

Ekmls Durrly.

Wnltlr Hfvlos & Mlttl vko blr Hffat (07;7), Qko Brlothl okkr hlt ZniblZlstlo5 bl Jrkob fur vko Iubfia Jrktkmk lo Efhkook Tdhuitz vko Hkljlobffr Nobnkkos Kmlrnck (;>08)3 no5 Brlothsl Qficskimkokc07;75;-0:.

; Rl lbntfrs wnsh tf kdcofwilbjl thl lldtnvl kssnstkodl fa muslum in`rkrnko Wkui vko Bfojlo no thlprlpkrktnfo fa thl bnjntki niiustrktnfos.


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;;

DFMM\ONDKRNOJKDPFTTRHLPLBKRIKORND

Lkriy Oktnvl Kmlrndko Rfurnsm kob thl [ulstnfo fa Kjlody

@nrjnt Bwls

Plb Ktikotnd, @iul Pkvlos

No Jlrkib Qnzlofrs mfst rldlot hnstfrndki ofvli, @iul Pkvlos (07;2), twf

Konshnokk`l sfibnlrs bldnbl tf rlturo tf Arkodl katlr slrvnoj fo thl Lurfplkoarfotinols no Zfrib Zkr N. hl andtntnfus vltlrkos, Kifysnus kob @ksnil Hubfo@lkuinlu, ko krtnst kob k wrntlr, `ldfml suddlssaui mlm`lrs fa thl mfblronstkvkot-jkrbl no Lurfpl3 drlktnoj, ks thl okrrktfr phrksls nt, fur oktnvl slosl faprlslodl wnth nmkjnoktnfo kob k slosl fa dhkodl, kob oft wnth thl sfrrfw fa ifsttrkbntnfos. ^ls, wl wlrl lxnils fo k alblrki rlslrvktnfo ùt oft ks sfibnlrs, kobwl wlrl olvlr lxnils no Wkrns (Qnzlofr 07;25007s, Oktnvl Kmlrndkos wlrl kirlkby fib hkobs kt fdlkondtrkvli (Zlkvlr 07;;5204)5 arfm thl anrst snxtllo dkptnvls thkt Dfiumùs rfujht

tf Tpkno no ;2>4 (da.Afrlmko ;>24507) tf thl Ikcftk plrafrmlrs no @uaakif @niisZnib Zlst Thfw, tlos fa thfuskobs fa Oktnvl Ofrth Kmlrndkos hkb drfsslb thlKtikotnd afr vkrnfus purpfsls, ks sikvls, junbls, fr notlrprltlrs, ks lxplrt sknifrsfo whkinoj shnps, ks plrafrmlrs kob shfw Nobnkos, fr ks bnpifmkts, auobrknslrs,kob faandnki pfintndki bliljktls. No k pnfollr stuby arfm ;>24, Dkrfiyo Afrlmkofutinols vkrnfus trkosktikotnd lodfuotlrs no jrlkt hnstfrndki bltkni3 kob vkrnfusfthlr hnstfrnkos, nodiubnoj Ekdc B. Afr`ls kob Kiblo Qkujhko, hkvl afiifwlbsunt (sll kisf5 @liino 077>3 Allst ;>8>3 Ainot 077>3 kob Auiafrb 07;0).; Qlryalw fa thlm, hfwlvlr, dhfsl tf dfmmuondktl thlnr fwo stfrnls. Ks DhrnstnkoAllst blpifrls, thl k`slodl fa k suaandnlot `fby fa Oktnvl Kmlrndko plrsfoki

bfdumlots thkt ns uonmplkdhkìl rlsuits no plrdlptnfos fa Oktnvl Kmlrndko-Lurfplko dfotkdts Swhndh krl] `kslb kimfst lxdiusnvliy fo oftnfos lxnstnoj nothl mnobs fa thl Lurfplkos (;>8>510;). @y mlrjnoj wlii-rlslkrdhlb hnstfrndkidhkrkdtlrs (nodiubnoj Qnzlofrs fwo rliktnvls, ks wlii ks akmfus wrntlrs kob krtnstsfa thl Ifst Jlolrktnfo no Wkrns) wnth twf andtnfoki Oktnvl krtnsts, Jlrkib Qnzlofraniis thns jkp kob jnvls k vfndl tf thl lxplrnlodl fa nobnjlofus trkvlilrs5 Wkrnsmlkot mfrl tf us, thl okrrktfr stktls, thko k iumnofus tfurnst blstnoktnfo fa

; No injht fa thns ifoj oljildtlb trkffld rfutl, nm Auiafrb kob Clvno Hutdhnojs krjul, no 077>, afr ktlrmnofifjndki kob dfodlptuki mfvl tfwkrb thl Nobnko Ktikotnd ks k ikrjlr jlfpfintndki strudturl

whndh pikdls nobnjlofus plfpil no bnrldt rliktnfo tf k dkpntkinzlb trkosktikotnd dfmmlrdl (077>50)5S]hlrl wks k Plb Ktikotnd eust ks blslrvnoj fa fur kttlotnfo ks thl @ikdc Ktikotnd (077>5;8).


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N B

duiturl kob in`lrktnfo. hl dnty hkb `ldfml fur vnsnfo fa krt kob intlrkturl, kobk dhkodl fa rldfjontnfo ks oktnvl krtnsts (Qnzlofr 07;25;22). @y suddlssauiiylvkbSnoj] thl rfmkodl fa thl prnmntnvl kob slotnmlots fa vndtnmry (Qnzlofr

07;25;:5;). Mfrl rldlotiy, hfwlvlr, tfurnsm stubnls hkvlmfvlb tfwkrb k bnvlrsnandktnfo fa dfodlpts kob uoblrstffb tfurnsm ks k slrnfusnobnvnbuki lojkjlmlot wnth thl dhkojnoj (kob aiunb) dfobntnfos fa mfblrontywnth nmpindktnfos afr oktnfo afrmktnfo kob dntnzloshnp, thl rnsl fa dfosumlrnsm,dfsmfpfintkonsm, thl okturki wfrib, kob jif`kinzktnfo (Arkocino 077450). Efho\rry hks noaiulotnkiiy lmphksnzlb thl nmpfrtkodl fa sllnoj ks k mfbl fa `fthdfmmuondktnfo kob plrafrmkodl (;>>73 07;;), kob fthlr drntnds hkvl tkclo uphns krjumlot tf blmfostrktl thkt thns ns kiwkys k dfmpilx, muitniktlrki prfdlss,

no whndh kjlody ns oft oldlsskrniy fol-snblb5 na tfurnsm ns spldtkdil, thlo surliythlrl krl muitnpil pkrtnls novfivlb no thl drlktnfo fa thns spldtkdil (Coubslolt ki. 077852). Na tfurnsm ns thus k dlotrki dfmpfolot fa mfblro sfdnkinblotnty afrmktnfo kob lojkjlmlot (Arkocino 077450), kisf nodiubnoj afrms fa`usnolss trkvli ks k wfrc-frnlotlb afrm fa tfurnsm (Hkiilt ki.07725


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B

\ousuki Rrkvlis

f `ljno, thl euxtkpfsntnfo fa twf lodfuotlrs wnth nobnjlofus Kmlrndkos nothl lkriy lnjhtlloth dlotury, fol no Dfooldtndut, kob fol no Ifobfo, ns uslauino frblr tf niiustrktl k alw tfpfn fa kitlrnty kob lxftndnsm kt thl tnml, ks wliiks tf shfw hfw thl tlxtuki kob vnsuki bnsdfursls thkt lstkìnsh thlsl dfodlptssnmuitkolfusiy novntl thlnr fwo bldfostrudtnfo. No ;:72, Tkrkh Clmìl Conjht,k Wurntko ùsnolsswfmko arfm @fstfo, uoblrtffc k efuroly tf Olw Hkvlo nofrblr tf slttil thl lstktl fa hlr `rfthlr-no-ikw. Hlr trnp, ks k wfmko trkvlinoj `yhlrslia, hkb `llo uoprldlblotlb kob hks `llo rlkb `y drntnds ks k dksl fa lkriyalmnonsm, ko lxkmpil fa lkriy Kmlrndko humfr, fr ks k pndkrlsqul KmlrndkoFbyssly (Ttlphlos ;>123 da.kisf Blrfuonko-Ttfbfik ;>>0, kob Ttkoafrb ;>82).Tdftt Mndhklislo dfovnodnojiy shfws hfw thl tlxt blpkrts arfm thl trkbntnfo

fa prfvnblotnki okrrktnvl (da.;>>25 41-4:)3 kob Euink Ttlro krjuls thkt ConjhtsEfuroki mkrcs thl shnat arfm Wurntko tf ^kocll wfrib vnlw mudh mfrl dilkriythko @loekmno Arkocinos Kutf`nfjrkphy (Ttlro ;>>:50). Burnoj thns efuroly,Conjht kisf dfmls kdrfss k alw Oktnvl Kmlrndkos kob blsdrn`ls thlm ks afiifws5hlrl krl lvlrywhlrl no thl fwos ks N pksslb, k Oum`lr fa Nobnkos thl Oktnvlsfa thl Dfuotry, kob krl thl mfst skivkjl Ssnd] fa kii thl skivkjls fa thkt cnob thktN hkb lvlr Tllo5 inttil fr of dkrl tkclo (ks N hlkrb upfo loqunry) tf mkcl thlmfthlrwnsl (Conjht ;>0754>). Znth kppkrlot lthofjrkphnd notlrlst, shl oftlssfml fa thlnr sfdnki kob iljki dfovlotnfos5 thly mkrry mkoy wnvls kob kt pilksurlput thlm kwky, kob fo thl ilkst bnsincl fr andcil humfur, fo lnthlr snbl, skynoj

stkob kwky tf fol kofthlr ns k suaandnlot Bnvfrdl. Kob nobllb thfsl uodfmliyTtkob kwkys krl tff mudh no Qfjul kmfoj thl Lojinsh no thns (Nobuijlot Dfifoy)ks thlnr Pldfrbs pilotnauiiy prfvl S] (Conjht ;>0754>). Zhnil kt anrst jikodl,thns blsdrnptnfo sllms tf tnl no olktiy wnth dfmmfo Wurntko stlrlftypls faOktnvl plfpil, ks skvkjls whf krl lmftnfokiiy kob sfdnkiiy nodfosnstlot kob thusnodkpkìl fa mknotknonoj auodtnfoki dfmmuontnls, k difslr iffc rlvlkis thl su`tilshnat fa rlspfosn`ninty no thl anrst quftl, kob thl rkthlr lxpindnt fol no thl sldfob5thl uodfmliy Ttkob kwkys mky hkvl `llo ko nobnjlofus dfovlotnfo, ùt nt nsthl Lojinsh slttilrs no Dfooldtndut whf hkvl `rfujht thns prkdtndl fa bnvfrdl tfauii aruntnfo. Inclwnsl, thl Oktnvls krl thl mfst skivkjl fa kii thl skivkjls fa thktcnob, whndh nmpinls ylt kofthlr cnob, kob thns ns prldnsliy thl cnob whf aknistf trlkt thlm kpprfprnktliy5 thl ifdki kbmnonstrktfrs fa Lojinsh blsdlot. Conjhtbrkws thns dfooldtnfo lvlo mfrl bnstnodtiy k alw pkjls iktlr5 Zl mky F`slrvlhlrl thl jrlkt oldlssnty kob `loonantt `fth fa Lbudktnfo kob Dfovlrsktnfo3 afrthlsl plfpil hkvl ks Ikrjl k pfrtnfo fa mfthlr wntt, kob sfmltnmls k Ikrjlr,thko thfsl whf hkvl `no `rfujht up no Dnttnls3 @ut afr wkot fa lmprfvlmlots,Ploblr thlmslivls kimfst PnbnduifsSsnd], ks k`fvl (Conjht ;>07524-22). @y thlrnbnduifus plfpil, hfwlvlr, shl rlalrs oft tf Oktnvl plfpil, ùt tf thl rurkipfpuiktnfo fa Olw Lojikob. No dfifonki Dfooldtndut no ;:72, kt ilkst arfm thl

pfnot fa vnlw fa ko upplr-dikss @fstfonko, nt ns of ifojlr dlrtkno whf thl skvkjlskdtukiiy krl.


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Tnx ylkrs iktlr, no ;:;7, no thl mnbbil fa [ullo Kools Zkr (thl sldfob fathl Arlodh kob Nobnko Zkrs), kob foiy ;: ylkrs katlr Dfttfo Mkthlr wrftlk`fut nobnjlofus Kmlrndk ks thl blvnis tlrrntfrnls whlrl, kddfrbnoj tf Mkthlr

thl Tkilm Zntdhdrkat rnkis shfwdkslb Tktkos kttlmpts tf rlvfit kjknost thlDhrnstnkos,0thrll Mfhkwcs kob fol Mkhndko trkvlilb tf Ifobfo fo k bnpifmktndvnsnt tf thl @rntnsh [ullo. hly dkml wnth k purpfsl5 wfrrnlb `y thl nodrlksnojbfmnokodl fa thl Arlodh no thlnr hfmlikob, thly rlqulstlb @rntnsh kssnstkodltf rlbudl thl noaiulodl fa Elsunt mnssnfokrnls fo thlnr duiturki sfvlrlnjoty, thlnrhuotnoj rnjhts kob trkbnoj rfutls. hlnr afrlnjo pfindy prfvlb suddlssaui5 thlywlrl rldlnvlb ks rfykity fo k stktl vnsnt (Zlkvlr 07;25;).4 Ks wnth Wfdkhfotks k dlotury lkrinlr, whf dkml tf Ifobfo wnth hlr hus`kob Efho Pfial, of rst-

hkob kddfuot lxnsts. Wltlr Tdhuyilr, thl mkyfr fa Ki`koy, O^, whf kddfmpkonlb thl Oktnvls tfLojikob, oftls bfwo thkt Hlobrndc Wltlrs kbbrlsslb thl [ullo wnth thl afiifwnoj wfrbs5 Zlwlrl mnjhtniy rlefylb whlo wl hlkrb `y Kokbkjkrekux SDfifoli Ondhfisfo], thkt fur Jrlkt [ullohkb rlsfivlb tf slob ko Krmy tf rlbudl Dkokbk3 arfm whfsl Mfuth wl rlkbniy lm`rkdlb fur Jrlkt[ullos Nostrudtnfos3 ko no fclo fa fur Arnlobshnp, wl huoj up thl Clttil, kob tffc up thl HktdhltS]. Rl Plbudtnfo fa Dkokbk ns fa sudh Zlnjht, thkt katlr thl lldtnoj thlrlfa, Zl shfuib hkvlArll Huotnoj kob k jrlkt rkbl wnth fur Jrlkt [ullos Dhnibrlo3 kob ks k fclo fa thl Tnodlrntyfa thl Tnx Oktnfos, Zl bf hlrl, no thl Okml fa Kii, prlslot fur Jrlkt [ullo wnth thlsl @LIRT faZKMW\M (quftlb no Wrktt 07;4522, kob Qkujhko 07715;07 Slmphksls frnjnoki]). @lyfob thlslrlpfrts, hfwlvlr, wl bf oft hkvl koy sfurdls thkt dfuib jnvl us thl Hkublofskuoll plrspldtnvl.

