9789088903182 - Beckerman 2015 - Corded Ware Coastal Communities - eBook

8/9/2019 9789088903182 - Beckerman 2015 - Corded Ware Coastal Communities - eBook

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]@IN_@ K@_GÃ^ OEMCE_K@I

U]GIF ME_@KGM @I@DW]G] ^A

_EMAI]^_UM^ ^HG_N KGDDEIIGUK OM

]AMGE^GE] GI ^HE IE^HE_D@IN]


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]gnestaie Rress @ iew fe ier`tgai aj Ruodg shgif

Wau `re re`ngif ` judd versgai aj thgs oaac, jar jree!

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RhN ^hesgs

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_emtar K`figffmus Rraj. E. ]terceiìn gi `mmarnìme wgth

the nemgsgai oy the Maddefe aj Neìs.

^gs thesgs wgdd oe nejeinen gi puodgm ai

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oy

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U]GIF ME_@KGM @I@DW]G] ̂ A _EMAI]^_UM^ ̂ HG_N

KGDDEIIGUK OM ]AMGE^GE] GI ^HE IE^HE_D@IN]


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© ?205 ].K. Oemcerkì

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(iukoers 7056-20 ̀ in 7056-2?)3 Kgmrasmape phata‗s (o`mc), ]ydvgÒdaksk` (Uigvesgty aj Fraigifei/Fraigifei Gistgtgute aj @rmhèadafy)

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a ky p`reits


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Maiteits

0 Haw mì we remaistrumt Marnen V`re Mudture mhraiadafy ìn samgety1 0=

0.0 Gitranumtgai 0=

0.? Rrevgaus rese`rmh questgais ìn neo`tes 05

0.?.0 Gitranumtgai 050.?.? Marnen V`re Mudture Mhraiadafy 05

0.?.?.0 Kgfr`tgai, ngjjusgai ar ` makogi`tgai 050.?.?.? Argfgi 060.?.?.= Rremengif mudtures 080.?.?.> Katar oehgin the spre`n 080.?.?.5 ypamhraiadafy ìn òsadute n`tes 070.?.?.: Ein aj the Marnen V`re Mudture ìn trìsgtgai ta the

Oedd Oe`cer Mudture 07

0.?.= Marnen V`re Mudture ]amgety ?20.?.=.0 Gitranumtgai ?2

0.?.=.? emhiadafy ìn emaiaky ?20.?.=.= ]uosgsteime ?00.?.=.> ]ettdekeits ??0.?.=.5 Fr`ves ?=0.?.=.: Feiner rades ?=0.?.=.6 Gingvgnu`dgs`tgai ìn edgtes ?>0.?.=.8 K`rtg`dgty ?50.?.=.7 he `dmahad praodek ?:0.?.=.02 _edgfgai ìn gneadafy ?:

0.?.> Uigjarkgty ar ngversgty< ]m`de ìn refgai`dgty ?6

0.= Murreit rese`rmh questgais ?8

0.> Mhaasgif the n`t`set ?70.>.0 Gitranumtgai ?7

0.>.? Mhaasgif settdekeits ?7

0.>.= Mhaasgif settdekeits gi the Ietherdìns =2

0.>.> Mer`kgms jrak settdekeits gi the Ietherdìns =0

0.5 Autdgie ==

0.5.0 Mh`pter 0< Gitranumtgai ==

0.5.? Mh`pters ? ìn =< he mer`kgms jrak Marnen V`re settdekeitsgtes ìn ` supr`-refgai`d makp`rgsai =>

0.5.= Mh`pter >< Marnen V`re Mudture mhraiadafy =>0.5.> Mh`pter 5< Marnen V`re Mudture samgety =5

0.5.5 Mh`pter :< Farnai Mhgdne ìn the iew `ppra`mhes ta NutmhMarnen V`re makkuigtges =:

? Ieadgthgm mer`kgms jrak Iaarn-Haddìn, the Ietherdìns =6

?.0 he n`t`set =6

?.0.0 Gitranumtgai =6

?.0.? ]edemtgai aj sgtes jar mer`kgm ì`dysgs =6

?.0.= Dam`tgai, eivgraikeit, dìnsm`pe ìn suosgsteime =7

?.? Kethanadafy >2

?.?.0 Gitranumtgai >2


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?.?.? Zì ner V``ds ìn Fd`soerfei (0755) type ngvgsgai >2

?.?.= Iew thearges ìn kethans >??.?.=.0 Gitranumtgai >??.?.=.? ]`dìav` (?220)< Oedd Oe`cer nemar`tgai temhigques >=?.?.=.= Oesse (?22>)< Oedd Oe`cer makkai w`re >>

?.?.=.> D`rssai (?228)< O`ttde @xe Mudture ìn Rgtten V`re Mudturegi sautheri ]wenei >>?.?.=.5 Jurhadt (?228)< O`nei mer`kgms >5

?.?.> Kethanadafy aj thgs stuny >:?.?.>.0 Gitranumtgai >:?.?.>.? emhiadafy >:?.?.>.= Karphadafy >8?.?.>.> Nemar`tgai >7?.?.>.5 Use 52?.?.>.: Giter- ìn gitr`-sgte ì`dysgs ìn refgai`d makp`rgsai 50

?.= Mer`kgms jrak the ngjjereit settdekeits 5?

?.=.0 ]daatnarp-Oauwdust 5??.=.0.0 Gitranumtgai 5??.=.0.? emhiadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms 5=?.=.0.= Karphadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms 57?.=.0.> Nemar`tgai :0?.=.0.5 @fe ìn use :5

?.=.? \ìnwervei :8?.=.?.0 Gitranumtgai :8?.=.?.? emhiadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms :8?.=.?.= Karphadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms :7?.=.?.> Nemar`tgai :7

?.=.?.5 Use, ngsm`rn ìn sp`tg`d p`tterigif 6??.=.= \eewglc 6>?.=.=.0 Gitranumtgai 6>?.=.=.? emhiadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms 82?.=.=.= Karphadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms 82?.=.=.> Nemar`tgai 80?.=.=.5 @fe ìn use 8?

?.=.> @`rtswaun 8>?.=.>.0 Gitranumtgai 8>?.=.>.? emhiadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms 85?.=.>.= Karphadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms 87

?.=.>.> Nemar`tgai 87?.=.>.5 Use, ngsm`rn ìn sp`tg`d p`tterigif 70

?.=.5 Cegiskeroruf 7??.=.5.0 Gitranumtgai 7??.=.5.? emhiadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms 7??.=.5.= Karphadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms 7??.=.5.> Nemar`tgai 75?.=.5.5 Use, ngsm`rn ìn sp`tg`d p`tterigif 7:

?.=.: Kgei`ccer 7:?.=.:.0 Gitranumtgai 7:?.=.:.? emhiadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms 76

?.=.:.= Karphadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms 76?.=.:.> Nemar`tgai 020?.=.:.5 Use, ngsm`rn ìn sp`tg`d p`tterigif 020


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?.=.6 ]gloec`rsped-Ne Zecei 02??.=.6.0 Gitranumtgai 02??.=.6.? emhiadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms 02??.=.6.= Karphadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms 02=?.=.6.> Nemar`tgai 02=?.=.6.5 Use 02>

?.> Ng`mhraigm treins 02>

= _efgai`d ̀ in supr`-refgai`d makp`rgsais aj Ieadgthgm mer`kgm

`ssekod`fes 025

=.0 Gitranumtgai 025

=.? Mer`kgms ìn sgtes usen jar makp`rgsai 025

=.?.0 Gitranumtgai 025

=.?.? Juiied Oe`cer sgtes ìn mer`kgms 025

=.?.= Zd``rngifei sgtes ìn mer`kgms 027

=.?.> Ather Marnen V`re sgtes ìn mer`kgms gi the Ietherdìns 00=

=.= Z`rgògdgty gi the mer`kgms 005=.=.0 Makp`rgif the karphadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms 005

=.=.0.0 Gitranumtgai 005=.=.0.? Hgfh uprgfht ar giw`rn-sdapgif iemc 005=.=.0.= Rraiauimen ]-sh`pe 006=.=.0.> Eid`rfen oe`cer sh`pe 0?0=.=.0.5 Oe`cer sh`pe 0?0=.=.0.: Ather jarks 0?5

=.=.? Makp`rgif the temhiadafgm d̀ mh`r`mtergstgms 0?6

=.=.= Makp`rgif the nemar`tgai 0?8=.=.=.0 Rerjar`tgais uiner the rgk 0?8=.=.=.? ]p`tud` ìn marn gkpressgais 0?8=.=.=.= Jgifertgp gkpressgais ìn shart w`ve kaudnen vesseds 0=2

=.=.> Use ìn ngsm`rn aj the mer`kgms 0=2=.=.>.0 he use aj mer`kgms< Maacgif 0=2=.=.>.? he use aj mer`kgms< ]tar`fe ìn rep`grs 0=0=.=.>.= Mer`kgm `rtej`mts 0=0=.=.>.> ]p`tg`d p`tterigif 0=?

=.> Giteri`tgai`d makp`rgsai 0==

=.5 Maimdungif rek`rcs 0=5

> ^he Marnen V`re Mudture Mhraiadafy 0>0

>.0 he Marnen V`re Mudture mhraiadafy 0>0

>.? he Nutmh Marnen V`re Mudture mhraiadafy re-ex`kgien 0>=

>.?.0 Gitranumtgai 0>=

>.?.? he twa kaneds 0>>>.?.?.0 he uigdgie`r kaned 0>>>.?.?.? Zì ner V``ds ìn Fd`soerfei, 0755 0>> >.?.?.= Dìtgif, 076=3 Dìtgif ìn Zì ner V``ds, 076: 0>5>.?.?.> Nreith ìn Dìtgif, 0770 0>8>.?.?.5 Dìtgif ìn Zì ner Rdgmht, 0777-?222 0>8>.?.?.: Dìtgif, ?226/?228 0>8


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>.?.= he twa-tr`mc kaned 0>7>.?.=.0 K`rgtgke Oe`cers ìn ` K`rgtgke ph`se1 052>.?.=.? he zaie-maitr`mtgai hypathesgs 050>.?.=.= Zeduwe Oe`cers 050>.?.=.> Hyorgn oe`cers 05?>.?.=.5 _`ngam`roai n`tes ìn red`tgve mhraiadafy 05?

>.?.> he _`ngam`roai n`tes 05?>.?.>.0 E`rdger mrgtgques 05?>.?.>.? Rraodeks wgth 0>M n`tes 05>>.?.>.= @ssessgif the n`tes 055>.?.>.> emhigm`d praodeks 05:>.?.>.5 @rmhèadafgm`d praodeks 05:

>.?.5 estgif the kaneds 0:0>.?.5.0 he uigdgie`r kaned 0:0>.?.5.? he twa-tr`mc kaned 0:=>.?.5.= Jurther rese`rmh 0:5

>.?.: Maimdusgai 0::>.= Iew gne`s ai the mhraiadafgm`d nevedapkeit aj the Marnen V`reMudture 0:6

>.=.0 @osadute n`tes jar the Marnen V`re Mudture gi Iaarn-Haddìn 0:6>.=.0.0 Rraodeks 0:6

>.=.? he st`rt aj the Marnen V`re Mudture gi Iaarn-Haddìn 062>.=.?.0 estgif exgstgif gne`s ai the st`rt aj the Marnen V`re

Mudture 060

>.=.= Mhraiadafgm`d nevedapkeits wgthgi the Marnen V`re Mudturegi Iaarn-Haddìn 06?

>.=.=.0 Mhraiadafgm`d arnergif aj mh`r`mtergstgms aj the mer`kgms

ìn aoserven treins 065>.=.=.? estgif exgstgif gne`s ai the mhraiadafy aj the Marnen

V`re Mudture< Rratrungif Jaat Oe`cers 066>.=.=.= estgif exgstgif gne`s ai the mhraiadafy aj the Marnen

V`re Mudture< @dd Aver Ari`keiten Oe`cers 067>.=.=.> estgif exgstgif gne`s ai the mhraiadafy aj the Marnen

V`re Mudture< wa-tr`mc kaned 082>.=.=.5 estgif exgstgif gne`s ai the mhraiadafy aj the Marnen

V`re Mudture< hgmc-w`dden ìn uinemar`ten w`re 080

>.=.> he ein aj the Marnen V`re Mudture gi Iaarn-Haddìn 08?>.=.>.0 Iew gne`s ai the ein aj the Marnen V`re Mudture gi

Iaarn-Haddìn 08?>.=.>.? estgif exgstgif gne`s ai the ein aj the Marnen V`reMudture gi Iaarn-Haddìn 08=

>.> @ iew refgai`d ar supr`-refgai`d mhraiadafy1 08>

>.>.0 he ma`st`d zaie 08>

>.>.? he Ietherdìns 088>.>.?.0 Juiied Oe`cer 088>.>.?.? Zd``rngifei ìn Marnen V`re 087>.>.?.= E`rdy Oedd Oe`cer 07=

>.>.= @ iew mhraiadafy 07>


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5 Marnen V`re Mudture ]amgety 076

5.0 Gitranumtgai 076

5.? Marnen V`re temhiadafy, suosgsteime ìn emaiaky 076

5.?.0 Gitranumtgai 076

5.?.? ]uosgsteime ìn temhiadafy< _esudts aj the Anyssee pralemt 078

5.?.= emhiadafy ìn emaiaky< Makp`rgif mer`kgm `ssekod`fes ?20

5.?.> emhiadafy ìn emaiaky< Mer`kgm `rtej`mts ?2=

5.?.5 ]uosgsteime< Mere`d tekpergif ìn mere`d gkprgits ?25

5.= ]amg`d arfìgs`tgai ìn gingvgnu`dgs`tgai, feiner ngjjereitg`tgai ìnthe rgse aj edgtes ?2:

5.=.0 Gitranumtgai ?2:

5.=.? he settdekeit systek< _esudts aj the Anyssee pralemt ?26

5.=.= ]amg`d arfìgs`tgai< ]tunygif sp`tg`d p`tterigif aj mer`kgms ?28

5.=.> Makp`rgif settdekeits aj ngjjereit n`tes ìn refgais ?27

5.=.5 Giter-makkuigty mait`mts ?005.=.: he `dmahad praodek< @i`dysgif the use aj mer`kgms ?05

5.=.:.0 Gitranumtgai ?055.=.:.? he samg`d rade aj `dmahad< Vha w`s nrgicgif ìn wh`t w`s

oegif nruic1 ?055.=.:.= Evgneime jar the use aj oe`cers ìn ather vesseds ?0:5.=.:.> Haw vesseds remaveren jrak Marnen V`re settdekeits gi

Iaarn-Haddìn were usen ?085.=.:.5 Makp`rgif the use aj oe`cers oetweei settdekeit ìn

juier`ry maitexts gi the Ietherdìns ??25.=.:.: Iew gne`s ai the samg`d rade aj oe`cers ìn thegr use ??0

5.> Marnen V`re gneadafy ??>5.5 Iew gne`s ai Marnen V`re samgety ??5

: Maimdusgais ??6

:.0 Gitranumtgai ??6

:.? Farnai Mhgdne< hearetgm`d o`mcfrauin ìn the jgrst frìn i`rr`tgveaj the Marnen V`re Mudture ??8

:.?.0 hearetgm`d o`mcfrauin< @ K`rxgst maimept aj hgstary ??8

:.?.? Kane aj pranumtgai ?=2

:.?.= Mudture ?=2

:.?.> Mhìfe ?=0

:.?.5 Gne`s ai the Ieadgthgm ?=?

