9789088903113 - Docter Et Al. 2015 - Carthage - eBook

7/21/2019 9789088903113 - Docter Et Al. 2015 - Carthage - eBook

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nmotnm ay

Qde`m Mdbtnr

Qomge Adussdffere

Zontnr tnr Hnurs

febt eim cytg

ertgekn


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Romnstdin ZrnssE inw kninretodi df Zuaòsgoik

_du ern rnemoik e fu`` vnrsodi df tgos addh, fdr frnn!

]gos addh os pert df tgn Romnstdin n-òarery wgnrn cdst df dur

puaòbetodis ern fu``y ebbnssoa`n fdr frnn. Fdr ebbnss td cdrn

frnn addhs vosot< www.somnstdin.bdc/òarery

Mdwi`dem Fu`` ZMFVosot tgn Romnstdin n-òarery td ardwsn dur n-addhs. Fdr e coioce`

fnn ydu bei purbgesn e fu``y fuibtodie` ZMF eim ay mdoik sd, ydu

gn`p td hnnp dur òarery ruiioik.

www.somnstdin.bdc/òarery


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BD@DZGDI

Krepgob Mnsoki

Etnònr @uhns, @nomni

Bdvnr MnsokiEtnònr @uhns & Romnstdin Zrnss,@nomni. Bdvnr mnsoki aesnm diBertgekn becpeoki mnsokinm ayMdua`nCeturnm, @nomni

Zgdtdkrepgy bdvnr (frdit)Eiinhn mn Hncp eim Zntnr LeiAdcgdf (Mutbg Ietodie` Cusnuc

df Eitoquotons)< Rtetun Kdmmnsswotg òdi gnem8Beidicei1? | mrnecstocn.bdca8 1::?81:528 tgn tnxt df bgeptnr ? os aesnmdi ei ertob`n eadut Geiioae` pua-òsgnm oi @ecpes (Mdbtnr 1::>b)

Zrdlnbt nemnreile vei mnr \di

Zrdlnbt essostnit

Oikn mni Dumstni

]n nxgoaotodi bditeoinm dalnbts

di `dei frdcCusn Ietodie` mu Aermd,Cusn Ietodie` mn Bertgekn, tgn@duvrn, tgn Arotosg Cusnuc, tgnRdproitnimnize mn` Cern, Ze`nrcd,tgn Inmnrèimsbgn Aeih (MutbgIetodie` Aeih), tgn Qolhscusnucoi Ecstnrmec, @nomni iovnrsoty,tgn E`èrm Zonrsdi Cusnuc,

tgn Nyn Fo`c Cusnuc, tgnHdioihòlhn Aoaòdtgnnh (Qdye`@oarery), tgn Krdioiknr Cusnuc(Vnnihd`dioee` CusnucVnnimec), tgn HdioihòlhDumgnomhuimok Kniddtsbgep,Cusnuc Adyceis vei Anuioiknieim e provetn bd``nbtodi (@nuvni)

1:5> Qde`m Mdbtnr, Qomge Adussdere eim Zontnr tnr Hnurs

Zuaòsgnm ay Romnstdin Zrnss, @nomniwww.somnstdin.bdc

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df Bertgekn

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e Cerotocn Zdwnr

;=]gn Zuiob

[ers

?:Qdcei Bertgekn. Ot bdisostnmdf tgrnn perts. ]gnstrst rddc prnsnitnmtgn stdry df ZuiobBertgekn frdc otsfduimoik oi tgn ioitgbnitury A.B. td tgn nimdf tgn Rnbdim Zuiob[er oi 1:5 A.B. ]gnsnbdim rddc stertnmwotg Betds becpeokifdr tgn mnstrubtodidf Bertgekn eimceoi`y mne`t wotgtgn Qdcei pnrodm.Rnperetn`y, tgnrnwes e prnsnitetodidi tgn gostdry dferbgend`dkobe`rnsnerbg oi Bertgekn,frdc tgn rnmosbdvnry

ay Lnei-co`nGucanrt (575;) td tgnwdrh df erbgend`dkostsfrdc tgn ^iovnrsotydf Ecstnrmec oi1:::/1::5.

]gn nxgoaotodi wescemn pdssoa`n aytgn suppdrt df tgnOistotut Ietodie` muZetrocdoin oi ]uios.Ceiy ocpdrteit `deis

becn frdc tgn CusnIetodie` mu Aermd eimtgn Cusn Ietodie`mn Bertgekn.


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BEQ]GEKN5>

Rtetuns frdc Ome`odi,Byprus. Bd``nbtodi

Arotosg Cusnuc,@dimdi (pgdtd< N. vei

mni Aeimt).


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ZGDNIOBOE AB.Ietodie` Cusnuc dfEitoquotons , @nomni .


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Beieei eim @naeidi

Frdc erbgend`dkobe` rnsnerbg eim vnry ner`ytnxts, wn hidw tget Zgdnioboe wes e stretnkob `d-betodi oi tgn eibonit Iner Nest es fer aebh es tgntgorm co``niiouc AB. ]n bdeste` rnkodi wes e

ierrdw fnrto`n bdrromdr tgrdukg wgobg nvnrytgoikeim nvnrydin cdst idtea`y cnrbgeits gem tdpess di tgn wey td Eietdòe, Cnsdpdtecoe eimNkypt. Di bèy tea`nts fduim oi Naè oi prns-nitmey Ryroe, tgos bdeste` strop os be``nm Keiein(Beieei) dr @eaeieei (@naeidi), eim ots aok-knst boty wes Kuaè. ]os boty os anttnr hidwi ayots Krnnh iecn df Aya`ds/. Ot ges anniseom tget tgos wes ei Nkyptoei sntt`ncnit, aut otcey gevn cnrn`y anni e pèbn df treisot fdr bn-merwddm eim epos ezuò. Erbgend`dkobe` rnceois

prdvn tget tgnrn wnrn oi eiy besn b`dsn eim frn-qunit tons wotg Nkypt oi tgos pnrodm. Dtgnr ce-ldr sntt`ncnits erduim tgos tocn wnrn tgdsn dfRomdi eim yrn. ]os cneis tget dvnr e tgduseimyners anfdrn tgn strst rnfnrnibns oi tgn sdurbns tdZgdnioboei cnrbgeits, tgnor eibnstdrs wnrn e`-rnemy pèyoik e hny rd`n oi tgn nbdidcy df tgneibonit Iner Nest. Erduim 11:: AB tgnsn bdest-e` botons seih oitd e ceèosn eim wnrn eaeimdinm.@ohn dtgnr botons, tgny wnrn uiea`n td rnspdimemnquetn`y td tgn snvnrn rnkodie` brosos tget wes

Rerbdpgekusdf Egorec, wotg

mnbdretodis eimoisbroptodis gdiduroik

tgn cncdry df Egorec,Hoik df Aya`ds.

beusnm, ecdik dtgnr tgoiks, ay mntnrodretoikbòcetn bdimotodis. ]os `nm td celdr nbdidcobeim pdòtobe` tnisodis oi tgn rnkodi, pert`y beusnmay wevns df cokretodi.

Ei Nkyptoei Zèbn df ]reisot

Et tgn ankoiioik df tgn snbdim co``niioucAB, cdst df tgn botons oi tgn bdeste` rnkodi nx-pnronibnm e rnvove`. Aya`ds sto`` prdvnm td an dfkrnet stretnkob ocpdrteibn td Nkypt. Rucptuduskrevns st``nm wotg kd`m eim so`vnr gevn anni fduimoi tgn boty, eim tgn Nkyptoeioispornm Danòshncp`n, wgnrn tgn botykdmmnss AeeètKuaèwes wdrsgoppnm, metns frdc tgn snbdim co``ni-

iouc AB. Cubg df dur oifdrcetodi eadut tgospnrodm bdcns frdc tgn Nkyptoei bdrrnspdimnibnerbgovns et NÈcerie. ]nsn erbgovns ern e veststdrngdusn df mop`dcetob bdrrnspdimnibn dibèy tea`nts antwnni Nkyptoei eim fdrnoki dfl-boe`s, oibùmoik oigeaoteits df tgn botons df yrneim Aya`ds, eim prdvomn e uioqun pobturn df tgnnbdidcob òfn df tgn fdurtnnitg bnitury AB. [n`neri frdc tgnsn tnxts tget botons oi Zgdnioboewnrn bruboe` pertinrs eim tremoik bnitrns fdr tgnNkyptoei Zgeredg.

1 ZGDNIOBOE< FQDC Z@EBN DF ]QEIRO] ]D ]QEMOIK IE]ODI1 ZGDNIOBOE< FQDC Z@EBN DF ]QEIRO] ]D ]QEMOIK IE]ODI

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Erduim 51:: AB ankei ei e`cdst 1::yner pnrodm df mnbòin muroikwgobg ceiy df tgn ocpdrteit botons df tgn Iner Nest bruca`nm oitd ruois.]n nxpèietodi fdr tgn turau`nibn cey òn, pnrgeps, oi tgn movnrsn rnkodie`

bgeikns< tgn Nkyptoei Ncporn gem bd`èpsnm, tgn Osrenòtns wnrn strniktgni-oik tgnor pdwnr aesn oi tgn Rdutgnri @nveit, tgn Zgoòstoins eim dtgnr cer-otocn pndp`ns sntt`nm oi tgn bdeste` rnkodi, eim tgn Erecneis bdiqunrnmèrkn swetgns df wget gem anni Beieei. [go`n ceiy dtgnr sntt`ncnits, ns-pnboe``y tgdsn wotgoi tgn Zgoòstoins mornbt spgnrn df oifiunibn, wnrn eaei-mdinm, tgn Zgdnioboei botons wotgstddm tgn prnssurns df tgn tocns. ]nybnrteoi`y sunrnm frdc tgn tnisn sotuetodi oi tgn nestnri Cnmotnrreinei,aut Zgdnioboei sdbonty mom idt bd`èpsn. ]nrn ern sdcn oimobetodis tgettremn bditoiunm oi tgos pnrodm, idt di`y wotg tgn oitnrodr, aut e`sd wotgtgn osèims eim bdeste` rnkodis oi tgn Cnmotnrreinei. Idintgn`nss, tgnrnwes bnrteoi`y e sgoft oi tgn aeèibn df pdwnr< Romdi gem tehni dvnr frdc

Aya`ds es tgn cdst ocpdrteit boty oi Zgdnioboe. Ot wes oi tgos pnrodm tgettgn Zgdnioboei èikuekn eim sbropt mnvn`dpnm eim anbecn mossncoietnm.

E Vnry Ner`y E`pgeant

Zgdnioboei os e Rncotob èikuekn, wgobg strdik`y rnsnca`ns tgn (èt-nr) Ereceob eim aoaòbe` Gnarnw. Df pertobuèr oitnrnst wes ots usndf ei e`pgeantobe` sbropt bdisostoik df twnitytwd `nttnrs. ]nrn wese hoim df e`pgeant oi ^kerot es fer aebh es tgn stftnnitg bnitury, wgobgusnm buinofdrc sbropt, aut cdst òikuosts essucn tget Zgdnioboei sbroptmnrovns frdc tgn ZrdtdRoieotob df tgn Comm`n eim @etn Ardizn Ekn

Mnbdretnm ]romebie sgn` ` usnmes e bditeoinr fdr bdscntobs8b. ;:: AB8 Ietodie` Cusnuc dfEitoquotons , @nomni .

]_ZOBE@ ZGDNIOBOEI

BQEF]R]gn Zgdnioboeis wnrn idt lust sub-

bnssfu` cnrbgeits8 tgny wnrn e`sd

gokg`y sho``nm oi kèsscehoik, ovdry

bervoik, eim cnte`wdrhoik. ]gny brn-

etnm e gyarom bu`turn, wgobg sprnem

tgrdukg tgnor èrkn tremn intwdrh,

pnrcnetoik tgn nitorn Cnmotnrreinei

rnkodi ay eadut ;:: AB. ]gnor so`-

vnrko`t mosgns gevn anni fduim oi

krevns frdc Ote`y td Cnsdpdtecoe.

]gnsn Zgdnioboei wdrhs df ert mospèye coxturn df sty`ns< Nkyptoei bgerodt-

nnrs mrovoik Gottotn bgerodts, e gdvnr-

oik aorm df prny mnpobtnm oi Nkyptoei

sty`n eadvn e Cnsdpdtecoei go``, eim

Essyroeis spdrtoik dik anerms e`dik-

somn b`neisgevni Nkyptoei sd`monrs.

@ubes Zntot

5?


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]yrn. Quois df QdceiZe`enstre, wotgbd`ucis cemn dfNkyptoei kreiotn.( Mmhk |mrnecstocn.bdc)

1:


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]ncp`n df tgn Danòshsoi Aya`ds.

]GN [DQM ZGDNIOBOEI]gn Zgdnioboeis mom idt rnfnr td tgnc-

sn`vns ay tget iecn. ]gny wnrn beieio

dr Beieeiotns. Ot wes tgn Krnnhs wgd

tgdukgt up tgn iecn pgdoiox fdr tgn

oigeaoteits df prnsnitmey @naeidi.

]gn wdrms ntycd`dky rnceois ui-

b`ner. Ot cey rnfnr td tgn brocsdi myn

df tgn bd`durfu` b`dtgs fdr wgobg tgnZgdnioboeis wnrn hidwi. E`tnrietovn`y,

ot cey mnrovn frdc tgn iecn df tgn

gnrd Zgdniox, tgn Zgdnioboeis procd-

kniotdr. ]gn Qdceis, aesoik tgnc-

sn`vns di Krnnh òtnreturn, usnm tgn

tnrcspdnius eimpgdniox. ]gn fdrcnr,

frdc wgobg tgn Nikòsg wdrm Zuiob mn-

rovns, rnfnrs td tgn Zgdnioboeis Idrtg

Efrobei mnsbnimeits.

@ubes Zntot

Keze

MnemRne

QovnrLdrmei

ZG

DNIOBOE

Lnruse`nc

Leffe

Cnkommd

Ebrn

]yrn

Erwem

Aya`ds

Rernpte

Romdi

B_ZQ^R

Cep df Zgdniobo

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11


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]ncp`n df tgn danòshsoi Aya`ds.