2 Afiifwnoj Jlrkib Qnzlofr, N km usnoj thl ifwlr-dksl, ntkindnzlb spliinoj fa Nobnko afr thl stlrlftypndki

snmuiktnfo whndh hks of rlki rlalrlot, of kdtuki oktnvl kodlstfrs (Qnzlofr 07745;1>), whlrlksOktnvl Kmlrndko fr Anrst Oktnfo rlalrs tf hnstfrndki plfpil.


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;>o). Tldfob, thl bliljktl wks olnthlr ko lmplrfrofr koy fthlr faandnki pfintndki ilkblr5 hl hkb `llo hkob-pndclb, kifoj wnth thl

fthlrs, `y thl Lojinsh dfifonsts whf kisf sfujht @rntnsh suppfrt kjknost thlArlodh (da.Qkujhko 07715;;1-;:). Mfst nmpfrtkotiy, akr arfm ko Lmpnrl, thlNrfqufns Dfoalblrkdy rlinlb fo blmfdrktnd strudturls kob lildtnfos kob ns, no akdt,thl fiblst invnoj pkrtndnpktfry blmfdrkdy fo thl pikolt. hlsl mnsdfodlptnfosshkpl thl notlrduiturki lodfuotlrs fa thl tnml3 kob thly oldlssntktl dkrlauiprkdtndls fa rlkbnoj kob trkosiktnfo, lspldnkiiy no thfsl dksls no whndh OktnvlKmlrndkos ilat of wrnttlo bfdumlots thkt rldfrblb thlnr nmprlssnfos fa Lurfpl.

@y dhffsnoj, ks k slttnoj afr hns pfrtrknt fa ll ^ll Ollo Hf Jk Pfw, oftthl stubnf no Ifobfo, ùt k ak`rndktlb afrlst sdlolry, Eko Qlrlist dkiis kttlotnfotf whkt Mkry Ifunsl Wrktt blanols ks thl dfotkdt zfol5 thl spkdl fa dfifonkilodfuotlrs, thl spkdl no whndh plfpils jlfjrkphndkiiy kob hnstfrndkiiy slpkrktlbdfml notf dfotkdt wnth lkdh fthlr kob lstkìnsh fojfnoj rliktnfos, usukiiynovfivnoj dfobntnfos fa dflrdnfo, rkbndki nolqukinty, kob notrkdtkìl dfoaindt(Wrktt ;>>051). hns dfotkdt zfol ns trkbntnfokiiy ifdktlb fo thl Kmlrndkodfotnolot3 nt ns thl arfotnlr thkt trkosiktls bndhftfmfus bnaalrlodls notf kjlfjrkphndki snjonanlr. @y mfvnoj thns dfotkdt zfol `kdc tf thl fib wfrib,kob `y fvlrwrntnoj nt wnth vnsuki snjonanlrs fa `niktlrkinsm, na oft lqukinty,thlsl bfdumlots su`stkotnkiiy bl-hnlrkrdhnzl thl dfotkdt zfol, kiifwnoj us tfafrljrfuob thl notlrkdtnvl, nmprfvnsktnfoki bnmlosnfos fa dfifonki lodfuotlrs

sf lksniy njofrlb fr supprlsslb `y bnaausnfonst kddfuots fa dfoqulst kobbfmnoktnfo (Wrktt ;>>05:).Zhkt thl Nrfqufns thfujht fa kii thns, Pndhmfob @fob wrntls k`fut thlnr

kttlobkodl faMkd`lth,fa thl kubnlodl, S] fa Thkclsplkrl no jlolrki, kob thlHkymkrclt no pkrtnduikr S] thns thlrl ns fa dfursl of wky tf cofw (@fob;>). No Qlrlists blpndtnfos fa Tkjkylowkrktfo(fr snmpiy @rkot) kob ll ^ll Ollo Hf Jk Pfw, thl dfotkdt zfol ns quntlf`vnfusiy vnsukinzlb, kob vlr`kinzlb, y thl vnsntfrs Mfhkwc kob Lojinsh okmlsno tlrms fa whkt Hfmn @hk`hk tlrms hy`rnbnty thl snjo fa thl prfbudtnvnty

fa dfifonki pfwlr, nts shnatnoj afrdls kob anxntnls (;>8


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hl notlrduiturki dfmmuondktnfo novfivlb no thlsl vnsnts, no fthlr wfrbs,ns pftlotnkiiy su`vlrsnvl, lvlo na wl ikdc ko lxpindnt Oktnvl vfndl. Oktnvlnmkjnoktnfo, lxplrnlodl, kob rlmlm`rkodl krl thl rlki ikobsdkpls fa in`lrty

no thl intlrkturl fa thns dfotnolot, Jlrkib Qnzlofr ksslrts5 bnsdfvlrnls kobbfmnokodl krl snilodl, k`slodl, wkot, kob duiturki ofstkijnk (077>5:). hus,eust incl thl Oktnvls arfm Dfooldtndut no Conjhts efuroki, thlsl Hkublofskuollbliljktls krl nosdrn`lb notf thl dfotkdt zfol ks prlslodls, rlwrntnoj whkt EkdlZlkvlr tlrms Ktikotnd lxdlptnfokinsm (07;25>) arfm ko nobnjlofus kojil.

Zhkt Jrlkt Bnaalrlodl Rhlrl Ns5 Tkmsfo FddfmsAuobrknsnoj Rfur

Tkmsfo Fddfm, k Mfhljko mnssnfokry arfm Dfooldtndut, thl anrst Oktnvl

Kmlrndko kutf`nfjrkphlr, kob, kddfrbnoj tf @lrob Wlylr, thl akthlr fa OfrthKmlrndko Nobnko intlrkturl (;>>:51;), wlot tf Ifobfo hkia k dlotury katlrthl Anvl Oktnfos bliljktls whf mlt wnth [ullo Kool. Hns purpfsl wksauobrknsnoj5 hl wks slot `y Lilkzkr Zhllifdc, whfsl mnssnfo sdhffi Fddfmhkb kttloblb hnmslia (`ltwllo ;:24 kob ;:2:), kob whfsl lbudktnfoki prfeldthl lm`fbnlb, suppfrtlb, kob kbvlrtnslb. Fddfm ilat hns akmniy `lhnob kob,tfjlthlr wnth kofthlr Plvlrlob, Okthkonli Zhntkclr, lm`krclb afr Lojikobno Bldlm`lr ;:1>:5:13 Qkujhko 07715;>;).>:5:,2>: arfm 0,;1> plfpil no 47< dhurdhls no

Lojikob3 kob no Tdftikob, whlrl hl bnspikylb thl Folnbk wkmpum `lit, hl rknslb ko kbbntnfoki 0, (;>>:507


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@fols must `l @urnlb, kob olvlr tf Tll my Wffr Akmniy kjkno, ùt N vlrliy`linlvl N km Dkiib fa jfb `y Ttrkojl Wrfvnblodl kob thkt ns Lofujh (Fddfm07715:2). hrfujhfut hns efuroly, hns Mfotkuc wnal Mkry Afwilr, kob hns

akmniy kt hfml pikys k mkefr rfil afr hnm, kob hl oftls bfwo fatlo thkt hlslot pkdckjls k`rfkb, wnth Wrlslots arfm @rnstfi (07715:8) fr difthnoj afr hnsdhnibrlo (sll kisf5 Wlylr ;>>:511).

No thl skml wky thkt Kmlrndko trkvli wrntnoj, ko lxdlssnvliy pfpuikr jlorlkt thl tnml, wfrcs ks dfostntutnvl bnsdfursl, k tffi fa slia- kob oktnfokiakshnfonoj thkt dfostrudts nts fèldt lvlo ks nt blsdrn`ls nt (Hkmlrk & @lobnxlo077>5;), Fddfms prnvktl oftls, hns efurokis kob ilttlrs blpndt kob blsnjo `fthLojinsh sfdnlty kob hns fwo pfsntnfo ks k duiturki `rfclr. Hl oftls bfwo thlplfpil hl bnols wnth, thl pikdls hl vnsnts, kob thl kppfnotmlots hl auianiis, kswlii ks vkrnfus nmplbnmlots tf hns hlkith (sudh ks k mnib dksl fa smkiipfx5Katlr k Dfib N hkvl (0771501>), Fddfm ns nofduiktlb, whndh ns k cnob fa lkriyvkddnoktnfo kjknost smkiipfx, no whndh thl pktnlot wks dut kob su`dutkolfusiylxpfslb tf smkiipfx sdk`s no frblr tf f`tkno nmmuonty. Hl suaalrs arfm k mnibdksl afr wllcs, wrntnoj tf hns wnal thkt thns katlr-Offo, N wks Nofduiktlb `yMr. Zhntkclr, kob yfu wnii Tffo hlkr whlthlr N km wlii fa nt fr Blkb wnth nt(07715:1).

Fddfm ns olnthlr nmprlsslb `y thl @rntnsh wlkthlr, dfmpiknonoj afrnostkodl k`fut thl lbnfus Dfib rknoy Bky (0771501:) fr thkt nt rknob vlryhkrb (077150:4), ofr `y thl dfovlotnfoki snjhts fa Ifobfo. Hl mlotnfos

Zlstmnostlr K``ly kob thl fwlr foiy no pkssnoj, ùt ns mfrl kttlotnvl tfwkrbthl ikobsdkpl, whndh, ks hl rlplktlbiy stktls, ns incl fol Dfotnoulb Jkrblo(07715011,0:4). Zhkt ns pkrtnduikriy notlrlstnoj no kokiyznoj Tkmsfo Fddfmsdfotkdt zfol ns thl akdt thkt thl inols fa duiturki bnaalrlodl bf oft ruo `ltwlloOktnvl Kmlrndkos kob Lurfplkos afr hnm. Hl afdusls nostlkb rkthlr drntndkiiy foIfobfos notlroki sfdnki bnvnbls5 Tkw sudh Dfoausnfo ks N olvlr Brlkmt fa thlrl wks Tfml kt Dhurdhls Tnojnoj & Wrlkdhnoj, no thl Ttrllts sfml Dursnoj,Twkrnoj & Bkmonoj fol kofthlr, S]& Dfkdhls kob afftmlo pkssnoj kobrlpkssnoj, Drfssnoj kob Drfss-Drfssnoj, kob thl pffr @ljkrs Wrkynoj, Drynoj,kob @ljnoj upfo thlnr colls (07715011-1:).

Fddfms bnkjofsns fa dikss bnaalrlodls kob fa pfvlrty kob drnml no Lojikobns dfotrkstlb wnth thl dhkrnty wfrc fa Jlfrjl Zhntlanlib (whf, no thl spnrnt faMlthfbnsm, rko ko frphkokjl) kob fthlr jffb plfpil Swhf] invl no thns pikdl(077150:0). Ks no Tkrkh Clmìl Conjhts efuroki, thl bnkjofsns fa bnaalrlodljfls `lyfob thl usuki suspldts hlrl3 rlvlrsnoj thl lxftnd jkzl kob bnsslmnoktnojnts dfostrudtnfo fa thl Fthlr, no Blrrnbks slosl fa thl wfrb, ks thl nmpfssnìlrlturo tf koy rlefnolb, rlkbeustlb uonty fa mlkonoj (Blrrnbk 07725018,0>>). hns bnsslmnoktnfo duimnoktls dfotrkstnvliy no thl blsdrnptnfo fa CnojJlfrjl NNN, whf ns quntl k Dfmiy Shkobsfml] mko, kddfrbnoj tf Fddfm5hns Drfwo ns Pndhiy kbfrob wnth Bnkmfobs, hfw jrkob kob Bkzinoj ns nt tf

fur Lyls, na ko Lkrthiy Drfwo ns Tf jrkob Hfw jrlkt kob jifrnfus must thl


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Drfwo fa thl jifrnfus Plbllmlr `l, kt thl rnjht hkob fa thl mkelsty fo Hnjh thf hl wks fodl Drfwob wnth hfros (07715018).

Arfm thl vlry ljnoonoj fa notlrduiturki dfotkdt, ks Dkrfiyo Afrlmko rlmnobs

us, Lojinsh ruilrs ifst of fppfrtuonty tf lxhn`nt thlnr krmnls (;>245;4) nofrblr tf uoblrinol thlnr mnintkry, pfintndki, kob ldfofmnd pfwlr. Zhnil CnojJlfrjl, tff, tkcls jrlkt dkrl tf bnspiky thl nosnjonk fa hns lkrthiy pfwlr tfhns vnsntfr no ;:11, Fddfm, no turo, olvlr aknis tf lmphksnzl thl rliktnvnty fasudh mktlrnkinsm no injht fa spnrntuki skivktnfo. Ks inttil ks hl hks tf sky k`futthl pfmpfus dkthlbrkis kob pkikdls fa Ifobfo, Fddfm hlrl turos vlr`fsl,kob kimfst rlbuobkot, no hns dfuotlr`kikodnoj fa thl rfyki spldtkdil. Tlduikrpfsslssnfo ns oft lxpindntiy rleldtlb, `ut `y dfmpkrnoj thl Cnojs kbfromlotwnth thkt fa Elsus Dhrnst, hl nmpindntiy dhkrjls thl sfvlrlnjo fa Lojikob wnthhu`rns.

hl skml hfibs trul afr thl krnstfdrkts fa Ifobfo, whf kisf prlslot thlmslivlstf hnm no kii thlnr jifry5 wl Tkw sfml fa thl Of`ninty No thlnr Thnonoj Pf`lskob k thrfoj fa Wlfpil kii krfuob, thl Tnjht fa thl Of`ninty put ml no mnob faBnvls kob thl Pndh Jiutfo, kob thl pffr rlmnoblb ml fa Ikzkrus whkt jrlktBnaalrlodl thlrl ns @ltwllo thl Pndh kob thl Wffr kob Zhkt Bnalrlodl Ssnd]thlrl ns kob wnii `l, @ltwllo Jfbs pffr kob thl Blvnis Pndh, &d - (07715018).

Znthfut splobnoj tff mkoy wfrbs fo thl kdtuki futants fr elwliry, Fddfmturos strknjht tf snmnil, thns tnml rkthlr lxpindntiy brkwnoj ko kokifjy `ltwllothl pkrkblrs kob Tktko. F Ifrb Jfb Kmnjhty, hl kbbs, ilt oft my Lyls `l

Bkzilb wnth thl jintlrnoj fys fa thns Zfrib `ut ilt m `l anxt kob my Tfui Ifojkatlr Ex SElsus Dhrnst] Zhf ns thl foiy Wlkri fa jrlkt Wrndl (07715018). Na thlkssfrtlb pfsslssnfos kob jkrmlots fa thl Lurfplko krnstfdrkdy slrvl ks tfclosfa pfwlr kob dnvninzktnfo, Fddfm laaldtnvliy vfnbs thlm `y rlalrlodl tf hnjhlrpfwlrs. Znthfut fploiy drntndnznoj thl Cnoj kob hns of`ninty, hl olvlrthlilssputs thlm no thlnr pikdl, `fth lthndkiiy kob pfintndkiiy. No injht fa thl ldfofmndnoeustndl hl lodfuotlrs no thl dfotkdt zfol, thl Mfhljko mnssnfokry thussnmpiy fvlrwrntls thl sfdnki strudturl fa thl @rntnsh Lmpnrl wnth ko nobndtmlotfa blvninsh jrllb, kob k vnsnfo fa jif`ki lqukinty no Dhrnst.