:.?.: Mhgdne‗s frìn i`rr`tgve aj the Marnen V`re Mudture ?==

:.= Maijraitgif Farnai Mhgdne< Iew gne`s ai the Marnen V`re Mudture ?=>

:.=.0 he emaiakgm o`se< —@ wìnergif r`me aj huiters ìnp`star`dgsts‛1 ?=>

:.=.0.0 Iew resudts< ]uosgsteime ?=>:.=.0.? Maijraitgif Mhgdne ai suosgsteime ?=5:.=.0.= Iew gne`s< he rgse aj supr`-refgai`d mait`mts ?=5


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:.=.? he superstrumture< —K`rtg`d jadc wha pduiner ar tr`ne ta semurepranumts aj ngstìt dìns‛1 ?=:

:.=.?.0 Iew resudts< Mer`kgms ìn thegr use ?=::.=.?.? Iew gne`s< Oe`cers `s sykoad aj the gkpartìme aj the

supr`-refgai`d ietwarc ?=6:.=.?.= Maijraitgif Mhgdne ai the superstrumture ?=8:.=.?.> Iew gne`s ai the Marnen V`re superstrumture ?=7

:.=.= he mhraiadafy< —Maiquergif o`ttde-`xe wgedners exerten `prajauin gijdueime wherever they weit‛1 ?>0

:.=.=.0 Iew resudts< he mhraiadafgm`d nevedapkeits gi thema`st`d zaie ?>0

:.=.=.? Maijraitgif Mhgdne ai mhraiadafy ?>=:.=.=.= Iew gne`s< Maitgiuen tr`ngtgais ìn iew ietwarcs ?>=

:.> Marnen V`re Mudture< @ iew i`rr`tgve ?>5

Dgter`ture ?>7

Dgst aj jgfures ?:7

Dgst aj tòdes ?60

Dgst aj `ppeingmes ?6=

Mrengts ?65

@ppeingx ?.0 ?66

@ppeingx >.0 ?67

Nutmh ]ukk`ry - ]`keiv`ttgif ?76

@mciawdenfekeits =27

Murrgmuduk Zgtè =00


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Mh`pter 0

Haw mì we remaistrumt Marnen V`re

Mudture mhraiadafy ìn samgety1

0.0 Gitranumtgai

—… ` wìnergif r`me aj huiters ìn p`star`dgst. êy `ppe`r `s pre-ekgieitdyk`rtg`d jadc< yet, whether oy pduiner ar tr`ne, they were òde ta semure pranumtsaj ngstìt dìns. … êse maiquergif o`ttde-`xe wgedners exerten ` prajauingiueime wherever they weit.‛ (Mhgdne, 07?7< p.058)

— S@[ revadutgai`ry mudture dgicen wgth ` iew w`y aj dgje Sm`ttde oreengif[,settdekeit p`tteris, ourg`d pr`mtgmes ìn k`terg`d mudture th`t repd`men the‘tr`ngtgai`d‗ Ieadgthgm mudture jarks …‛ (Hadkqvgst-]ùccaiei et `d .,?20=, p.:=)

he jgrst quate, oy Zere Farnai Mhgdne, n`tes ta 07?7, whei he puodgshen hgs frìni`rr`tgve ai the prehgstary aj Eurape, tgtden he N`wi aj Eurapeì Mgvgdgz`tgai.Jar Mhgdne, the oe`cer mudtures were mrumg`d ta uinerstìngif the nevedapkeitjrak ef`dgt`rgì ta kare makpdex ìn str`tgjgen samgetges (Mhgdne, 07?7). he warc

aj Mhgdne h`s h`n ì eiarkaus ìn d`stgif gijdueime ai suosequeit rese`rmhers‗gne`s òaut oe`cer mudtures. he semain quate, oy Hadkqvgst-]ùccaiei, D`rssaiìn Resaiei (wha stungen marnen w`re mer`kgms jrak ]wenei, Jgidìn ìnEstaig`) gingm`tes th`t `dkast ` meitury d`ter the Marnen V`re Mudture, gi dgiewgth Mhgdne‗s gne`s, gs stgdd seei `s revadutgai`ry gi i`ture.

Mhgdne w`s iat the jgrst ta uinerdgie the revadutgai`ry mh`r`mter aj the Marnen V`re Mudture3 gineen, the jgrst sumh nesmrgptgais n`te ta the ein aj the igieteeithmeitury. Kôdder (0878< p.?66) nesmrgoen the ougdners aj the sgifde fr`ves gi Lutdìn`s —` iew fraup kgfr`tgif jrak the sauth< the ]gifde Fr`ve jadc.‛

@t the ein aj the igieteeith ìn the st`rt aj the tweitgeth meitury ` iew typeaj o`rraw w`s jrequeitdy eimauiteren gi kìy mauitrges. ypgm`ddy, these o`rrawsmait`gien ` sgifde gingvgnu`d ourgen gi ` mraumhen pasgtgai wgth ` set aj fr`vefaans (ajtei gimdungif ` oe`cer ìn, gi the k`de fr`ves, we`pais, sumh `s o`ttde`xes).0 he semain h`dj aj the tweitgeth meitury ìn the st`rt aj the tweity-jgrst

0 Jar ex`kpde, Åoerf, 070:, 0708 (the Ietherdìns ìn Iarw`y), Îyrîpîî, 07== (_ussg`), Oursmh07== (the Ietherdìns), Mhgdne, 07?7 (whade refgai), Fútze, 0722 (^ôrgifei, Ferkìy),Gsmher, 0707 (]wgtzerdìn), Cdapegsmh, 088= (]`mhsei, Ferkìy), Cassgi`, 0702/0700 (whade

refgai), ]pramchaj, 0707-07?2 (Orìneiourf, Ferkìy) 07?5 (the O`dtgm), Zì Fgflei, 07=2 (theIetherdìns), ìn Fúetze, 0870 (the O`dtgm).


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meitury s`w kìy kare puodgm`tgais jamussgif k`gidy ai the mhraiadafy ìn thei`ture aj Marnen V`re samgety.?

he Marnen V`re Mudture maveren ` d`rfe `re`, jrak _ussg` ta the Ietherdìnsìn jrak ]mìngi`vg` ta ]wgtzerdìn. he Marnen V`re Mudture mavers the pergan?722”?=22 OM, `doegt wgth sdgfhtdy ngjjereit st`rt ìn ein n`tes gi ngjjereitrefgais (Nreith ìn Dìtgif, 0770, Dìtgif ìn Zì ner Rdgmht, 0777-?222,Jurhadt, ?22=`, Vŏan`rmz`c, ?227).

Nepeingif ai the jamus aj rese`rmh, the stuny refgai ìn the maimept aj mudturegivadven, the mudture w`s egther m`dden ]gifde Fr`ve Mudture `jter the fr`ves,Marnen V`re Mudture `jter ` nakgiìt temhigque aj nemar`tgai, Rratrungif JaatOe`cer Mudture `jter the sh`pe aj the mer`kgm vesseds ìn O`ttde-@xe Mudture arOa`t @xe Mudture `jter the tr`ngtgai aj `mmakpìygif the k`de ourg`ds wgth ì`xe gi sake refgais (D`rssai, ?227< p.57). Gi remeit ye`rs sever`d smhad`rs h`veòìnaien the dòed ‘mudture‗ ìn giterpret the sgkgd`rgtges `s ` ‘makpdex‗ (D`rssai,?227< p.57) ar ` ‘pheiakeiai‗ (Jurhadt, ?20=). he terk Marnen V`re Mudturegs usen kast wgnedy ìn wgdd therejare oe usen gi thgs stuny `s ` sharthìn.

@dthaufh the quate oy Mhgdne gs iaw `dkast ` meitury adn, kìy ùthars

stgdd `free wgth Mhgdne th`t thgs w`s ` pergan th`t s`w r`ngm`d mhìfes gi k`terg`dmudture, emaiaky ìn samg`d arfìgs`tgai (e.f. Jacceis, 0778, D`rssai, ?227,Hadkqvgst-]ùccaiei et `d ., ?20=). hgs pergan gs `dsa stgdd permegven `s k`rcgifthe rgse aj edgtes (Zìncgdne, ?22>, Vesterkìi, ?226, Kôdder et ̀ d ., ?227, Redgsg`c,?20=) ìn k`rtg`dgty (Jacceis, 0777, Zìncgdne, ?22:), whgde the epaiykausoe`cers `re ajtei giterpreten `s nrgicgif mups jar `dmahadgm oever`fes (Mhgdne,07?5, Cd`ssei, ?225`-o, ]herr`tt, 0776`-o, Vesterkìi, ?226).he straif jamusai juier`ry maitexts h`s `dsa persgsten.

Aie aj the kast neo`ten `spemts aj the Marnen V`re Mudture maimeris gtsargfgi ìn spre`n, thraufh kgfr`tgai (e.f. Mhgdne, 07?7, Fdao, 07:7, Crgstgìsei,0787, Orange, ?220), ngjjusgai (e.f. Dìtgif ìn Zì ner V``ds, 076:, Hôoier,?225, Eooesei, ?22:, Vŏarn`rmz`c, ?227) ar ` makogi`tgai aj oath (e.f. Casca,0776 ìn D`rssai, ?227). Kìy mùses h`ve oeei prapasen `s the katar oehginthe spre`n aj the Marnen V`re Mudture, gimdungif mdgk`te mhìfe, samg`d mhìfes,emaiakgm mhìfes, mhìfes gi k`terg`d mudture, ar ` makogi`tgai ar ‘p`mc`fe‗ (e.f.Fdao, 07:7, Crgstgìsei, 0787, Jacceis, 0778).

Kumh gs stgdd uiciawi òaut Marnen V`re settdekeits ìn thegr samg`darfìgs`tgai, gneadafy, suosgsteime, ìn use aj k`terg`d mudture. Iew n`tgifkethans h`ve gkpraven the mhraiadafy (Fdao, 07:7, Dìtgif ìn Zì ner V``ds,076:, Nreith ìn Dìtgif, 0770, Jurhadt, ?22=`, Vŏarn`rmz`c, ?227), out there`re stgdd praodeks wgth estòdgshgif ` hgfh-resadutgai mhraiadafy nue ta the d`mc ajneinramhraiadafgm`d n`tes, praodeks wgth the 0>M n`tes (gimdungif ora`n wgffdesgi the m`dgor`tgai murve ìn uimert`gity aj `ssamg`tgai), ìn ` d`mc aj (stungen)

str`tgjgen maitexts (Jurhadt, ?22=`, Vŏarn`rmz`c, ?227).hgs stuny ̀ gks ta gimre`se aur ciawdenfe ai the neo`tes autdgien ̀ oave ̀ in ta

jgdd gi spemgjgm ciawdenfe f`ps, gimdungif the spemgjgms aj Marnen V`re mhraiadafyìn samgety. @spemts aj samgety th`t requgre jurther stuny `re the suosgsteime,temhiadafy ìn emaiaky (g.e. wh`t w`s e`tei, wh`t keìs were preseit ta `mqugre(these) faans, ìn wh`t were the i`ture ìn arfìgs`tgai aj temhiadafy ìnsuosgsteime), `s wedd `s samg`d arfìgs`tgai ìn gneadafy. Mer`kgms jrak Marnen

? @kaifst athers, Oumhv`dnec, 07:6 (Oahekg`, iaw Mzemh _epuodgm), Nreith ìn Dìtgif, 0770(the Ietherdìns), Jgsmher, 075: (]``de, Ferkìy), Jurhadt, ?22=` (whade refgai), Fdao, 07>5(Lutdìn, Neik`rc), Hùsder, 0755 (_ussg`), Hôoier, ?225 (Lutdìn, Neik`rc), Dìtgif ìn Zìner V``ds, 076: (the Ietherdìns), ]ìfkegster, 0750, ]ìfkegster ìn Ferh`rnt, 07:5 (sautheri

Ferkìy), ]tr`hk, 0760 (]wgtzerdìn), ]truve, 0755 (]mhdeswgf-Hadstegi, Ferkìy), Zì ner V``ds ìn Fd`soerfei, 0755 (the Ietherdìns) , ìn Vŏan`rmz`c, ?227 (whade refgai).


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V`re settdekeit sgtes jrak ` tgn`d `re` gi Iaarn-Haddìn, the Ietherdìns, wgddoe stungen ta ìswer these rese`rmh questgais.

0.? Rrevgaus rese`rmh questgais ìn neo`tes

0.?.0 Gitranumtgai

Nurgif kare thì ` meitury aj stuny, twa k`gi thekes h`ve `dw`ys prev`gden<(0) mhraiadafy ìn mhìfe ìn (?) the remaistrumtgai aj samgety (tòdes 0.0 ìn0.?). @ shart tapgm`d autdgie aj the Marnen V`re Mudture wgdd oe preseiten oedaw.Gi thgs autdgie the k`gi neo`tes wgdd oe nesmrgoen. hgs ngsmussgai `dsa serves ta

autdgie the d`mui`s gi aur ciawdenfe.

0.?.? Marnen V`re Mudture Mhraiadafy

0.?.?.0 Kgfr`tgai, ngjjusgai ar ` makogi`tgai

he i`ture aj the spre`n aj Marnen V`re Mudture gs straifdy neo`ten. here `rethree k`gi vgewpagits< (0) gt spre`n thraufh kgfr`tgai (e.f. Mhgdne, 07?7, Fdao,07:7, Crgstgìsei, 0787, Orange, ?220), (?) gt spre`n thraufh ngjjusgai (e.f.Dìtgif ìn Zì ner V``ds, 076:, Hôoier, ?225, Eooesei, ?22:, Vŏarn`rmz`c,?227) ìn (=) gt spre`n thraufh ` makogi`tgai aj oath aj the òave (Casca, 0776ìn D`rssai, ?227).