12

(b. 1:::-51:: AB). ]n d`mnst hidwi Zgdnioboei oisbroptodi os tgnEgorec npotepg, ei oisbroptodi di e rdye` serbdpgekus metoik frdc b. 51::AB. Ot wdu`m eppner tget tgn èikuekn eim sbropt wnrn idt fu``y emdptnmay sdbonty, gdwnvnr, uito` tgn n`nvnitg bnitury AB. ]n sbropt wes wrot-tni nitorn`y wotgdut vdwn`s, oi bditrest td Ereceob eim aoaòbe` Gnarnw.

]eihs td tgn botystetns bdccnrboe` intwdrh, tgn Zgdnioboei èikueknsprnem tgrdukgdut tgn Cnmotnrreinei rnkodi frdc tgn ioitg bnitury ABdiwerms, e prdbnss tget wes ieture``y essostnm ay tgn febt tget tgos e`pge-antobe` systnc, uiòhn buinofdrc sbropt eim Nkyptoei gonrdk`ypgobs, wesidt di`y nesy td `neri aut bdu`m e`sd an usnm oi dtgnr èikuekns. Adtg tgnKrnnh eim @etoi e`pgeants ern aesnm di tgn drokoie` Zgdnioboei sbropt. Estgn verodus bd`dions ebquornm krnetnr oimnpnimnibn, tgn sbropt bgeiknm.Fdr oisteibn, erduim tgn tgorm bnitury AB tgn sbropt oi Bertgekn, e`sdhidwi es Zuiob, wes bursovn (snn bgeptnr =).

E ]remoik Ietodi

remn fidurosgnm, eim tgn nxp`dsovn pdpuètodi krdwtg oi tgn Zgdnioboeibdeste` rnkodi cneit tget ceiy wnrn bdcpn``nm td cokretn wnst. [getgeppninm oi tgnor gdcn bduitry dvnr tgn inxt twd bniturons os pert`yvno`nm oi dasburoty. Ot os strohoik tget wn hidw cdrn eadut tgn Zgdnioboeiswnstnri bdccnrboe` rnètodis eim bd`dions tgei wn md eadut Zgdnioboeotsn`f. ]os os ceoi`y anbeusn vnry fnw drokoie` tnxts gevn anni fduim oitgn cdtgnr bduitry. Cdst df tgn oifdrcetodi wn pdssnss eadut Zgdnioboebdcns frdc Essyroei eiie`s, aoaòbe` tnxts eim ètnr Krnnh wdrhs. Zert`yfdr tgos rnesdi, wn md idt stim eiy rnfnrnibns td ocpdrteit botons subg esyrn uito` e rnètovn`y ètn pnrodm, wgnrnes wn hidw tget tgny gem pèynm

ei ocpdrteit pert `dik anfdrn tget. Ot bei an essucnm tget yrn wes tgncdst pdwnrfu` boty oi tgn bdeste` rnkodi frdc tgn tnitg bnitury AB di-werms, gevoik dvnrtehni Aya`ds eim Romdi. Ot wes sotuetnm di ei osèim

lust d tgn bdest eim pdssnssnm e setn`òtn boty di tgn ceoièim. Oi emmotoditd twd èrkn geradurs, e cerhnt eim e peèbn, yrn e`sd pdssnssnm snvnre`tncp`ns tget wnrn mnmobetnm td tgn botys cdst prdcoinit mnotons< Cn`qert,

Estertn eim Aee`Rgecnc.

]gn Zgdnioboei Mnotons]n Zgdnioboeis kdms wnrn b`dsn`y òihnm td tgn peitgndi df dtgnr

@nveitoin bu`turns. Bgonf ecdik tgnc wnrn tgn cdtgnr kdmmnss Estertn e`sd hidwi es Osgter eim Esgnreg, tgn fnrtoòty kdmmnss, wgd wes frn-qunit`y mnpobtnm wotg e trnn df òfn. Es tgn Zgdnioboei wdr`m keoinm oiocpdrteibn, wn snn e krdwtg oi tgn iucanr df ce`n kdms. ]us, Esgnregebquornm e gusaeim iecnm N`, eim dtgnr kdms tdd eppnernm di tgn stekn,subg es Emdios (tgn kdm df arnem), _ec (tgn kdm df tgn sne) eim Qnsgnf(tgn kdm df òkgtioik eim pèkuns). Nebg df tgn celdr Zgdnioboei botonsgem ots dwi botykdm, wgd wes wdrsgoppnm oi din df tgn ceoi tncp`ns.

[go`n Emdios wes df krnet ocpdrteibn oi Aya`ds, eim sdcnwget etnr e`sddi Byprus, ot wes Cn`qert, tgn kdm df tgn sne eim tgn uimnrwdr`m, wgdprnveo`nm oi yrn eim Bertgekn.

ZGDNIOBOE< FQDC Z@EBN DF ]QEIRO] ]D ]QEMOIK IE]ODI 1

Hotodi. Oi tgnZgdnioboei pnrodm,Hotodi, òhn Bertgekn,wes hidwi es tgnInw Boty. Zgdnioboeitncp`n df Estertn,]ncnrds.


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Zgdnioboei so`vnrko`tmosg. b. ;::-6;> AB.Ietodie` Cusnuc dfEitoquotons , @nomni .

Frdc Nest td [nst

]n bd`diosetodi prdbnss oi tgn Cnmotnrreinei tdwgobg tgn Zgdnioboeis dwn tgnor fecn eppnerstd gevn anni oiotoetnm procero`y ay tgn boty df

yrn. Ot wes tgnrn, oi tgn tnitg bnitury AB, tgetHoik Gorec O ebquornm e tremn cdidpd`y, kov-oik rosn td ei nxpeisodi tget cemn tgn boty tgncdst ocpdrteit Zgdnioboei pdrt oi tgn nestnriCnmotnrreinei. Gn stertnm ay fdbusoik di tremn

1=

wotg tgn oitnrodr eim tgn Qnm Rne. Aut wrottnisdurbns sgdw tget Gorec e`sd nxnrbosnm bditrd`di Byprus. Rto``, tgn os`eim wes idt e rne` bd`d-

iy et tgos pdoit. Ot wes idt uito` tgn comioitgbnitury AB, uimnr gos subbnssdr, tget tgn strstsntt`ncnit wes auo`t di Byprus< Hotodi. ]nprnsnibn df bdppnr di tgn os`eim wes e celdrettrebtodi et strst. Aut Byprus wes e`sd usnm es

1 ZGDNIOBOE< FQDC Z@EBN DF ]QEIRO] ]D ]QEMOIK IE]ODI


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Kemns

]gerrds

Bertgekn

^tobe HnrhdueinRyrebusn

Qdcn

Beiien

Etgnis

Romdi

]yrn

REQMOIOE

BQN]N

B_ZQ^R

N]Q^QOE

ROBO@_

Gemrucntuc

e treisot pdrt eim ètnr es e pèbn fdr tgn krdw-oik pdpuètodi td òvn. Ansomns anoik sho``nm oibdccnrbn, tgn Zgdnioboeis wnrn e`sd hidwi fdrtgnor nxbn``nit breftsceisgop, prdmuboik prdm-ubts tget wnrn cubg oi mnceim, ceiy df wgobg

wnrn sddi rnebgoik Byprus. Idt di`y Byprus

]gn Cnmotnrreineirnkodi oi tgnZgdnioboei-Zuiobpnrodm.

ZGDNIOBOE< FQDC Z@EBN DF ]QEIRO] ]D ]QEMOIK IE]ODI 1


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16


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ZÎOBBEQ]GEKN

Qde`m Mdbtnr

1;

EBBDQMOIK ]D @NKNIM, ]GN ZÎOB

CN]QDZD@OR DF BEQ]GEKN [ER FDÎMNM

[O]G ]GN EOM DF E BQEF]_ ]QOBH EIM EI

DW GOMN. ]GN NEQ@ONR] VNQRODI DF ]GN

R]DQ_ OR ]D@M A_ ]OCEN^R DF ]E^QDCNIO^C

]EDQCOIE, E KQNNH [QO]NQ FQDC ]GN @E]]NQ

GE@F DF ]GN FD^Q]G BNI]^Q_ AB. EF]NQ ER]Q^KK@N FDQ ZD[NQ ECDIK ]GN IDA@NR

DF ]_QN OI ZQNRNI]ME_ @NAEIDI, ZQOIBNRR

N@ORRE MOMD EIM E KQD^Z DF EQOR]DBQE]OB

BDCZEIODIR ADEQMNM RNVNQE@ RGOZR EIM

REO@NM [NR][EQMR ]D[EQMR ]GN BDER]

DF IDQ]G EFQOBE, [GOBG [ER HID[I OI

EI]OUÔ]_ ER @OA_E.

]gn ]dpgnt, tgnBertgekoioei auroe`krduim oi tgn sdutg dftgn boty. Ceiy rnceoisdf yduik bgo`mrni wnrnfduim gnrn, fun`òikgypdtgnsns eadutbgo`m sebrostbns.


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]ny pèiinm td fduim e inw bepote` boty tgnrn, e inw yrn. Di tgn weytd Efrobe, tgn rnfuknns mrdppnm eibgdr et tgn osèim df Byprus, wgnrn tgnytddh di aderm tgn Gokg Zronst df Estertn eim nokgty kor`s wgd wnrn oivd`vnmoi tncp`n prdstotutodi. Eftnr e``, tgn subbnssfu` nxpeisodi df e bd`diy rn-quorns wdcni es wn`` es cni.

ocenus rnètns tget tgn bdcpeiy errovnm di tgn bdest df @oaye (prnsnitmey uiosoe) oi tgn tgortynokgtg yner anfdrn tgn strst D`ycpoem, tget os, oi75=/52 AB. ]nrn, tgny nitnrnm oitd inkdtoetodis wotg tgn `dbe` pdpuè-todi, wgd ekrnnm td sn`` tgnc e ponbn df èim es èrkn es bdu`m an bdvnrnmay ei dx gomn. [otg mnvodus buiioik, gdwnvnr, tgn inwbdcnrs but ei dxgomn oitd toiy strops, èyoik tgnc mdwi sd es td niborb`n tgn go`` df Ayrse, efer èrknr erne tgei tgn @oayeis gem oitnimnm. ]os sgdu`m e`cdst bnrteoi`yan rnkermnm es ei epdbrypge` stdry, oivnitnm anbeusn Ayrse sduims socoèrtd tgn Krnnh wdrm fdr dx gomn. Nvni sd, tgn stdry bditeois n`ncnitstget bgocn pnrfnbt`y wotg tgn inketovn ocekn df tgn Zgdnioboeis oi eitoqun

sdurbns rokgt aebh td Gdcnr, wgd mnsbroans tgn Zgdnioboeis es e breftyeim cnimebodus pndp`n wgd wo`` snozn nvnry dppdrtuioty td cehn e prdsttwgnrnvnr tgny kd, eim wgd wo`` idt sbrup`n, fdr oisteibn, td bdcaoin ea-mubtodis wotg sèvn tremn. Nvni tgn rnfnrnibn td ei dx es pert df tgn fdui-metodi df ei eibonit boty cey bditeoi e kreoi df trutg. Ecdik tgn Krnnhseim tgn Qdceis, eim prdaea`y tgn Zgdnioboeis, tgn aduimerons df e futurnboty wnrn cerhnm dut oi e rotue` bnrncdiy wotg tgn eom df e p`dukg mrewiay e au`` eim e bdw.

]n burrnit iecn df Bertgekn mnrovns frdc tgn Zgdnioboei Urtgmt(HertGemesgt) cneioik inw boty e pere``n` td (Iep`ns)ecdik tgn Krnnhs. Oi tgos bditnxt ot os bnrteoi`y idt uiocpdrteit tget

Bertgekn os tgn di`y boty oi tgn ZgdnioboeiZuiob wdr`m df wgobg wnpdssnss ei nèadretn `nknim eadut ots fduimetodi. ]os eibonit tremotodib`ner`y bditeois n`ncnits, emmnm procero`y td brnetn e idiKrnnh eimidiQdcei rnprnsnitetodi df Bertgekn oi tgn ètnr Krnnh eim @etoisdurbns. Nvni sd, tgn stdry e`sd bditeois n`ncnits tget ern sd typobe`-`y Dronite` eim idibèssobe` tget tgny ern vnry uiòhn`y td bdcn frdcKrnnh dr Qdcei gostdroeis. ]n cdierbgob nxpèietodi uimnr`yoik tgnbd`diys fduimetodi oi tgos cytg os bnrteoi`y etypobe` oi tgos rnkerm, autpdssnssns e bnrteoi dkob pertobuèr`y fdr e sntt`ncnit iecnm Inw Boty.Nerònr Zgdnioboei bd`dions oi tgn bnitre` eim wnstnri Cnmotnrreinei gemanni fduimnm fdr bdccnrboe` rnesdis, fdr oisteibn anbeusn df tgn prdx-

ocoty df drncoioik ernes. Qne` ekrobu`ture` bd`dions, subg es tgdsn sddftni nibduitnrnm oi Krnnh bd`diosetodi, wnrn quotn uibdccdi oi tgnZgdnioboei wdr`m. Bertgekn cdvnm oitd tgn esbnimeiby ecdik tgn Zuiobbd`dions, bnrteoi`y frdc tgn nim df tgn soxtg bnitury AB diwerms8 anfdrntgni, ot gem anni daòknm td sgern tgos prnncoinit pdsotodi wotg dtgnrkrnet bd`dioe` sntt`ncnits cnitodinm oi eibonit sdurbns< Bmoz oi Rpeoi,^tobe oi uiosoe, eim @oxus oi Cdrdbbd.