Tkw Lvlrythnoj Rhkt Zks Rf @l Tllo5 Ckh-Cl-Zk-[uf-Ok-@y (Wltlr Efols)

Tnxty-anvl ylkrs katlr Tkmsfo Fddfm, kofthlr Oktnvl Ofrth Kmlrndko mnssnfokryvnsntlb Lojikob afr k auob-rknsnoj tfur. Ckh-Cl-Zk-[uf-Ok-@y, fr Wltlr Efols,wks thl anrst K`frnjnoki Mlthfbnst mnonstlr no Dkokbk (Tmnth 07;45;8), wnth`fth Mnssnsskujk (Konshnokk`l) kob Lojinsh hlrntkjl. @fro kob rknslb fo thlwlstlro shfrl fa Ikcl Fotkrnf, hl wks lbudktlb kt k ifj-dk`no sdhffi, kob, ktthl kjl fa twloty-fol, dfovlrtlb tf thl Mlthfbnst aknth (Tmnth ;>8:52;3 sllkisf5 Tmnth 0774). Fo hns anrst trnp tf Lojikob Efols splot k inttil fvlr k ylkr no

Lojikob, trkvlinoj krfuob thl dfuotry afr auobrknsnoj, tf mkcl kpplkis tf thl


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`lolvfilot plfpil fa Lojikob, no frblr tf suppfrt thl Mnssnfos kob sdhffis no\pplr Dkokbk (Efols ;81750>>), kob oftnoj bfwo hns nmprlssnfos. Hns efurokins akr mfrl lxtlosnvl thko Fddfms, kob hl bfdumlots sfml fa hns lodfuotlrs

no jrlkt bltkni. Nt ns kii thl mfrl surprnsnoj thkt thlrl ns of mlotnfo fa k rkthlrdrudnki lxplrnlodl fa hns trnp5 ks hns nfjrkphlr futinols, Efols alii no ifvl wnth koupplr-dikss Lojinshwfmko okmlb Linzk Anlib, whfm hl prf`k`iy mlt no thl akiifa ;84; (da.Tmnth ;>8:5;47-2>), kob whfm hl dfovnodlb tf rlturo tf Dkokbkwnth hnm. hly wlrl mkrrnlb no Olw ^frc no ;844.

Incl thl Hkublofskuoll bliljktls kob Fddfm `lafrl hnm, Efols tff wksrldlnvlb `y thl Pfykis, no hns dksl Zniinkm NQ kob hns wnal. No dfotrkst tfFddfm, hfwlvlr, Efols sllms dilkriy nmprlsslb `y thl spilobfr kob prfsplrntyfa thl rfyki prfdlssnfo bf oft akni tf nmprlss Efols. Zhlo hl anrst slls thl Cnoj,Zniinkm NQ, no hns pkikdl, hl oftndls thkt thl fib Cnoj S] kpplkrlb tf `l nojffb hlkith kob jffb spnrnts (;817540


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sllms tf `l Mfoly, mfoly3 jlt mfoly, jlt rndh, kob `l k jlotilmko. Znth thnsslotnmlot thly aiy k`fut no lvlry bnrldtnfo, incl k swkrm fa `lls, no slkrdh fathl trlksurl whndh inls sf olkr thlnr hlkrts (quftlb no Pufaa 077;507>). hns

drntnqul fa mktlrnkinst lxdlss kob thl prlfddupktnfo wnth dikss bnaalrlodls krldfmmfo lilmlots no mkoy Oktnvl Kmlrndkos onoltlloth-dlotury nmprlssnfosfa Lurfpl, kob thly stlm arfm `fth thl Wrftlstkot blofmnoktnfos fa thlsltrkvlilrs kob k slosl fa sfdnki sfinbkrnty thkt hkb `llo shkplb `y thlnr invls nonobnjlofus dfmmuontnls.

hl lodfuotlr `ltwllo Wltlr Efols kob thl Lojinsh cnoj kob qullo ns lvlomfrl snjonandkot whlo rlkb no rliktnfo tf k vnsnt fa Zlstmnostlr K``ly twfmfoths prlvnfusiy. Kjkno, na thl bnspiky fa rfyki wlkith ns tf nmprlss thl Oktnvlvnsntfrs kob blmfostrktl @rntnsh pfwlr tf thlm, thns sym`find kdt aknis no Efolssdksl, ks wlii5 hl oftk`iy rlarknos arfm usnoj up`lkt kbeldtnvls fr inojunstndbldfrum, kbbnoj nostlkb k tfojul-no-dhllc plrafrmkodl fa hns fwo5 Katlr`rlkcakst, N wlot thrfujh Zlstmnonstlr K``ly Ssnd], kob skw lvlrythnoj thktwks tf `l sllo no nt. hl stktuls, mfoumlots, tfm`s, vkuits, &d., fa thl cnojs,qullos, kob jrlkt mlo, wlrl oumlrfus. N kisf skw thl pikdl whlrl thl Cnojs faLojikob krl drfwolb, kob thl rfyki dhknrs thkt thly snt fo whlo thly krl thusdrfwolb. N tffc thl in`lrty tf slkt myslia bfwo upfo thlm ks wl pksslb `y, sfthkt N dko ofw sky thkt N, k pffr Nobnko arfm thl wffbs fa Dkokbk, skt no thlcnojs kob qullos jrlkt drfwonoj dhknrs (;8175408).

No dfotrkst tf thl mfoftfoy `y whndh hl rlalrs tf lvlrythnoj thkt wks tf

`l sllo, hns kbfptnfo fa thl rfyki pfsl mkrcs k shnat no tfol kob dilkriy turosnotf whkt Jlrkib Qnzlofr dkiis ko nmkjnd mfmlot (da.Qnzlofr 0774), folfa thfsl mfmlots fa rlsnstkodl no whndh Oktnvl stfrnlrs drlktl, kt thlnr `lst,k snojuikr slosl fa prlslodl `y okturki rlksfo, dustfmkry wfrbs, plrdlptnvltrfpls, f`slrvkot nrfoy, kob nmkjnd sdlols. hkt kuthfrnki slosl fa prlslodl nsthl prlmnsl fa k bnstnodtnvl klsthltnds fa survnvkodl (077>5;). hns slosl faprlslodl ns vnsn`il thrfujhfut Wltlr Efolss kddfuot, k slt fa nmkjnd sdlols `yk trkvlilr whf scniiauiiy mfvlb kdrfss bnaalrlot rljnstlrs kob lxpldtktnfos.

Dfodiusnfo

Zhlo Jlrkib Qnzlofrs Konshnokk`l okrrktfr rlturos arfm Zfrib Zkr N, hllmphksnzls thl pfwlr fa duiturki `lifojnoj5 hl stfrnls thkt hlki must hkvl kofrnjno, k mkrc fr oftndl, kob k oktnvl slosl fa okturki mftnfo kob prlslodl. Kstfry must drlktl k olw slosl fa prlslodl wnth lvlry olw vlrsnfo fa thl stfry(07;25;>4). hns frnjno, hfwlvlr, dkooft rlmkno no thl pkst5 nt invls fo, eustincl thl trkvlifjuls fa Tkmsfo Fddfm kob Wltlr Efols, no olw vlrsnfos kob olwlodfuotlrs.

Kddfrbnoj tf Ekdl Zlkvlr, thl knm fa rldfodlptukinznoj thl Plb Ktikotnd nstf rlstfrSl] Nobnkos ks kdtfrs no thl trkosfdlkond stfry. No hlipnoj drlktl thl

Plb Ktikotnd, thly wlrl notljrktlb notf kob notljrktlb thlmslivls notf thl


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0;

B

oksdlot wfrib ldfofmy. Oft mlrliy sikvls kob vndtnms (thfujh thly wlrl thkt,tff), thly wlrl slia-bltlrmnolb kob oft snmpiy slivls-bltlrmnolb (07;;520: (07;2501:), N `linlvl

thkt nt dfotnouls ks ko nmpfrtkot tffi no rldfosnblrnoj thl dkrtfjrkphnls fanmplrnkinsm akr lyfob thl futinols fa hnstfrndki trkvlis. Incl thl olw vlrsnfoSs]fa thl stfry no @iul Pkvlos, thns muitniktlrki wl` fa dfmmuondktnfo novfivls kofojfnoj lthnds fa duiturki lxdhkojl, fa Oktnvl sfvlrlnjoty, kjlody, kob prlslodl.Na thl Plb Ktikotnd dfotnouls tf `l shkplb no vkrnkots fa intlrkry kob duiturkisurvnvkodl ks wl splkc, thl tksc rlmknos plrtnolot tf afiifw nts trkdls, kob tfprlvlot nt arfm ldfmnoj eust kofthlr rhltfrndki tffi no thl bldlptnvl dfifonkinstokrrktnvl fa difsurl.

1 Kmlrndko trkvli wrntnoj, ks Eubnth Hkmlrk & Kiarlb @lobnxlo rlmnob us, snmuitkolfusiy lxpfslsnotlr- kob notrk-duiturki dfotrkbndtnfos kob dfotknos thlm. Nt drlktls Kmlrndko slivls kob Kmlrndko

ikobsdkpls thrfujh kfflrmktnfo, lxdiusnfo, kob oljktnfo fa fthlrs, kob notlrpliiktls rlkblrs notf thlslslivls kob ikobsdkpls thrfujh spldnd rhltfrndki kob jlorl dfovlotnfos (077>5;).


24/228

00

N B

Plalrlodls

@liino, Efshuk Bkvnb (077>), hl Tkvkjl fur5 Nobnko Wlrafrmkodl Kdrfss thlKtikotnd3 no5 nm Auiafrb & Clvno Hutdhnojs (lbs.), Oktnvl Kmlrndkos kobKojif-Kmlrndko Duiturl, ;:8>), Nobnkos kob Lurfpl6 Lbntfrs Wfstsdrnpt3 no5 DhrnstnkoA. Allst (lb.), Nobnkos kob Lurfpl5 Ko Notlrbnsdnpinokry Dfiildtnfo fa Lsskys517>-108. Inodfio, OL5 \onvlrsnty fa Ol`rksck Wrlss.

Ainot, Cktl (077>), Rhl Rrkosktikotnd Nobnko, ;::1-;>47. Wrnodltfo, OE5Wrnodltfo \onvlrsnty Wrlss.

Afr`ls, Ekdc B. (077:), Rhl Kmlrndko Bnsdfvlry fa Lurfpl. \r`kok, NI5 \onvlrsntyfa Niinofns Wrlss.

Afrlmko, Dkrfiyo hfmks (;>24), Nobnkos K`rfkb5 ;2>4-;>48. Ofrmko, FC5

\onvlrsnty fa Fcikhfmk Wrlss.

Arkocino, Kbrnko (0774), Rfurnsm5 Ko Notrfbudtnfo.Ifobfo5 Tkjl.

Auiafrb, nm (07;0), rkosktikotnd Kmlrndko Nobnkos3 no5 Lvl kvfr @koolt &Tusko Mkoonoj (lbs.), Rrkosktikotnd Intlrkry Ttubnls, ;117-;8475 ;71-;04.Dkm`rnbjl5 Dkm`rnbjl \onvlrsnty Wrlss.

Auiafrb, nm & Clvno Hutdhnojs. (077>), Notrfbudtnfo5 hl Nobnko Ktikotnd3no5 Oktnvl Kmlrndkos kob Kojif-Kmlrndko Duiturl, ;:


25/228

04

B

Hkii, D. Mndhkli, Kiiko M. Zniinkms, & Kiko K. Ilw (0772), furnsm5Dfodlptukinzktnfos, Nostntutnfos, kob Nssuls3 no5 Mndhkli Hkii, Kiiko M.Zniinkms, & Kiko K. Ilw (lbs.), K Dfmpkonfo tf Rfurnsm5 4-00. Mkiblo,

MK5 @ikdcwlii.

Hkmlrk, Eubnth & Kiarlb @lobnxlo (077>), Notrfbudtnfo5 Olw Zfribs kob FibIkobs hl rkvli @ffc kob thl Dfostrudtnfo fa Kmlrndko Nblotnty3 no5Kiarlb @lobnxlo & Eubnth Hkmlrk (lbs.), Rhl Dkm`rnbjl Dfmpkonfo tfKmlrndko Rrkvli Zrntnoj5 ;->. Dkm`rnbjl5 Dkm`rnbjl \onvlrsnty Wrlss.

Efols, Wltlr (;817), Inal kob Efurokis fa Ckh-Cl-Zk-[uf-Ok-@y (Plv. WltlrEfols)5 Zlsilyko Mnssnfokry. (Kosfo Jrllo, lb.). frfotf5 Zlsilyko Wrnotnoj.Dfium`nk \onvlrsnty Foinol Krdhnvl3 Zl`. Euol 2, 07;4.

Conjht, Tkrkh Clmìl (;>07), Rhl Efuroki fa Mkbkml Conjht. (hlfbfrlBwnjht, lb.). @fstfo5 Tmkii, Mkyokrb kob Df.

Coubslo, Bkonli D., Kool C. Tfplr & Mndhliil M. Mltrf-Pfikob (0778),Ikobsdkpl, furnsm, kob Mlkonoj5 Ko Notrfbudtnfo3 no5 Bkonli D. Coubslolt ki.(lbs.), Ikobsdkpl, Rfurnsm, kob Mlkonoj5 ;-8. @urinojtfo, Q5 KshjktlWuìnshnoj.

Indcfrnsh, Ilfokrb I. & Dkrsfo I. Elocnos (;>>:), Ko Notrfbudtnfo tf Rfurnsm.Fxafrb5 Pllb Lislvnlr.

Mkthlr, Dfttfo (;1>4/07;0), hl Zfoblrs fa thl Novnsnìl Zfrib3 no5 Onok@kym (lb.), Rhl Ofrtfo Kothfifjy fa Kmlrndko Intlrkturl(vfi. K, 8th lb.)5408-444. Olw ^frc5 Ofrtfo.

Mndhklislo, Tdftt (;>>2), Okrrktnvl kob Dikss no k Duiturl fa Dfosumptnfo5hl Tnjonandkodl fa Ttfrnls no Tkrkh Clmìl Conjhts Efuroki3 no5 DfiiljlIntlrkturl 0; (0)5 44-2>0), Nmplrnki Lyls5 Rrkvli Zrntnoj kob Rrkosduiturktnfo.Ifobfo5 Pfutilbjl.

Wrktt, Ttlphkonl (07;4), Nrfqufns Wfrtrkylb5 Nmkjls fa thl Hkublofskuoll arfmhrll Dloturnls3 no5 Tyivnk Cksprydcn (lb.), Fo thl Rrknis fa thl Nrfqufns5 24-2>. @foo5 @uoblscuosthkiil.

Wlylr, @lrob D. (;>>:), Rhl Rutfrb Mnob5 Nobnko Mnssnfokry Zrntlrs noKotl`liium Kmlrndk. Kmhlrst5 \onvlrsnty fa Mksskdhusltts Wrlss.

Pfslo`lrj, Puth (;>>:), Tkmsfo Fddfm3 no5 Cloolth M. Pflmlr (lb.), Oktnvl

Kmlrndko Zrntlrs fa thl \ontlb Ttktls5 074-07:. Bltrfnt, MN5 Jkil.


26/228

02

N B

Pufaa, K. IkQfool @rfwo (077;), Plvlrsnoj thl Jkzl5 Lkriy Oktnvl KmlrndkoNmkjls fa Lurfplkos kob Lurf-Kmlrndkos3 no5 Jrltdhlo M. @ktkniil (lb.),Oktnvl Kmlrndko Plprlslotktnfos5 Anrst Lodfuotlrs, Bnstfrtlb Nmkjls, kob

Intlrkry Kpprfprnktnfos5 ;>8-;00. Inodfio, OL5 \onvlrsnty fa Ol`rksck Wrlss.