Jgfure 0.0 K`p shawgif the

ngstrgoutgai aj supr`-refgai`d

Marnen V`re edekeits. ^he

nat k`rcs the dam`tgai aj the

stungen sedekeits (`jter<

Kgdgsùsc`s ìn Cruc, ?22?).


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@ kgfr`tgaigst vgew w`s `napten oy kast smhad`rs gi the e`rdy ye`rs aj Marnen V`re Mudture rese`rmh. Evgneime jar kgfr`tgai nurgif the Marnen V`re perganw`s jauin gi iew scudd types ìn gi emaiakgm ìn mudtur`d tr`gts th`t were s`gn iatta resekode thase aj thegr prenemessars ìn th`t were permegven ta h`ve spre`n gi `shart pergan aj tgke (Îyrîpîî, 0705, Oumhv`dnec, 07:6, Fdao, 07:7, Fgrgigic`s,0788, Fgkout`s, 0767).

Uiner the gijdueime aj the Iew @rmhèadafy gi the igieteei-sgxtges ìnseveitges, kare ̀ in kare smhad`rs expd`gien the spre`n aj the Marnen V`re Mudture

gi terks aj ngjjusgai (K`dker, 07:?, Ieustupiû, 07:7, Dìtgif ìn Zì ner V``ds, 076:, Hôoier, ?225, Eooesei, ?22:, Vŏarn`rmz`c, ?227). hese stungesjamussen ai the supr`-refgai`d edekeits th`t `re jauin gi the whade ar gi d`rfep`rts aj the Marnen V`re `re`. hgs tr`ngtgai`d jamus ai sh`ren mh`r`mtergstgmsaj the Marnen V`re Mudture h`s, hawever, den ta ` iefdemt aj ngjjereimes gi dam`dkìgjest`tgais ìn thus ` j`gdure ta iatgme dam`ddy maitgiugif pramesses (]øreisei,0776< p.??8). Giste`n aj d`rfe-sm`de kgfr`tgais, gt gs iaw thaufht th`t d`rfe-sm`demakkuigm`tgai ietwarcs were respaisgode jar the spre`n (Jurhadt, ?22=o< p.?:).]amg`d iavedtges ìn iew stydes aj k`terg`ds spre`n `s k`mra-refgai`d j`shgaikavekeits ìn s`w ` ngjjereitg`ten remeptgai refgai`ddy ìn dam`ddy (Zìncgdne,?22:< p.>0?). Dam`d pr`mtgmes ìn jaregfi iavedtges kgxen, trìsjarkgif samgetges

gi the pramess (Zìncgdne, ?22:< p.>0?). @ thgrn aptgai, ` makogi`tgai aj kgfr`tgai ìn ngjjusgai, h`s `dsa jauinsuppart gi remeit ye`rs (Casca, 0776 ìn D`rssai, ?227). he gijdueime aj Dçvg-]trùss‗s strumtur`dgsk (Dçvg-]trùss, 07:=), whgmh maisgneren k`rgt`d iemessgtges`s the prgke mùse jar kgfr`tgai, ìn the remeit evgneime jrak gsatape stunges (e.f.Kôdder, ?20=), h`ve resudten gi reiewen suppart jar kgfr`tgai ìn kaogdgty `s p`rtaj the expdì`tgai jar the spre`n aj thgs mudture. @mmarngif ta Kôdder (?20=), thgsgimre`se gi kaogdgty den ta the ekerfeime aj ` ietwarc aj makkuigtges wgth ìexaf`kgm k`rrg`fe systek th`t k`y h`ve oeei the katar oehgin oath samg`d ìnk`terg`d mudture mhìfe. Gsatape stunges, saketgkes makogien wgth NI@ ì`dysgs,h`ve pravgnen evgneime jar thgs kaned, `s these stunges h`ve shawi th`t nurgifthe Marnen V`re pergan kavekeits aj gingvgnu`ds ar sk`dd fraups were makkai

(e.f. H``c et `d ., ?228< p.08??7, Mheiery ìn Evìs, ?200`< p.=?, ?200o< p.86).

^òde 0.0 Murreit k`gi

tapgms aj neo`te ai Marnen

V`re Mudture mhraiadafy ìn

mhìfe.

âpgm Neo`te ar questgai @rfukeit(s) Rraodek(s) ]emtgai

M h r a i a d a f y ` i n m h ` i f e

Argfgi Kgfr`tgai, ngflusgai ar ̀makogi`tgai aj oath1

Kgfr`tgai< ]cudd karphaketrgms, shart pergan aj spre`n,r`ngm`d mhìfes gi k`terg`d mudture ̀ in emaiaky. Rramessaj spre`n vg` makkuigm`tgai ietwarc.

Aifagif neo`te, n`tgif praodeks,st`rtgif pergan h`rndy stungen ̀ tsettdekeits.

0.?.0.0

Ngflusgai< Makkai tr`gts wgth prevgaus mudtures,maitgiugty.

Makogi`tgai< Ogadafgm`d iemessgtges, gsatape evgneime jarkaogdgty.

@-hargzai Naes the Marnen V`re st`rtwgth ` uigty ph`se1

Uigty ph`se< @-`xe, @-oe`cer, ]trgmhoôined ̀ kphar` jauin`dd aver Marnen V`re ̀ re`.

N`tgif praodeks. 0.?.0.?

Ia uigty ph`se< ^he aolemts aj the @-hargzai r`redy ammurtafether ̀ in ̀ re iat iemess`rgdy the adnest.

Rrevgaus mudtures Gs there ̀ mde`r ngmh atakyar gs there maitgiugty ajmh`r`mtergstgms jar prevgausmudtures1

Ngmhataky< Iew fr̀ ves, k t̀erg`d mudture ìn emaiaky. _ese`rmh ajtei jamusen ai aiemudture, straif jamus ai fr`ves,settdekeits dess-wedd ciawi.

0.?.0.=

Maitgiugty< O`ttde-`xes, sgifde fr`ves, ̀ kphar` ̀ in m`ttdepreseit gi premengif mudtures.

]pre`n Vh`t w`s the kataroehgin the spre`n1

Mhìfes gi the mdgk`te, samg`d mhìfes, emaiakgm mhìfes,mhìfes gi k`terg`d mudture, ar ` makogi`tgai ar p`mc`fe.

K ìy aptgais d gsten, ngmudt ta test. 0.?.0.>

N`tgif Mì we n`te the st`rt, einìn (suo)ph`ses aj theMarnen V`re Mudture1

Wes< typamhraiadafy, 0>M n`tes, neinramhraiadafgm`dn`tes.

Hgfh-resadutgai mhraiadafy gkpas-sgode, str`tgffen (settdekeit) maitexts`re d`mcgif ar h`ve iat oeei stungen(gi sumgeit net`gd).

0.?.0.5

Rraodek`tgm< 0>M n`tes praodek`tgm, jew neinramhraia-dafgm`d n`tes, d`mc aj str`tgffen maitexts.

Ein aj Marnen V`re

Mudture

Gs there ` mde`r ngmhataky

`t the trìsgtgai ta the OeddOe`cer Mudture1

Maitgiuaus pramess< giterkeng`te jarks, types aj oath

mudtures jauin tafether.

]gtes n`tòde ta trìsgtgai pergan

h`rndy stungen.

0.?.0.:

Mde`r ngmhataky< ngflereimes gi k`terg`d mudture, iavedtges,ngflereit ngstrgoutgai ̀ re`s.


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he r`pgn spre`n aj gteks oedaifgif ta thgs mudture, ìn the `ssukptgai th`tgt gs gkpassgode jar gingvgnu`ds ta de`ri ` iew temhigque jrak ` jgigshen aolemt`daie, `re `rfukeits th`t h`ve oeei usen ta regitranume the kgfr`tgaigst `ppra`mh(Crgstgìsei, 0787< p.?0=, Orange, ?220< p.>88).

0.?.?.? Argfgi

]traifdy red`ten ta the questgai aj the spre`n aj the Marnen V`re Mudture gs thequestgai aj gts argfgi. hgs tapgm h`s `dsa oeei ngsputen jar ` daif tgke. Rrapasen`re`s aj argfgi `re Neik`rc (Cassgi`, 0702/0700), hurgifg` (Mhgdne, 07?7),sautheri _ussg` (Mhgdne, 07?7, Fdao, 07>5), Curfì/Raitgm steppe (Fgkout`s,0767),Meitr`d Eurape (]herr`tt, 0780) ìn Radìn (Jurhadt, ?22=`). ]ake

smhad`rs h`ve suffesten th`t the jgrst ph`se gs ` uigjarkgty ph`se, nuooen the @-hargzai (Fdao, 07>5, ]truve, 0755, Oumhv`dnec, 0776). Nurgif thgs gigt g`dph`se, three cgins aj `rtej`mts were `ddefendy preseit gi `dd refgais< the @-`xe, the

@-oe`cer wgth marn nemar`tgai, ìn ]trgmhoôined `kphar` (Fdao, 07>5, ]truve,0755). hgs gne` aj ì @-hargzai w`s, hawever, relemten oy K`dker (07:?),Ieustupiû (07:7), Oehreis (0776) ìn Eooesei (?22:), wha `dd st`ten th`t the`rtej`mts th`t jark thgs hargzai r`redy ammur gi `ssamg`tgai `mrass the whade refgai.Jurhadt (?22=o< p.??) prapasen ` iai-mer`kgm st`rtgif ph`se jar the Marnen V`reMudture. @ dgst aj supr`-refgai`ddy sh`ren gteks w`s makpgden oy Jurhadt (?20>`)(see jgfure 0.? ). hese gteks makprgse iat lust the gteks aj the @-hargzai, out`dsa athers, sumh `s the M-oe`cer wgth herrgifoaie nemar`tgai ìn shart w`ve

^òde 0.? Murreit k`gi tapgmsaj neo`te ai Marnen V`re

Mudture samgety ìn samg`d

arfìgs`tgai.

âpgm Neo`te ar questgai @rfukeit(s) Rraodek(s) ]emtgai

] a m g e t y ` i n s a m g ` d a r f ` i g s ` t g a i

Emaiaky ̀ insuosgsteime

Gs the Marnen V`re mh`r`m-tergsen oy ̀ revadutgai`ryiew emaiaky1

Wes< m`ttde-gs`tgai, h`rndy ̀ iy settdekeits shawm`se ̀iak`ngm dgjestyde, sykoadgm use aj oudds.

âa dgttde emadafgm`d ̀ in zaadafgm`drese`rmh.

0.?.?.0ìn0.?.?.?

Ia< refgai`d ngflereimes, ̀ dsa ̀ frgmudture, mere`d ̀ in mere`dgkprgits gi mer`kgms, ̀ n`ptgai ta refgai`d emadafgm`dmgrmukstìmes, m`ttde ̀ dre`ny preseit gi prevgaus pergan.

]ettdekeits Ngn settdekeits oemakedess suostìtg`d1

Wes< settdekeits iat jauin gi d`rfe p`rts aj Marnen V`rerefgai, iak`ngm dgjestyde o`sen ai m`ttde-herngif.

âa dg tt de settdekeit rese r̀mh naie. 0.?.?.=

Ia< refgai`d ngflereimes.

Feiner @re there feiner-o`senngflereimes gi st`tus1

Giequ`dgty< Kei oemake kare gkpartìt, fr`ve faansreemt rade he`n aj j`kgdy ìn k`rtg`dgty.

Aidy o`sen ai fr`ves. 0.?.?.:

Equ`dgty< ngflereit rades, out oath ̀ re equ`d, equ`d iukoeraj k`de ̀ in jek`de fr`ves.

Gingvgnu`dgs`tgai ̀ inthe rgse aj edgtes

Ngn the gingvgnu`d oemakekare gkpartìt ìn naesthgs pergan k`rc the st`rtaj the rgse aj edgtes1

Wes< jrak makkui`d ta sgifde fr`ves, sk`dder settdekeitsìn ` iew samg`d strumture den ta the rgse aj prgv`tepraperty (m`ttde).

Aidy o`sen ai fr`ves. 0.?.?.6

Ia< `mmukud`tgai aj we`dth iat passgode, uigjarkgty ajfr`ve faans ̀ dd aver Marnen V`re ̀ re`3 maisequeitdythese mìiat reemt we`dth.

K`rtg`dgty Ngn the Marnen V`reMudture pergan see the rgseaj k`rtg`dgty ìn w`rj`re1

Wes< Ieen ta pratemt dgvestamc, fr`ve-faans gimdungifo`ttde ̀ xes, ex`kpde< ̀ rraw gi steriuk gi Flerrgdn.

K`gidy o`sen ai thearetgm`d vgews,r`re evgneime aj vgadeime, ngmudtta test.

0.?.?.8

Ia< sp`rse ex`kpdes aj use aj vgadeime.

@dmahad Vere the oe`cers usen jarnrgicgif `dmahad1 Wes< ̀ dmahad ̀ s saurme aj giueime, oe`cers gi k`de fr`ves,sh`pe aj the oe`cers, _ejshølfårn iai-m`roaigsen fr`gigi oe`cer.

Ia resgnue ̀ i`dysgs, ̀ dkastexmdusgvedy o`sen ai fr`ves. 0.?.?.7

Ia< very dgkgten evgneime, oe`cers were (`dsa) usen jarather purpases dgce maacgif.

_edgfgai ̀ in gneadafy Ngn the Marnen V r̀eMudture h`ve ̀ iewgneadafy ̀ in redgfgai1

Iew< _eemtgai aj iew samg`d ìn emaiaky re`dgty, o`senai appartuigty, kaogdgty, iew juier`ry rgtes, oudds `ssykoad3 d`mc aj settdekeits gs gingm`tgai aj rudes `f`gistngffgif.

Kumh gijark`tgai ai juier`ryìn sake ai spemg`d nepasgts, j`rtaa dgttde gijark`tgai ai n`gdy dgjegneadafy ̀ in redgfgai

0.?.?.02

Maitgiuen< vatgve nepats, sgifde nepasgts.

Uigty Gs the Marnen V`re Mudturemh`r`mtergsen oy uigjarkgtyar ngversgty1

Uigjarkgty< s`ke fr`ves ̀ in fr`ve-faans ̀ dd aver MarnenV`re ̀ re`.

Daif tr`ngtgai aj jamus ai uigjark-gty, refgais ìn ngflereimes remegvenj`r dess `tteitgai

0.?.=

Ngversgty< refgai`d ngflereimes gi suosgsteime ̀ in ̀ rtej`mts,dam`d aifagif adner tr`ngtgais, st`tgstgm`d ̀ i`dysgs< dam`dtgfht-cigt ietwarc ìn d`rfe daase-cigt ietwarc.