Idt sd `dik ekd, tgn ner`y metn df tgn botys fduimetodi, es sukknstnm ay tgneibonit sdurbns, bdu`m idt an bdrrdadretnm ay erbgend`dkobe` stims. rebnsdf tgn d`mnst boty bdu`m idt an metnm eiy nerònr tgei tgn snbdim quertnr

Rtetun frdc Omeòdi,ei d`m Zgdnioboei

sntt`ncnit di Byprus.Arotosg Cusnuc,

@dimdi.

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df tgn nokgtg bnitury AB, di tgn aesos df cn-tobu`dus stumons df Krnnh bnrecob sgnrms. Uuotnrnbnit`y, gdwnvnr, eioce` adins frdc tgn nerònstèynrs df tgn sntt`ncnit gevn anni metnm, usoikremodberadi metoik tnbgid`dky, td tgn nim df tgn

ioitg bnitury AB, wgobg wdu`m an bdcpetoa`nwotg tgn botys fduimetodi oi 75=/752 AB.

^raei Mnvn`dpcnit eim@ovoik Bu`turn

[otg tgn aninstt df sdcn twd bniturons df erbgen-d`dkobe` rnsnerbg (soibn Gucanrt), wn ern feor`ywn`` oifdrcnm di wget tgn Zuiob boty `ddhnm òhneim gdw ot mnvn`dpnm. Roibn tgn 5?;:s oi per-tobuèr, tgnrn ges anni ei upsurkn oi rnsnerbg di

tgn strubturn df tgn eibonit boty. Ot os strohoik tgettgn nerònst boty wes idt auo`t di tgn pneh df tgnètnr bnitre` go`` df Ayrse, aut di tgn go``s sdutg-nest eim nestnri s`dpns, feboik tgn sne. ]n nerònsttrebns df gucei prnsnibn gevn anni fduim gnrnoi èynrs es mnnp es sox cntrns an`dw tgn burrnit

krduim `nvn`. ]os ner`y sntt`ncnit erne òns die pnioisuè nxtnimoik oitd tgn Ku`f df uios, egokg`y stretnkob pdsotodi tget mupòbetnm tgn bger-ebtnrostob cdmn` df Zgdnioboei bdeste` botons df tgn@nveit, nspnboe``y tgn cdtgnr boty df yrn, wotg ots

twd eimoik ernes fdr sgops din td tgn sdutg, tgndtgnr td tgn idrtg. ]nsn wnrn prdaea`y e`sd tgnernes wgnrn tgn pnropgnre` perts df tgn sntt`ncnitwnrn `dbetnm, wotg e`` tgn movnrsn fuibtodis tgetern typobe` df geradurs< werngdusns, sgopyerms,gdusns fdr seo`drs eim cnrbgeits, oiis eim ardtg-n`s. îfdrtuietn`y, ot ges idt ynt anni pdssoa`ntd nxecoin tgnsn perts df tgn boty, wgobg cey anbe``nm, ay eie`dky wotg tgn @nveitoin nxecp`ns,tgn @dwnr Boty (dr pnrgeps @dwnr Botons). Ecerhntpèbn (ceqdc) oi tgn voboioty df tgnsn ger-

adurs bei e`sd an rnbdistrubtnm, ay eie`dky wotgtgn fecdus Nurybgdrds oi yrn.

Foims frdc nxbevetodis niea`n us td nstocetntgn surfebn erne df Bertgekn oi ots nerònst pgesnet epprdxocetn`y 1> gnbterns. ]os uraei rnkodi

Kèss anems,Bertgekn8 =tg -2rmbnitury AB8 CusnIetodie` mn Bertgekn.Znimeits òhn tgos,cemn frdc kèsspestn, wnrn fduim oikrevns.

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wdu`m gevn gem e pdpuètodi df >,::: td 7,:::oi tgn snvnitg bnitury AB, wgobg os vnry èrknoi tgn bditnxt df eibonit bovoòsetodis. Ay tgnsnbdim bnitury AB tgos stkurn gem krdwi td et`nest >:,:::, of idt 5::,:::, eim nvni 2::,:::

os cnitodinm. Frdc et `nest tgn snvnitg bnituryAB diwerms, tgn ^ppnr Boty wes surrduim-nm ay boty we``s wotg ketns eim aestodis. Oi tgnstftg bnitury AB, tgnsn we``s wnrn rninwnm eimnxpeimnm td nib`dsn e èrknr surfebn erne. Eswes bustdcery oi tgn eibonit wdr`m, tgn auroe`krduims eim sdcn df tgn ertoseis quertnrs èyanydim tgn boty we``s (nxtre curds). ]n dpgntdf Bertgekn wes e`sd oiotoe``y nxtre curds. Ditgos sebrnm sotn, tgn brncetnm rnceois df tnis dftgduseims df oifeits wnrn èom td rnst oi uris). Idtfer frdc tgn dpgnt, ei ertostboe` beie`, 5> td1: cntrns womn eim twd cntrns mnnp, rei pere`-`n` td tgn bdest. Roibn tgos wes auo`t anfdrn tgncomfdurtg bnitury AB, tgos beie` tdd custgevn anni wotgoi tgn ètnr boty we``. Ot wes st``nmoi eftnr b. 2>: AB eim rnpèbnm ay e mdua`ngeradur sdutgnest df ots bdursn. ]n stie` vnr-sodi df tgos mdua`n geradur os mnsbroanm oi ei-bonit òtnreturn (ay Eppoei) eim bei an metnm

erbgend`dkobe``y td lust anfdrn tgn dutarneh dftgn ]orm Zuiob [er. E sce`` beie` bdiinbts tgnrnbteikuèr bdccnrboe` geradur td e borbuèrieve` geradur eim sgnms tget bdu`m ebbdccd-metn 5;: td 57: wersgops (trorncns). ]os iuc-anr os quotn b`dsn td tgn 11: sgops cnitodinm ay

Eppoei es tgn geradurs bepeboty.

E`` tgos sukknsts tget tgn boty wes auo`t frdc tgndutsnt ebbdrmoik td e wn``mnstinm strubture`mnsoki, wotg rnbteikuèr gdusns sgeroik tgnor

dutnr we``s eim erreiknm oi a`dbhs (oisuèn)surrduimnm ay strnnts. Ot eppners tget tgn strstbd`diosts gem e`rnemy movomnm up tgn uraei erneebbdrmoik td e retodie` mnsoki aesnm di e remoe`,feisgepnm auo`tup erne wotg strnnts `nemoiktd tgn s`dpns df tgn Ayrse. Ei drtgdkdie` pet-tnri df auo`moik os e`sd fduim oi tgn dwnr`yoikbdeste` pèoi. Frdc tgn nerònst yners, tgn strnntsdf Bertgekn wnrn pevnm wotg stdin bgops eimgem orrnkuèr, dpni mreoiekn bdimuots. dwermstgn èst quertnr df tgn stftg bnitury AB, et `nest

2:

2 ZÎOB BEQ]GEKN

]gn serbdpgekn dftgn pronstnss df Osos,es ot os hidwi. Fduim

oi e sgeft tdca, 51cntrns mnnp8 Cusn

Ietodie` mn Bertgekn.


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sdcn df tgn strnnts wnrn rnbdistrubtnm oi estrohoik`y cdiucnite` fdrc, wotg èrkn òcn-stdin pètns eim bnitre` mreoiekn bdimuots. ]nstie` rnidvetodi df tgn strnnts, et tgn ankoiioikdf tgn snbdim bnitury AB, nvni oibùmnm mreoi-

ekn bdimuots bdisostoik df ocnstdin pètns wotgbernfu``ybervnm bgeiin`s. Cdiucnite` strnntpevoik df tgos hoim bdu`m èst fdr kninretodiseim put ei nim td tgn uirnkuètnm pnrodmob reos-oik df tgn rdem surfebn tget gem anni bustdceryanfdrn tgni, usoik sgnrms eim dtgnr westn ce-tnroe`s frdc tgn sntt`ncnit. Roibn tgnrn wes id`diknr eiy rnesdi td fner tgn bdisteit reosoik dftgn strnnt `nvn`, wgobg beusnm reoiwetnr td ruioitd tgn gdusns, wn e`sd snn e ge`t oi tgn repomsubbnssodi df fiddr `nvn`s oi tgn gdusns. Oistnem

df tgn tecpnmmdwi òcnstdin fiddrs tget gemanni bustdcery uito` tgni, pndp`n stertnm oi-

vnstoik oi cdrn nxpnisovn òcn cdrter eim tns-sn`ètnm (cdseob) fiddrs, tgn Zevocnite Zuiobe,wgobg wdu`m òhnwosn nimurn fdr snvnre` kninr-etodis. Ei nssnitoe` bdimotodi fdr ceoiteoioik epnrceinit strnnt `nvn` wes tgn drkeiosetodi df

e keraekn bd``nbtodi snrvobn. Muik eim keraeknbd``nbtodi snrvobns ern fecoòer frdc wrottnisdurbns rnètoik td eibonit Krnnh botons subg es

Etgnis< tgn wdrhnrs wgd prdvomnm tgos snrvobnwnrn hidwi es hdprd`dkdo. Ot os id bdoibomnibntget tgn rnceois df tdo`nts tget gevn anni fduimoi movnrsn perts df tgn boty metn frdc tgos pnrodm.]n bd``nbtnm muik wes prdaea`y usnm oi tgn or-roketnm gdrtobu`ture` erne td tgn wnst df tgn boty,oi Cnkere. [gntgnr uroin wes e`sd bd``nbtnmsnperetn`y eim usnm oi teiinrons, es wes bdc-

cdi oi Qdcei tocns, os idt hidwi aut gokg`yprdaea`n.

@nft< Cesh, Mncntnrdr Cnmuse8 Bertgekn82rm-1im bnitury AB8Cusn Ietodie` mnBertgekn.

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ZÎOB BEQ]GEKN 2

Qokgt< Cesh8 Bertgekn,inbrdpdòs df Mnrcnbg8ètn 6tg bnitury AB8Cusn Ietodie` muAermd. Ceshs df tgoshoim wnrn fduim oikrevns. ]gny wnrnprdaea`y oitnimnm tdwerm dff nvo` sporots.


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]GN A@EBHRCO]GR RNBQN]Nxbevetodis berronm dut ay tgn îovnrsoty df

Ecstnrmec oi Bertgekn rnvne`nm tgn rnceois df e

èrkn oimustroe` sotn metoik frdc tgn ;tg td >tg bni-

tury AB. E wne`tg df ordi dalnbts wnrn prdmubnm gnrn

oi sce`` fdrkns. ]gn Ecstnrmec cnte`ùrkost GeisHdnis eie`ysnm tgn westn frdc tgos sotn (n.k. df tnr-

rebdtte an``dws popns), eim mosbdvnrnm tget e`` tgn

secp`ns wnrn robg oi drkeiob òcnstdin tget os,

be`bouc. Rocoèr ordi westn frdc tgos pnrodm oi Ryroe

eim Ntruroe, eim di Nàe eim Osbgoe, bditeois di`y

spdremob trebns df be`bouc. ]gos os tgn pettnri sto``

fduim oi tgn cnmoenve` Intgnrèims, eim oi Nikèim

nvni uito` tgn ner`y iointnnitg bnitury. ]gnsn sce``

queitotons rnfinbt ieture` ocpurotons oi tgn drn dr tgn

cetnroe` frdc wgobg tgn fdrkns wnrn cemn.

Ceiy typns df ordi drn bditeoi su`pgur oi tgnor ietu-

re` stetn. ]gn prnsnibn df su`pgur, gdwnvnr sce`` tgn

queitoty, `nems td e arott`n nim prdmubt. Nvni coidr

strnssns prdmubn brebhs tget wnehni tgn ordi dalnbt.

îto` tgn com5?tg bnitury, su`pgur wes rncdvnm ay

gnetoik tgn su`pgurdus ordi drn oi tgn prnsnibn df eor

oi rdestoik furiebns uito` ot wes rnmgdt, aut wotgdut

cn`toik ot.

]gn strst petnit fdr tgn prdmubtodi df gokgqueòty

stnn` frdc rew ordi, oi din uioitnrruptnm prdbnss,

wes kreitnm td Gniry Anssncnr di 5; Dbtdanr 57>>.Ocpdrteit`y, tgos petnit wes ètnr nxpeimnm td oi-

bùmn e cntgdm td inutreòsn su`pgur muroik prdmub-

todi ay emmoik be`bouc, tgus rncdvoik et e strdhn tgn

innm fdr tgn rdestoik prdbnss, sevoik adtg tocn eim

fun`. ]gn Ecstnrmec rnsnerbg prdlnbt sgdws tget tgn

Bertgekoioei fdrkns gem e`rnemy cestnrnm tgos sn-

brnt prdbnmurn. ]gos wes bdistrcnm ay tgn stimoiks

df Hdniss nerònr eie`ysns df ordi dalnbts frdc Zuiob

Bertgekn, wgobg e`sd turinm up gokg pnrbnitekns df

be`bouc. ]gn nxbevetodis rnvne`nm tget tgos be`bouc

prdaea`y mnrovnm frdc tgn brusgnm sgn``s df Curnxsne sieo`s. E`` tgn nvomnibn sukknsts tget tgn ner`y

Bertgekoioeis bdu`m prdmubn ordi df gokg dr oimnnm

supnrodr queòty, eim tget tgny mom sd di e erkn sbe`n.

[otg tgn Qdcei bdiqunst, tgos hidw`nmkn wes `dst.

Qde`m Mdbtnr

]n wetnr supp`y df tgn uraei pdpuètodi oiotoe``y becnfrdc mnnp wn``s muk dut df tgn vorkoi sdo`. Bnrteoi`y aytgn comfdurtg bnitury AB, tgnsn wn``s gem anni rn-pèbnm ay bostnris. Rubg wes tgn tnbgiobe` pnrfnbtodi dftgnsn Zuiob bostnris eim tgn gymreuòb cdrters innmnm td

dpnretn tgnc tget tgn Qdceis bditoiunm td usn tgnc fdrceiy bniturons eftnr tgn fe`` df tgn boty. Oi tgn stie` ynersdf Bertgekn, oi tgn strst ge`f df tgn snbdim bnitury AB,nvnry gdusn gem et `nest din bostnri.