Tmnth, Bfokib @. (;>8:), Tkdrlb Alkthlrs5 Rhl Plvlrlob Wltlr Efols(Ckhclwkqufok`y) kob thl Mnssnsskujk Nobnkos. frfotf5 \onvlrsnty fafrfotf Wrlss.

Tmnth, Bfokib @. (0774), Efols, Wltlr, no5 Bndtnfokry fa Dkokbnko @nfjrkphy,vfi. 8. \onvlrsnty fa frfotf/\onvlrsnt Ikvki3 Zl`pkjl, Tlptlm`lr 4, 07;4.

Tmnth, Bfokib @. (07;4), Mnssnsskujk Wfrtrknts5 Fen`wl Qfndls arfm Onoltlloth-Dlotury Dkokbk. frfotf5 \onvlrsnty fa frfotf Wrlss.

Ttkoafrb, Koo (;>82), Tkrkh Clmìl Conjh3 no5 Lmfry Liinftt (lb.), KmlrndkoDfifonki Zrntlrs, ;171-;:425 ;8:-;8>. Bltrfnt, MN5 Jkil.

Ttlphlos, Pf`lrt F. (;>12), hl Fbyssly fa Tkrkh Clmìl Conjht3 no5 DfiiljlIkojukjl Kssfdnktnfo Efuroki :502:-:), f Plinsh kob tf Tplw5 Bnsjust ks Duiturki Drntnqul no hlEfuroki fa Mkbkm Conjht3 no5 Iljkdy ;2 (;)5;-;0.

\rry, Efho (;>>7), Rhl Rfurnst Jkzl. Ifobfo5 Tkjl.

\rry, Efho & Efoks Ikrslo (07;;), Rhl Rfurnst Jkzl 4.7. Ifobfo5 Tkjl.Qkujhko, Kiblo . (0771), Rrkosktikotnd Lodfuotlrs5 Kmlrndko Nobnkos no @rntkno,

;), Oktnvl In`lrty5 Okturki Plksfo kob Duiturki Turvnvkodl.Inodfio, OL5 \onvlrsnty fa Ol`rksck Wrlss.

Qnzlofr, Jlrkib (0774), Nmkjnd Mfmlots5 Oktnvl Nblotntnls kob IntlrkryMfblronty3 no5 Hlim`rldht @rlnonj (lb.), Nmkjnokry (Pl-)Ifdktnfos5 Rrkbntnfo,Mfblronty, kob thl Mkrclt no Dfotlmpfrkry Oktnvl Kmlrndko Intlrkturl kob

Duiturl5 ;1:-;84. `nojlo5 Ttkuaaloùrj.Qnzlofr, Jlrkib (07;2), @iul Pkvlos. Mnbbiltfwo, D5 Zlsilyko \onvlrsnty

Wrlss.

Zlkvlr, Ekdl (07;;), hl Plb Ktikotnd5 rkosfdlkond Duiturki Lxdhkojl3 no5Kmlrndko Nobnko [ukrtlriy 4< (4)52;8-::.

Zlkvlr, Ekdl (07;2), Rhl Plb Ktikotnd5 Kmlrndko Nobnjlols kob thl Mkcnoj fa thlMfblro Zfrib, ;777-;>0:. Dhkpli Hnii, OD5 \onvlrsnty fa Ofrth DkrfinokWrlss.


27/228

0>; thl Oktnfoki Muslum fa Lthofifjy no Ilnblo, hl Olthlrikobs,lstkìnshlb k slpkrktl Ofrth Kmlrndko Blpkrtmlot wnth k hkia-tnml durktfrshnp,rldfjonznoj thl nmpfrtkodl fa nts dfiildtnfo arfm thkt pkrt fa thl wfrib (da.Hfvlos 07;;). Ko novlotfry fa thl thlo dnrdk 0077 spldnmlos wks uoblrtkclotf nblotnay fppfrtuontnls afr rlslkrdh, dfiildtnoj, kob lxhn`ntnfos. hl Tfuthwlstdfiildtnfo wks `y akr thl ikrjlst kob vkrnlb, whnil arfm thl Wiknos, Ofrthlkstkob Ofrthwlst Dfkst thl muslum durktlb k `ksnd dfiildtnfo. Oftkìl wks thlprlslodl fa k su`stkotnki oum`lr fa trkbntnfoki Nobnko-mkbl krtnakdts sfib tfwlstlro vnsntfrs, kob ntlms notlotnfokiiy prfbudlb afr thkt mkrclt. K survly famktlrnkis arfm Oktnvl Ofrth Kmlrndk no fthlr Butdh muslum dfiildtnfos ilb

tf thl skml dfodiusnfo (da.Hfvlos 07;883 Tmnth ;>>23 Pyko & Kndclo077:0) kob Blko MkdDkoolii (;>:43;>:1) pnfollrlb thl anlib fa tfurnsm rlslkrdh no thl lkriy tf mnb-slvlotnls,kothrfpfifjnsts wlrl qundc tf afiifw sunt. No thl mnb-slvlotnls Olisfo Jrkùro

; Auobs afr rlslkrdh no thl \.T. kob Dkokbk afr thns prfeldt wlrl prfvnblb `y5 thl Oktnfoki Muslumfa Lthofifjy (Ilnblo), thl Olthlrikobs Tdnlodl Afuobktnfo (OZF, Rl Hkjul), thl JrktkmkAfuobktnfo, thl Olthlrikobs-Kmlrndk Afuobktnfo, \ontlb Knrinols, kob thl Kmlrndko Lm`kssy. RlPffslvlit Ttuby Dlotlr (Mnbbliùrj), Rl Hkrfib T. Dfitfo Plslkrdh Dlotlr (Aikjstk, KU) kob

thl Ik`frktfry fa Kothrfpfifjy (Tkotk Al, OM) prfvnblb fthlr kssnstkodl. Rlnr suppfrt ns jrktlauiiykdcofwilbjlb.


28/228

01

N B

wks nostrumlotki no prfmftnoj kothrfpfifjndki notlrlst no tfurnsm ks ko kjlotfa dhkojl no Afurth Zfrib dfmmuontnls. Kithfujh hns prnmkry afdus wks fomktlrnki duiturl kob thl krts, hl sffo `rfkblolb hns kokiysns tf thl phlofmlofo

fa tfurnsm ks k afrm fa notlrlthond rliktnfos (Jrkùro ;>:1, ;>84). K olwspldnkinzktnfo lmlrjlb, oftkìy no thl Kojif-Tkxfo wfrib5 thl kothrfpfifjyfa tfurnsm (l.j. Tmnthlt ki.;>::, ;>873 Oksh ;>:83 ;>8;3 Qko Blo @lrjhl &Clyls ;>82). hl olw spldnkinzktnfo akdlb k strujjil tf `l kddlptlb ks k anlibfa kdkblmnd stuby, `fth ks k olw bnsdnpinol, ùt oft no thl ilkst `ldkusl fa thlilss thko slrnfus nmkjl fa ilnsurl tnml ks k humko kdtnvnty wfrth fa sdnlotnandnoqunry. Hfwlvlr, wnth tfurnsm `ldfmnoj thl ikrjlst nobustry no thl jif`kildfofmy kob nts nmpkdt rlkdhnoj notf lvlo thl rlmftlst dfrolrs fa thl wfrib,thl kothrfpfifjy fa tfurnsm hks kisf mkturlb kob ns ofw kbbrlssnoj k myrnkbfa nssuls no tfurnst lodfuotlrs kob lxdhkojls arfm thl plrspldtnvls fa fth hfstskob julsts (da.Oksh ;>>1, 077:3 Dhkm`lrs ;>>>3 Ttrfozk 077;).

Tfdnfifjndki kob kothrfpfifjndki notlrlst no tfurnsm ks wfrth fa sdnlotnandnoqunry ikjjlb no hl Olthlrikobs. Nt kisf wks k suèldt oft lksniy lm`rkdlb `ythl krt hnstfrnkos kob krdhklfifjnsts thkt bfmnoktlb thl durktfrnki blpkrtmlotkt thl Oktnfoki Muslum fa Lthofifjy no Ilnblo. furnst krt wks rljkrblb ksnokuthlotnd, hkrbiy blslrvnoj slrnfus sdnlotnand rlslkrdh. f `rnoj thl suèldtdifslr tf hfml no mfrl thko fol slosl, thl rlslkrdh fa thl Ofrth KmlrndkoBlpkrtmlot afduslb fo thl novfivlmlot fa thl Butdh no Nobnko tfurnsm snodlthl ;887s. Nblkiiy thns kisf prfvnbls k stnmuius afr snmnikr rlslkrdh no fthlr

Lurfplko dfuotrnls, nosnjht notf thl hnstfrndki blvlifpmlot fa thns kspldt fanotlrlthond rliktnfos no Oktnvl Ofrth Kmlrndk, kob k Lurfplko plrspldtnvl folthond nmkjlry.

hl lxplrnlodls fa thl Butdh no thl Kmlrndko Tfuthwlst krl prlslotlbkob pkrkphrkslb ks thly krl, wnth k mnonmum fa hnstfrndki kooftktnfo, ks thlhnstfry fa Nobnko-whntl rliktnfos kob tfurnsm hks `llo lxtlosnvliy bfdumlotlblislwhlrl. Hfwlvlr, no slpkrktl krtndils fo slvlrki nobnvnbukis thkt krl durrlotiyno prlpkrktnfo thl hnstfrndki dfotlxt wnii `l kbbrlsslb mfrl lxtlosnvliy.

Lkriy nmkjlry

hl Olthlrikobs ns k smkii dfuotry, sntuktlb no k blitk whlrl slvlrki Lurfplkornvlrs rlkdh thl Ofrth Tlk thkt ns dfooldtlb tf thl Ktikotnd Fdlko. hus thlButdh hkvl hnstfrndkiiy `llo k slkakrnoj oktnfo kob `ldkml novfivlb no wfriblxpifrktnfo, trkbl kob dfifonzktnfo, dfmpltnoj wnth mudh ikrjlr oktnfos sudhks Jrlkt @rntkno, Arkodl, Tpkno kob Wfrtujki. hl Olw Zfrib kob nts Oktnvlnohk`ntkots `ldkml akmninkr no Hfiikob sffo katlr nts sldfob bnsdfvlry no ;2>0thrfujh kiiljfrndki rlprlslotktnfos fa thl Olw Zfrib, trkvli okrrktnvls, kobvkrnfus trlktnsls fo thl dfotnolot `lyfob thl Ktikotnd. @ltwllo ;


29/228

0:

H

sdhfikrs kob thl rlsnblodl fr puìndktnfo fa wfrcs `y Lurfplko sdhfikrs noHfiikob. hlsl nodiublb Efhkools Iumonus, Kotfonf bl Mfotlsnofs, ArkodfnsDkrfo, Mloksskh `lo Nsrkli, Nskkd bl ik Wlyrlrl, Hujf Jrftnus, Efhkools bl Iklt,

kob Jlfrj Hfronus (Zkudhfpl ;>103 Hubbilstfo ;>:1). hl Butdh dfifoyfa Olw Olthlrikob fo thl Hubsfo kob Blikwkrl Pnvlrs (;17>-;112) kisfjlolrktlb puìndktnfos kob sfml rkrl nmkjlry. Hfwlvlr, thl wrnttlo kddfuotskob vnsuki rlprlslotktnfos fa Oktnvl Kmlrndkos jlolrkiiy rlmknolb kddlssnìlfoiy tf ko lbudktlb upplr dikss fa of`ninty, dilrjy kob mkefr lotrlprlolurs,lxdlpt fo thl rkrl fddksnfo whlo k Oktnvl Kmlrndko wks lxhn`ntlb no k puìndpikdl (Hkmlii ;>8:).

hl Olthlrikobs ns k smkii dfuotry, sntuktlb fo k muitnpil rnvlr blitkdfooldtnoj nt tf vkrnfus pkrts fa Lurfpl, kob fo thl Ofrth Tlk, dfooldtnoj nttf thl Ktikotnd Fdlko kob thl wfrib `lyfob. hns lxpiknos thl strfoj lxtlrokifrnlotktnfo fa thl Hfiikoblrs kob thlnr prfmnolot prlslodl no jif`ki lxpifrktnfokob trkbl snodl thl snxtlloth dlotury (da.Dffihkks ;>87). Fol lxprlssnfo fathns notlrlst ns thl pilthfrk fa ;8th kob ;>th dlotury Butdh trkosiktnfos fa`ffcs fo thl lxpifrktnfo fa thl Ofrth Kmlrndko dfotnolot. Frnjnoki kddfuots`y Alrokobf Bl Tftf, Ifuns Hloolpno, Ekdquls Mkrqulttl, Zniinkm @krtrkm,Efokthko Dkrvlr, Wfrtifdc kob Bndcsfo, Ulùifo Wncl, Ilwns kob Dikrc, @kibunoMiihkuslo, kob fthlrs rlkdhlb ko lbudktlb Butdh kubnlodl kob drlktlb konmkjlry k`fut thl ofrthlro pkrts fa thl Olw Zfrib kob nts Oktnvl plfpils(Hfvlos n.p.`).

Anrm afuobktnfos afr thl wnblr puìnd nmkjlry fa Ofrth Kmlrndko Nobnkos nohl Olthlrikobs wlrl iknb `y thl pfpuikr intlrkturl no thl onoltlloth dlotury.Arfm thl ;807s thl ofvlis kob shfrt stfrnls fa Ekmls Aloonmfrl Dffplr nowhndh thl rlb mlo fa thl lkstlro wffbikobs anjurlb prfmnolotiy wlrl trkosiktlbnotf Butdh kob afuob ko kpprldnktnvl kubnlodl. Nt wks ko lkriy dfoarfotktnfownth thl hnstfry fa k dfotnoukiiy mfvnoj arfotnlr fa wlstwkrb trlccnoj dfifonstkob slttilrs, kob afrlvlr rltrlktnoj Nobnko trn`ls, strujjinoj afr thlnr survnvki.No thl ;817s k slrnls fa rlprnots fa Dffplrs wfrcs tlstnanlb thlnr pfpuikrnty noHfiikob. Zhlo thl ofvlis kob shfrt stfrnls fa thl Jlrmko kuthfr ArnlbrndhJlrstdclr dkml fo thl Butdh mkrclt no trkosiktnfo arfm thl ;827s, thly kisf

`ldkml k pfpuikr suddlss. hly wlrl fatlo stkjlb no thl Kmlrndko Zlst, arfmthl Mnssnssnppn tf Dkinafronk, kob bnsdusslb thl kbvloturls fa Lurfplko slttilrskob jfib sllclrs. Iktlr Jlrstdclr puìnshlb okrrktnvls fa hns trkvlis thrfujhOfrth Kmlrndk thkt wlrl trkosiktlb no Butdh no thl ;8:7s.