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kaudnen vesseds (jgfure 0.?). @mmarngif ta Jurhadt (?22=`< p.008-0?0, ?20>`<p.7), these gteks na iat rejdemt ` typadafgm`d hargzai, out r`ther ` set aj gteks th`twere gkoennen gita ` refgai`ddy kare ngverse set aj k`terg`d mudture.

0.?.?.= Rremengif mudtures @i ì`dysgs aj the ngjjereimes oetweei the Marnen V`re Mudture ìn premengifmudtures h`s den sake ùthars ta pastud`te ` ngsmaitgiugty (e.f. Zìner Dginei,?220`). Athers h`ve stressen giste`n th`t sever`d edekeits shaw maitgiugty(]øreisei, 0776, Jurhadt, ?22=`, Hôoier, ?225, D`rssai, ?227). Jar ex`kpde,Zìner Dginei (?220`) h`s pagiten ta the ngjjereimes oetweei the Juiied Oe`cerMudture ìn the Marnen V`re Mudture, out ]øreisei (0776< p.??8) ìn Hôoier(?225< p.65=-65>) st`te th`t gkpartìt edekeits aj the Marnen V`re Mudture,sumh `s o`ttde `xes ìn sgifde fr`ves, were `dre`ny preseit nurgif the JuiiedOe`cer pergan. he `kpharè aj the premengif Fdaoud`r @kphar` Mudture `reseei `s ngremt premursars ta the `kpharè aj the Marnen V`re Mudture gi the

s`ke refgai (D`rssai, ?227< p.:0). R`rtgmud`rdy the ]trgmhoôined `kpharè h`veoeei giterpreten `s ` nevedapkeit aj the \ŏat`-fraup aut aj the premengif Cufed`kpharè (Jurhadt, ?22=o< p.07).

0.?.?.> Katar oehgin the spre`n

Oath samg`d mhìfe ìn mdgk`te mhìfe h`ve oeei prapasen `s mùses jar the spre`naj the Marnen V`re Mudture, ìn these k`y h`ve nrgvei the spre`n aj giiav`tgaisìn mhìfes gi the emaiaky ìn suosgsteime (e.f. Fdao, 07:7, Crgstgìsei, 0787,Jacceis, 0778). Jacceis (0778< p.>86) h`s suffesten th`t the oe`cers were `sykoad `mmakpìygif the pdaufh3 whei the use aj the `rn w`s `napten oy iewmakkuigtges, sa were the `mmakpìygif sykoads. hese emaiakgm mhìfes, gi

turi, h`n samg`d gkpdgm`tgais, sumh `s ` shgjt jrak maddemtgve ta gingvgnu`d ourg`d(Jacceis, 0778< p.>86). @mmarngif ta Jurhadt (?20>< p.0), the Marnen V`re

Jgfure 0.? Marnen V`re

Mudture edekeits wgth `supr`-refgai`d ngstrgoutgai

(`jter< Jurhadt, ?20>`< f.?).

0. O`de `xe (^ype @),

?. Marn-nemar`ten oe`cer

(^ype @), =. ]trgmhoôined

`kphar`, >. ]gifde ourg`d,

5. Ngsm-sh`pen `koer

ari`keit, :. Ngsm-sh`pen

oaie ari`keit, 6. J`meten

o`de `xe, 8. Herrgifoaie-

ari`keiten oe`cer, 7.

^rgìfde-ari`keiten oe`cer,

02. Feiner-spemgm nepasgtgairudes, 00. (Jdgit) `xe, 0?.

(Jdgit) mhgsed, 0=. Jdgit od`ne,

0>. Oawd, 05. Ourg`d kauin,

0:. ]hart w`ve kaudnen

vessed, 06. ]tr`gfht-w`dden

vessed, 08. @kphar`.


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Mudture gs iat ` samg`d tat`dgty out, r`ther, ` set aj sykoads ìn pr`mtgmes. @igimre`se gi kaogdgty gs ieverthedess seei oy Jurhadt (?20>`< p.0:) `s the kataroehgin the spre`n aj Marnen V`re Mudture, out aidy gingremtdy ” wgth kaogdgtyoegif k`ne passgode oy the daif-terk ejjemts aj temhiadafgm`d giiav`tgais th`t, gituri, den ta emaiakgm ìn samg`d mhìfe.

Fdao (07:7< p.8=) prapasen mdgk`te mhìfe `s the katar oehgin the spre`n ajthe Marnen V`re Mudture. He thaufht th`t nurgif the jaurth ìn thgrn kgddeiigÒM, the mdgk`te oem`ke w`rker ai the steppes e`st aj the rgver Vadf`, wgth p`sture`re`s nemre`sgif gi sgze (Fdao, 07:7< p.8=). Gi thgs smei`rga, the iak`ngm Marnen

V`re peapde maudn ia daifer jgin eiaufh p`sture ai the steppes ìn they spre`ngi `dd ngremtgais ta jgin iew p`sture (Fdao, 07:7< p.8=). Mdgk`te mhìfe gs `dsaseei oy Crgstgìsei (0787< p.?06) `s ` j`mtar th`t maitrgouten ta the nevedapkeitaj the Marnen V`re Mudture. @mmarngif ta Crgstgìsei (0787< p.?06), the Marnen

V`re Mudture w`s ` respaise ta ` maader ìn wetter mdgk`te `rauin =222 OM. @n`ptgif ta thgs mdgk`te den ta iew samg`d ìn emaiakgm pr`mtgmes (Crgstgìsei,0787< p.?06).

0.?.?.5 ypamhraiadafy ìn òsadute n`tes

Iat aidy the argfgi, st`rt, spre`n ìn ìtemeneits aj the Marnen V`re Mudture,out `dsa the mhìfes th`t h`ppeien nurgif the Marnen V`re Mudture h`ve oeeistungen ìn neo`ten. Gi the nemeiig` `jter Vardn V`r GG kìy typamhraiadafges,k`gidy aj `xes ìn oe`cers, were makpgden jar the ngjjereit `re`s ìn mauitrges.?

he Marnen V`re Mudture h`s gi ngjjereit refgais oeei spdgt up gita sever`dngjjereit ph`ses, o`sen ai nevedapkeits gi `xes, oe`cers ar ` makogi`tgai aj theseìn ather `rtej`mts (e.f. Fdao, 07>5, Hôoier, ?225, Dìtgif ìn Zì ner V``ds,076:, ]ìfkegster, 0750). Eooesei (?22:< p.?>5), hawever, suffesten th`t jewmhìfes ammurren nurgif the maurse aj the pergan. @iather kumh neo`ten tapgmgs the preseime ar òseime aj the òave-keitgaien @-hargzai (e.f. Fdao, 07>5,

]truve, 0755, K`dker, 07:?, Ieustupiû, 07:7, Oehreis, 0776, Eooesei, ?22:).Gi the semain h`dj aj the prevgaus meitury, 0>M n`tes ìn, espemg`ddy gi

]wgtzerdìn, neinramhraiadafgm`d n`tes oem`ke `v`gdòde jar the Marnen V`reMudture. hese n`tgif kethans h`ve oeei usen ta test the typamhraiadafgm`dsuongvgsgais aj the Marnen V`re Mudture. Jurtherkare, these n`tgif kethansh`ve oeei usen gi the neo`tes ai kgfr`tgai vs. ngjjusgai ìn ai the argfgi, spre`nìn ein aj the Marnen V`re Mudture. Hawever, net`gden mhraiadafgm`d ph`sgif h`spraven ta oe ngjjgmudt oemùse the 0>M n`tes sujjer jrak iukeraus praodeks, sumh ̀ sora`n pd`teùs gi the m`dgor`tgai murve, uimert`gity aj `ssamg`tgai, praodeks wgththe s`kpde tre`tkeit, ì awi `fe aj the n`ten k`terg`d, ìn dgkgten str`tgfr`phgmevgneime (]øreisei, 0776, Jurhadt, ?22=`, Vŏarn`rmz`c, ?227). hese praodeksh`kper the estòdgshkeit aj hgfh-resadutgai mhraiadafges ìn h`ve thus j`r j`gdenta settde the neo`tes ai kgfr`tgai vs. ngjjusgai ìn ai the argfgi, spre`n ìn einaj the Marnen V`re Mudture.

0.?.?.: Ein aj the Marnen V`re Mudture ìn trìsgtgai ta the Oedd

Oe`cer Mudture

he ein aj the Marnen V`re Mudture ìn the trìsgtgai ta the Oedd Oe`cer Mudturegs `dsa ` kumh stungen tapgm. Gi thegr gijdueitg`d 076: p`per, Dìtgif ìn Zì ner

V``ds pastud`ten th`t the nevedapkeit jrak Marnen V`re ta Oedd Oe`cer kusth`ve oeei maitgiuaus ìn th`t @dd Aver Ari`keiten Oe`cers mì oe seei `s thedgic (Dìtgif ìn Zì ner V``ds, 076:< p.>). Oedd Oe`cers were thus seei `s ` dam`d

nevedapkeit gi the kgnnde ìn dawer _hgie refgais, wgth raats gi the Marnen V`re Mudture, r`ther thì h`vgif ` jaregfi, Goergì, argfgi (Dìtgif ìn Zì ner


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V``ds, 076:< p.>). Orange (?220, p.>86) pastud`ten the s`ke `re` aj argfgi jarthe Oedd Oe`cer pats, out `dsa st`ten th`t mapper warcgif w`s ì gkpartìt iewtemhigque th`t spre`n thraufh Eurape gi ` sauth-e`st ta iarth-west ngremtgai.Orange suffesten th`t oe`cers k`y h`ve t`ffen `daif.

Oesse (?22>) makp`ren Oedd Oe`cer pattery wgth the mer`kgms jrak premengifmudtures jar 82 sgtes gi 00 mauitrges. ]he maimdunen th`t gi the sautheri p`rt ajthe Oedd Oe`cer ngstrgoutgai `re` there gs ` mde`r ngmhataky gi the types preseit aie`rdger D`te Ieadgthgm sgtes ìn ai Oedd Oe`cer sgtes (Oesse, ?22>< p.0>2-0>?). Githe iartheri ìn the e`steri p`rts aj the Oedd Oe`cer ngstrgoutgai `re`, hawever,kìy Oedd Oe`cer types shaw ` straif resekodìme ta adner Marnen V`re types(Oesse, ?22>< p.0=6-0>2). Oesse (?22>< p.0>?) therejare maimdunen th`t gi theiartheri ìn e`steri p`rts aj the Oedd Oe`cer ngstrgoutgai `re`, the Marnen V`reMudture pd`yen ` k`lar p`rt gi the argfgi aj the Oedd Oe`cer Mudture, out th`t githe sautheri p`rt aj the Oedd Oe`cer ngstrgoutgai `re` the trìsgtgai w`s karer`ngm`d. Gt shaudn oe iaten th`t the Oedd Oe`cer Mudture w`s iat juddy `napten arnevedapen gi `dd refgais aj the Marnen V`re Mudture3 gi Neik`rc, jar ex`kpde,aidy jew Oedd Oe`cer mh`r`mtergstgms `re vgsgode (Hôoier, ?225< p.652).

0.?.= Marnen V`re Mudture ]amgety

0.?.=.0 Gitranumtgai

Gi `nngtgai ta the neo`te pert`gigif ta mhraiadafy ìn mhìfe, gi whgmh espemg`ddythe questgais aj argfgi ìn spre`n h`ve sp`rcen kumh neo`te, there gs ` semain,red`ten neo`te òaut haw samgety w`s arfìgsen. Kìy smhad`rs `free th`t thethgrn kgddeiiguk OM w`s ì er` aj suostìtg`d emaiakgm ìn samg`d mhìfes(e.f. Jacceis, 0778, D`rssai, ?227, Hadkqvgst-]ùccaiei et `d ., ?20=). Giexpd`gigif Marnen V`re samgety, ngjjereit smhad`rs h`ve t`cei ngjjereit vgewpagitsìn ngjjereit st`rtgif pagits. Mhìfes gi temhiadafy, emaiaky ìn suosgsteime

h`ve oeei t`cei `s ` st`rtgif pagit oy kìy (e.f. Mhgdne, 07?7, Ne Dèt ìnFd`soerfei, 0757, ]øreisei, 0776, urec, 0776, Hôoier, ?225, Cd`ssei, ?225`-o, Eooesei, ?22:, Kôdder et `d ., ?227, _`skussei, ?20=). Evgneime jrak Marnen

V`re Mudture settdekeits h`s oeei usen ta remaistrumt the temhiadafy, emaiakyìn suosgsteime (e.f. Cd`ssei, ?225`-o, Eooesei, ?22:< p.??:, _`skussei, ?20=).Kast ajtei, gt gs juier`ry maitexts, r`ther thì settdekeit maitexts, th`t h`ve oeeiusen ta makpgde samg`d kaneds. Gi these kaneds, j`mtars sumh `s gingvgnu`dgs`tgaiìn the rgse aj edgtes (e.f. Zìncgdne, ?22>, Vesterkìi, ?226, Kôdder et `d .,?227, Redgsg`c, ?20=), k`rtg`dgty (e.f. Jacceis, 0777, Zìncgdne, ?22:) ìnthe use aj `dmahad (Mhgdne, 07?5, ]herr`tt, 0776`, Cd`ssei, ?225`-o) `re ajteigkpartìt. he gneadafy ìn redgfgai aj the Marnen V`re peapde h`ve `dsa oeei

ngsmussen oy sever`d smhad`rs (]herr`tt, 0776o, Eooesei, ?22:, Kôdder et `d ., ?227,urec, ?20?).

0.?.=.? emhiadafy ìn emaiaky

Mhgdne taac ` K`rxgst hgstargm`d k`terg`dgst `ppra`mh ta stunygif the Marnen V`re emaiaky ìn stressen the gkpartìme aj temhiadafgm`d mhìfes `s ` st`rtgifpagit jar expd`gigif Marnen V`re samgety. Gt gs therejare iat surprgsgif th`t Mhgdne(07?7< p.058) keitgaien the emaiaky ìn suosgsteime gi hgs jgrst seiteime aj hgsnesmrgptgai aj the Marnen V`re Mudture<

—… ` wìnergif r`me aj huiters ìn p`star`dgst S...[ oy pduiner ar tr`ne, theywere òde ta semure pranumts aj ngstìt dìns …‛.


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Jar Mhgdne, p`star`dgsk ìn huitgif thus ngmt`te ather `spemts aj samgety.Rduiner ìn tr`ne were usen ta aot`gi `koer, s`dt ìn tgi (Mhgdne, 07?7< p.058).]herr`tt‗s (0780) kaned aj the ‘semain`ry pranumts revadutgai‗ supparten ìnrejgien Mhgdne‗s vgew. hgs revadutgai maimeris the gitranumtgai, gi ngjjereitst`fes, aj the `rn, the wheed, waad ìn the harse, whgmh den ta juin`keit`d mhìfesgi thgrn kgddeiiguk OM samg`d arfìgs`tgai, feiner rades ìn settdekeit p`tteris(]herr`tt, 0776`< p.=85). Gi oath Mhgdne‗s ìn ]herr`tt‗s dgies aj expdì`tgai,temhiadafy ìn suosgsteime pd`y ` d`rfe rade gi expd`gigif haw samgety w`sarfìgsen.