]n fiddr pèis df tgn Bertgekoioei gdusns èrkn`y fd`-`dwnm tgn bustdcery mnsoki oi tgn cdtgnr botons df tgn@nveit, bnrteoi`y oi tgn strst fnw bniturons eftnr tgn botysfduimetodi. Gdusn mnsokis tget ern hidwi td us oibùmntgn bdurtyerm gdusn eim frdc tgn snbdim quertnr df tgnsnvnitg bnitury diwerms tgn fdurrddc gdusn. Idt

uito` tgn ètn fdurtg bnitury AB mdns tgn erbgotnbturnstert td oibdrpdretn Krnnh, Gn``niostob n`ncnits subg estgn èrknr dpni bdurtyerm hidwi es e pnrosty`n eim tgn

Aee`Geccdi8seibtuery df eibonit

]goiossut8 5st bnituryEM8 Cusn Ietodie` mu

Aermd.

Aee`Geccdi wesdin df Bertgekns

cdst ocpdrteit kdms.]gn wdrsgop df tgosmnoty wes ocpdrtnm

frdc ]yrn.

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we`` mnbdretodis oi tgn sdbe``nm BdistrubtovnRty`n (oi tgn Vnsuvous botons anttnr hidwi estgn Forst Zdcpnoei Rty`n). ]os typn df mnbdre-tovn wdrh cehns ecp`n, nxuanreit usn df Krnnhcdu`moiks oi stubbd rnònf. Oi Bertgekn eim oi

dtgnr Zuiob botons oi Idrtg Efrobe, tgn bditoiu-oik pdpuèroty df tgn Mdrob drmnr os pertobuèr`ystrohoik. Aut wn e`sd snn Nkyptoei oifiunibns oitgn we`` mnbdretodis, nspnboe``y oi tgn cdu`moiks.Idtwotgsteimoik tgnsn oitnrietodie` oifiunibns,oi nssnibn tgn fiddr pèis rnceoinm typobe``yZuiob, èrkn`y anbeusn df tgn `dik bdiinbtoikbdrromdrs antwnni rddcs (kovoik rosn td tgniecn Bdrromdr gdusns). d Krnnh eim Qdceivosotdrs, tgn boty cust gevn prnsnitnm ei Droniteèspnbt, anbeusn df tgn sne df fiet rddfs tget wes

sd uiòhn tgn uraei èimsbepn oi dtgnr perts dftgn Krnnh eim Qdcei wdr`m8 oimnnm, pndp`nòvnm pert df tgnor òvns di tgn rddf. Rberbn`y eiyrddf to`ns gevn anni fduim muroik tgn nxbevetodisdf tgn Zuiob boty, cehoik ot nxtrncn`y uiòhn`ytget tgnrn wnrn eiy kea`n dr semm`n rddfs. Frdcet `nest tgn èttnr ge`f df tgn nokgtg bnitury AB,tgn gdusns wnrn snvnre` stdrnys gokg. Eppoeis eb-bduit df tgn sonkn eim bepturn df tgn boty oi tgn]orm Zuiob [er stetns tget sdcn df tgn gdusnswnrn sox stdrnys gokg. ]os cey idt an trun< pds-soa`y tgn Qdceis wnrn bdifusnm ay e bnrteoi dp-

tobe` mostdrtodi. @ddhoik et tgn boty frdc e krnetmosteibn, tgny sew gdusns auo`t oi tnrrebnm fdrcekeoist tgn somn df tgn go``8 oi rneòty, nebg ceygevn anni di`y twd dr tgrnn stdrnys gokg.

]gn Hoikmdc df tgn Mnem

Ceiy stumons gevn anni cemn df tgn Bertgekoi-oei inbrdpdòsns soibn tgn iointnnitg bnitury,e`tgdukg idt e`` ern aesnm di sdòm sbgdèrsgop.Oi tgn nerònst hidwi pgesn, tgn krduims nx-

tnimnm erduim tgn boty oi ei erb< oi tgn wnstdi tgn Ayrse, eim oi tgn idrtg eim idrtgnestdi tgn Luid eim Mnrcnbg go``s. Qnbnit`y e

ldoit uiosoeiAn`koei tnec wdrhoik di tgnAor Cnssedume sotn mosbdvnrnm tgn rnceois dfei nokgtgbnitury inbrdpdòs, wgobg eppnerstd b`dsn tgn borb`n erduim tgn boty oi tgn sdutg.]os auroe` krduim wes e`rnemy anoik b`nernm tdcehn wey fdr e èrkn oimustroe` sotn oi tgn snv-nitg bnitury AB. E`tgdukg din cokgt essucntget tgn `dbe` pdpuètodi wdu`m gevn prnfnrrnm

brncetodi oi tgn botys ner`y meys, fd``dwoik tgnbustdc df tgn cdtgnr bduitry, oi febt cdst dftgn hidwi krevns bdisost df oitnrcnits. Gdwnv-nr, tgn rnbnit mosbdvnry df tgn b`nernm brncetodi

auroe` krduim di tgn Aor Cnssedume sotn cneistget tgos cdmn df auroe` cey gevn anni cdrnbdccdi tgei tgn d`mnr nxbevetodis sukknst.Rdcn df tgn oitnrcnit krevns bdisost df wddm-ni dr stdin bdfli krevns oi e mnnp sgeft, ceiydf wgobg gevn e snperetn iobgn fdr auroe` kddms,eim e soznea`n prdpdrtodi bdisosts df tdcascemn df gnwi stdin a`dbhs auronm mnnp an`dwtgn surfebn. ]nsn tdcas wnrn nvni bdvnrnmwotg e èynr df pèstnr eim stiosgnm wotg wddm-ni pein`s. [otg tgn krdwtg df tgn pdpuètodi

Oibnisn aurinr, Aee`Geccdi8 Bertgekn,frdc tgn ]dpgnt8com1im bnitury AB8Cusn Ietodie` mn

Bertgekn.

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2=


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]gn ]dpgnt, oi tgnsdutg df tgn boty.

2>


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eim tgn botys nxpeisodi, tgn inbrdpdòsns sgoftnmfurtgnr idrtg, td tgn go`` df Reoitn Cdioqun eimtgn pètneu df Adrl Lnmom. Frdc tgn stftg bnituryAB diwerms, brncetodi anbecn tgn ru`n, pdssoa`yanbeusn df e èbh df spebn8 oi tgn fdurtg td tgorm

bniturons, tgn brncetnm rnceois wnrn frnqunit`yauronm oi e sce`` òcnstdin adx wotg e òm sgepnmòhn e semm`n rddf. ]os cdst prdaea`y rnfinbts tgnoifiunibn df tgn Krnnh wdr`m, es bnrteoi`y ep-pòns oi tgn besn df tgn Inbrdpdòs df tgn Qeas,wgnrn tgn krevns df gokgreihoik emcoiostretovndflboe`s eim rnòkodus `nemnrs èy oi Gn``niostobBertgekn. Krevn kofts tnim td an gokg`y steim-ermosnm eim tremotodie`, aut monr oi queòty eimiucanr ebbdrmoik td tgn stetus df tgn mnbnesnm.]n strdik òih wotg tgn cdtgnr bduitry os rn-

finbtnm oi tgn botys auroe` rotue`s. Fdr oisteibn, tgnbustdc df scesgoik pètns et tgn krevn eftnr tgnfuinre` cne` es wn`` es fuinrery oisbroptodis pdoittd auroe` rotns oitnimnm td prnsnrvn tgn mnbnesnmscncdry ecdik tgn ovoik.

@eim ^sn, ]remn eim Fddm Rupp`y

Ei nxtnisovn erbgend`dkobe` survny oi e remousdf tgorty ho`dcntrns erduim Bertgekn ges sgdwitget sce`` sntt`ncnits eim fercs mom idt eppneroi tgn rure` goitnrèim uito` tgn comsoxtg bni-

tury AB, eim nvni tgni tgny wnrn fnw oi iuc-anr. ]os pobturn eppners td mnrovn bdistrcetodifrdc snvnre` nbd`dkobe` stumons et Mutbg uiovnrso-tons. Qnsnerbg di tgn eioce` adin cetnroe` drok-oietoik frdc Bertgekn rnvne`s tget aorm guitoikpèynm e celdr rd`n oi tgn nerònst pnrodm. Oiemmotodi, tgn ocpdrteibn df bett`n eim gdrsns oitgos pnrodm kovns ei ocprnssodi df tgn occnmoetngoitnrèim, soibn tgnsn ern èrkn cecce`s tgetinnm bdisomnrea`n krezoik spebn. [get os cdrn,stumons df oiboinretnm wddm rnsomuns oi dpgnt

uris prdvn tget tgn oitnrodr wes sto`` bdvnrnm wotgwo`m vnkntetodi wn`` oitd tgn soxtg bnitury AB8ot wes di`y ètnr tget pruioiks frdc dòvn trnnsstertnm td prnmdcoietn. Oi dtgnr wdrms, ot snncstget Bertgekn oiotoe``y cemn òtt`n usn df ots oc-cnmoetn goitnrèim, rn`yoik oistnem di tgn sneeim di dvnrsnes tnrrotdrons subg es Rpeoi, Robo`y,eim Rermoioe. Rd oi ots nerònst pnrodm et `nest, tgnboty stts tgn sbettnrnm goitnrèims cdmn` tget ossd typobe` df tgn Cnmotnrreinei rnkodi frdc ei-toquoty uito` ner`y cdmnri tocns.

Dnidbgdn, woin luk wotgfnce`n stkurn8 GnibgorAnio Iefe8 nxecp`n df

Krnnh oifiunibn di Zuiobbnrecobs, 2rm bnitury AB8Cusn Ietodie` mu Aermd.

]gn serbdpgekn dftgn pronstnss df Osos,es ot os hidwi. Fduim

oi e sgeft tdca, 51cntrns mnnp8 Cusn

Ietodie` mn Bertgekn.

26

2 ZÎOB BEQ]GEKN


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2;2;


40/148

Mnrcnbg

Geiioae`s quertnr

Ekdre

]dpgnt

Coòtery

Geradur

A_QRE

IN[ BO]_

Reoitn-Cdioqun

CNKEQE

K^@F DF

]ÎOR

OR]GC^R

]ropp`n

we

``

hc

:

:.>

5

Ayrse

Bdccnrb

oe`

Geradur

Eie`ysns df treispdrt ecpgdren, tgn cdst bdc-cdi fddm bditeoinrs oi eibonit tocns, èrkn-`y bdistrc tgos pobturn. Oi tgn nerònst èynrsdf Bertgekn, e celdroty df ecpgdren bdcnfrdc Iurekob Rermoioe, Bnitre` Ote`y eim tgn

Zgdnioboei rnkodi df sdutgnri Rpeoi. Oi tgnsuasnqunit pnrodm (b. 6;>->2: AB), Bertgeknsoccnmoetn goitnrèim wes e`rnemy prdvomoik ge`fdf tgn treispdrt ecpgdren, e sgoft tget ges annirnbdrmnm wotg e sòkgt mnèy oi tgn celdr survnycnitodinm eadvn. ]n trnim tdwerms krdwoik

sn`fsuflboniby bditoiunm oi tgn fd``dwoik bnitu-ry, oi wgobg 7:7>% df tgn ecpgdren wnrn cemn`dbe``y dr rnkodie``y. E rnètovn rosn td b. 2:% dfocpdrtnm treispdrt ecpgdren antwnni b. =2:eim 2:: AB bei an nxpèoinm ay ocpdrts df spn-

boeòsnm prdmubn (nspnboe``y woin) frdc sdutgnriOte`y (Beèaroe eim @ubeioe), tgn OdioeiEmroetobrnkodi (Epuòe, Bdrfu eim Eàeioe), Robo`y,Rermoioe, eim tgn Idrtgnri Enknei. ]n tgormbnitury AB os pddr`y mdbucnitnm oi Bertgekn,aut oi tgn stie` pnrodm (frdc 1:: td 5=6 AB) wn

27

2 ZÎOB BEQ]GEKN

]gn Ayrse wes tgnbnitrn df eibonit

Bertgekn. Rdutg dftgn go`` tgn bdccnrboe`

eim coòtery geradurwnrn `dbetnm. ]gn

]dpgntos tgn pèbnwgnrn ceiy uris wnrn

fduim wotg rnceoisfrdc yduik bgo`mrni.


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Goppd QnkousBertgekn

^tobe

Hnrhduein

\ece

Gemrucntuc

]uios

2?

ZÎOB BEQ]GEKN 2

ekeoi snn e prnpdimnreibn df `dbe` eim rnkodie`prdmubn (b. 7>%). [otg tgn mnstiotn `dss df otsdvnrsnes tnrrotdrons eftnr tgn Rnbdim Zuiob [er,Bertgekn wes bdcpn``nm td krnet`y nxpeim ots

rure` sntt`ncnits oi tgn oitnrodr df Idrtg Efrobe.]n erbgend`dkobe` survny cnitodinm eadvn gesprdvomnm bdivoiboik nvomnibn df tgos.

Ot os tgnrnfdrn feor td esh wget Bertgekn gem tddnr oi nxbgeikn fdr tgn ocpdrts df subg èrknqueitotons df fddm prdmubn. Oi pert, Bertgeknpeom fdr tgnsn kddms wotg troautn bd``nbtnm frdcmnpnimnit rnkodis, aut tgos beiidt pdssoa`y antgn wgd`n nxpèietodi, bnrteoi`y idt oi tgn ner-ònst pnrodm. Oisbroptodis di krevnstdins eim vd-

tovn stnèn, bèssobe` sdurbns eim erbgend`dkobe`rnceois e`` kovn e b`ner pobturn df ei uraei sdbo-nty tget rnònm gnevo`y di breftsceisgop eim tgnprdbnssoik df procery rew cetnroe`s oitd gokgqueòty prdmubts. Qnbnit rnsnerbg ges suppònmocpdrteit nvomnibn df ovdry bervoik eim tnxto`nwdrhoik bdcaoinm wotg purp`n nxtrebtodi eimtgn cehoik df vnry gokgqueòty ordi prdmubts.