Burnoj thl ;8


30/228

08

N B

vko @flclrlo, kob nodiublb Nobnkos ks mkno fr sldfobkry dhkrkdtlrs. No thl;887s E.H. Qko @kilo afiifwlb sunt kob prfbudlb andtnfo no whndh Dhnlas @lkrffth kob @ikdc @uaakif fa thl Tnfux kob wkrrnfr Wkothlr Dkt fa thl Tlmnofils

wlrl thl mkno prftkjfonsts. Jrkbukiiy Nobnkos fa Ofrth Kmlrndk kisf kdqunrlbthlnr pikdl no pfpuikr jlfjrkphnd efurokis kob sdhffi `ffcs afr tlkdhlrs. Kt thlfddksnfo fa thl Zfribs Aknr no Kmstlrbkm no ;884 thl Butdh puìnd wks kìltf jkzl kt k jrfup fa Fmkhks stkjnoj k plrafrmkodl no auii Nobnko rljkink. Arfmthl ;8>7s thl kbvloturl ofvlis slt no thl Kmlrndko Zlst `y Jlrmko kuthfrCkri Mky jknolb k ifyki afiifwnoj. Arfm thl ;>47s Kmlrndko mfvnls `ljko tfrlpikdl euvlonil kbvloturl ofvlis ks thl mkefr sfurdl fa pfpuikr nmkjlry k`futthl Kmlrndko Zlst kob Oktnvl Kmlrndkos.

No thl dfursl fa thl onoltlloth dlotury olwspkplrs wlrl `ldfmnoj kofthlrnmpfrtkot sfurdl fa puìnd nmkjlry k`fut Kmlrndko Nobnkos. Znth thlmushrffmnoj fa Butdh lmnjrktnfo tf Mndhnjko, Niinofns, Nobnkok, Znsdfosno, kobNfwk no thl ;827s, oktnfoki olwspkplrs `ljko tf rlpfrt k`fut Kmlrndko pfintndskob sfdnlty wnth nodrlksnoj arlqulody. Cllo fo blvlifpnoj prfantkìl ùsnolssvloturls, thl Butdh anokodnki kob dfmmlrdnki sldtfr rlqunrlb kob rldlnvlbolws k`fut pfst-Dnvni Zkr rldfostrudtnfo kob fppfrtuontnls no kjrnduiturlkob nobustry, trkbl kob trkospfrtktnfo. hl wlstwkrb mfvnoj arfotnlr kob thlblvlifpmlot fa thl trkos-Mnssnssnppn Zlst wks afiifwlb wnth jrlkt notlrlst, kobsffo thl Butdh `ldkml thl mkefr afrlnjo anokodnlrs fa rknirfkb blvlifpmlot nothl \.T. hl lkrinlr jlolrktnfo fa Butdh lmnjrkots sprlkb fut notf Mnoolsftk,

thl Bkcftks, Ol`rksck, kob Ckosks, kob k olw jlolrktnfo ilat thlnr hfmlikobtf slttil no thl Wkdnand Ofrthwlst, lxks, Dfifrkbf, Olw Mlxndf, kob Dkinafronk.Afr bldkbls thlsl Butdh lmnjrkots wlrl k sfurdl fa nmkjlry k`fut OktnvlKmlrndkos thrfujh thlnr ilttlrs tf akmniy kob arnlobs no hl Olthlrikobs, kobthrfujh thl lmlrjnoj Butdh-Kmlrndko prlss whfsl prfbudtnfos afuob thlnrwky tf hl Olthlrikobs. No thl ikrjlr dntnls in`rkrnls kob `ffcsliilrs prfvnblbpktrfos wnth k oum`lr fa durrlot Kmlrndko olwspkplrs (Hfvlos n.p.`).

hns shfrt futinol fa nmkjlry k`fut Ofrth Kmlrndko Nobnkos no hlOlthlrikobs blmfostrktls thkt y thl ;887s thl Butdh puìnd hkb llo lxpfslbtf k vkrnlty fa stfrnls kob nmkjls fa thl k`frnjnoki nohk`ntkots fa thl \ontlb

Ttktls kob Dkokbk. Tffo sfml wfuib vnsnt thns rljnfo fa thl jif`l kob lxplrnlodlnotlrlthond lodfuotlrs, kob thlnr oum`lr jrkbukiiy nodrlkslb ks trkvli kobtfurnsm lxpkoblb rkpnbiy snodl thl trkosdfotnolotki rknirfkbs wlrl dfmpiltlb(da.Tdhuitl Ofrbhfit ;>803 Ikmmlrs ;>8>).

Rhl trkosdfotnolotki rknirfkbs

hl Kkrbrnecscuobnj Zllcìkb (Jlfjrkphnd Zllciy) wks k pfpuikr puìndktnfolstkìnshlb no ;887 `y thl Oktnfoki Muslum fa Lthofifjy no Ilnblo. Kirlkbyno ;88; lbntfr-no-dhnla Jukithlrnl E. Bfzy, k jlfjrkphlr kob hnstfrnko, brlw

thl kttlotnfo fa nts rlkblrs tf thl rkpnb prfjrlss no thl lstkìnshmlot fa


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trkosdfotnolotki rknirfkbs no Ofrth Kmlrndk. No ko krtndil hl bnsdusslb thlnrplrdlnvlb ollb, lkriy blvlifpmlot, kob nmmnolot dfmpiltnfo fo `fth snblsfa thl notlroktnfoki `frblr `ltwllo thl \ontlb Ttktls kob Dkokbk. hl kuthfr

prlbndtlb thkt thns wfuib nmmlosliy `ffst Ofrth Kmlrndks trkbl kob dfmmlrdlkob dfotrnùtl tf thl rktl fa slttilmlot `y nmmnjrkots (Bfzy ;88;).

hl rlkblrshnp fa thl wllciy dfosnstlb no of smkii wky fa thfsl plfpil nohl Olthlrikobs wnth ko notlrlst no thl Butdh Lkst Nobnls (ofw5 Nobfolsnk),thl sprkwinoj nosuikr Butdh dfifoy no thl Nobnko Fdlko. Mkoy Butdh akmninlshkb mlm`lrs whf invlb thlrl ks fwolrs kob fplrktfrs fa pikotktnfos, prfdlssnojpikots, kob trkbnoj dfmpkonls. Fthlrs wlrl novfivlb no thl dfifonki jfvlromlotkob dnvni slrvndl, kob sfibnlrs bnb buty no thl dfifonki krmy. Wrfalssnfoki plfpilwfrclb no thl anlibs fa hlkith kob lbudktnfo, kob mnssnfokrnls fa vkrnfusblofmnoktnfos wlrl prfsliytnznoj thrfujhfut thl rljnfo. rkospfrtktnfo ltwllothl mfthlr dfuotry kob dfifoy wks mknoiy `y stlkmshnp fo k rlturo tndclt arfmKmstlrbkm fr Pfttlrbkm tf @ktkvnk (ofw5 Ekckrtk), tkcnoj thl shfrtlst rfutlthrfujh thl Mlbntlrrkolko tf Wfrt Tknb, thrfujh thl Tulz Dkoki (snodl ;81>)kob thl Plb Tlk, kob kdrfss thl Nobnko Fdlko tf thlnr anoki blstnoktnfo. hlrlturo efuroly afiifwlb thl skml rfutl. Hfwlvlr, wnth thl dfmpiltnfo fa thltrkosdfotnolotki rknirfkbs no Ofrth Kmlrndk ko kitlroktnvl rlturo rfutl `ldkmlpfssnìl5 y stlkmlr tf Dhnok fr Ekpko, kob kdrfss thl Wkdnand tf k wlst dfkst pfrtno Ofrth Kmlrndk whlrl dfmafrtkìl trknos tffc thl trkvlilrs kdrfss dfuotry tfthl lkst dfkst, arfm whlrl k rliktnvliy shfrt efuroly `y stlkmlr `rfujht thlm

`kdc tf Lurfpl, kob thlnr hfml dfuotry. K rlvlrsl efuroly kdrfss thl jif`l wkskisf pfssnìl ùt mudh ilss uslb.Oft foiy Bfzys krtndil mkbl Butdh plfpil kwkrl fa thlsl olw rfutls fa

trkno trkvli kdrfss Ofrth Kmlrndk. Kmlrndko rkniwkys hkb ifoj `llo k prnmlfèldt afr Butdh novlstmlot kob afr k tnml thl Butdh kob @rntnsh wlrl thl mknonovlstfrs no Kmlrndko rknirfkbs. Afr k tnml thl Blovlr & Pnf Jrkobl Pknirfkbwks lvlo dfmpiltliy Butdh-fwolb. hlsl vloturls rldlnvlb kmpil dfvlrkjl noButdh olwspkplrs (Qllolobkki ;>>54;7s thl olwspkplr-rlkbnoj Butdh puìnd wks wlii kwkrl fathl \ontlb Ttktls ks ko up-kob-dfmnoj dfuotry, ks k dfuotry tf drfss laandnlotiykob dfmafrtkìy whlo vnsntnoj akmniy kob arnlobs no thl Butdh Lkst Nobnls,kob nodrlksnojiy ks ko kttrkdtnvl blstnoktnfo tf splob ilnsurl tnml. @y thkt tnmlhfmks Dffc fa Ifobfo kob Inssfol & Tfo fa Kmstlrbkm kob hl Hkjul wlrlfaalrnoj trkos-Ktikotnd stlkmshnp tndclts, trkos-dfotnolotki Kmlrndko rkniwkytndclts kob hftli rlslrvktnfos no mkefr dntnls kob kifoj thl mkno rkniwky inols

kdrfss thl Kmlrndko kob Dkokbnko Zlst. Tffo Nobnkos `ldkml notljrktlb notf


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Ofrth Kmlrndko duiturki tfurnsm thkt blvlifplb rkpnbiy ks k dfoslqulodl farknirfkb dfostrudtnfo, nodrlksnoj kmfuots fa ilnsurl tnml, kob tkrjlt mkrcltnoj.

Notlrmnttlot hnstfrndki rlslkrdh fvlr twf bldkbls hks rlsuitlb no thl

nblotnandktnfo fa k oum`lr fa Butdh whf hkvl pikylb k rfil no TfuthwlstlroNobnko tfurnsm. Mfst puìnshlb kddfuots fa thlnr efurolys. hlnr `kdcjrfuobskob notlrlsts wlrl vkrnlb, ks wlrl thlnr rfils kob rlilvkodl, ks wnii l blmfostrktlbno thl afiifwnoj dhrfofifjndki rlvnlw. Hlrmko tlo Cktls pnfollrnoj wfrc nothl ;887s hks kirlkby `llo bfdumlotlb, kokiyzlb kob puìnshlb. Fo KobrlwQkoblrwkjlo, thl Wfstmks, Hlory D. @kinoc, Iudy Tdhfutlo kob Linsk`lthHfutzkjlr auiilr stubnls wnii l puìnshlb no thl olkr auturl. No thns prlslotktnfothl rfil fa thl Krotzlonus snstlrs ns hnjhinjhtlb.

;887-;8825 Efho Qko bl Mflr kob Rfmks lmplimko Qko blr Hflvlo

No thl ;8:7s Butdh Okvy fffldlr Efho Qko bl Mflr lmnjrktlb tf thl \ontlb Ttktlskob wfrclb afr olwspkplrs no Dfifrkbf rlpfrtnoj fo mnonoj kdtnvntnls. Burnoj kùsnolss trnp tf Olw Mlxndf no ;887 hl vnsntlb lsuqul Nobnko Wulìf, kob wkslokmfrlb wnth trkbntnfoki Nobnko inal hl f`slrvlb. No hns bnkry hl oftlb thkt5 Nosfml kpkrtmlots N afuob wfmlo mkouakdturnoj pfttlry fut fa diky, whndh thlyshkpl notf thl auoonlst shkpls, jlolrkiiy nmntktnoj sfml invl fèldt fr fthlr, lnthlrk mko fr ko konmki. Rly `kcl thns pfttlry no k vlry prnmlvki akshnfo, tf sliint tf thl trkblrs, whf kjkno bnspfsl fa nt tf thl dfiildtfrs fa durnfsntnls, kt vlryrlmuolrktnvl prndls, ks nt dko `l jft arfm thl Nobnkos vlry dhlkp (Qko bl Mflr

;>2-;>7;) bfoktlbk slrnls fa afurtllo Ofrth Kmlrndko krtlakdts tf thl Ilnblo muslum (slrnlsPMQ 2:4), nodiubnoj slvlo pnldls fa Wulìf pfttlry arfm Olw Mlxndf. hl`lolakdtfr wks invnoj no Tko Kotfonf kt thl tnml, prkdtndnoj mlbndnol, kobtrynoj hns iudc no mnonoj kob rkniwky vloturls. hl Wulìf pfttlry wks prf`kìykdqunrlb burnoj k ùsnolss fr pilksurl trnp tf Olw Mlxndf, kob nodiublb lkriyNobnko-mkbl durnfsntnls afr thl tfurnst trkbl ks mlotnfolb `y Qko bl Mflr.

;880-;8845 Hlrmko tlo Cktl, kothrfpfifjnst

Hlrmko Arlblrnc Dkrli lo Cktl (;84;) wks thl anrst prfalssnfokiiytrknolb kothrfpfifjnst no hl Olthlrikobs kob qukinanlb no thl afur dfostntulotanlibs fa lthofifjy, krdhklfifjy, physndki kothrfpfifjy kob lthofinojunstnds ktthl uonvlrsntnls fa Ilnblo, Wkrns, @lrino, Jttnojlo kob Hlnbli`lrj. Ks lkriy


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Wndurns Pkno Jfb, dk. ;8873 Rlmplimko Qko blr Hflvlo Dfiildtnfo (PMQ 2:4-0).


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ks ;8:8 hl puìnshlb ko krtndil no k pfpuikr plrnfbndki k`fut thl rlsnstkodlfa Oktnvl Kmlrndko trn`ls kjknost thl lodrfkdhmlot fotf thlnr ikobs `y whntldfifonsts, kob trnlb tf lxpikno thl kdtnfos fa Olz Wlrd Dhnla Efslph kob hns

plfpil no thl Wkdnand Ofrthwlst tf k wnbl Butdh puìnd. hns wks `kslb forlpfrts no Kmlrndko olwspkplrs hl rlkb kt Mkrtnous Onehfaa @ffcs kobWuìnshlrs no hl Hkjul. No thl ;887s hl splot twf ylkrs fa anlibwfrc no thl\ontlb Ttktls, mfstiy no thl Tfuthwlst, lxdkvktnoj prlhnstfrnd sntls, dkrrynoj futphysndki mlksurlmlots, rldfrbnoj Oktnvl ikojukjls, kob mkcnoj f`slrvktnfosfo trkbntnfoki dustfms, duiturki dhkojl kob Nobnko-whntl rliktnfos. hl 2843Hfvlos kob Jrflolvlib ;>>03 Hfvlos ;>8>3 ;>>


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hl Butdh kothrfpfifjnst kisf mkbl k oum`lr fa cllo f`slrvktnfos fothl lmlrjlodl fa Nobnko tfurnsm no thl Tfuthwlst no hns ;88< trkvli `ffc,pu`inshlb no Butdh, kob no ko kooftktlb Lojinsh trkosiktnfo no 0772. Hl oftlb

thl prfinalrktnfo fa wlstlro mktlrnkis no Oktnvl mktlrnki duiturl, thl nmpkdt fathl trkosdfotnolotki rknirfkbs fo Nobnko-whntl rliktnfos, kob thl skil fa krtskob drkats tf trkvlilrs, tfurnsts kob hlkith-sllclrs ks ko nmpfrtkot kitlroktnvlsfurdl fa nodfml afr ko nodrlksnoj oum`lr fa Nobnko akmninls. Hl dfmmlotlbfo Nobnkos kbkptnoj thlnr krts kob drkats tf thl tkstls kob ollbs fa thlnr whntldustfmlrs, kob thlnr stkjnoj fa bkodls spldnandkiiy afr thl lotlrtknomlot fafutsnblrs lkjlr tf pky afr thl prnvniljl (lo Cktl ;88


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tkdntiy kdcofwilbjnoj Nobnko kjlody no thlnr blkinojs wnth Lurf-Kmlrndkos, loCktls anlibwfrc kob dfiildtnoj no thl ;887s ns thfrfujhiy mfblro (Hlynoc &Hfbjl ;>4;3 Hfvlos lt.ki. 07;75;1-;:,4>-22,;48>5; kob ;77).