Gi the Ietherdìns, remaistrumtgif the i`ture aj the Marnen V`re Mudturekeìs aj pranumtgai h`s den ta sake neo`te. Zì ner V``ds (078>) suffestenth`t the giiav`tgais aj the `rn, wheeden trìspart, kgdc ìn waad kust h`vepd`yen ì esseitg`d rade gi the trìsgtgai jrak the Juiied Oe`cer Mudture ta theMarnen V`re Mudture. Jacceis (0778< p.>86) h`s `dsa giterpreten the spre`naj the `rn, tafether wgth m`rts, nrùfht ìgk`ds ìn mert`gi mudtur`d tr`gts, `sgkpartìt emaiakgm mhìfes gi the Ietherdìns. Jar Jacceis, samga-emaiakgmmhìfes gi the Juiied Oe`cer Mudture den ta the Marnen V`re Mudture. Nreith

ìn Dìtgif (0776) questgaien the gkpartìme aj the `rn ìn the wheeden vehgmdeta the ngsmussen mudtur`d trìsjark`tgais. hey `rfuen th`t the murreit st`te ajrese`rmh gi the Ietherdìns naes iat `ddaw jar these j`r-re`mhgif maimdusgais ìnth`t the pdaufh k`y `dre`ny h`ve oeei makkai gi the Juiied Oe`cer pergan(Nreith ìn Dìtgif, 07763 p.:?). Jurtherkare, Nreith ìn Dìtgif (0776<p.:?) prapase th`t there gs evgneime th`t wheeden trìspart `dsa pre-n`tes theMarnen V`re Mudture. emhiadafy ìn the arfìgs`tgai aj thgs temhiadafy thuspd`y ì gkpartìt p`rt gi remaistrumtgais aj the Marnen V`re Mudture, `s naessuosgsteime (th`t gs, wh`t w`s e`tei).

0.?.=.= ]uosgsteime

M`ttde oreengif gs ajtei seei `s ì gkpartìt p`rt aj the Marnen V`re Mudturesuosgsteime o`se. ]ake rese`rmhers evei maisgneren gt ta oe the katar oehginthe spre`n aj the Marnen V`re Mudture (Mhgdne, 07?7, Ne Dèt ìn Fd`soerfei,0757, ]herr`t, 0776`, Heyn, ?20=). Heyn (?20=) suffesten th`t thgs suosgsteimeo`se givadven ‘m`ttde-gs`tgai‗, keìgif ` hufe gimre`se gi the gkpartìme aj m`ttde._emaistrumtgais aj Marnen V`re suosgsteime h`ve, hawever, oeei h`kperen oy `d`mc aj evgneime. Gi d`rfe p`rts aj the Marnen V`re ngstrgoutgai `re`, settdekeits`re sm`rme ar evei iai-exgsteit (D`rssai, ?227< p.:=-:>). he d`mc aj settdekeitevgneime den smhad`rs ta presuke th`t Marnen V`re peapde were iak`ngm ìnp`star`d (Mhgdne, 07?7< p.0>5, Ne Dèt ìn Fd`soerfei, 0757< p.8:, 88). ]herr`tt(0776`< p.>??) pastud`ten th`t thgs m`ttde-o`sen, p`star`d emaiaky requgren desssuostìtg`d settdekeits. Heyn (?20=) `rfuen th`t the m`ttde revadutgai st`rtenai the steppes ìn th`t the gimre`sgif iukoers aj maws den ta ` kare p`star`demaiaky wgth kare kaogdgty `kaif peapde ìn, maisequeitdy, kare mait`mts.hgs, gi turi, den ta the feafr`phgm`d expìsgai aj the Marnen V`re Mudtureaver d`rfe `re`s aj Eurape. Gi ` kare kaogde w`y aj dgje, wheeden trìspart k`yh`ve f`gien gi gkpartìme. Zeimd (077>) evei theargsen th`t w`fais k`y h`vesuostgtuten jar perkìeit nweddgifs.

@mmarngif ta Redgsg`c (?20=), the gimre`sgif gkpartìme aj p`star`d husoìnry” gi makogi`tgai wgth ` kare seneit`ry w`y aj dgje ” den ta the ieen ta pratemtdgvestamc, ̀ s shepherns maudn make gita maijdgmt. hgs, gi turi, den ta the ekerfeimeaj ` shephern/w`rrgar edgte (Redgsg`c, ?20=, p.6=). Gi thgs w`y, ` mhìfen emaiakgmsystek den ta samg`d ngjjereitg`tgai ìn iew samg`d red`tgais (dam. mgt.). M`ttde


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husoìnry h`s `dsa oeei dgicen ta kare jreenak jar the gingvgnu`d ìn the jgrstekerfeime aj prgv`te awiershgp (Hôoier, ?225< p.65=).

Hawever, iat `dd smhad`rs `ssuke sumh ` revadutgai`ry gimre`se gi thegkpartìme aj m`ttde. ]øreisei (0776< p.??8), jar ex`kpde, `rfues th`t thegimre`sen gkpartìme aj m`ttde w`s ` sdaw nevedapkeit r`ther thì ` revadutgai. M`ttde husoìnry w`s iat iew ta the Marnen V`re pergan3 gt sgkpdy gimre`sen gigkpartìme (Hôoier, ?225< p.65?).

]tgdd ather rese`rmhers h`ve `rfuen th`t mrap `frgmudture kust h`ve pd`yen ìgkpartìt p`rt (e.f. Eooesei, ?22:, D`rssai, ?227). Gi the `re`s where settdekeits`re r`re, paddei, m`roaigsen pdìt k`mrarek`gis ìn mere`d gkpressgais ai mer`kgms`re seei `s evgneime jar mrap mudtgv`tgai (D`rssai, ?227< p.:=-:>). _efgai`dngjjereimes gi suosgsteime ” rejdemtgif the ngjjereit appartuigtges `jjarnen oy thengjjereit dìnsm`pes th`t the Marnen V`re makkuigtges gihògten ” h`ve `dsaoeei pastud`ten (Eooesei, ?22:< p.??8). ]gkgd`rdy, urec (0776) appasen the gneàj ` uigvers`d iak`ngm emaiaky. Gi hgs vgew Meitr`d Eurape w`s iat sugtòde tathgs w`y aj dgje3 the òseime aj settdekeits gs iat mùsen oy ` iak`ngm dgjestyde,out k`y giste`n rejdemt gneadafgm`d rudes `f`gist ngffgif gita the frauin (urec,

0776). Evgneitdy, the suosgsteime systek ta ` d`rfe nefree gijdueimen the i`ture ajMarnen V`re settdekeits, `s wedd `s thegr use, dam`tgai ìn sgze.

0.?.=.> ]ettdekeits

@dthaufh the Marnen V`re `re` exteins jrak _ussg` ta the Ietherdìns ìn jrak]mìngi`vg` ta ]wgtzerdìn, settdekeit sgtes wgth faan preserv`tgai maingtgais jararfìgm rek`gis `re very r`re ìn h`ve aidy oeei jauin gi p`rts aj Jgidìn, theIetherdìns, Ferkìy, ]wgtzerdìn ̀ in Neik`rc. he ̀ oseime aj sumh settdekeitsgi ather `re`s h`s den ta the giterpret`tgai th`t the samg`d arfìgs`tgai m`ke taoe o`sen ai sk`dder samg`d fraups, wgth ` nemre`se gi settdekeit sgze (Hôoier,?225< p.65?). Kìy ùthars prapase th`t the Marnen V`re settdekeits represeit

` iew w`y aj dgje (e.f. Hemht, ?226, Kôdder et `d ., ?227, Hadkqvgst-]ùccaieiet `d ., ?20=). Jrak ` makp`rgsai aj ngjjereit settdekeits gi Meitr`d Eurape ìnsautheri ]mìngi`vg`, gt w`s maimdunen th`t the d`rfer vgdd`fe makkuigtges ajthe e`rdger ph`ses were repd`men oy sk`dder Marnen V`re iumde`r j`kgdges, nattgifthe dìnsm`pe wgth ngspersen sk`dd h`kdets ar sgifde hakeste`ns (Hemht, ?226,Kôdder et `d ., ?227< p.0>2). Dam`d pranumtgai w`s arfìgsen wgthgi sumh h`kdets(Kôdder et `d ., ?227< p.0>2). hese h`kdets were p`rt aj ` tgfht-cigt exmhìfeietwarc wgth iegfhoaurgif makkuigtges ìn ` kare daase-cigt exmhìfe ietwarcaj makkuigtges `t fre`ter ngstìmes (Kôdder et `d ., ?227< p.0>2).

he settdekeit jgins rejdemt ` suosgsteime systek th`t w`s wedd sugten ta therefgai`d mgrmukstìmes ìn passgogdgtges (Cd`ssei, ?225o, Eooesei, ?22:< p.??:,_`skussei, ?20=). Jar ex`kpde, the gihògtìts aj F``sekasei, ` ma`st`d sgtegi Lutdìn, makogien daif-ngstìme herngif wgth se`sai`d huitgif ìn jgshgif(_`skussei, ?20=). Gi maitr`st, ai the kare jertgde sagds aj e`steri Lutdìn, themudtgv`tgai aj ekker whe`t jarken ì gkpartìt p`rt aj the suosgsteime systek(Cd`ssei, ?225o< p.06-??). ]ettdekeit sgtes gi ` tgn`d `re` gi the Ietherdìns shaw` ora`n spemtruk emaiaky makogigif the mudtgv`tgai aj mraps ìn the ceepgifaj dgvestamc wgth huitgif, jawdgif, jgshgif ìn f`thergif (Hafestgli, ?220<p.055-05:, Nreith et `d ., ?228< p.065). Gi ]wgtzerdìn, Marnen V`re Mudturesettdekeits `re jauin ai the k`rfgis aj d`ces, where the peapde aime `f`git`gdaren thegr suosgsteime o`se ta the dam`d mgrmukstìmes. Jar the ]wgss sgtes, there`re jew ngjjereimes wgth prevgaus mudtures ìn the emaiaky mì oe mh`r`mtergsen`s kgxen j`rkgif (]tr`hk, 0760< p.06?-06=). @s ` jgjth ex`kpde, the settdekeit

aj V`tteinarj-Katzeistegi, dam`ten ai ` ramcy nadakgte autmrap gi Jrìmaig`


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nemar`ten oe`cer, gs ajtei jauin gi fr`ves aj oath sexes. he sh`pes ìn ta `desser nefree nemar`tgve p`tteris ai these oe`cers v`ry, jrak the sdgk, daif-iemcenoe`cers aj the Ietherdìns ìn p`rts aj Ferkìy ta the kare fdaoud`r, wgne-kauthen oe`cers aj ]wenei ìn Jgidìn (D`rssai, ?227< p :2). Oe`cers `re kareajtei jauin gi k`de fr`ves, out they `dsa ammur gi jek`de fr`ves (urec, ?20?<p.07:). Oemùse these oe`cers `re jauin gi fr`ves wgth kìy ìn gi fr`ves wgthjew fr`ve faans, gt h`s oeei pastud`ten th`t these oe`cers uigte the ngjjereitrìcs ìn represeit ì `spemt aj gneitgty th`t gs sh`ren oy the whade makkuigty(Zìncgdne, ?22:< p.>05).

@dthaufh kast ùthars `free th`t v`rgaus fr`ve faans `re feineren `rtej`mts,thegr giterpret`tgais ngjjer. ]ake giterpret the ngjjereimes oetweei k`de ìnjek`de fr`ves `s sykoadgm rejdemtgais aj the ngvgsgai aj dòaur wgthgi the j`kgdyìn the ngjjereit st`tuses aj kei, wakei ìn mhgdnrei (urec, ?20?< p.076).Athers, maiversedy, maimdune th`t kei ìn wakì were ‘strgcgifdy equ`d‗(Eooesei, ?22:< p.?>2). ]tgdd athers see straif ngjjereimes oetweei the sexes(Hôoier, ?225< p.6>5, 6>6). Nreith (?225< p.=:2) suffesten th`t the feinerenfr`ve faans rejdemt ngjjereimes gi n`gdy dgje, ìn he `rfuen th`t the hgfhest samg`d

pasgtgais were ammupgen oy kei (Nreith, ?225< p.=:2). hgs hgfher st`tus aj keigs ajtei seei `s oegif nergven jrak kei‗s rade `s w`rrgar, `s he`n aj the j`kgdyar oath (e.f. Hôoier, ?225< p.65=). he prapasen expressgais aj gingvgnu`dgty ”sumh `s ourg`ds gi gingvgnu`d fr`ves ” `re giterpreten `s rejdemtgif egther ` samg`dm`tefary ar samg`d ngversgjgm`tgai (urec, ?20?< p.076). Oath the expressgai ajfeiner rade ìn the rgse aj gingvgnu`dgs`tgai ìn edgtes h`ve oeei `ssamg`ten wgththe Marnen V`re pergan.