Qnòkodi eim Rdbonty

Hoik df tgn Boty Cn`qert wgdc tgn Krnnhsomnitostnm wotg Gnreb`ns wes tgn tutnèry kdmdf yrn eim ots cdierbgy. Gn wes e`sd tgn pov-dte` movoioty tget òihnm Bertgekn td ots cdtgnr

boty. [n`` oitd tgn Gn``niostob pnrodm, tgn krnettncp`n mnmobetnm td Cn`qert oi yrn rnbnovnmeiiue` troautery kofts frdc Bertgekn eim dtgnrbd`dions. Oi Bertgekn tdd, tgnrn wes e b`ner bdi-inbtodi wotg tgn `dbe` cdierbgy, eim Cn`qertsrd`n rnceoinm ocpdrteit, nvni eftnr tgn nim dftgn fdurtg bnitury AB, wgni Bertgekn emdptnme cdrn mncdbretob pdòty.

]n Zuiob peitgndi oibùmnm iucnrdus dtg-nr kdms ansomns Cn`qert, wgobg bei òhnwosn

an omnitostnm (wotg veryoik mnkrnns df bdist-mnibn) wotg Krnnh kdms eim cytgobe` anoiks; dr 5>2 AB, tgos dpu`nibncemn e krnet ocprnssodi di goc. Nvni tgdukgBertgekn gem anni mnfnetnm oi tgn Rnbdim Zuiob

[er, fdrbnm td pey nidrcdus sucs oi wer oi-mnciotons fdr e`cdst ge`f e bnitury, ot mom idtsnnc rnmubnm td sebhb`dtg eim esgns8 quotn tgnbditrery. [otg tgn nim df tgn stftyyner trne-ty antwnni Qdce eim Bertgekn `ddcoik, etwgobg pdoit tgn peycnits wdu`m bnesn, tgn

Qdceis fnernm tgn wdrst. ]n nxpeisodi drrnbdistrubtodi df tgn krnet geradur bdcp`nxwotg e snperetn borbuèr ieve` geradur oi tgospnrodm wo`` gevn nxebnraetnm tgnsn fners. Oi tgosbditnxt, Betds occdrte`, dftrnpnetnm pgresnbntnruc bnisnd Bertgekoinc nssn mn`nimec Cdrndvnr, O bdisomnr tget Bertgekn cust anmnstrdynm os nesy td uimnrsteim. E`tgdukg tgosvnrsodi, wotg ots tgrnnfd`m e`òtnretodi, wes idtrnbdistrubtnm uito` 5715, ay tgn Knrcei gostd-roei Freiz Fonm`nr, ot os trun td tgn sporot df Betdswdrms. Zùterbg wrdtn tget Betd gem seom , O anònvn tgetBertgekn cust idt bditoiun td nxost.

Eftnr e tgrnnyner sonkn, Qdcei trddps stie``ysnoznm tgn boty eim bdcp`ntn`y mnstrdynm ot. ]nQdcei kninre` Rbopod tgni gem se`t sbettnrnmerduim tgn wgd`n erne eim tgn krduim p`dukgnmup, sycadòsoik e bursn di tgn botys rninwnm oi-geaotetodi. Ei nitorn cntrdpdòs eim ots bdscd-pdòtei bu`turn bnesnm td nxost fdr e`` tocn, òvoikdi di`y es e cncdry.

=2

ZÎOB BEQ]GEKN 2

Rtetun df e Hdrn, e yduik wdcei. ]gos stetunwes fduim oi tgn 'Ceosdi mn è Bebgnttn' oiBertgekn. Ot wes prdaea`y gommni oi ner`yBgrostoei tocns, td prnvnit ot frdc anoikmnstrdynm ay feietob Bgrostoei snbts. Bd``nbtodi

]GN ZÎOB [QO]OIK R_R]NC OR E@ZGEAN]OBE@,

ER OR ]GN ZGDNIOBOEI CD]GNQ R_R]NC ]GE]

FDQCR ]GN AEROR FDQ E@@ ]GN E@ZGEAN]OBE@

R_R]NCR ]GE] EQN ^RNM OI ]GN [DQ@M ]DME_.

ER ]GN_ NWZEIMNM ]GNOQ ZDRRNRRODIREQDÎM ]GN CNMO]NQQEINEI QNKODI, ]GN

ZGDNIOBOEIR MORRNCOIE]NM E@@ ]GN VNGOB@NR

EIM NWZQNRRODIR DF ]GNOQ B^@]^QN, R^BG ER

]GNOQ @EIKÊKN EIM RBQOZ], ]GQD^KG ]GNOQ

]QEMN RN]]@NCNI]R. E] RDCN ZDOI] ]GOR

RBQOZ] BECN ]D AN MNRBQOANM OI ]GN [NR]

ER ZÎOB.

Mnteo` df e Zuiob stnèmosbdvnrnm ay Lnei-co`n Gucanrt (snnbgeptnr 5=)8 Bertgekn82rm -1im bnitury AB8Ietodie` Cusnuc dfEitoquotons8 oiv. id.G 5 (pgdtd< N. vei mniAeimt).


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[n cey rnbe`` tget tgn wdrm e`pgeant os cemnup df tgn strst twd `nttnrs df tgn Rncotob e`pge-ant (e`npgeim ant). Ot os epprdproetn td stert aykovoik e aronf dvnrvonw df tgn drokois df tgos e`-pgeant oi ots drokoie` surrduimoiks, eim df tgn

gostdrobe` eim bu`ture` bdimotodis tget fdstnrnmtgos oivnitodi.

]n nerònst nvomnibn metns frdc tgn strst ge`fdf tgn snbdim co``niiouc AB eim bdcns frdcRyroeZe`nstoin eim Nkypt. ]n pndp`ns oi-geaotoik tgn fdrcnr, subg es tgn Gnarnws, tgnZgdnioboeis eim tgn Erecneis, spdhn èikueknsrnètnm td tgn Rncotob feco`y df èikuekns frdctgn [nst, subg es ^kerotob eim Beieeiotn. Ot wesfrdc tgnsn tget Gnarnw eim Zgdnioboei mnvn`-

dpnm oi tgn strst co``niiouc AB, wotg e Zuiobveroeit oi tgn wnstnri Cnmotnrreinei rnkodi.]n nestnri Rncotob areibg (Ehhemoei) wgobgwes spdhni oi Cnsdpdtecoe (prnsnitmey Oreq),eim tgn sdutgwnstnri Rncotob areibg (Eiboniteim Bèssobe` Ereaob wotg ots moe`nbts, Rdutg

Ereaoei eim tgn Ntgodpoei èikuekns) nxostnme`diksomn tgnc.

Oi tgn snbdim co``niiouc AB, tgn idrtg-wnstnri rnkodi df tgn Comm`n Nest, tget os, tgnCnmotnrreinei rnkodi tget wes aduimnm ay

Eietdòe eim Nkypt, wes mdcoietnm ay tgn pd-òtobe` eim bu`ture` oifiunibn df tgn twd celdrrnkodie` pdwnrs< Cnsdpdtecoe di din somn eimNkypt di tgn dtgnr. Gdwnvnr, Ehhemoei wes tgnprnveoòik èikuekn oi tgn Comm`n Nest, pertobu-èr`y oi mop`dcetob borb`ns. Ehhemoei gem ceiysocoèrotons td dtgnr èikuekns oi tgn rnkodi,wotg e sy`èaob, buinofdrc sbropt idtwotg-steimoik tgn èrkn iucanr df bgerebtnrs tgetwes cdrn ebbnssoa`n tgei Nkyptoei gonrdk`ypg-obs. Gonrdk`ypgobs wnrn idt di`y cdrn bdcpò-

betnm, aut tgny mom idt an`dik td tgn Rncotobkrdup.

Ot wes oi tgos pdòtobe` eim bu`ture` bditnxt tgete`pgeantobe` sbropt wes oivnitnm oi tgn strst ge`fdf tgn snbdim co``niiouc AB. ]nrn ern tddfnw survovoik mdbucnits td metn tgn oivnitodicdrn prnbosn`y. ]n inw sbropt wes bdisdiei-te`< tget os, wotg e spnbostb krepgncn dr `nttnrfdr nebg bdisdieit. ]os os pnrfnbt`y suotnm tdtgn bdisdieite` strubturn df Rncotob èikuekns.

]n bdisdieits ern krdupnm oi tgrnns, prdmub-oik e tgrnn`nttnr rddt tget nxprnssns e wdrmsfuimecnite` cneioik. Bdisdieits ettebgnm tdtgn rddt es prnstxns eim suflxns bdivny mnrovnmcneioiks, cddms (o.n. ebtovn/pessovn/sualuib-

tovn) eim kreccetobe` fdrcs. ]n vdbeòsetodidf wdrms tddh pèbn oi e ieture` wey, eim tgncneioik df nebg wdrm wes occnmoetn`y b`ner.]os bdisdieite` strubturn df tgn Rncotob èi-kuekns prdvomnm tgn aesos fdr tgn oivnitodi dftgn e`pgeant. ]n pgdincns (sduims) df nebgwdrm ern oimobetnm ay tgn bdisdieits. Ay osd-ètoik tgnsn, eim ay wrotoik mdwi nebg din ese snperetn bgerebtnr dr `nttnr, ot anbecn pdsso-a`n td bdivny e wdrm ay usoik tgn `nttnrs tgetrnprnsnitnm tgn bdisdieits oi dtgnr wdrms, oi

sbropt. ]os wrotoik os tnrcnm e`pgeantobe` soibntgn vdwn` sokis wnrn di`y emmnm ètnr.

Drokois df tgn ner`y e`pgeant

Ebbdrmoik td mdbucnits tget ern eveoèa`n td ustdmey, tgn d`mnst fu`` bdisdieite` e`pgeant wesusnm oi tgn fdurtnnitg bnitury AB oi ^kerot, tgneibonit hoikmdc wgdsn rnceois bei an fduim etQes Rgecre, b`dsn td tgn boty df @etehoe oi tgnidrtg df prnsnitmey Ryroe. [otg ots tgorty bu-inofdrc bgerebtnrs, wgobg ern socp`nr oi sgepn

tgei tgdsn df Ehhemoei, tgos e`pgeant rnprn-snits tgn bdisdieits df ^kerotob, wgobg an`dikstd tgn Idrtgwnst Rncotob feco`y df èikuekns.Guimrnms df cytgobe`, `nke`, mop`dcetob, eimrnòkodus tnxts tget ern mrewi up oi tgos sbroptsgdw tget tgn oigeaoteits df tgn rnkodi gem ekddm bdcceim df ot eim tget ots oivnitodi met-nm frdc ei nerònr ekn. Bnrteoi socoèrotons suk-knst tget tgn oivnitdrs emeptnm tgn [nstnri e`-pgeantobe` systnc td tgn buinofdrc tnbgioqun.]n ^kerotob eyoi, fdr oisteibn, rnsnca`ns tgn

Zgdnioboei eyoi. Oi emmotodi, tgn `nttnrs oi tgn^kerotob eim Zgdnioboei e`pgeants eppner oi esocoèr drmnr. B`ner`y, tgni, ^kerotob mom idtprdvomn tgn aesos fdr Zgdnioboei sbropt.

Rocoèr`y, wn nxbùmn tgn sbropts wgobg ern idtynt mnbopgnrnm eim oi wgobg ern wrottni sdcnsdbe``nm prdtdBeieeiotn tnxts. ]nsn metnfrdc tgn com snbdim co``niiouc AB. ]nitgnrn os eidtgnr sbropt, wgobg usns e òcotnmiucanr df bgerebtnrs, sdcn oi tgn fdrc df sbgn-

Zuiob stnè mosbdvnrnmay Lneico`n Gucanrt

(snn bgeptnr 5=)8Bertgekn8 2rm 1im

bnitury AB8 Ietodie`Cusnuc df Eitoquotons8

oiv. id. G 5.

=6

= ]GN ZÎOB [QO]OIK R_R]NC


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cetob pobtdkrecs eim dtgnrs cdrn kndcntrobe`.]os sbropt bei an metnm td id ètnr tgei tgn stf-tnnitg bnitury AB, di tgn aesos df tgortydinoisbroptodis fduim oi tgn sdutgwnstnri Roieo,di tgn pètneu df Rnreaot n`Hgemoc, oi e coin

frdc wgobg tgn Nkyptoeis nxtrebtnm turqudosn.]nsn oisbroptodis wnrn nikrevnm òhn gonrd-k`ypgob tnxts di tgn we``s df coin ke``nrons eimdi seimstdin pèquns eim stetuns, aut wrottnioi e monrnit sbropt. ]os sbropt os anònvnm td ane`pgeantobe`, aesnm di tgn tgndrons put fdrwermay Fòimnrs Zntron eim cdst idtea`y Kermoinr8 otusns e òcotnm iucanr df bgerebtnrs tget rnprn-snit bdisdieits, wgobg bei an essucnm td mnrovnfrdc gonrdk`ypgobs. ]n mnbopgnrnm snqunibnsrnvne` tget tgos sbropt os ei nxprnssodi df e wnst-

nri Rncotob èikuekn. [n md idt hidw wgdwrdtn tgnsn oisbroptodis. ]ny cey gevn anniRncotob wdrhnrs oi tgn snrvobn df tgn Zgeredgs,dr gokgreihoik dflboe`s wgd supnrvosnm tgnsnwdrhnrs dr wgd an`diknm td ei nxpnmotodi `nmay e proibn frdc e rnkodi di tgn nestnri bdestdf tgn Cnmotnrreinei. wd dtgnr oisbroptodis,wgobg wnrn rnbnit`y fduim et @uxdr oi tgn voboi-oty df tgn Io`n, cehn ot b`ner tget tgos sbropt momidt drokoietn frdc tgn Roieo, wgnrn tgn ieture`nivordicnit wes idt suotnm td tgn mnvn`dpcnitdf uraei eim bu`ture` òfn.