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40< lo Cktl puìnshlb k slrnls fa krtndils fo OktnvlKmlrndkos no pfpuikr Butdh efurokis, kbbrlssnoj suèldts incl Nobnko rlsnstkodlkjknost Lurf-Kmlrndko dfifonzktnfo, alblrki Nobnko pfindy, Dhrnstnko mnssnfokry

wfrc, nmkjlry fa Oktnvl Kmlrndkos no Lurf-Kmlrndko krt kob intlrkturl. Tfmlfa thns mktlrnki wks kisf puìnshlb no Lojinsh trkosiktnfos. No pfltry, andtnfo, kobpknotnoj Tfuthwlstlro Nobnkos pikylb k mkefr rfil, kob Butdh lbudktlb rlkblrsfa thlsl plrnfbndkis wlrl thus lxpfslb tf thlnr duiturl, hnstfry kob nmkjlry (loCktl ;8:8, ;88>, ;>;;, ;>;>, ;>07, ;>003 Hfvlos ;>8>5;81,0:;-0:>).

;8>7: hl wks stktnfolb kt Uuon. Ttukrt Duino fa thl @rffciyo Muslumvnsntlb thl Nobnko pulìf kob lojkjlb thl mnonstlr tf dfiildt afr hns nostntutnfo.Hfwlvlr, fèldts fa rlinjnfus snjonandkodl wlrl vlry bnaanduit tf f`tkno. Kwkrl fathl notlrlst fa whntl dustfmlrs no kuthlotnd Nobnko krtnakdts, oftkìy thl mfrllsftlrnd, thl mnssnfokry lojkjlb slvlrki Uuon mlo tf mkcl ckdhnok bfiis no ;>72.hns wks bfol no sldrlt no thl `kslmlot fa hns mnssnfo hfusl. Mkouakdturl fathlsl bfiis afr futsnblrs wks bllmlb skdrniljl kob trn`ki mlm`lrs wlrl thrlktlolbwnth dkpntki puonshmlot na dkujht no thl skil fa sudh fèldts. @ldkusl thl dkrvlrsalkrlb rlplrdussnfos arfm thlnr rlinjnfus ilkblrs, thly bnsdfotnoulb thlnr wfrckatlr k whnil (Akol ;>>;517-10,;7>). Kithfujh Qkoblrwkjlo uslb thl lxtrknodfml afr thl mnssnfo foiy, hl wks thl anrst whntlmko no Uuon tf pnfollr thl

Kobrlw Qkoblrwkjlo no Uuon hfml, dk. ;>;7 (Hlrntkjl Hkii Krdhnvls, Dkivno Dfiiljl, Jrkob

Pkpnbs, MN).


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prfbudtnfo fa ckdhnok bfiis afr ko futsnbl dinlotlil.0Qkoblrwkjlos prnmkrymnssnfo wks tf bnvlst thl Nobnkos fa thlnr kodnlot `linlas kob dfovlrt thlmtf Dhrnstnkonty. hl jlolrki `linla wks thkt dfovlrsnfo wks kimfst nmpfssnìl

wnthfut dhkojnoj trkbntnfoki Nobnko inalstyils kob kbfptnoj k dnvninzlb wky fainal, thl Lurf-Kmlrndko wky. hus dhurdhls kob thl alblrki jfvlromlot `ldkmlkiinls no laafrts bnrldtlb kt thl duiturki kssnmniktnfo fa thl k`frnjnoki pfpuiktnfo.rn`ki duiturki kuthlotndnty wks oft vkiulb ùt nostlkb `ldkml k tkrjlt afr thldfm`nolb dnvninzktnfo faalosnvl.

;>745 Hlobrnc W. Muiilr

Fo hns wky afr ùsnolss kob pfssnìy ks k bnpifmktnd lovfy Muiilr vnsntlb thl\ontlb Ttktls no ;>74 kob trkvliilb `y trkno arfm Ifs Kojlils tf Li Wksf. No

Ollbils, thl lotry pfnot tf Krnzfok, hl skw k`fut thnrty Mfekvl Nobnkos fo thlpiktafrm whfm hl afuob physndkiiy nmprlssnvl ldkusl fa thlnr ifoj stkturl, ifojìkdc hknr, akdnki tkttffs kob `fby pknot. Hl `fujht sfml `lkbwfrc thkt thlyfaalrlb, ùt rljkrblb nt ks nosnjonandkot (Muiilr ;>7


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Mfekvl Nobnkos, Ollbils, Dkinafronk

(Muiilr ;>77


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Juoo, hl mkbl k trnp `y ùdc`fkrb thrfujh thl vndnonty. K shfrt vnsnt wks pknbtf Kdfmk Wulìf fo Lodhkotlb Mlsk whlrl Muiilr wntolsslb thl vlolrktnfo faTknot Ttlphlo (Tko Lstl`ko) no k tlot whlrl k shrnol wks lrldtlb, surrfuoblb

wnth Okvkef kob Hnspkond ìkoclts. hl Nobnkos faalrlb wlkpfos, arunts kobpfttlry tf thlnr pktrfo sknot (;>7725 Kilttk Ekdf`s, wfmlos rnjhts kbvfdktl

Kilttk Ekdf`s (;>0>) wks rknslb no ko lbudktlb kob in`lrki Elwnsh akmniyno thl ofrthlkstlro prfvnodl fa Jrfonojlo. Hlr akthlr wks k physndnko kob shl

kob hlr `rfthlr afiifwlb no hns afftstlps. Thl `ldkml thl anrst wfmko no hlOlthlrikobs tf kttlob hnjh sdhffi kob uonvlrsnty, f`tknonoj k Wh.B. no mlbndnolno ;8:> `lafrl slttinoj no Kmstlrbkm kob fplonoj k prkdtndl. Burnoj k trnp tfJrlkt @rntkno shl mlt dfmpktrnft Dkrli Qndtfr Jlrrntslo, k jrkno trkblr kobilat-wnoj pfintndnko. hl twf cnobrlb sfuis mkrrnlb no ;8>0, uontlb no thlnrnblks k`fut kob wfrc fo `lhkia fa thl pffr kob wfrcnoj dikss. Ekdf`s nostrudtlbuoblrprnvniljlb wfmlo no hlkith kob hyjnlol, nodiubnoj `nrth dfotrfi, kobpuìnshlb pfpuikr `ffcs kob krtndils no thlsl anlibs kob fo thl rnjhts fa wfmlokt hfml, no thl wfrcpikdl, kob no pfintnds. Thl wks k strfoj kbvfdktl afr vftnojrnjhts afr wfmlo, k jfki kdhnlvlb no ;>;:.

No ;>72 Ekdf`s tlrmnoktlb hlr mlbndki prkdtndl no akvfr fa hlr wfrc afrwfmlos rnjhts kob thl notlroktnfoki plkdl mfvlmlot no thl puìnd kob pfintndkikrlok, `fth no hl Olthlrikobs kob k`rfkb. hkt ylkr shl kob hlr hus`kobvnsntlb thl \ontlb Ttktls tf kdquknot thlmslivls wnth sfdnki dfobntnfos no thlikob fa prfmnsl kob fppfrtuonty kdrfss thl Ktikotnd. hl dfupil auoblb thlnrefuroly `y sliinoj thlnr prnvktl `ffc dfiildtnfo tf thl Efho Drlrkr In`rkry noDhndkjf. hl ilttlrs thly wrftl afr slvlrki Butdh olwspkplrs wlrl su`slqulotiypuìnshlb ks k `ffc (Jlrrntslo & Ekdf`s ;>71).

Ekdf`s wks bnskppfnotlb k`fut thl upplr dikss wfmlo no thl lkstlro dntnls ksthly afduslb kimfst lxdiusnvliy fo dfospndufusiy shfwnoj thlnr kaaiulodl koblxprlssnoj trkbntnfoki nblks k`fut thl rfil fa wfmlo no sfdnlty. Thl wks mudhmfrl lothusnkstnd k`fut thl stktl fa Dfifrkbf whlrl wfmlo wlrl kiifwlb tf vftl.Ekdf`s kob Jlrrntslo wlrl nmprlsslb `y thl kimfst snmuitkolfusiy blvlifpmlotfa rknirfkbs kob thl hfspntkinty ùsnolss, nodiubnoj hftlis, rlstkurkots kobshfps, dktlrnoj tf thl trkvliinoj puìnd. Mfst nmprlssnvl wlrl slvlrki hftlis noko kttrkdtnvl krdhntldturki styil wnth shfps whlrl Nobnko krts kob drkats wlrlsfib no Olw Mlxndf kob Krnzfok. hl laandnlody kob dilkoinolss lvlrywhlrl wksnmplddkìl. Jkmìnoj kob brnocnoj wlrl mkefr vndls thl dfupil wntolsslb nothns rljnfo, dfrruptnoj kii lthond jrfups (Jlrrntslo & Ekdf`s ;>715;7


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Olkr Hfi`rffc thl dfupil vnsntlb thl Wltrnanlb Afrlst, kob arfm Zniinkmsthly trkvliilb `y spur inol ofrth tf thl Jrkob Dkoyfo, k okturki phlofmlofothkt nmprlsslb hlr nmmlosliy. @y hfrsl kob dkrrnkjl shl mkbl k trnp tf thl

Okvkef Nobnko Plslrvktnfo whlrl thly wlrl notrnjulb `y thl dinaa bwliinojs fathl prlhnstfrnd Kokskzn Nobnkos, prldkrnfusiy ùnit fo rnbjls kob notf rldlsslsfa dkoyfo wkiis. Nt strudc thlm thkt Nobnkos wnth thlnr fwo jfvlromlot kobikws stnii invlb fo thl piktlkus fa thns rljnfo, kob clpt thlnr trkbntnfos kinvl.Hfwlvlr, thly lxpldtlb thkt thly wfuib bnskpplkr no thl dfursl fa tnml, eustks thlnr prlhnstfrnd prlbldlssfrs. hl rljnfo kob nts Oktnvl plfpils notrnjulbEkdf`s jrlktiy kob shl lxprlsslb thl wnsh tf `l kìl tf stky afr wllcs fr slvlrkimfoths tf ilkro mfrl k`fut thns aksdnoktnoj dfrolr fa thl wfrib (Jlrrntslo &Ekdf`s ;>715;;;-;;2).

hl dfupil trkvliilb `y Tfuthlro Wkdnand trkno arfm \tkh tf Dkinafronk kobwks pilkskotiy surprnslb k`fut thl spllb kob dfmafrt fa thl trnp. Kt mkoy fa thlblpfts whlrl thl trkno stfpplb thly lodfuotlrlb Nobnkos. Ekdf`s wrftl5 @ldkuslfa thl jffb dkrl fa thl jfvlromlot mkoy fa thlm krl pkrtnkiiy dnvninzlb, kithfujhthns sfuobs tff strfoj, humkonzlb ns mky`l thl `lttlr tlrm. Mkoy splkc sfmlLojinsh kob thly kii uoblrstkob thl ikojukjl fa mfoly. hl wfmlo dfiildtlbwnib affbs no thl afrlsts kob prlpkrlb nt, wfvl ksclts kob fthlr trnoclts thly trytf slii tf trkvlilrs. hkt ns suaandnlot tf auianii thlnr ollbs. No slvlrki tfwos N skwthl Nobnko wfmlo, rldfjonzkìl arfm k bnstkodl `ldkusl fa thlnr dfifraui brlss,blsdlobnoj thl mfuotknos, dkrrynoj hlkvy `ksclts fo thlnr `kdcs, sfmltnmls

tfpplb wnth thl `k`y. hl mlo skuotlr sifwiy kifoj thlm, smfcnoj thlnr pnpls.Na thlnr humkonzktnfo jfls k stlp aurthlr, thl mlo `ljno wfrcnoj, usukiiy ksifjjlrs, kob thl wfmlo `ldfml ikzy. No thns stkjl fa thl humkonzktnfo prfdlsswhnscly pfsls thl jrlktlst thrlkt. Kithfujh Kmlrndk hks k ikw afr`nbbnoj thlskil fa inqufr tf Nobnkos, nt sllms thkt no thns ikob fa `fuobilss fppfrtuonty ikws sllm tf lxnst tf `l njofrlb. Lvlrywhlrl thl Nobnkos colw whlrl tf jltthlnr hkobs fo kidfhfi, kob usl thns cofwilbjl in`lrkiiy. Na fol mllts k bruocloNobnko fol dko kssuml tf mllt thl mfst dnvninzlb spldnmlo fa hns rkdl (\trldhtsOnluwsìkb, Ofv. ;;, ;>725;3 Jlrrntslo & Ekdf`s ;>715;


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kob thkt thl puìnd pkrts fa thlsl dlrlmfonls dfuib `l kttloblb `y vnsntfrs kobtfurnsts. Thl kbvnsls thl vnsntfrs tf trkvli `y trkno, stfp kt thl afur blpfts noNobnko Wulìfs, kob splob k alw hfurs fr k bky no thl quknot vniikjls whlrl inal

sllms arfzlo no tnml. Junbls krl kiwkys kvknikìl, kob hlrl ns ko fppfrtuonty afrf`slrvnoj plfpil kt wfrc, mkcnoj krts kob drkats, kob ùynoj pfttlry, elwlirykob wlkvnojs ks sfuvlonrs. Thl strlsslb thkt thl Wulìfs krl k plkdlaui plfpil,ùt thkt Nobnkos hkvl jlolrkiiy llo nii trlktlb y thl jfvlromlot kob thl whntlLurf-Kmlrndko slttilrs. Kidfhfi hkb k blvkstktnoj laaldt fo mkoy nobnvnbukiskob lvlo whfil dfmmuontnls, blspntl laafrts `y kuthfrntnls kob trn`ki ilkblrs tfdurtkni kob lvlo prfhn`nt nts trkbl kob dfosumptnfo. Ekdf`s linlvlb thkt wnthnok alw jlolrktnfos thl Nobnkos wfuib vkonsh `lafrl thl fosikujht fa wlstlrodnvninzktnfo (Jlrrntslo & Ekdf`s ;>715;:7-;:8).