0.?.=.6 Gingvgnu`dgs`tgai ìn edgtes

Kìy ùthars see the Marnen V`re pergan `s ` tgke gi whgmh samgety mhìfenjrak oegif fraup-argeiten ìn ef`dgt`rgì taw`rns oegif kare gingvgnu`d ìn

str`tgjgen (e.f. Vesterkìi, ?226, Redgsg`c, ?20=, Zìncgdne, ?22>, Kôdder et `d .,?227). Evgneime jar gingvgnu`dgs`tgai ìn the rgse aj edgtes gs seei ta oe rejdemtengi oath settdekeits ìn ourg`ds. ]ettdekeits `re s`gn ta h`ve oemake sk`dder, ìnthgs iew settdekeit p`tteri, gi turi, den ta mhìfes gi the samg`d strumture. Gi thgsmhìfgif samgety, prgv`te praperty maudn h`ve pd`yen ì esseitg`d rade (Hôoier,?225< p.65?, Kôdder et `d ., ?227< p.0>2).

he mhìfe jrak makkui`d kef`dgthgm fr`ves ta the sgifde fr`ves aj theMarnen V`re Mudture gs giterpreten `s rejdemtgif gingvgnu`dgs`tgai (Vesterkìi,?226< p.??). he maistrumtgai aj hgfh kauins gs, jrak ` samg`d-evadutgaigstperspemtgve, t`cei `s evgneime th`t samgety makprgsen ì edgte wgth ` hgfher st`tus(Crgstgìsei, 0787). Fr`ves wgth hgfh-st`tus fr`ve faans, sumh `s we`pais jar keiìn whetstaies ìn leweddery jar wakei, `re t`cei `s evgneime jar the ekerfeimeaj ` sefkeiten samgety (Hajkìi, ?20=). Mdusters aj d`rfer fr`ves wgth kare fr`vefaans `re giterpreten `s the ourg`d pd`mes aj the mhgej‗s cgi (Hajkìi, ?20=). hepreseime aj ngjjereit types aj `xes ìn oe`cers gi fr`ves gs t`cei oy Mzeoreszucìn ]zkyt (?20=) ta gingm`te makpetgtgai wgthgi the edgte fraup. he edgtes ìnthe supergar rade aj kei, `mmarngif ta Mzeoreszuc ìn ]zkyt (?20=< p.:6-:8),hedpen ta stògdgse samgety, out `t the s`ke tgke `dsa den ta perkìeit makpetgtgai`kaif fraup kekoers.

hgs kaned aj the rgse aj gingvgnu`dgs`tgai ìn edgtes, `s gingm`ten oy thepreseime aj hgfh-st`tus fr`ve faans, h`s `dsa oeei mrgtgmgsen. ]ake rese`rmhersh`ve st`ten th`t Marnen V`re makkuigtges were wgthaut sgfigjgmìt samg`dngjjereimes (Eooesei, ?22:< p.?>2, Hôoier, ?225< p.6>:). @mmarngif ta Eooesei

(?22:< p.?>5), Marnen V`re samg`d strumture evei preveiten the `mmukud`tgai aj


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gingvgnu`d we`dth ìn thus the jark`tgai aj ì edgte. Zìncgdne (?22:< p.>0>->06)questgaien whether the edgte w`s sadedy k`de. He prapasen th`t the makp`ròdeiukoers aj kei ìn wakei oedaifen ta thgs edgte ìn th`t thgs pagits taw`rnsfeineren ngvgsgais aj dòaur r`ther thì k`de nakgiìme (Zìncgdne, ?22:<p.>0>->06). Jacceis st`tes th`t `dd aver Eurape there gs straif uigjarkgty gi thefr`ves ìn fr`ve faans aj the Marnen V`re pergan. Ve`pais, mer`kgms, taads ìnari`keits gi fr`ves `re usu`ddy jauin gi sgifde ngfgts, ìn thgs p`tteri exgsten jar` kgddeiiguk (Jacceis, ?225< p.02). hgs gingm`tes, `mmarngif ta Jacceis, th`tthe fr`ves ìn fr`ve faans na iat gingm`te we`dth (Jacceis, ?225< p.02). Hgs`dteri`tgve giterpret`tgai gs o`sen ai the gne` th`t the juier`ry rgtu`d trìsjarksthe neme`sen persai gita ` stereatypgm`d ìmestar (Jacceis, ?225< p.00). heseìmestars were seei `s very gkpartìt jar Oe`cer samgety (Jacceis, ?225< p.00).he fr`ve faans, gimdungif we`pais, `re seei `s sykoadgm taceis jar the kar`dsìn v`dues aj samgety, ìn they `mqugren thgs v`due thraufh exmhìfe (Jacceis,?225< p.00). Oesgnes oegif giterpreten `s ` teit`tgve rejdemtgai aj samget`d v`dues,we`pais jrak fr`ves h`ve `dsa oeei kare expdgmgtdy dgicen ta v`dues sumh `sk`rtg`dgty.

0.?.=.8 K`rtg`dgty

Ever sgime Mhgdne, k`rtg`dgty h`s oeei seei `s ì gkpartìt `spemt aj Marnen V`reMudture samgety. Vhere`s rese`rmhers seek ta `free ai the exgsteime aj k`rtg`dgty,they ngjjer gi thegr giterpret`tgai aj haw k`rtg`dgty w`s expressen (e.f. Jacceis,0777, Eooesei, ?22:, Zìncgdne, ?22:). V`rrgar equgpkeit gi k`de fr`ves k`ym`rry sykoadgm keìgif (Zìncgdne, ?22:< p.>02->06). K`rtg`dgty h`s oeeidgicen oy Mhgdne (07?7) ta the ekerfeime aj edgtes ìn the ieen ta nejein prgv`tepraperty. Athers h`ve prapasen th`t k`rtg`dgty rejdemts samgety ìn gts gneadafy`s ` whade ìn naes iat sgkpdy rejdemt edgtes. Jacceis (0777< p.=6) h`s prapasenth`t einekgm w`rj`re oem`ke ì gkpartìt edekeit gi samgety whei the d`rfe

makkuigtges aj the Kgnnde Ieadgthgm ngssadven gita sk`dder samg`d uigts nurgifthe D`te Ieadgthgm. Expressgais aj k`rtg`dgty gi fr`ves `re giterpreten gi terks ajthe ‘maistgtutgai‗ aj the peapde3 the rgfht ta m`rry we`pais gs thus seei `s ` rgteaj p`ss`fe aj oemakgif ` kì (Jacceis, 0777< p.=7). Jacceis prapasen th`tadner kei waudn fgve up thegr we`pais ìn nepasgt thek jar the fans gi rgversar k`rshes (Jacceis, 0777< p.=7). Neme`sen ourgen wgth we`pais `re thus s`gnta represeit ` spemgjgm `fe fraup r`ther thì ì edgte (Jacceis, 0777< p.=7). Cad`r(?02=) red`tes w`rj`re ta teei`fers r`ther thì ta `nudts.

Crgstgìsei (0787< p.?0>) sees ` Marnen V`re gneadafy aj w`rj`re, hger`rmhyìn nakgi`tgai `s ì gkpartìt `rfukeit jar hgs kgfr`tgai hypathesgs. He`rfues th`t gj thgs mudture spre`n pe`mejuddy, w`rj`re waudn iat h`ve oeei iemess`ry(Crgstgìsei, 0787< p.?0>). Ex`kpdes aj the use aj vgadeime `re, hawever, r`re. Gi` ourg`d gi Flerrgdn (Neik`rc), ì `rrawhe`n ekoennen gi the ore`st oaie w`s`rfuen ta oe the mùse aj ne`th (Eooesei, ?22:< p.?>0). Gingm`tgais jar vgadeimewere `dsa jauin gi the jaur mdasedy red`ten Marnen V`re kudtgpde ourg`ds jrakEudù (Ferkìy) (H``c et `d ., ?228< p.08??6).

Ngremt evgneime jar k`rtg`dgty thus exgsts gi the preseime aj we`pais gi the(jew) ourg`ds where there `re gingm`tgais jar the use aj vgadeime. Gingremt evgneimegs saufht gi the prapasen ieen ta nejein praperty. Oe`cers jauin gi juier`rymaitexts h`ve oeei dgicen ta `dmahad maisukptgai3 thgs `dmahad maisukptgai h`sgi turi oeei dgicen wgth k`rtg`dgty ìn the rgse aj edgtes.


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0.?.=.7 he `dmahad praodek

—Gineen the gievgtòde nrgicgif-mup whgmh fgves ` i`ke ta gts users k`y oe karethì ` re`ngdy remafigsen ng`fiastgm sykptak< gt sykoadgzes oeer `s aie saurme ajthegr giueime `s ` vanc` `sc ar ` fgi oattde waudn ngsmdase ì gistrukeit ajEurapeì nakgi`tgai gi ]goerg` ìn @jrgm` respemtgvedy.‛ (Mhgdne, 07?5< p.??=)

Mhgdne w`s the jgrst ta suffest th`t the oe`cer jadc usen the epaiykaus oe`cerjar nrgicgif `dmahad. @dmahad pravgnen the ngstrgoutars aj gt wgth ` saurme ajgijdueime ar evei nakgi`tgai (Mhgdne, 07?5< p.??=). ]herr`tt (0776`< p.=7?) `dsapastud`ten th`t `dmahad mì oe seei `s ` samg`d duorgmìt usen gi the pramess ajjarkgif ` iew samg`d jòrgm, ` duorgmìt th`t w`s ieenen `s the Marnen V`reMudture wgtiessen ` pergan aj samg`d, mudtur`d ìn emaiakgm mhìfe. ]herr`tt‗s(0776`-o) k`gi `rfukeits givadve the sh`pes ìn nemar`tgais aj the oe`cers,thegr preseime aver d`rfe `re`s ìn the preseime aj oe`cers gi k`de fr`ves. hewgnespre`n marn nemar`tgai ai these oe`cers k`y h`ve oeei ì `nvertgsekeitaj the oe`cer‗s maiteits< the marn k`y h`ve oeei k`ne jrak hekp (]herr`tt,0776`< p.=76). ]herr`tt `rfuen th`t `dmahad w`s r`re ìn th`t `mmess ta gt w`sthe prgvgdefe aj ` spemg`d st`tus m`tefary (]herr`tt, 0776o< p.>??). Jar ex`kpde,]herr`tt (0776o< p.>??) dgicen nrgicgif ta adner kei wgth j`kgdy ùthargty.

Jar the Oedd Oe`cer pergan, the use aj oe`cers jar `dmahad h`s oeei kumhneo`ten ìn testen. _emeitdy, iew temhigques h`ve oemake `v`gdòde th`t eid`rfethe passgogdgtges jar ì`dysgif the maiteits aj ` vessed. Oy ì`dysgif the òsaroenar m`roaigsen resgnues, ` remaistrumtgai aj the jarker maiteits mì oe k`ne. Jarthe Oedd Oe`cer pergan, thgs kethan h`s `ddawen kare oe`cers mait`gigif `dmahad,espemg`ddy jrak ]p`gi, ta oe remafigsen (_ala-Fuerr` et `d ., ?22:, Fuerr` Name?22:`-o). Ief`tgve evgneime, th`t gs, oe`cers wgthaut maiteits, h`s, gi turi, oeeiusen ta ngspute the `dmahad theary (Zìner Dginei, ?220o< p.>6, Orange, 0776,M`se, 0775). Hawever, athers h`ve `rfuen th`t ekpty oe`cers k`y h`ve `mten `s

` sykoad aj ` vessed jar `dmahad (Zìner Dginei, ?220o< p.>6). Gi Jrìme, resgnues`re `dsa jauin ai Oedd Oe`cers, out these oe`cers `re giterpreten `s maacgif vesseds(Rçtrequgi ìn Rçtrequgi, 0788< p.?50-?55). Ather passgode uses aj oe`cersgimdune renumtgai pats jar skedtgif mapper are, juier`ry uris ìn, gi the m`seaj d`rfe oe`cers, star`fe vesseds (Fuerr` Name, ?22:`< p.?>8-?5:). Fuerr` Namemaimdunes th`t `dd these `mtgvgtges h`ve ` sykoadgm maiiemtgai ìn th`t `dd the`mtgvgtges dgicen ta oe`cers gkpdy sake cgin aj trìsjark`tgai (Fuerr` Name,?22:`< p.?>6).

Gi maitr`st ta the Oedd Oe`cer pergan, evgneime jar `dmahad maisukptgairek`gis very smìt jar the Marnen V`re pergan. @t _ejshølfårn gi e`steri Lutdìn,iai-m`roaigsen o`rdey fr`gis were jauin gi ` marnen oe`cer aj the adnest ph`seaj the ]gifde Fr`ve Mudture (Vesterkìi, ?226< p.?8, Cd`ssei, ?225`). hegimre`sen iukoer aj oe`cers usen `s fr`ve faans gi the d`ter ph`ses aj the ]gifdeFr`ve Mudture gi Lutdìn h`ve oeei giterpreten `s evgneime jar ì gkpartìt radejar oeer ìn mere`ds gi the juier`ry rgtu`ds ìn passgody `dsa gi n`gdy dgje (Cd`ssei,?225`< p.07-??). a sukk`rgze, `dthaufh the maisukptgai aj `dmahad h`s ajteioeei `ssuken jar the Marnen V`re pergan, the `mtu`d evgneime rek`gis smìt ìnieens jurther testgif.

0.?.=.02 _edgfgai ìn gneadafy

@dthaufh redgfgai ìn gneadafy `re seei `s gkpartìt edekeits aj Marnen V`resamgety, they `re iat ajtei the k`gi rese`rmh tapgm. Hawever, sever`d edekeits h`ve

oeei ngsmussen oy ngflereit ùthars. Kìy ùthars giterpret mhìfes gi gneadafy`s resudtgif jrak mhìfes gi the samg`d ìn emaiakgm spheres (]herr`tt, 0776o


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p.>?>, urec, ?20?< p.076, Kôdder et `d ., ?227< p.0>2). @mmarngif ta ]herr`tt(0776o< p.>?>), the gneadafy ìn redgfgai aj the Juiied Oe`cer Mudture meitren`rauin s`mren pd`mes ìn eveits ìn gimdunen eimdasures, `straiakgm`d `dgfikeits,esatergm p`r`pheri`dg` ìn s`mrgffmg`d aflergifs. Nurgif the Marnen V`re pergan,thgs gneadafy w`s repd`men wgth aie o`sen ai appartuigty ìn kaogdgty (]herr`tt,0776o< p.>?>). ]herr`tt (0776o< p.>?>) prapasen th`t Marnen V`re ourg`d kauinsìn (passgody) the p`tteris aj exmhìfe represeit p`rtgmud`r eveits. ̂ gs gs gi maitr`stwgth Juiied Oe`cer gneadafy, whgmh, he `rfuen, w`s o`sen ai ` preneterkgienmymde. Jar the ffrst tgke, persai`d passessgais were stressen gi rgtu`ds (]herr`tt,0776o< p.>??). Iew j`rkgif temhiadafges were `dsa reemten gi rgtu`ds givadvgifoudd ìn sad`r sykoadgsk (urec, ?20?< p.076). _epreseit`tgais aj oudds gi sumhsmhekes, `s haris ai vesseds, `re jauin gi k`de fr`ves, where`s sad`r sykoads, sumh`s mgrmdes ai ngsms, `re jauin gi jek`de fr`ves (urec, ?20?< p.076).

he juier`ry pr`mtgmes gingm`te samg`d ngversgjgm`tgai ìn ngjjereit st`tuses jarkei, wakei ìn mhgdnrei (urec, ?20?< p.076). Gi ne`th, peapde ekph`sgsenmakkuigm`tgai wgth the ìmestars, represeit`tgais aj samg`d hger`rmhy, ìn thewe`dth aj gingvgnu`ds ìn thegr j`kgdges (urec, ?20?< p.?22). @ maitgiu`tgai aj

redgfgaus ìn gneadafgm`d pr`mtgmes stekkgif jrak the premengif mudtures h`s `dsaoeei suffesten jar the Marnen V`re Mudture pergan (Eooesei, ?22:< p.?=0). GiNeik`rc, jar ex`kpde, ha`rns `s wedd `s sgifde nepasgts aj o`ttde `xes, pattery,taads ìn leweddery h`ve oeei jauin (Eooesei, ?22:< p.?=0-?=?).