]os sbropt usns pobtdkrecs td rnimnr tgn bdi-sdieits oi wrottni fdrc. Nebg bdisdieit osrnprnsnitnm ay ei eastrebtnm mrewoik df ei da-

lnbt wgdsn iecn ankois wotg tgos bdisdieit.]n `nttnr e`npg, fdr oisteibn, os rnprnsnitnm aytgn gnem df ei dx, wgobg os be``nm e`npgoi tgoswnstnri Rncotob èikuekn. ]os os hidwi es eiebrdpgdiob systnc, eim os monrnit frdc tgngonrdk`ypgobs systnc. Oi tgn èttnr, tgn sokisrnprnsnitoik bdisdieits wnrn usnm td treisbroan

fdrnoki iecns, eim pertobuèr`y es pgdintob sup-p`ncnits td omndkrecs.

Frdc tgnsn oisbroptodis wn bei oifnr tget eie`pgeantobe` systnc wes mnvn`dpnm eim usnmoi eim erduim tgn rnkodi df RyroeZe`nstoinet sdcn pdoit oi tgn èttnr ge`f df tgn snbdimco``niiouc AB. ]os prdaea`y tddh pèbn lustanfdrn tgn tocn oi wgobg tgn ZrdtdRoieotob oi-sbroptodis wnrn cemn, tgn sgepns df wgdsn `nttnrssto`` krnet`y rnsnca`nm pobtdkrecs. ]os mnvn`dp-

=;

]GN ZÎOB [QO]OIK R_R]NC =


50/148

=7


51/148

cnit os vnry b`ner frdc tgn strst Zgdnioboei oi-sbroptodis wgobg metn frdc tgn n`nvnitg bnitu-ry AB et tgn nerònst, eim wgobg rnvne` tget tgnZgdnioboeis gem `dik anni usoik ei e`pgeant.

]os e`pgeant bdisosts df twnitytwd `nttnrs,wgdsn sgepns bditoiunm td mnvn`dp dvnr tgnyners, adtg oi tgn nest eim wnst df tgn Zgdnioboeitnrrotdrons. Es tgn Zgdnioboeis nxpeimnm tdwermstgn wnst ebbdrmoik td Krnnh eim Qdcei òtnr-ery sdurbns, nxp`drnrs frdc yrn ncaerhnm ditgos wnstwerm nxpeisodi oi tgn twn`ftg bnituryAB tgny tddh tgnor wrotoik systnc wotg tgnc.

Ebbdrmoik td tgn oisbroptodi di e krevn metoikfrdc tgn ioitg bnitury AB, tgny oiotoe``y sntt`nm

di Byprus, wgobg fdrcs tgn strst stnp oi tgos nx-peisodi. Dtgnr npokrepgs rnvne` tget tgn sbroptwes usnm di Brntn eim Rermoioe oi tgn ioitgbnitury. ]nrn ern e krnet ceiy oisbroptodis met-oik frdc tgn nokgtg eim nspnboe``y tgn snvnitgbnitury AB, wgobg prdvn tget tgn sbropt wesvnry bdccdi oi tgn wnstnri Zgdnioboei wdr`m.

]n èrknst iucanr df oisbroptodis, gdwnvnr,wnrn fduim oi Bertgekn. Dvnr sox tgduseimoisbroptodis wnrn fduim oi tgn eiot eim Aee`Geccdi seibtuery dr dpgnt (snn Bgeptnr >).

E èrkn òtnrery dnuvrn wes prdmubnm oi tgossbropt, aut ot ges sem`y pnrosgnm e`cdst wotgduttrebn, `nevoik di`y nbgdns oi tgn wrotnrs df tgneitoqun wdr`m.

Frdc tgn snvnitg bnitury AB diwerms, tgnsnoisbroptodis eim dtgnr bu`ture` nxprnssodis dftgn wnstnri Zgdnioboei wdr`m ern bèssostnm esZuiob di tgn aesos df bnrteoi mostoibtovn fne-turns. Rtumons df tgnsn npokrepgs rnvne` tget otwes oi tgn snvnitg bnitury tget Zuiob sbropt

stertnm td mospèy e iucanr df bgerebtnrostob mn-teo`s oi bnrteoi `nttnrs (e`npg,ydm, eim hef). Oi tgnèttnr ge`f df tgn soxtg bnitury AB, tgnsn bgeiknse`sd oifiunibnm tgn sgepns df dtgnr `nttnrs, subges kocn`, zeyoi, ècnm, cc, iui, secnh eim

qdpg. ]os pgnidcnidi bditoiunm oi tgn fd`-`dwoik bniturons, wotg tgn sgepns df tgnsn `nttnrskremue``y anbdcoik cdrn finxoa`n, wotg e tni-mniby tdwerms `niktgnioik eim n`nkeibn.

îmnr tgn oifiunibn df bursovn sbropt, tgn sgepnsdf bnrteoi `nttnrs oi sdcn oisbroptodis wnrn soc-pòstnm tdwerms tgn nim df tgn tgorm bnitury AB.

Eftnr tgn mnstrubtodi df Bertgekn, tgos mnvn`dp-cnit sprnem erduim Idrtg Efrobe. ]n trnimtdwerms cdrn sbgncetob sgepns anbecn sd uio-vnrse` tget tgn sbropt df tgnsn tnxts os bèssostnmes indZuiob. Rdcn `nttnrs, subg es ant, me`ntgeim rnsg, wnrn oimobetnm di`y ay sce`` mesgns,cehoik oisbroptodis bdifusoik td rnem.

Oi emmotodi, tgn pgdintob systnc stertnm td mos-oitnkretn. ]n kutture` sduims wnrn frnqunit`ydcottnm dr usnm oitnrbgeiknea`y. ]os oimobetnstget tgnor rd`n oi prdiuiboetodi wes mnbòioik.

Et tgn secn tocn bdifusodi erdsn wotg dtgnrpgdincns, subg es soaoèits eim gossoik bdisd-ieits.

Furtgnr rnsnerbg oimobetns tget tgnsn kuttur-e` sduims gem eidtgnr fuibtodi. ]ny mnidtnmvdwn`s es wn`` es bdisdieits. ]n vdwn` /d/ osrnimnrnm ay ei e`npg, tgn /e/ ay din df tgn bdi-

sdieits eyoi, gnt eim g. ]nsn kutture`s wnrntgnrnfdrn idt rne` vdwn`s8 retgnr, tgny feboòtetnmprdiuiboetodi eim rnemoik, oimobetoik vdwn`s eswget ern hidwi es cetrns `nbtodios.

]n brnetodi df tgos vdbeòsetodi systnc oi indZuiob uimduatnm`y tddh pèbn uimnr tgn oi-fiunibn df @etoi. Gdwnvnr, ot wes hidwi wn`ànfdrn tgos. ]n Erecneis stertnm usoik tgnsncobdisdieits weweimydmtd oimobetn vdw-n`s et tgn ankoiioik df tgn strst co``niiouc. ]n

indZuiob sbropt bditoiunm td an usnm oi IdrtgEfrobe uito` et `nest tgn tgorm bnitury EM. Ot wesanbeusn df tgos tget tgn Zgdnioboei e`pgeant,wgobg gem `dik anbdcn nxtoibt oi tgn Nest, wesea`n td survovn gnrn.

=?

]GN ZÎOB [QO]OIK R_R]NC =

Zuiob stnènmosbdvnrnm ay Lnei-Nco`n Gucanrt wotggos pdrtreot oi tgnaebhkrduim (pgdtd< N.vei mni Aeimt).


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>:


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]GN ]DZGN]DF BEQ]GEKN

Ocnm Ani Lnraeioe

>5

]GN ]DZGN] DF BEQ]GEKN, [GOBG K^R]EVN

F@EÂNQ] OCCDQ]E@ORNM OI GOR IDVN@

RE@ECCA 5761, [ER RZOQO]NM OI]D

]DZOBE@O]_ OI 5?15 [GNI FQEIDOR OBEQM, EZD@OBN OIRZNB]DQ OI ]ÎOR, EIM ]GN @DBE@

CÎOBOZE@ DFFOBOE@ ZE^@ KON@@_ MORBDVNQNM

E ZONBN DF @EIM ]GE] [ER R]^MMNM [O]G

BOZZO,EIM NZOKQEZGOB EIM EINZOKQEZGOB

R]N@EN, EIM BOINQEQ_ ^QIR [GOBG

BDI]EOINM OIFEI] EIM EIOCE@ ADINR FDQ

]GN C@HREBQOFOBN.

]dpgnt wotg stnènfrdc moffnrnit pnrodms.


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]os mosbdvnry cemn ot pdssoa`n td `dbetn tgn sotntget wes hidwi frdc eibonit òtnreturn. ]nnxostnibn df tgos dpgnt wotg ots tgduseims dfcncdroe`s eim uris wes e`rnemy wn`` hidwi oitgn comiointnnitg bnitury, soibn snvnre` perts

df ot gem anni uibdvnrnm muroik bèimnstoinnxbevetodis. ]n mosbdvnry df tgn fecdus stnèwotg pronst eim bgo`m, wgobg os idw oi tgn AermdCusnuc, prdcptnm Kon``y td bdimubt gos dwirnsnerbg, eim gn purbgesnm tgn ponbn df èim diwgobg tgn dalnbt gem anni fduim. ]os purbgesncerhs tgn stert df rnkuèr nxbevetodis oi tgndpgnt.

Roibn tgni, snvnre` prdlnbts gevn anni berronm dutdi tgn emlebnit p`dts df eim, wgobg gem anni eb-

quornm nerònr. Antwnni tgn strst nxbevetodis uimnrtgn supnrvosodi df Oberm oi 5?11 eim tgn est dinsbdimubtnm ay @ewrnibn Rteknr oi 5?;1 es pert

df tgn oitnrietodie` becpeoki fdr tgn prnsnrve-todi df Bertgekn, snvnre` dtgnrs wnrn berronm dut ]GN ]DZGN] DF BEQ]GEKN


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es ecu`nts dr ponbns df lnwn``nry. ]n brncetnmrnceois tget wnrn auronm oi tgos wey wnrn frn-qunit`y cerhnm ay cdiucnits nrnbtnm di tdp,aut oi tgn nerònst pgesn df tgn dpgnt tgos wesmdin di`y oi sn`nbt besns. ]nsn cerhnrs, wgobg

ern fduim oi tgn mnnpnst èynrs, ern cdidòtgs,èrkn rovnr stdins dr boppo(bdùcis). ]n stnèn,sdcn df tgnc aneroik oisbroptodis, stert eppner-oik frnqunit`y oi tgn fdurtg bnitury AB. ]nyern mnbdretnm wotg rotue` ocekns (nca`ncs eimmovoin ettroautns, omd`s, eim dbbesodie``y sebrost-boe` sbnins) eim vdtovn oisbroptodis oitnimnm tdprnsnrvn tgn cncdry df tgn sebrostbn td tgn kdmsAee` Geccdi eim gos bdisdrt eiot. ]n wdrm-oik df tgn preynrs eim tgeihs td tgnsn movoiotons,wgobg ern dftni prnbnmnm ay knine`dkons df tgn

mnmobeit, ern gokg`y steimermosnm eim rnpntotovn.]n rnètodisgop antwnni tgn stnèn eim tgn urisos veroea`n, eim ot wdu`m an wrdik td essucn tgetnvnry uri cust gevn gem e cncdroe` stdin dfsdcn hoim. Oimnnm, tgn nxbevetodis gevn ardukgttd òkgt e veronty df bdcaoietodis< din dr cdrnuris aninetg dr ansomn e cncdroe` stdin, din drcdrn uris wotgdut eiy cncdroe` stdin et e``, eimcncdroe` stdins wotg dr wotgdut din dr cdrnuris. [get os cdrn, ndrts td nsteaòsg tgn mornbtstretokrepgobe` rnètodis antwnni tgnsn ocpdrteitn`ncnits df tgn tdpgnt gevn idt ynt subbnnmnm.

]n oisbroanm eim oi sdcn besns sbu`ptnm cdtofstget ern vosoa`n di tgn boppoeim stnèn kninre``ypdssnss e sycadòb eim/dr mnbdretovn fuibtodi.]n cdst bdccdi nca`ncs ern tgn soki df eioteim tgn sdbe``nm adtt`n omd`. ]ny wnrn usue``ypèbnm oi e sgroin di tgn e`ter. Mntnrcoioik tgnpèbn df tgnsn obdidkrepgobe` sbnins oi Zuiob rn-òkodus sycadòsc os idt e`weys socp`n, eim tgnorsokiostbeibn os cdrn dasburn sto``.

]n verodus nxbevetodis tget gevn anni bdimubt-

nm di tgn sebrnm sotn rnvne` tget nebg `nvn`, drèynr, bditeois bnrteoi stxnm typns df mnpdsotodis.Oi dtgnr wdrms, monrnit typns df uris, boppoeimstnèn gevn anni fduim oi subbnssovn èynrs wotgmonrnit metns. ]n d`mnst èynr metns frdc tgnnokgtg bnitury AB. ]n uris tget dbbur cdst frn-qunit`y oi tgos èynr ern pdts aesnm di Dronite`nxecp`ns. ]ny ern nkksgepnm dr spgnrobe`, eimgevn twd syccntrobe``ypèbnm geim`ns di tgnsgdu`mnrs. ]ny gevn e roiksgepnm aesn eim ernmnbdretnm wotg kndcntrobe` cdtofs. ]n prnsnibn

Ei ^ri oi @nomni eim tgn Nxbevetodis dfHn`sny eim Hgui Mn Zrdrdh]gn Ietodie` Cusnuc df Eitoquotons oi @nomni pdssnssns

e iucanr df brncetodi uris frdc tgn ]dpgnt df Bertgekn.