;>;7-;>;;5 Plvlrlob Zkicfttlo kob thl Butdh Dhrnstnko PlafrmlbNobnko mnssnfos

No thl iktl onoltlloth dlotury thl Butdh Dhrnstnko Plafrmlb Dhurdh (DPD)arfm thl Butdh-Kmlrndko dfmmuontnls no thl \pplr Mnbwlst (Mndhnjko, Nfwk,Tfuth Bkcftk) lm`krclb fo mnssnfokry wfrc kmfoj Oktnvl Kmlrndkos. hlafdus wks fo thl Tfuthwlst kob thl DPD lstkìnshlb k whfil slrnls fa mnssnfoskmfoj thl Okvkefs kob thl Uuons no Krnzfok kob Olw Mlxndf. No kbbntnfotf prfvnbnoj spnrntuki dkrl, mnssnfokry wfrclrs `ldkml kdtnvl no thl anlibs fahlkith kob lbudktnfo, lstkìnshnoj k mnssnfo kob `fkrbnoj sdhffi kt Plhf`fth

olkr Jkiiup (Bfiano ;>0;). No suppfrt fa thl trkosntnfo arfm trkbntnfoki wkysfa su`snstlodl tf kdhnlvnoj noblploblodl no thl olw dksh ldfofmy thl DPDmnssnfos suppfrtlb vfdktnfoki trknonoj afr `fys, ùt kisf sfujht wkys tf turowhkt wks ilat fa trkbntnfoki krts kob drkat notf mkrcltkìl mlrdhkobnsl. Tlvlrkipikos wlrl blvlifplb tf tlkdh Okvkefs tf prfbudl dilko wffi, dkrlauiiy spuokob wlii-bylb ykro, kob sturby kob `lkutnaui tlxtnils thkt wfuib prfvnbl bldlotanokodnki rlturos afr thlnr mkclrs. Hfwlvlr, inttil wks kdtukiiy put no prkdtndl`lafrl ;>27 kob foiy katlr thl wkr thl ldfofmnd pftlotnki fa trkbntnfoki Oktnvlkrts kob drkats rldlnvlb sfml kpprldnktnfo. hl wfrc no thlsl Nobnko mnssnfos

wks prlslotlb no vkrnfus prfmftnfoki puìndktnfos, nodiubnoj twf smkii `ffcswrnttlo `y Plvlrlob Hlory Zkicfttlo (;812-;>07>, ;>;7). Arfm ;8>: puìndktnfosarfm thl Butdh Dhrnstnko Plafrmlb Dhurdh rlpfrtlb fo thl blvlifpmlotfa mnssnfokry wfrc kmfoj Okvkefs kob Uuons. Tudh prfmftnfoki intlrkturlkttrkdtlb dhurdh mlm`lrs arfm thl \pplr Mnbwlst kob hl Olthlrikobs tf thlTfuthwlst whlrl thly vnsntlb thlnr mnssnfos, kttloblb thl koouki Jkiiup Notlr-rn`ki Dlrlmfonki, kob purdhkslb Nobnko krts kob drkats.4

4 Tll kisf5 ;>21-;>2:5 Pubfia vko Pllst, no thns krtndil. K `ffc fo thl Nobnko mnssnfos fa thl ButdhDhrnstnko Plafrmlb Dhurdh no thl Kmlrndko Tfuthwlst ns no prfjrlss.


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;>;;5 H.L. Blcclr, hf`f kob jkrblolr

No ;>08 H.L. Blcclr puìnshlb k `ffc k`fut hns kbvloturls ks k hf`ftrkvliinoj thrfujh thl \ontlb Ttktls no ;>;;. Blcclr aknilb no hnjh sdhffi no;>7> kob bldnblb tf try hns hkob kt inal. \okìl tf jlt k jffb ef` wnthfutk bnpifmk no Hfiikob, hl bldnblb tf try hns dhkodls no Kmlrndk, thl ikob fauoinmntlb fppfrtuontnls. Afr kimfst k ylkr hl wfrclb kt fbb ef`s ks k akrmhkob,hfuslpknotlr, kob skils dilrc no k jrfdlry stfrl no Mndhnjko. nmls wlrl hkrb,kob whlo thl ifst hns ikst ef` Blcclr bldnblb tf wnotlr no thl sfuth whlrl hllxpldtlb thl dfst fa invnoj wfuib `l ifwlr kob thl dhkodls afr wfrc `lttlr. NoBldlm`lr ;>;7 hl purdhkslb k trkno-tndclt kob trkvlilb `y wky fa Dhndkjftf Tt. Ifuns whlrl hl wfrclb no rlstkurkots kob afr thl Tkivktnfo Krmy, kobilkrolb k`fut thl inal fa thl ntnolrkot uolmpifylb. Ks stlkby kob bldlotiy pknb

lmpifymlot dfuib oft `l hkb no Tt. Ifuns, hl bldnblb tf try hns iudc no thlWrfmnslb Ikob, Dkinafronk thkt ns. Tffo hl eumplb fo k wlstwkrb `fuob trknofa thl \onfo Wkdnand Pknirfkb, kob wfrclb hns wky thrfujh Ckosks Dnty kobBfbjl Dnty tf Ik Euotk no sfuth-dlotrki Dfifrkbf. hlrl hl dhkojlb trknos kobeumplb fo k Dkinafronk Inmntlb fa thl Tkotk Al Pknirfkb `ldkusl nt wks hlkblbsfuth tf wkrmlr dinmls. Nts rljuikr fddupkots trkvlilb quntl iuxurnfusiy. hlyfddupnlb dfmafrtkìl dhknrs uphfistlrlb no rlb piush, kob @ikdc slrvkots dikb nowhntl uonafrms dktlrlb tf thlnr lvlry ollb. hl tkìls no thl rlstkurkot dkr wlrlslt wnth anol `fol dhnok, drystki jikssls, kob snivlr tkìlwkrl. Hfwlvlr, Blcclrwks oft lovnfus ùt dfovnodlb thkt fol bky hl wfuib kisf `l kìl tf trkvli

no styil. @y wky fa rnonbkb kob Pktfo hl rlkdhlb Kiùqulrqul whlrl sprnojkirlkby mkbl ntslia alit no thl knr. Dfvlrtiy jlttnoj faa thl trkno hl wks subbloiyakdlb wnth k rknirfkb pfindlmko wkvnoj hns pnstfi no hns akdl. Hl wks krrlstlbkob nodkrdlrktlb afr anvl bkys no thl ekni kt thl blpft, kob thlo tfib tf ilkvl tfwonmmlbnktliy (Blcclr ;>085;-;01,;4;).

hns kbvloturl prfvnblb Blcclr wnth ko fppfrtuonty tf `ldfml kdquknotlbwnth thl Kiùqulrqul trkno blpft. Hl afuob thl dnty mfst notlrlstnoj `ldkuslfa thl mkoy Nobnkos aifdcnoj tfwkrbs nt arfm k wnbl rljnfo. hly nodiublbWulìfs, Okvkefs kob sfml Hfpns kob Kpkdhls, kob mkoy wlrl lojkjlb nosliinoj drkatwfrc. Hl oftlb thkt thl rkniwky dfmpkoy lodfurkjlb thlnr prlslodlkrfuob thl stktnfo ks thly prfvnblb ko dfifraui spldtkdil afr tfurnsts kob trkvlilrswhf hkb ko fppfrtuonty tf pndc up lxftnd sfuvlonrs fa thlnr trnp. Okvkef mlokob wfmlo faalrlb anol wffilo ìkoclts no k vkrnlty fa dfifrlb pkttlros famfstiy trnkojils afr skil. Nobnko wfmlo skt qunltiy krfuob thl blpft, thfslfa thl Hfpns kob Kpkdhls surrfuoblb `y `kscltry wfvlo fa vkrnfusiy dfifrlbjrkssls, kob Wulìf wfmlo kmnbst pfttlry, `fth uobldfrktlb kob pknotlb wkrls.hl ikttlr wfrl whntl bllrscno ilj dfvlrs. Dfotrnùtnoj tf thl lxftndnsm fa thlsdlol wlrl `k`nls swkbbilb fo drkbil`fkrbs kob dkrrnlb fo thlnr mfthlrs `kdcsfr pfsntnfolb uprnjht kjknost thl wkii fa thl blpft. Mkoy Nobnkos dkml tf tfwo

wnth muil- fr hfrsl-brkwo wkjfos, sliinoj anrlwffb, prfbudl kob krts kob drkats


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tf thl dnty afic. hly wfrl wlstlro brlss, nodiubnoj wnbl-`rnmmlb Ttltsfos, kobthl foiy plduinkrnty wlrl thlnr dfifrlb snic sdkrvls (;>085;0:-;08).

Hfwlvlr, Blcclr hkb tf ilkvl Kiùqulrqul, kob katlr lxplrnlodnoj thl

hfspntkinty fa ko Nobnko akmniy kt Nsiltk Wulìf sfuth fa tfwo, eumplb fo thlolxt trkno hlkbnoj afr Dkinafronk. No Ikjuok Wulìf hl splot k shfrt whnil kobtf hns surprnsl lodfuotlrlb slvlrki Nobnkos whf spfcl Lojinsh aiulotiy kob hkb`llo lbudktlb kt Dkrinsil Nobnko Nobustrnki Tdhffi no Wloosyivkonk. Hl ilkrolbk`fut olkr`y Kdfmk Wulìf ùt wks uokìl tf vnsnt thl notrnjunoj Nobnkovniikjl plrdhlb ktfp fa k stllp mlsk. Hl dkujht foiy k jinmpsl fa Jkiiup kobwntolsslb thl ifkbnoj fa dfki arfm thl olkr`y mnols, kob thl Okvkef Nobnkosùynoj prfvnsnfos kob jffbs kt ifdki stfrls kob sliinoj drkatwfrc, mfstiy wffiloìkoclts kob snivlr elwliry. K cnob wkntrlss kt thl rknirfkb blpft prfvnblb Blcclrwnth arll skobwndhls, kob sffo hl wks kjkno fo hns wky wlst, vnk Wkquntk kobKbkmkok kdrfss thl Krnzfok `frblr (;>085;0>-;28).

Blcclr rljkrblb Krnzfok ks thl nblki tfurnst blstnoktnfo. Hl wks nmprlsslb`y thl Wltrnanlb Afrlst olkr Hfi`rffc, kob trkvlrslb thl krlk pkrtiy fo afft,stubynoj thl notrnjunoj Nobnko rfdc krt no thl krlk. Mkefr kttrkdtnfos wlrl thlrlmknos fa prlhnstfrnd Nobnko vniikjls kob tfwos, lspldnkiiy thfsl fa thl DinaaBwliilrs whf hkb dhfslo k`fbls no hkrbiy kddlssnìl rfdc drlvndls kdrfss ofrthlroKrnzfok. hlnr blsdlobkots, thl Hfpns, stnii invlb no thlnr kbf`l vniikjls plrdhlbfo thl futdrfppnojs fa @ikdc Mlsk. hl Wknotlb Blslrt, kptiy okmlb `ldkuslfa thl dhkojnoj huls fa thl rfdcs kt bnaalrlot tnmls burnoj thl bky kob slksfo,

kisf drlktlb k ikstnoj nmprlssnfo. Zhnil wfrcnoj afr k whnil fo k rkodh no thlAikjstkaa krlk, Blcclr `ldkml kwkrl fa thl Jrkob Dkoyfo kob thl oum`lrfa tfurnsts thl jrlkt dhksm kttrkdtlb ylkr. Hfwlvlr, hl wks uokìl tf vnsnt thlokturki wfoblr kt thkt tnml (;>085;28-;82). Tffo hl dfotnoulb hns efuroly,drfssnoj thl Dfifrkbf Pnvlr kt hl Ollbils, kob lotlrnoj Dkinafronk. hkt stktlclpt nts prfmnsl kob katlr stubynoj ikobsdkpl krdhntldturl kt thl \onvlrsnty faDkinafronk no @lrclily thl Butdhmko lm`krclb fo k suddlssaui dkrllr no thl IfsKojlils krlk. Burnoj thns tnml hl wks kìl tf wfrc notlrmnttlotiy fo thl ;>08puìndktnfo fa hns trkvli lxplrnlodls fa ;>;;.

;>;05 Z.E. vko @kilo, puìndnst

Qko @kilo stubnlb ikw ùt su`slqulotiy lm`krclb fo k dkrllr ks efurokinst kobwrntlr fa ffcs fo trkvli kob hnstfrndki suèldts. Hl ldkml nodrlksnojiy notlrlstlbno Ofrth Kmlrndk kob no ;>;0 mkbl hns anrst mkefr efuroly thrfujh Dkokbk kobthl \ontlb Ttktls, puìnshnoj kddfuots no thl olwspkplr Hlt Qkblrikob, kobno ;>;4 k `ffc thkt `ldkml k pfpuikr suddlss. @ldkusl fa thl `ffcs afrmkt nt`ldkml thl anrst Butdh trkvli junbl tf thl Kmlrndko Zlst. Nt wks wnbliy uslb `yplfpil wnth pikos tf vnsnt thl \.T. Qko @kilo stkylb fo thl mkno rfutls fa trkvlikob lik`frktlb fo thl Jrkob Dkoyfo, Wltrnanlb Afrlst, Kiùqulrqul kob Tkotk

Al, oftnoj slrvndls afr tfurnsts ks wlii ks fppfrtuontnls tf sll kob mllt Nobnkos


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kob ùy lxftnd sfuvlonrs fa Oktnvl mkouakdturl. Fol fa thl `lst fptnfos wks tfùy krts kob drkats arfm Nobnko vlobfrs kt thl rkniwky stktnfos whlrl thly aifdclbtf thl trknos burnoj stfps. Tkotk Al faalrlb k pilthfrk fa shfps thkt dkrrnlb Nobnko

jffbs, kob Qko @kilo oftlb thkt rliktnfos `ltwllo Nobnkos kob lotrlprlolurswlrl dfrbnki kob arnlobiy. Burnoj slvlrki lxdursnfos hl wks lspldnkiiy nmprlsslb`y thl lonjmktnd prlhnstfrnd dinaa bwliinojs kob pltrfjiyphs fa thl kodlstfrs fathl Nobnkos fa thl Afur Dfrolrs rljnfo (Qko @kilo ;>;45;;4-;>005 hlf A. Ttfmps kob E.W. Iftsy, `ftkonsts

No ;>;4 Kmstlrbkm prfalssfr hlf A. Ttfmps (;88:4) vnsntlb thl Kmlrndko

Tfuthwlst. Hl wks k prftj fa thl notlroktnfokiiy cofwo `ftkonst, Kmstlrbkmprfalssfr Hujf bl Qrnls. Hns mlotfr wks nostrumlotki no krrkojnoj ko kssfdnktlprfalssfrshnp afr hnm no ;>;7, kob Ttfmps kisf `ldkml bnrldtfr fa thl Hfrtus@ftkondus no thl dkpntki whlo Bl Qrnls rltnrlb. No Krnzfok thl Butdh okturkinstuoblrtffc `ftkondki stubnls no udsfo krlk. @kdc no Hfiikob hl ildturlb wnbliyno ofo-kdkblmnd dnrdils fo aifrk, oftkìy dkdtn, no thl Tfofrk Blslrt, kisf pkynojspldnand kttlotnfo tf thl rfil fa thlsl pikots no thl trkbntnfoki invls fa thl Oktnvlnohk`ntkots, ks wlii ks thl akdt thkt blsdlobkots fa thlsl trn`ls stnii invlb no thlrljnfo (Illuwkrblr Dfurkot, Fdt. 1, ;>00500 thl `ftkonst E.W. (Efhkools Wkuius) Iftsy (;81:-;>4;)