Gi sukk`ry, Marnen V`re Mudture redgfgai ìn gneadafy mì oe seei `smakprgsgif edekeits aj adner tr`ngtgais `s wedd `s edekeits rejdemtgif thegkpartìme aj the iew samg`d ìn emaiakgm red`tgais. _efgai`d ngversgty gi Marnen

V`re Mudture redgfgai ìn gneadafy gs ta oe expemten.

0.?.> Uigjarkgty ar ngversgty< ]m`de ìn refgai`dgty

—ê epgthet ‘O`ttde-`xe‗ gs `ppdgen ta ` iukoer aj ngstgimt mudtures ìn peapdes.‛

(Mhgdne, 0758< p.0>2)

_ese`rmh nurgif kast aj the jgrst 022 ye`rs aj Marnen V`re rese`rmh jamusen aithe permegven hgfh mudtur`d uigjarkgty. Gi j`mt, uigjarkgty gi k`terg`d mudture ”k`gidy o`ttde `xes ìn (marn-nemar`ten) oe`cers ” ìn sgkgd`rgtges gi ourg`d rgtu`dsjarken the o`sgs jar gneitgjygif `rmhèadafgm`d rek`gis jauin aver ` d`rfe `re` `soegif the h`ddk`rcs aj peapde oedaifgif ta thgs aie mudture. Nespgte kìy neo`tesai the mhraiadafy, ngspers`d kane (g.e. kgfr`tgai ar ngjjusgai) ìn i`ture aj thgssamgety, thgs iatgai aj mudtur`d uigjarkgty h`s rek`gien resgdgeit.

Gi remeit ye`rs, hawever, rese`rmh h`s oemake kare jamusen ai refgai`dv`rgògdgty r`ther thì fdao`d uigjarkgty (Hôoier, ?225, Eooesei, ?22:, Jurhadt,

?20=, ?20>). Marnen V`re gs vgewen dess `s aie mudture ar evei ì ethigmgty ìnkare gi terks aj ` iukoer aj maiiemtgif edekeits aj k`terg`d ìn samg`d iavedty(Jurhadt, ?22=o< p.??, ?20>< p.0-0:, Zìncgdne, ?22:< p.>0?). @i giterpret`tgai ajMarnen V`re Mudture `s ` kas`gm maisgstgif aj edekeits th`t were usen aver d`rfe`re`s ̀ in aj kare dam`d ̀ in refgai`d edekeits h`s jar sake smhad`rs repd`men the gneàj ̀ kaiadgthgm mudture th`t w`s ta ` d`rfe exteit seei ta oe sgkgd`r ̀ mrass d`rfe ̀ re`s(Jurhadt, ?20>`< p.5). ê exteit, speen ìn w`y aj `naptgai aj sumh iaved gteksìn mustaks, hawever, ngflers straifdy per refgai (Zìncgdne, ?22:< p.>0?).

Gi ngjjereit refgais the ngjjereit gteks maiiemten ta the Marnen V`re ietwarcwere usen tafether wgth refgai`d `rtej`mts (Jurhadt, ?22=o< p.??). Gi Neik`rc,there `re mde`r ngjjereimes gi k`terg`d mudture ìn suosgsteime str`tefy oetweeiMarnen V`re fraups dgvgif gi ngjjereit feafr`phgm`d refgais ar emadafgm`d zaies

(Hôoier, ?225, Eooesei, ?22:). hese ngjjereimes `re s`gn ta nergve jrakngjjereit mait`mts3 peapde ai westeri Lutdìn h`n kare mait`mts wgth ather p`rts


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aj Neik`rc, whgdst peapde ai e`steri Lutdìn h`n kare mait`mts wgth the O`dtgm(Hôoier, ?225< p.?>6).

Jurhadt (?20=) makp`ren the jgins jrak ngjjereit refgais gi the Marnen V`re`re` usgif ietwarc ì`dysgs ìn maimdunen th`t, ai ` refgai`d sm`de, there `retgfht-cigt ietwarcs. Ai ` d`rfer sp`tg`d sm`de, the ietwarc w`s kare daase-cigt,wgth jewer sgkgd`rgtges (Jurhadt, ?20=< p.:8). Kareaver, makp`ròde gteks na iatiemess`rgdy h`ve makp`ròde keìgifs. Keìgif gs mre`ten gi samg`d pr`mtgme ìntrìsjarken wgthgi refgai`d maitexts (Jurhadt, ?20=< p.:8). Jurhadt (?20=< p.:8)udtgk`tedy sees the Marnen V`re Mudture iat `s aie pheiakeiai, out `s sever`dsk`dder pheiakei` wgth averd`ppgif tr`gts.

Eooesei (?22:< p.??8, ?>>) pastud`ten th`t the straif refgai`d ngjjereimesrejdemt ngjjereimes gi suosgsteime ìn pattery. He prapasen th`t pattery h`s gtsawi refgai`d mh`r`mter ìn th`t the tr`ngif `re` aj patters w`s òaut 02 ck(Eooesei, ?22:< p.?=6). Hawever, there w`s `dsa exmhìfe aj `koer, o`ttde `xes,wrgst fu`rns, jdgit ìn mer`kgms aver daifer ngstìmes (jar whgmh daifoa`ts ìn ax-nr`wi w`fais were presukòdy usen) (Eooesei, ?22:< p.?=:-?=8).

Evgneitdy, `dd aj the ngjjereit Marnen V`re refgais shaw oath makkai tr`gts

ìn spemgjgm refgai`d/dam`d tr`gts. @ net`gden stuny aj the Marnen V`re Mudture giaie refgai mì therejare maitrgoute ta the ciawdenfe aj oath th`t refgai ìn ajMarnen V`re Mudture `s ` whade.

Jrak the autdgie aj the rese`rmh ìn neo`tes surrauingif Marnen V`reMudture preseiten òave, gt oemakes mde`r th`t `jter kare thì ` meitury aj stuny,v`rgaus `spemts aj thgs mudture `re stgdd uiciawi. Iew rese`rmh gs ieenen gi arnerta eihìme ìn gimre`se aur uinerstìngif aj Marnen V`re mhraiadafy ìnsamgety. a thgs ein, ` serges aj rese`rmh questgais h`ve oeei makpgden th`t try tat`mcde the òave gssues.

0.= Murreit rese`rmh questgais

he k`gi rese`rmh questgais aj thgs stuny `gk ta jgdd f`ps gi aur ciawdenfe aithe Marnen V`re Mudture ìn ta maitrgoute ta the v`rgaus neo`tes maimerigifthgs mudture ngsmussen òave, sumh `s Marnen V`re mhraiadafy ìn Marnen V`resamgety. a rejgie mhraiadafgm`d jr`kewarcs, gt gs iemess`ry ta f`gi ` oetter gisgfhtgita (0) the red`tgaishgp aj the Marnen V`re Mudture ta prevgaus mudtures, (?) thest`rt aj the Marnen V`re Mudture, (=) the spre`n aj the Marnen V`re Mudture, (>)the mhìfes th`t taac pd`me nurgif the Marnen V`re pergan, (5) the ein aj theMarnen V`re pergan ìn (:) the nefree aj refgai`d v`rgògdgty wgthgi the Marnen

V`re Mudture. ]gkgd`rdy, kare net`gden ciawdenfe ai Marnen V`re samget`d `spemtsmì oe nergven jrak ` iew stuny aj (0) temhiadafy, (?) suosgsteime str`tefges,(=) samg`d arfìgs`tgai, (>) redgfgai ìn gneadafy ìn (5) the nefree aj refgai`d

v`rgògdgty gi these `spemts. he òave `gks mì oe rephr`sen gita kare spemgjgmrese`rmh questgais `nnressgif Marnen V`re mhraiadafy ìn samgety, respemtgvedy.

Mhraiadafy

he rese`rmh questgais maimerigif Marnen V`re Mudture mhraiadafy `re

• Haw naes the Marnen V`re Mudture red`te ta prevgaus mudtures1 Naes thetrìsgtgai ta the Marnen V`re Mudture represeit mudtur`d maitgiugty arngsmaitgiugty ar ` makogi`tgai aj oath1

• Haw ngn the Marnen V`re Mudture spre`n1 Gs gt the resudt aj kgfr`tgai,ngjjusgai ar oath1

• Vhere ngn the Marnen V`re Mudture st`rt1


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• Vhy ngn the Marnen V`re Mudture spre`n1 Vhy ngn d`rfe `re`s aj Eurapeoemake p`rt aj the Marnen V`re Mudture1 Vh`t w`s the rade aj giiav`tgai,emaiakgm mhìfe, samg`d mhìfe, mdgk`te mhìfe ar ather j`mtars1

• Vh`t mhìfes ammurren nurgif the Marnen V`re pergan1 Gs gt passgode tamaistrumt iew typamhraiadafges ̀ in òsadute mhraiadafges1

• Haw ngn the Marnen V`re Mudture ein ìn wh`t gs the red`tgai ta the OeddOe`cer Mudture1 Vere these nevedapkeits maitgiuaus ar `re ngsmaitgiugtgesngsmeriòde1

• Gs the Marnen V`re Mudture aie hakafeieaus mudture ar `re there refgai`dngjjereimes1 @re there refgai`d ngjjereimes gi the mhraiadafgm`d nevedapkeits1

]amgety

he rese`rmh questgais ref`rngif Marnen V`re Mudture samgety `re

• Haw mì the Marnen V`re pergan oe mh`r`mtergsen temhiadafgm`ddy, ìnw`s temhiadafgm`d mhìfe the (aidy) katar oehgin ather mhìfes1 Ngn sumhmhìfes pert`gigif ta ` (semain`ry pranumts) revadutgai ar were they kare

fr`nu`d1• Vh`t w`s the suosgsteime str`tefy aj the Marnen V`re Mudture1 V`s there

ì gimre`se gi the gkpartìme aj m`ttde (‘m`ttde-gs`tgai‗)1 Mì the suosgsteimestr`tefy oe mh`r`mtergsen `s kgxen j`rkgif1 V`s the suosgsteime str`tefyrefgai`ddy spemgjgm1

• Haw w`s Marnen V`re samgety arfìgsen, ìn w`s thgs arfìgs`tgai fugnenoy emaiakgm, temhiadafgm`d, suosgsteime ìn/ar mdgk`te mhìfes ar the atherw`y `rauin1 Gs there evgneime jar the prapasen feiner ngvgsgai1 @re p`tterisgingm`tgve aj the ekerfeime aj k`rtg`dgty ìn edgtes vgsgode1 Gs there evgneimejar the use aj `dmahad, ajtei dgicen ta these samg`d mhìfes1

• Haw mì the maskadafy ìn gneadafy aj Marnen V`re makkuigtges oemh`r`mtergsen1

• Gs the Marnen V`re Mudture aie hakafeieaus odamc ar `re there refgai`dngjjereimes1 Gs the Marnen V`re Mudture aie mudture ar evei ethigmgty, ar gsgt ` kas`gm ar ietwarc aj refgai`d fraups1 Gs there aie type aj samgety ar `rethere refgai`d ngjjereimes gi samg`d arfìgs`tgai1

H`vgif jarkud`ten v`rgaus redevìt rese`rmh questgais òave, gt gs iemess`ry tamhaase ` p`rtgmud`r stuny `re` ìn n`t`set th`t wgdd eiòde ke ta ìswer thesequestgais.

0.> Mhaasgif the n`t`set

0.>.0 Gitranumtgai @dthaufh the òave rese`rmh questgais seec ta eihìme aur uinerstìngif aj theMarnen V`re Mudture `t d`rfe, they resudt gi taa ora`n ` tapgm ta je`sgody stuny.herejare, mhagmes ieen ta oe k`ne. Kareaver, gi arner ta oe òde ta ìswer therese`rmh questgais jarkud`ten òave, ` n`t`set ieens ta oe mhasei th`t keets themrgterg` ieenen ta eihìme aur uinerstìngif aj the Marnen V`re mhraiadafy ìnsamgety. hese mrgterg` `re autdgien oedaw.

0.>.? Mhaasgif settdekeits

Gi thgs stuny, settdekeits `re mhasei `s the k`gi n`t`set ta `nnress the rese`rmhpraodek. he remaistrumtgais aj the Marnen V`re Mudture h`ve prevgausdy oeei

k`gidy o`sen ai juier`ry maitexts. hese juier`ry maitexts kast ajtei aidy


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represeit ` sgifde eveit ìn mait`gi ` dgkgten iukoer aj fr`ve faans. @ssamg`tgaisaj ngjjereit types aj mer`kgms, `xes ar ather `rtej`mts `re r`re. @dsa, the k`largty ajthese juier`ry maitexts na iat shaw ìy str`tgfr`phy. hgs makpdgm`tes the use ajjuier`ry n`t` ta ̀ iswer the rese`rmh questgais dgsten ̀ oave. Ai settdekeits, hawever,oath ` fre`ter iukoer ìn ngjjereit types aj `rtej`mts `re jauin gi `ssamg`tgai.]ettdekeits `re ajtei kudtg-ph`sen, wgth ` sequeime aj d`yers makprgsgif rek`gisjrak ngjjereit pergans. hgs preseime aj (0) ngjjereit types gi `ssamg`tgai ìn(?) tgke nepth ìn str`tgfr`phy mì fre`tdy gimre`se aur uinerstìngif aj oathMarnen V`re mhraiadafy ìn Marnen V`re samgety. he Marnen V`re `rtej`mtsth`t `re makkaidy jauin gi juier`ry maitexts, gimdungif mer`kgms, staie `xes ìnjdgit `rtej`mts ìn `koer oe`ns, `re jauin ai settdekeit sgtes `s wedd. Juier`ryìn settdekeit maitexts ieen ta oe makp`ren ta reve`d sgkgd`rgtges ìn ngjjereimesgi the aolemt types preseit ìn gi thegr use ìn keìgif. ]ettdekeits, hawever,tein ta ygedn jgins th`t `re iat preseit ar r`re gi juier`ry maitexts, sumh `s paddei,seens, ìgk`d oaies, ngjjereit types aj `rtej`mts, `s wedd `s gingm`tgais jar the useaj these `rtej`mts, sumh `s mh`rren jaan resgnues ìn je`tures (gimdungif hausepdìs ìn `rn k`rcs). hese n`t` mì oe usen ta remaistrumt the n`gdy dgves aj the

Marnen V`re jadc. Evgneitdy, the stuny aj wedd-preserven Marnen V`re Mudturesettdekeits ìn ` makp`rgsai wgth ather Marnen V`re sgtes, gimdungif juier`rysgtes ̀ in ather settdekeit maitexts, wgdd sgfigjgmìtdy eihìme aur uinerstìngif.