Din df tgnc, ebbdrmoik td ots èan`, bdcns frdc tgn nx-

bevetodis bdimubtnm ay Freibos [. Hn`sny oi 5?1>, wgobgwnrn stieibnm ay tgn fiecadyeit sn`fsty`nm Bduit Hgui

Mn Zrdrdh, ei Ecnrobei df Guikeroei mnsbnit eim e typo-

be` nxpdinit df tgn Qderoik ]wnitons. Gn gem purbgesnm

tgn èim di wgobg Freidos Oberm eim Zeu` Kon``y bdimubtnm

tgnor strst nxbevetodis oi tgn ]dpgnt oi 5?11. ]gn uri aners

Hn`snys oivnitdry iucanr R5=66. Ebbdrmoik td tgn iuc-

anroik oi tgn Ldurie` wotg Oivnitdry df Dalnbts Fduim tget

os prnsnrvnm oi Gerverm, ot wes din df ;= uris nxbevetnm

di 5> Epro` 5?1>. ]grnn iucanrs ern cossoik frdc tgn òst

oi Gerverm, oibùmoik R5=66, wgobg os idw oi @nomni. Gdw

mom tgn uri nim up gnrn4 ]gn òhnònst nxpèietodi os tgetot wes kovni dr sd`m td e vosotdr, muroik dr sgdrt`y eftnr tgn

nxbevetodi. Oi febt wn prdaea`y hidw tget vosotdrs omnito-

ty. Fdr tgn bd``nbtodi df ]dpgnt vesns td wgobg tgos uri an-

`diks wes purbgesnm ay tgn cusnuc di 1: Fnaruery 5?>1

frdc Cr K.E.G. Aossnòik, wgd wes buretdr df tgn Mutbg

Cusnuc df Nmubetodi (tgn prnbursdr df Cusndi). Ebbdrmoik

td tgn oifdrcetodi rnbdrmnm et tgn tocn df tgn se`n td tgn

Ietodie` Cusnuc df Eitoquotons, gn gem ebquornm tgn otncs

gocsn`f oi Bertgekn. ]gn Arotosg Cusnuc oi @dimdi eim tgn

Esgcd`nei Cusnuc oi Dxfdrm e`sd pdssnss uris frdc tgnsn

nxbevetodis. ]gn ean` e`sd rnfnrs td e dbetodi iucanr, 256,

wgobg sgdwnm wgnrn tgn uri wes auronm oi rnètodi td tgdsnnxbevetnm lust anfdrn eim lust eftnr ot. îfdrtuietn`y tgos

bditnxtue` oifdrcetodi bei id `diknr an rnbdistrubtnm.

]gn uri bei an metnm td tgn soxtg dr stftg bnitury AB eim bdi-

teois tgn brncetnm rnceois df e inwadri aeay eim e èca.

Qde`m Mdbtnr

>2

]GN ]DZGN] DF BEQ]GEKN >

Mrewoik df ei

uri frdc tgn]dpgnt.


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df tgnsn lers os sdcntocns cerhnm ay socp`n stdins dr @sgepnm seimstdinboppo. Aut tgn otncs df pdttnry tget ern kninre``y rnkermnm es tgn cdst oc-pdrteit frdc tgos ner`y pnrodm df tgn dpgnt ern tgdsn fduim oi tgn sgroinhidwi es tgn Bgepn``n Boites. Qnbnit stumons sukknst tget tgnsn coi-oeturn vesns cey gevn anni prdmubnm `dbe``y. ]n botys nxpeisodi eim

mnvn`dpcnit eppners td gevn krnet`y rnmubnm tgn eveoèa`n spebn fdr tgnmnpdsotodi df dnroiks. Rnvnre` nxbevetodis oi tgn dpgnt df Bertgekngevn mncdistretnm tget tgn krduim wes rnkuèr`y wdrhnm eim reosnm.

[gninvnr tgnrn wes e èbh df spebn, tgn krduim wes reosnm td tgn `nvn`mnsornm, td cehn rddc fdr tgn mnpdsotodi df inw uris eim tgn pèboik dfcdiucnits, snperetnm ay petgs. ]n uris di tgn uppnr nvn`s ern nss eim`nss n`nkeit. ]ny ern oibrnesoik`y s`nimnr, eim tgnor mnbdretodis ern erkn-`y rumocnitery, oi ceiy besns bdistinm td e fnw peoitnm dr sbdrnm òins.Ot os di tgn aesos df tgos bnrecob cetnroe` tget M.A. Germni prdpdsnm ebèssostbetodi df tgn dpgnt oitd tgrnn celdr pgesns (eiot O, OO eim OO),wgobg sdcn eutgdrs ebbnpt es e ardem bgrdid`dkobe` frecnwdrh.

]n qunstodi df tgn sokiostbeibn td an ettebgnm td tgn rotue`s tget wnrn ni-ebtnm et tgn dpgnt fdr e`cdst snvni bniturons sto`` fun`s mnaetn td tgos mey.Rgdu`m wn ebbnpt tget bgo`m sebrostbns wnrn dnrnm td tgn kdms oi Bertgekn,dr rnlnbt tgos nxpèietodi es e cytg4 ]n sualnbt sto`` movomns dpoiodi oi tgnbdccuioty df nxpnrts di tgn Rncotob wdr`m.

Ceiy eibonit eim Bgrostoei gostdroeis emdptnm e pd`ncob epprdebg tdtgn sualnbt. dmey, sdcn eutgdrs snerbg fdr nvomnibn oi tgn òtnreturn tgetcey suppdrt tgn gypdtgnsos df bgo`m sebrostbns. Ot sgdu`m an adrin oi coim,gdwnvnr, tget bditncpdrery gostdroeis subg es ]ubymomns eim Zd`yaousinvnr cnitodinm tgos sualnbt. Furtgnrcdrn, erbgend`dky ges idt ynt prd-

vomnm eiy bdivoiboik nvomnibn td bdrrdadretn tgn òtnrery nvomnibn tgetbgo`mrni wnrn sebrostbnm td tgn ardizn stetun df Brdids. Din sdurbn rnètnstget Bertgekoioei bgo`mrni wnrn èom oi tgn stetuns ercs, eim wdu`m sòmnmdwi ditd e anm df k`dwoik bde`s an`dw. ]nrn gevn e`weys anni twdbecps. Di tgn din somn ern tgn rnvosodiosts, wgd anònvn tget tgn dpgntwes socp`y e auroe` krduim fdr bgo`mrni wgd wnrn sto`àdri dr wgd monmoi oifeiby, di tgn dtgnr somn e krdup df sbgdèrs wgd oisost tget bgo`mrniwnrn sebrostbnm. Idwemeys e tgorm krdup ges erosni, e krdup tget emdptssdcntgoik df ei oitnrcnmoetn pdsotodi. ]nsn ern sbgdèrs wgd pdsot tgettgn dpgnt wes e sebrnm inbrdpdòs, wgobg cey bditeoi sdcn spdremob rn-ceois df sebrostbns, aut tget ot wes nssnitoe``y e bncntnry fdr bgo`mrni wgd

monm frdc ieture` beusns.

[getnvnr tgn besn cey an, tgn eutgdrs md idt anònvn tget mosbussodis dftgn dpgnt sgdu`m an òcotnm td e bditrdvnrsy eadut wgntgnr dr idt ot wesusnm fdr sebrostbns, `nemoik td rnsnerbg subg es e rnbnit stumy aesnm di ds-tnd`dkobe` eie`ysns df tgn gucei eim eioce` adin rnceois. d keoi cdrnoisokgt oitd tgn anònfs eim tgn rnòkodus dut`ddh df tgn Bertgekoioeis, otcey an df krnetnr ocpdrteibn td fdbus di tgn dpgnts erbgend`dky (o.n. otsstretokrepgy, ots bdcpdinit perts, eim ots tdpdkrepgy), td eie`ysn tgn uris,eim td stumy tgn dpgnts vosue` bu`turn, nspnboe``y tgn obdidkrepgy df tgnstnèn eim tgnor oisbroptodis.

Rtnè wotgn`npgeit8Bertgekn8 2rm-1im bnitury AB8Cusn Ietodie`mn Bertgekn.

Bnrncdioe` rezdr, 2rmbnitury AB8 CusnIetodie` mu Aermd.

[gni e mnem admywes èom dut, tgnadmy geor wesrncdvnm.

>>

]GN ]DZGN] DF BEQ]GEKN >

>>


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NK_Z]OEI

OIF@^NIBN OIBEQ]GEKN

]edusth Qnmosso

>;

]GN ZER] ]GOQ]_ _NEQR GEVN RNNI E KQD[OIKOI]NQNR] OI QNRNEQBG DI ]GN OIF@^NIBN

DF NK_Z]OEI B^@]^QN DI D]GNQ QNKODIR

EQDÎM ]GN CNMO]NQQEINEI RNE. DF E@@

]GN Z@EBNR OI ]GN [NR]NQI CNMO]NQQEINEI

QNKODI, O] OR OI BEQ]GEKN ]GE] ]GN @EQKNR]

I^CANQ DF EC^@N]R, RBEQEAR EIM

RBEQEADOMR GEVN ANNI FDÎM. ]GN ZER]

]GOQ]_ _NEQR GEVN RNNI E KQD[OIK OI]NQNR]OI QNRNEQBG DI ]GN OIF@^NIBN DF NK_Z]OEI

B^@]^QN DI D]GNQ QNKODIR EQDÎM ]GN

CNMO]NQQEINEI RNE. DF E@@ ]GN Z@EBNR OI

]GN [NR]NQI CNMO]NQQEINEI QNKODI, O] OR

OI BEQ]GEKN ]GE] ]GN @EQKNR] I^CANQ DF

EC^@N]R, RBEQEAR EIM RBEQEADOMR GEVN

ANNI FDÎM.

kint roik wotg Nkyptoei sbnin8

rtgekn, Ayrse8 ;tg -6tg bnitury

B8 Cusn Ietodie` mn Bertgekn.

>;

]nrrebdtte stetun dfe spgoix8 ;tg bnituryAB8 Cusn Ietodie`mn Bertgekn (pgdtd< N.vei mni Aeimt).


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]n stimoiks eim bdibùsodis df rnbnit rnsnerbgidw pèbn us di strcnr krduim oi mosbussoiktgn movnrsn betnkdrons df dalnbts frdc Bertgeknrnfinbtoik Nkyptoei oifiunibn. ]nsn Nkyptoeisty`n ertnfebts dr Enkyptoebe borbuètnm erduimtgn Cnmotnrreinei oi tgn strst co``niioucAB. Dalnbts fduim oi Bertgekn tget ern notgnr

Nkyptoei dr prdmubnm uimnr Nkyptoei oifiunibndbbur ceoi`y oi krevns eim sdcntocns oi tgndpgnt, eim cdst ern ecu`nts eim sne`s.

]ny o`ùstretn tgn rd`n tget tgn Zuiob cntrdpdòspèynm oi tgn mossncoietodi df Nkyptoei bu`turn.]os tddh pèbn idt di`y oi tgn tnrrotdry df prns-nitmey uiosoe, aut e`sd cubg furtgnr estn`m,ay wey df Zgdnioboei eim Zuiob sntt`ncnits oitgn wnstnri Cnmotnrreinei rnkodi.

]n usn df ecu`nts oi Bertgekn mncdistretns tgnoifiunibn df Nkyptoei rnòkodi eim cekob. ]nsnotncs wnrn ceoi`y usnm td prdtnbt oimovomue`s,wgntgnr mnem dr eòvn, frdc nvo` fdrbns. [go`nceiy df tgn ecu`nts fduim oi Bertgekn becnfrdc Nkypt, dtgnrs drokoietnm frdc tgn bdeste`rnkodis df tgn eibonit Iner Nest. Bdcperetovnstumons niea`n us td omnitofy socoèrotons wotgecu`nts fduim oi Bertgekn eim erbgend`dk-obe` stims frdc tgn Io`n Mn`te, tgn bdest dfZgdnioboeZe`nstoin, eim Byprus.

>7

6 NK_Z]OEI OIF@^NIBN OI BEQ]GEKN

Cdst df tgn ecu`nts drokoietoik frdc Nkypteim tgn Dronit metn frdc tgn ner`y Ordi Ekn OOO(6::-222 AB). Frdc tgn comsnvnitg bniturytd tgn fdurtg bnitury AB, ecu`nts df tgos hoimwnrn fduim oi Bertgekn procero`y oi fuinrne`

bditnxts. Oi kninre`, tgn Nkyptoei dr Nestnriprdtdtypns, cemn oi quertzaneroik pestn frdctgn soxtg bnitury AB, snrvnm es ei oisporetodifdr Zuiob ocotetodis oi sdepstdin, eim rnceoinmpdpuèr uito` tgn nim df tgn tgorm bnitury AB.]n strst ecu`nts prdmubnm ay Bertgekoioei eimZuiob ertoseis wnrn e`sd oiotoe``y cemn frdcquertzaneroik pestn. ]nsn metn frdc tgn nimdf tgn stftg bnitury AB, aut wnrn fduim cdrnfrnqunit`y frdc tgn ner`y fdurtg bnitury ABdiwerms. Oi bditrest td tgn Nkyptoei ecu`nts

eim tgn rern spnbocnis frdc tgn Iner Nest, tgnZuiob ocotetodis ern bgerebtnrosnm ay e cdrn ru-mocnitery cdmn df nxnbutodi, wgobg os nesy tdomnitofy frdc tgn gokg`y styòsnm eim mostdrtnmfeboe` fneturns mospèynm di tgnc.

]n usn df sbereas oi Bertgekn mnrovns frdcEibonit Nkypt. ]n sberea sycadòsns tgn ef-tnròfn, eim os usnm nspnboe``y oi fuinrery bdi-tnxts. Emcoiostretovn admons e`sd usnm ot disne`s td eutgnitobetn wrottni mdbucnits. ]nsbnins bervnm oitd tgn sne`s ern notgnr Nkyptoei

dr aesnm di Nkyptoei nxecp`ns< tgny mnpobtkdms, tgn iecns df tgn pgeredgs, eim `nknimsdr sycad`s. ]os os sukknstovn df tgn rotue` usndf Nkyptoei cekob. Ebbdrmoik td tgn rnètovnbgrdid`dky df tgn krevns, tgn sbereas eim sber-eadoms cemn df quertzaneroik pestn dr sdep-stdin fduim oi Bertgekn metn frdc tgn snvnitgeim soxtg bniturons AB. ]n sne` ocproits df tgnbèssobe` Nkyptoei typn, wgobg ern bdponm eftnrobdidkrepgob cdmn`s metoik frdc tgn snbdimco``niiouc AB, ern rern oi Bertgekn. Gdwnvnr,

ei ocprnssovn iucanr df sne` ocproits oi bèyfrdc Bertgekn aner tgn strst iecn df ]utcdsnOOO (CigprQb) eim tget df tgn Gyhsds hoik(C2boaQb). ]os prdvns tget sne`s cemn eftnrNkyptoei nxecp`ns wnrn usnm frdc et `nest tgnstftg bnitury AB diwerms.