`fkrblb thl T.T. Pneobkm fa thl Hfiikob Kmlrndk Inol no Pfttlrbkm hkr`frkob drfsslb thl Ktikotnd Fdlko afr k afur-mfoth vnsnt tf thl \ontlb Ttktls. Hlpikoolb tf vnsnt uonvlrsntnls kob sdnlotnand nostntutnfos kob kttlob k oum`lr fadfoalrlodls no hns anlib fa rlslkrdh. Hfwlvlr, rlplktlbiy hl tffc thl tnml tf ilkromfrl k`fut thl dfuotry kob nts plfpil, kob no ;>04 puìnshlb k `ffc k`fut hnslxplrnlodls. Kt thl Kmlrndko Muslum fa Okturki Hnstfry no Olw ^frc Iftsyprlpkrlb hnmslia afr hns efuroly wlst kob wks mfst nmprlsslb `y thl bnspikysfo thl Jrkob Dkoyfo kob thl Oktnvl plfpils. @y trkno hl efurolylb thrfujhthl Blikwkrl Pnvlr Qkiily tf @kitnmfrl, kob f`slrvlb thkt uoafrtuoktliy thlNobnkos arfm thl Butdh dfifonki bkys no thns krlk hkb vkonshlb, tf `l rlpikdlb`y `nii`fkrbs ifubiy kbvlrtnsnoj k vkrnlty fa prfbudts, oftkìy dhlwnoj jum. NoDhndkjf hl loefylb thl Nobnko lxhn`nts kt thl Anlib Muslum kob fo thl dkmpusfa thl \onvlrsnty fa Znsdfosno no Mkbnsfo hl wks notrnjulb `y thl prlhnstfrndlaanjy mfuobs (Iftsy ;>0450:,2:,>


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jkvl k thfujht tf thl Nobnkos thly hkb bnspikdlb kob whfsl ikob wks afrdnìytkclo. Ofw thl trn`ls invlb fo noalrtnil rlslrvktnfos no ko nmpfvlrnshlb stktl(Iftsy ;>0451;,>475;28,040). Hl loefylb thltrkno efuroly `y thl Jfiblo Inmntlb arfm Li Wksf tf udsfo kob Whflonx, kobhns trnp thrfujh thl ìffmnoj Tfofrk Blslrt. Hl wks pilkslb `y thl pikynojdhnibrlo, `kii cndcnoj `fys, akt wfmlo kob mlo fo hfrsl`kdc hl skw kt thlinttil stktnfos kob no blslrt slttilmlots. Hl oftlb thl usl fa blslrt pikots `ythl Wkpkjf, Wnmk kob Mkrndfpk Nobnkos, oft foiy thlnr stfrkjl dkpkdnty afrwktlr, ùt kisf thl hkrvlst fa skjukrf arunts, thl usl fa Bkturk ks k okrdftnd,kob rkttilsokcl wllb arfm whndh thly mkbl ko kotnbftl afr sokcl`ntls(;>045;14-;:2,07,0;;,007-;).

Arfm Whflonx Iftsy dfotnoulb hns trkno efuroly ofrth kob krrnvlb no KshAfrc. Kbekdlot tf thl trkno stktnfo wks k stfrl whndh sfib dfifraui Okvkef ikocltskob fthlr Nobnko durnfsntnls tf trkvlilrs kob tfurnsts. No Zniinkms hl skw mkoyNobnkos kob thl whntl dkovks tlots kob dk`nos no thl dffi mfuotkno afrlststhkt kttrkdtlb plfpil arfm thl hft kob ifw Krnzfok blslrt burnoj thl summlrmfoths tf dffi faa. Hl splot thl onjht kt thl Hkrvly Hfusl Hftli kob afuob hnsrffm pilkskotiy bldfrktlb wnth wffilo Okvkef ikoclts. Arfm Zniinkms hl tffcthl spur inol tf thl Jrkob Dkoyfo. Kt thl tlrmnous uonafrmlb Dhnolsl slrvkots

arfm thl Li fvkr wlidfmlb thl pksslojlrs kob tffc thlnr iujjkjl tf thl hftli.hl Butdh `ftkonst wks ilss nmprlsslb `y thl jlfifjndki wfoblr fa lrfsnvl rfdcthko thl invnoj blslrt hl hkb eust trkosldtlb (;>04504;-042,04:).

Iftsy wntolsslb thl wkr bkodl thkt thl Hfpn Nobnkos invnoj kt Jrkob DkoyfoQniikjl plrafrmlb lvlry bky olkr thl hftli. Hfwlvlr, hl wks uonmprlsslb `ythl spldtkdil fa wnib bkodnoj whndh hl rljkrblb ks dfospndufusiy bnrldtlb ktdrlktnoj ko nmpkdt upfo thl whntl puìnd kob thus inttil mfrl thko k dkronvkikdt. Nostlkb hl wks akvfrkìy nmprlsslb `y k oum`lr fa bkodls plrafrmlb `y kjrfup fa Okvkef Nobnkos ilb `y Hfshcky ^kzznl whf vnsntlb k ifdki trkblr whfhkb invlb kmfoj thlm afr slvlrki ylkrs. hl jrfup plrafrmlb k wkr bkodl,

vndtfry bkodl kob onjht dhkot, kob thl olxt bky slvlrki mlbndnol mlo mkblskob pknotnojs. Iftsy oftlb ko kùobkodl fa whkt hl rljkrblb ks nmntktnfoNobnko krts kob drkats afr no skil no Olw ^frc kob Tkit Ikcl Dnty (;>47504>-020,417,2:8). @kdc no Hfiikob hl dfotnoulb hns sdnlotnand dkrllr kob jknolbnotlroktnfoki rldfjontnfo afr hns stubnls fa `ftkondki lvfiutnfo.

;>;:-;>145 Hlory D. @kinoc, krtnst

hl Butdh krtnst Hlory D. @kinoc lmnjrktlb tf Ofrth Kmlrndk katlr stubynojkt thl Pfyki Kdkblmy no Kmstlrbkm. Hl slttilb no Olw Mlxndf no ;>;8 whlrl

hl invlb kob wfrclb uotni hns blkth no ;>14. Oktnvl Kmlrndkos wlrl hns mkno


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277 kob ;>2;>5 Hlssli Wfstmk kob Iurk Mky Ifvl, slonfr hfolymffolrs

No ;>;> thl Butdh psydhnktrnst Hlssli Wfstmk kob hns Kmlrndko wnal, pflt IurkMky Ifvl, trkvlrslb thl Tfuthwlst fo k liktlb hfolymffo. Mrs. Wfstmks akthlr,Mlthfbnst Lpnsdfpki Plvlrlob Okthkonli @krrltt Dfuisfo Ifvl (;847-;>00),

2 K auii `nfjrkphy fa @kinoc wnii sffo `l pu`inshlb (Hfvlos n.p.k).

Hlory D. @kinoc no hns

Tkotk Al stubnf (phftf

`y sfo Hlory @. @kinoc,

;>


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21

N B

wks k hnstfry uaa kob kuthfr fa slvlrki trlktnsls fo Oktnvl Kmlrndkos no thl FibOfrthwlst. hns prf`kìy dfotrnùtlb tf thl Wfstmks notlrlst no Nobnkos burnojthlnr ilnsurl trnp kdrfss thl Tfuthwlst.

hl dfupil vnsntlb thl Muslum fa Olw Mlxndf/Ik`frktfry fa Kothrfpfifjywhlrl thly mkrvlilb kt thl lthofjrkphnd dfiildtnfos. Bnrldtfr Lbjkr I. Hlwlttwks nostrumlotki no thl bfoktnfo fa k dfiildtnfo fa qukinty Wulìf pfttlry arfmthl pfttlry nmprfvlmlot prfeldt suplrvnslb `y Cloolth Dhkpmko wnth thlstnpuiktnfo thkt nt wfuib `l trkosalrrlb tf k mkefr Butdh muslum. Nodiublbwlrl pnldls `y Mkrnk kob Euinko Mkrtnolz arfm Tko Niblafosf. hl Wfstmkskisf vnsntlb thl Okvkef kob Hfpn rlslrvktnfos kob kdqunrlb Hfpn-lwk pfttlry,mfstiy Tycnktcn Plvnvki wkrl, sfml arfm Okmplyf kob hlr akmniy. Fo thlnrrlturo tf thl Olthlrikobs thly bfoktlb kii 1:5;20-;24). \otni0770 thns mktlrnki wks no stfrkjl, ùt thl rlofvktnfo fa thl plrmkolot jkiilrnlslokìlb thl lxhn`ntnfo fa mkefr dlrkmnd pnldls arfm thns dfiildtnfo (Hfvlos07;01) kob lxprlssls hlr kbmnrktnfo afr thl rlvlrlot kttntubl shfwo `yNobnkos tfwkrb okturl kob thl jfbs kob spnrnts thkt lokìl kob sustkno inal.

;>005 Hlrmko Putjlrs, stublots kbvfdktlNo ;>00 thl dhknrmko Hlrmko D. Putjlrs fa thl Olthlrikobs Dhrnstnko TtublotsKssfdnktnfo kttloblb thl koouki notlroktnfoki dfoalrlodl fa thl wfrib alblrktnfono @lnenoj fa whndh hl wks ko lildtlb faandnki, kob thl oktnfoki dfoalrlodl fa thlKmlrndko kssfdnktnfo no Lstls Wkrc, Dfifrkbf. Hl wks k pksslojlr fo thl iuxuryinolr Kquntkonk whndh sknilb arfm Tfuthkmptfo tf Olw ^frc. hl Butdhmkothlo afuob hnmslia fo thl trkosdfotnolotki trkno drfssnoj thl \ontlb Ttktls,k snjo kob sym`fi fa thl dhkojls no thl Kmlrndko Zlst, k mkefr akdtfr no thlblstrudtnfo fa thl wniblrolss kob thl rfmkotndnsm fa Nobnko inal. No ko laafrttf rldkpturl sfmlthnoj fa thkt oft tff bnstkot pkst, hl vnsntlb @uaakif @niisjrkvl no Jfiblo, wlst fa Blovlr. Dfotnounoj hns efuroly, hl trkvlilb sfuth tfKiùqulrqul, thlo wlst tf Aikjstkaa, mkcnoj k snbl trnp tf thl Jrkob Dkoyfo,`lafrl jfnoj tf Tko Arkodnsdf. Hl wks bnskppfnotlb tf sll Nobnkos brlsslb upno thlnr trkbntnfoki kttnrl kob plrafrmnoj bkodls ks tfurnst kttrkdtnfo kt thlKiùqulrqul trkno stktnfo kob thl Li fvkr hftli kt thl Jrkob Dkoyfo rnm.Lqukiiy bnskppfnotnoj wlrl thl fthlr Nobnkos hl lodfuotlrlb, mfst fa thlmlmpifylb ks uoscniilb ik`frlrs `y hftlis kob thl rkniwky dfmpkonls. Putjlrswks clloiy kwkrl fa thl akdt thkt wlstlro lbudktnfo hkb hkb k jrlkt nmpkdt

< K puìndktnfo `y Wnltlr Hfvlos kob @rudl @lrostlno fo thl Wfstmks kob thlnr dfiildtnfo ns noprfjrlss.


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2:

H

fo trkbntnfoki wkys fa inal fa thl Kmlrndk Nobnko. hl Nobnkos wnth whfmhl hkb plrsfoki dfotkdt wlrl Plb Fwi kob Jrly Lkrth, Tnfux rlprlslotktnvlsfa Dhrnstnko Nobnko sdhffis no Tfuth Bkcftk whf hkb vnsntlb thlnr Butdh

dfuotlrpkrts no thl Butdh tfwo fa Ouospllt afr k prlvnfus dfoalrlodl, kobMrs. Muscrkt, k Dhlrfcll tlkdhlr whf wks pkrt fa thl Kmlrndko bliljktnfo tfthl Wlcnoj dfoalrlodl. Putjlrs rliktlb hns lxplrnlodls no k `ffc thkt wks rlkbkmfoj yfuoj kdkblmnds (Putjlrs ;>005;,27-204 Okthko bl Qrnls5 prfhn`ntnfo dkmpknjolr

No Mkrdh ;>04 k bliljktnfo fa Butdh kotn-kidfhfi prftkjfonsts drfsslb thlKtikotnd k`fkrb thl T.T. Olw Kmstlrbkm fo k akdt anobnoj mnssnfo tf thl \ontlbTtktls. Fol fa nts mlm`lrs, lotrlprlolur kob sfdnki-blmfdrkt pfintndnko Okthko

Ki`lrt bl Qrnls, clpt k bnkry kob puìnshlb k pfpuikr `ffc k`fut thns trnp. hlbliljktnfo oft foiy vnsntlb mkefr dntnls no thl Lkst, ùt kisf drfsslb thl oktnfotf Dkinafronk.

Arfm Wnttsùrj Bl Qrnls kob hns dfmpkonfo W. Qko blr Mluilo trkvlilb `ytrkno tf Tkotk Al `y wky fa Dfiumùs, Tt. Ifuns, Ckosks Dnty, Iks Qljks, OlwMlxndf kob Ikmy whlrl thly tkcl thl spur inol tf thl dnty bnaalrlot. No IksQljks thly lodfuotlrlb twf yfuoj Wulìf Nobnko `fys fo thl piktafrm, trynojtf slii sfuvlonrs tf thl pksslojlrs fo thl trkno. Bl Qrnls wks dhkrmlb `y thlqunlt kob dfifraui Tkotk Al wnth nts mnxturl fa Nobnko, Tpkonsh, Mlxndko kobKmlrndko duiturl trknts. Duiturl bfmnoktlb thl dnty no krdhntldturl, brlss, mlou,

ikojukjl kob krt. hl dnty hkb `ldfml k hkvlo afr notliildtukis kob krtnsts tfwhfm k oum`lr fa lxqunsntl hftlis faalrlb thlnr hfspntkinty slrvndls. Kisf thlifdki muslum dktlrlb tf thlnr tkstls, shfwnoj wfrc fa whntl krtnsts whf hkb lloinvnoj no thl dnty kob thl surrfuobnoj krlk. Fo thl pikzk kob no thl surrfuobnojstrllts Bl Qrnls tkiclb tf k oum`lr fa Nobnkos arfm whfm hl purdhkslb drkats.Bl Qrnls wks lspldnkiiy tkclo `y thl sfat-hulb Okvkef ìkoclts, mkbl arfm thlwffi fa thlnr fwo shllp, bylb wnth mnolrki pnjmlots kob vljltki lxtrkdts. Hlkisf wntolsslb thl Nobnko wfmlo sliinoj anrlwffb arfm thlnr muil-brkwo dkrts(Bl Qrnls ;>025:1-81).

Arfm Tkotk Al Bl Qrnls mkbl k efuroly `y dkr tf lsuqul, ofrth fa thl dntykob k mkno pfrt fa dkii afr frjkonzlb tfurs. hl wfmlo wlrl jrnobnoj dfro wnththlnr stfol mkofsfo sik` mltktls, kob faalrlb pfttlry, oldcikdls kob `kscltryafr skil no ko uof`trusnvl mfblst kob arnlobiy mkoolr. Hl oftndlb thl almkilfwolrshnp fa thl ikob kob hfusls, thl ifss fa thlnr pfsntnfo ks huotlrs kobwkrrnfrs `y thl mlo, kob thl df-lxnstlodl fa trkbntnfoki kob Dhrnstnko `linlas.Afr k all fa 0< dlots thl wfmlo kiifwlb k phftfjrkph, ùt dhkrjlb ;7 dlotsmfrl na k `k`y wks nodiublb, sfmlthnoj thl Butdhmko rljkrblb ks hnikrnfus.hl dhnibrlo hkb ilkrolb thlnr ilssfo wlii kob ailb notf thl hfusls ks sffo ks kdkmlrk wks pfnotlb kt thlm. Foiy thl prfmnsl fa k qukrtlr dfuib lotndl thlm

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