0.>.= Mhaasgif settdekeits gi the Ietherdìns

Vgthgi the wgner iarthwesteri Eurapeì n`t`set ai Marnen V`re settdekeits,` mhagme gs k`ne ta jamus ai Nutmh ma`st`d settdekeits. hree k`gi re`saisuinerdge thgs nemgsgai. Jgrst, the Nutmh ma`st`d zaie ajjers jìt`stgm preserv`tgaimaingtgais, de`ngif ta hgfh-resadutgai aoserv`tgais. ]emain, wgthgi the Nutmhma`st`d zaie, sever`d settdekeits n`tgif ta the d`te jaurth ìn thgrn kgddeiig` OM`re ciawi, `ddawgif jar giter-refgai`d ìn ng`mhraigm makp`rgsais. hgrn, these

sgte `re sgtu`ten gi dìnsm`pes mh`r`mtergzen oy aifagif Hadameie sengkeit`tgai,keìgif th`t rek`gis k`y pateitg`ddy oe preserven gi ngsmrete str`tgfr`phgm d`yers.Jaurth, oemùse the Rdegstameie updìn `re`s h`ve `dsa ygednen `kpde (juier`ry)Marnen V`re sgtes (Nreith et `d ., ?228< p.065), gitr`-refgai`d makp`rgsais k`yoe k`ne. hgs makpdekeit`ry n`t`set gimdunes kare thì 022 giteisgvedy stungenjuier`ry sgtes jrak `dd aver the sìny updìn sagds gi the iarthe`steri p`rt ajthe Ietherdìns (jgfure 0.=). Oemùse the Marnen V`re Mudture fr`ves gi theIetherdìns `re sgkgd`r ta thase gi ather Marnen V`re refgais (Nreith, ?225<p.=56-=57), supr`-refgai`d gitefr`tgai ìn makp`rgsais `re passgode `s wedd.

Marnen V`re makkuigtges gi the ̀ re` iaw ciawi ̀ s the Ietherdìns expdagten` wgne v`rgety aj jaan saurmes (Nreith et `d ., ?228< p.065). ]ettdekeit sgtes `rek`gidy jauin gi the wetdìn `re` gi the westeri p`rt aj the mauitry (jgfure 0.=ìn 0.>). Gi the Nutmh pravgime aj Iaarn-Haddìn, ` fraup aj kare thì ?5Ieadgthgm settdekeits were dam`ten gi ` tgn`d `re` (Zì Heergifei ìn heuigssei,?220). hese settdekeits h`ve iat oeei stungen gitefr`ddy oejare, ìn they `re ajexmeptgai`d qu`dgty nue ta thegr exmeddeit preserv`tgai aj arfìgm k`terg`ds. hesewetdìn settdekeits wgdd oe therejare t`cei `s the k`gi aolemt aj stuny, ìn thewedd-namukeiten updìn juier`ry maitexts wgdd oe usen jar makp`rgsais.

Ai the ngjjereit settdekeit sgtes gi thgs refgai ngjjereit types aj `rtej`mts`re jauin gi `ssamg`tgai. wa Marnen V`re Mudture settdekeit sgtes gi Iaarn-Haddìn mait`gien str`tgjgen sequeimes (Zì Heergifei ìn heuigssei, ?220).he settdekeit sgtes gi the Iaarn-Haddìn mduster n`te exmdusgvedy ta the Marnen

V`re Mudture pergan (Hafestgli, ?220< p.0>6), wgth the jaddawgif exmeptgais<

]daatnarp-Oauwdust ìn Creucedhaj n`te ta the adner Juiied Oe`cer Mudture


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(_O) (Zì Heergifei ìn heuigssei, ?220< p.?56-?6>)3 \ìnwervei ygednen` kgxture aj rek`gis jrak the premengif Zd``rngifei Mudture ìn the Marnen

V`re Mudture gi the dawest spgts (Zì Heergifei ìn heuigssei, ?220< p.??6-?=:)3 ìn ]gloec`rsped-Ne Zecei ygednen k`terg`d n`tgif ta the trìsgt gai`d perganjrak the Marnen V`re Mudture ta the Oedd Oe`cer Mudture (Zì Heergifei ìnheuigssei, ?220< p.67-86).

he ì`dysgs aj str`tgjgen sgtes ìn ` iukoer aj sgtes th`t tafether represeitsujjgmgeit tgke nepth `ddaws jar the testgif aj murreit mhraiadafgm`d kaneds.Jurtherkare, thgs n`t`set ̀ ddaws jar the jarkud`tgai aj iew gne`s ai the mhraiadafyaj the Marnen V`re Mudture gi thgs refgai, gimdungif the st`rt aj the Marnen V`reMudture, the mhraiadafgm`d nevedapkeits wgthgi the Marnen V`re Mudture ìnthe ein aj the Marnen V`re pergan ìn the trìsgtgai ta the Oedd Oe`cer Mudture.

he i`ture aj Marnen V`re samgety gs ` dess-stungen `spemt gi the Ietherdìns.he wedd-preserven settdekeits gi Iaarn-Haddìn, hawever, pravgne ` tre`suremhest aj gijark`tgai jar remaistrumtgif thgs samgety. Gijark`tgai ai Marnen

V`re samgety mì oe aot`gien jrak the stuny aj pattery types, thegr temhiadafgm`dmh`r`mtergstgms, `ssamg`tgais ìn use ai sgtes. Jurtherkare, the stuny aj emadafgm`d

n`t` ” gimdungif zaadafgm`d ìn emadafgm`d rek`gis ” sp`tg`d ì`dysgs, the stuny ajp`tteris wgthgi ìn oetweei sgtes, ìn ` makp`rgsai wgth juier`ry maitexts wgddeihìme aur uinerstìngif aj Marnen V`re samgetges. afether, thgs serges aj sgteswgdd ̀ ddaw jar the jarkud`tgai aj gne`s ai Marnen V`re emaiaky, suosgsteime, samg`darfìgs`tgai, feiner rades, gingvgnu`dgs`tgai ìn edgtes, k`rtg`dgty ìn redgfgaiìn gneadafy ” ìn the sm`de aj these `spemts. @ d`rfe te`k aj spemg`dgst oraufhttafether gi ` rese`rmh pralemten juinen oy IVA (Ienerdìnse Arfìgs`tge vaar

Veteismh`ppedglc Ainerzaec/Ietherdìns Arfìgs`tgai jar ]mgeitgjgm _ese`rmh)`s p`rt aj the Anyssee rese`rmh prafr`kke tgtden —Uidamcgif Iaarn-Haddìn‗sD`te Ieadgthgm re`sure Mhest< ]gifde Fr`ve Mudture oeh`vgaur`d v`rgògdgty gi `tgn`d eivgraikeit‛ h`s `dre`ny gitefr`ddy stungen the `rtej`mts ìn je`tures jauinai the settdekeits aj Cegiskeroruf, \eewglc ìn Kgei`ccer.

0.>.> Mer`kgms jrak settdekeits gi the Ietherdìns

Vgthgi the v`rgaus n`t`sets ìn `rtej`mt types `v`gdòde jrak the Nutmh ma`st`dsettdekeits, mer`kgms `re mhasei here `s the prgk`ry keìs ta stuny the Marnen

V`re Mudture. Mer`kgms h`ve daif pd`yen ` k`lar rade gi remaistrumtgais aj theMarnen V`re Mudture, `s they `re `dkast `dw`ys preserven gi `dd ngjjereit maitextsìn passess mh`r`mtergstgms th`t ygedn gijark`tgai ai mhraiadafy ìn samgety. Githe Nutmh rese`rmh tr`ngtgai, Marnen V`re mer`kgms h`ve oeei usen ta estòdgshcey mhraiadafgm`d kaneds (e.f. Zì ner V``ds ìn Fd`soerfei, 0755, Dìtgif,076=, Nreith ìn Dìtgif, 0770, Nreith ìn Hafestgli, 0777, Dìtgif ìn Zìner Rdgmht, 0777-?222, ìn Dìtgif, ?226-28). Uijartui`tedy, mer`kgm ì`dysesh`ve jamusen `dkast exmdusgvedy ai the nemar`tgai ìn sh`pe aj juier`ry mer`kgms.he temhiadafgm`d mh`r`mtergstgms ìn use aj juier`ry vesseds ìn `dd `spemts aj themer`kgms jrak settdekeits h`ve remegven j`r dess `tteitgai. he stuny aj mhìfesìn ngjjereimes gi temhiadafy, karphadafy ìn nemar`tgai aj the mer`kgms gingjjereit (str`tgfr`phgm) dam`tgais ai gingvgnu`d sgtes ìn `mrass ngjjereit sgtes wgddhedp ìswer questgais ai Marnen V`re mhraiadafy ìn samgety.

Gi shart, the mer`kgms jrak the Marnen V`re settdekeit sgtes gi Iaarn-Haddìn`re mhasei jar ì`dysgs oemùse (0) ngjjereit types `re jauin gi `ssamg`tgai, (?) there`re str`tgjgen sgtes ìn sgtes th`t n`te ta the trìsgtgai`d st`rt ìn ein ph`ses aj theMarnen V`re Mudture ìn (=) the mer`kgm ì`dysgs jrak three sgtes, Cegiskeroruf,Kgei`ccer ìn \eewglc, h`s `dre`ny oeei uinert`cei `s p`rt aj the Anysee

pralemt. he n`t`sets `re suppdekeiten oy net`gden stuny aj the mer`kgms jrak the


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sgtes aj ]daatnarp-Oauwdust, \ìnwervei, @`rtswaun ìn ]gloec`rsped-Ne Zecei,`s these sgtes egther (0) hadn cey n`t` ref`rngif the Marnen V`re trìsgtgai`dph`ses, (?) h`ve ygednen str`tgjgen maitexts, ar (=) represeit settdekeit sgtes ajngjjergif sgzes. hraufh ` stuny aj the ngjjereit steps gi the dgjemymde aj mer`kgms(gimdungif pranumtgai, use ìn juimtgai, semain`ry use, ìn ngsm`rn) ai ngjjereitsettdekeit sgtes, iew gisgfhts gita the temhiadafy, suosgsteime, emaiaky, samg`darfìgs`tgai, redgfgai ìn gneadafy aj the Marnen V`re Mudture `re aot`gien. he

Jgfure 0.= K`p Marnen

V`re Mudture sedekeits

ìn juier`ry sgtes gi

the Ietherdìns (`jter<

^heuigssei, ?20> ìn Zas ìn

Ne Zrges, ?20=).


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v`rgaus steps iemess`ry ìn thegr pasgtgai gi the preseit stuny `re gitranumen githe autdgie oedaw.

0.5 Autdgie

0.5.0 Mh`pter 0< Gitranumtgai

he preseit mh`pter h`s expd`gien why Marnen V`re settdekeit mer`kgms jrakthe Ietherdìns were mhasei `s the n`t`set usen ta ìswer the v`rgaus rese`rmhquestgai pasen ai Marnen V`re mhraiadafy ìn samgety. òdes 0.= ìn 0.>gingm`te whgmh ì`dyses `re ieenen ta ìswer the gingvgnu`d rese`rmh questgais.

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ìn Ne Zrges, ?20=).


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0.5.? Mh`pters ? ìn =< ^he mer`kgms jrak Marnen V`re settdekeitsgtes ìn ` supr`-refgai`d makp`rgsai

he kethanadafy givadven gi stunygif the Marnen V`re Mudture settdekeitmer`kgms gs ngsmussen gi mh`pter ?. Gi th`t mh`pter, the feier`d mh`r`mtergstgms ajthe mer`kgms jrak the sevei stungen settdekeit sgtes `re `dsa preseiten. Mh`pter =

givadves ` makp`rgsai aj mer`kgms jrak ngjjereit maitexts, makprgsgif (0)mer`kgms jrak ngjjereit maitexts (settdekeit ìn juier`ry), (?) mer`kgms jrakngjjereit refgais, ìn (=) mer`kgms jrak ngjjereit pergans (Juiied Oe`cer Mudture,Zd``rngifei Mudture, Marnen V`re Mudture ìn Oedd Oe`cer Mudture). Makogien,the n`t` preseiten gi mh`pters ? ìn = `dre`ny hedp ta ìswer sake aj the rese`rmhquestgais maimerigif Marnen V`re Mudture mhraiadafy ìn samgety.

0.5.= Mh`pter >< Marnen V`re Mudture mhraiadafy

Iew gne`s ai Marnen V`re Mudture mhraiadafy `re preseiten gi mh`pter >.Murreitdy, there `re twa kutu`ddy exmdusgve mhraiadafgm`d kaneds jar the Marnen

V`re pergan gi the Ietherdìns (e.f. Dìtgif ̀ in Z̀ i ner V``ds, 076:, Dìtgif ìn

Zì ner Rdgmht, 0777-?222, Nreith ìn Hafestgli, 0777). Oath kaneds `re k`gidyo`sen ai juier`ry maitexts wgthaut str`tgjgm`tgai ìn wgth praodek`tgm 0>M n`tes(uimert`gity aj `ssamg`tgai, adn-waan ejjemt ìn ora`n wgffdes gi the m`dgor`tgaimurve). Gi Mh`pter >, the evgneime uinerdygif oath kaneds gs ev`du`ten, `s gs thegrsugtògdgty. he iew ì`dysgs aj the Marnen V`re mer`kgms jrak sevei ngjjereitsettdekeit sgtes mì pd`y ` cey p`rt gi v`dgn`tgif aie aj the twa mhraiadafgm`dkaneds ar gi repd`mgif thek wgth ` iew kaned. Ngjjereit mer`kgm types ma-ammur

^òde 0.= @i`dysgs exemuten ta

ìswer rese`rmh questgais ai

Marnen V`re mhraiadafy.

_ese`rmh questgai

Deved aj ̀ i`dysgs

Dam`d (Iaarn-Haddìn) _efgai`d (ma`st`d zaie aj the

Ietherdìns)

]upr`-refgai`d (the Ietherdìns

ìn the whade Marnen V`re ̀ re`)

Haw naes the Marnen V`re Mudture

red`te ta prevgaus mudtures1 Naesthe trìsgtgai ta the Marnen V`reMudture represeit mudtur`d maitgiugtyar ngsmaitgiugty ar ` makogi`tgaiaj oath1

@i`dysgs aj the mer`kgms jrak sgtes n`tgif ta the premengif

mudtures< ]daatnarp-Oauwdust (Ju

Documents

9789088903182 - Beckerman 2015 - Corded Ware Coastal Communities - eBook