]n prnsnibn df monrnit hoims df sne`s, notgnrbèssobe` Nkyptoei dr prdmubnm uimnr Nkyptoeioifiunibn, oi tgn strst co``niiouc AB di tgnZgdnioboei bdest eim di Byprus, Brntn, Qgdmns,

Ovdry pèqun frdcBertgekn8 ?::-;::AB8 Arotosg Cusnuc

(pgdtd< N. vei mniAeimt).


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Ce`te eim oi dtgnr perts df tgn bnitre` eim wnst-nri Cnmotnrreinei rnkodi, `nims suppdrt td tgngypdtgnsos tget sgoppoik rdutns antwnni osèimspèynm e hny rd`n oi tgn cdvncnits df Enkyptoebemuroik tgn strst co``niiouc AB. Bertgekn wes

ei ocpdrteit bnitrn fdr tgn ocpdrt eim mostro-autodi df sne`s cemn oi tgn wdrhsgdps df tgnIo`n Mn`te, di tgn bdest df RyroeZgdnioboe, eimdi Byprus. _nt tgn movnrsn bèssobe` Nkyptoei,Zgdnioboei, Krnnh eim Dronite` typns df sbereaseim sbereadoms gevn idt anni fduim gnrn. ]ossgdws tget tgn intwdrh df osèims tget mostroaut-nm tgn Nkyptoei eim Nkyptoeioispornm nxec-p`ns mom idt inbnssero`y pess tgrdukg Bertgekn.

]n typd`dkobe` eim obdidkrepgobe` drokois df

sbereas eim sbereadoms cemn df krnni lespnr (everonty df quertz) òn oi tgn Dronit. Rne`s cemndf verodus germstdin typns ern strst nibduitnrnmoi tgn Ordi Ekn OO (5:::-6:: AB). ]ny erntgn geraoiknrs df tgn prdmubtodi df Zgdnioboeibervnm stdins, wgobg wnrn strst prdmubnm oi tgnioitg eim nokgtg bniturons AB. Oi emmotodi,tgny krnet`y oifiunibnm tgn mnvn`dpcnit df tgnstkuretovn bervoiks df sbereas eim sbereadomsoi krnni lespnr eim dtgnr germstdin typns oiDronite` wdrhsgdps. ]nsn wdrhsgdps wnrn nx-trncn`y prdmubtovn oi tgn Znrsoei pnrodm (soxtg

td fdurtg bniturons AB). Antwnni tgn stftg eimtgorm bniturons AB, breftscni wdrhoik oi tgnwnstnri Cnmotnrreinei rnkodi, sdcn df tgncfrdc ]errds, dtgnrs frdc Oaoze dr Bertgekn,cemn spnbocnis df stin queòty frdc tgn secnrew cetnroe`s.

Frdc tgn snvnitg/soxtg bniturons AB diwerms,bervnm sne`s cemn df krnni lespnr eppner spd-remobe``y oi Bertgekn oi Erbgeob fuinrery eimvdtovn bditnxts. ]ny wnrn prdaea`y ocpdrtnm

frdc tgn Dronit eim mospèy e prdiduibnm coxdf Nkyptoei eim Dronite` obdidkrepgy. Frdctgn fdurtg/tgorm bniturons AB diwerms, tgn oi-fiunibn df Gn``niostob obdidkrepgy anbdcns id-tobnea`n.

Ansomns tgn sbereas eim sbereadoms bervnm oikrnni lespnr, spnbocnis eppnernm oi Bertgekntget gem anni but oi dtgnr germstdin typns.]nsn gevn anni fduim oi rnesdiea`y èrkn quei-totons oi Bertgekoioei krevns metoik frdc tgn

Rne` roik wotgNkyptoei sbnin8Bertgekn, Ayrse8 ;tg-6tg bnitury AB8Cusn Ietodie` mnBertgekn.

>?

NK_Z]OEI OIF@^NIBN OI BEQ]GEKN 6

snvnitg eim soxtg bniturons AB. Obdidkrepgobe`tgncns oispornm ay Nkyptoei nxecp`ns ern prdc-oinit ecdik tgnc. Rocoèr typns bei an trebnmtd tgn Zgdnioboei bdest oi tgn Nest. E`tgdukgspnbocnis wotg Dronite` cdtofs ern fduim oi

Bertgekn frdc tgn snvnitg/soxtg bniturons ABdiwerms, tgny ern fnw oi iucanr.

Nvomnibn df eibonit Krnnh stdinbervoik oiBertgekn os nxtrncn`y sberbn8 tgn d`mnst nxecp`nsmetn frdc tgn soxtg bnitury AB. Ay tgn usue`steimerms df Krnnh stdinbervoik, tgn spnbocnisessokinm td tgn soxtg eim stftg bniturons AB ernrncerhea`n fdr tgn bern wotg wgobg tgn coiut-nst mnteo`s df tgn sbnins wnrn nxnbutnm. ]n di`yocekns di tgn iucnrdus Bertgekoioei sne`s wotg

Gn``niostob snttoiks metoik frdc tgn fdurtg eimtgorm bniturons AB ern werrodrs eim ce`n gnems.]dukg tgn iucanr df Bertgekoioei sne`s frdctgn =tg-2rm b. AB mnbdretnm wotg Gn``niostobmnbdr os ocpdrteit, ots rnpnrtdorn os vnry òcotnm,rnprnsnitoik di`y werrodrs eim ce`n gnems.

]eihs td ots strdik rnètodis wotg tgn `nemoikZgdnioboei cnrbgeits, Bertgekn auo`t up e ce-tnroe` bu`turn, oi tgn strst co``niiouc AB, tgetwes krnet`y oifiunibnm ay tgn Nkyptoei bovoòse-todi. ]n obdidkrepgy df tgn ecu`nts eim tgn

rnpnrtdorn df bervoiks ern tgn cdst ocpdrteitnxprnssodis df tget oifiunibn. [otg tgn bd`èpsndf tgn Znrsoei Ncporn oi tgn èst quertnr df tgnfdurtg bnitury AB, eim tgn emvnit df Gn``niosc,snvnre` betnkdrons df Enkyptoebe veiosgnm frdctgn Iner Nest. Nvni sd, Bertgekn bditoiunm tdpèy e `nemoik rd`n oi prdmuboik ocotetodis. Fdrceiy yners, ot wdu`m stocuètn tgn mostroautodieim mossncoietodi df tgn veùns df Nkyptoei bu`-turn oi tgn wnstnri Cnmotnrreinei rnkodi.


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6:6:


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BEQ]GEKN ER

E CEQO]OCNZD[NQ

Foh Cnolnr

65

]GN RNE [ER OI ]GN BEQ]GEKOIOEIR

A@DDM. ]GN_ MNRBNIMNM FQDC ZGDNIOBOEIRNEFEQNQR DF ]GN ZDQ] DF ]_QN. OI 75= AB

]GN_ GEM ADEQMNM ]GNOQ RGOZR EIM Z^]

]D RNE OI RNEQBG DF IN[ Z@EBNR ]D @OVN.

]GN_ GEM REO@NM E@DIK ]GN BDER] DF

IDQ]G EFQOBE EIM FDÎMNM BEQ]GEKN,

OI [GE] OR ID[ ]ÎOROE. E] @NIK]G, ]GN

BO]_R IN[ OIGEAO]EI]R FDÎMNM D]GNQ

BD@DIONR OI ]GNOQ ]^QI. [O]G ]GN ZERREKNDF ]OCN, E IN][DQH DF RN]]@NCNI]R [O]GOI

BEQ]GEKNR RZGNQN DF OIF@^NIBN KQN[

^Z E@DIK ]GN BDER] DF ]GN [NR]NQI

CNMO]NQQEINEI. FQDC ]GNRN AERNR, RZEOI,

]GN AE@NEQOB OR@EIMR, REQMOIOE, BDQROBE

EIM ]GN [NR] DF ROBO@_ [NQN E@@ AQD^KG]

ÎMNQ BEQ]GEKOIOEI Q^@N.

Vonw td tgn sdutgfrdc Ayrse Go``, wotg

tgn bditdurs dftgn Zuiob geradursb`ner`y omnitostea`n

ecom tgn cdmnri vo`èèimsbepn.


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okgt`ydrkeiosnm emcoiostretodi wes et tgngnert df tgos ru`n. Idtgoik wes `nft td bgeibn. Eèrkn`y cnrbniery ercy hnpt strc bditrd` df tgnpdpuètodi oi tgn oitnrodr, wgo`n tgn wersgopsbrnws mom tgn secn fdr tgn bd`dioe` tnrrotdrons.

Frdc tgn snbdim bnitury AB diwerms, tgn pd`-oby di tgn finnt wes bddrmoietnm frdc tgn wergeradur, wgobg wes dut df aduims fdr e`` idiBertgekoioeis. Fdrnokinrs epprdebgoik Bertgeknfrdc tgn sne seo`nm oitd tgn bdccnrboe` geradurtgrdukg e bgeiin` eim sew di`y tgn borbuèrmdua`n we``s nib`dsoik tgn wer geradur. ]nrnwnrn adet sgnms di tgn geradur queysomns eimdi tgn òtt`n bnitre` osèim, ebbdccdmetoik dvnrtwd guimrnm wersgops oi tdte`. Di tgn frdit dfnebg adet sgnm stddm twd Odioei bdùcis, wgobg

kevn tgn geradur eim tgn osèim tgn eppnereibndf e soik`n bditoiudus erbemn. Frdc gos gdusn,rosoik gokg up di tgn osèim, tgn emcore` bdu`msnn nvnrytgoik tget geppninm et sne.

Dtgnr geradurs oi tgn tnrrotdrons uimnrBertgekoioei ru`n prdaea`y gem adet sgnms tdd.Frdc tgnrn, tgn wersgops petrd``nm oi tgn occn-moetn surrduimoiks, sd tget eiy oiboponit rnvd`tbdu`m an ioppnm oi tgn aum. [gni tgn pdpuètodianbecn rnstovn, wersgop brnws prdtnbtnm tgn iu-cnrdus berkd vnssn`s tget seo`nm oi e`` mornbtodis,

aroikoik prnbodus cnte`s td Bertgekn oi nxbgeiknfdr kreoi, stsg eim dòvn do`. ]n Bertgekoioeisrnfusnm td e``dw tgnor rove`s sgops td seo` bnrteoirdutns. ]n fer wnst df tgn Cnmotnrreinei, oipertobuèr, tgny rnkermnm es tgnor spnboe` mdceoi.]n pessekn tgrdukg tgn Rtreots df Koare`ter wesb`dsnm td idiBertgekoioeis.

]rorncns]n wer finnt tget snrvnm es tgn procery oistru-

cnit df Bertgekoioei ocpnroeòsc wes bdcpdsnmet e`` tocns df tgn cdst cdmnri typns df sgops.]n Bertgekoioeis hnpt e b`dsn nyn di tgn typns dfwersgops anoik usnm ay dtgnr botons, eim put tgnorhidw`nmkn td kddm usn. ]ny wnrn pertobuèr`yhnni td wetbg inw trnims oi Krnnbn, Nkypt, eimNtruroe. ]ny tgncsn`vns e`sd nxpnrocnitnm wotginw typns df sgops. ]n treisotodi oi tgn snvnitgbnitury AB frdc cdidrncns (sgops wotg din nv-n` df derscni) td aorncns, wotg e snbdim `nvn`,wes prdcptnm oi pert ay subg nxpnrocnits. Oi tgn

soxtg bnitury AB, tgn Bertgekoioeis idtnm tgnrepom rosn df tgn trorncn, e sgop wotg tgrnn rdwsdf derscni eadvn din eidtgnr. ]ny occnmoetn`ynxpeimnm tgnor finnt td oibùmn tgn inw cdmn`.

Ot os burodus gdw òtt`n wn hidw eadut tgn tro-rncn, tgn steimerm sgop df tgn finnts oi tgn eibonitCnmotnrreinei. [n ern idt nvni surn df ots prnbosn`niktg dr womtg. Frdc tgn mocnisodis df tgn adetsgnms oi Zorenus, tgn geradur df Etgnis, ot beian oifnrrnm tget tgn trorncn wes 2; td =: cntrns`dik. ]n fu`` bditoiknit df derscni bdisostnmdf 5;: cni snetnm di tgrnn `nvn`s< >= tgeècodoet tgn adttdc, wotg >= zukodoeadvn tgnc, eim efurtgnr 61 tgreioteodi tdp. ]n trorncns bdet dfercs wes tgn rec.

]n Bertgekoioeis sddi anbecn cestnrs df teb-tobe` ceidnuvrns wotg tgn trorncn. ]n dalnbtwes td mosea`n nincy sgops ay reccoik tgnc,prnfnrea`y oi tgnor vuìnrea`n fieihs, eim arneh-oik d tgn ders. ]n tebtobs fevdurnm ay tgn et-tebhnrs tgn Bertgekoioeis cdst frnqunit rd`n wnrn monhp`dus (seoòik tgrdukg tgn òins eimaebh ekeoi) eim pnrop`dus (niborb`ncnit). ]nanst rnsu`ts wnrn ebgonvnm wgni trorncns fdrbnmtgnor wey tgrdukg tgn òins eim tgni occnmoetn-`y turinm oi e sncoborb`n. ]os put tgnc angoim

tgn nincy, cehoik ot fer `nss gezermdus td rectgn nincy sgops tgei mdoik sd frdc tgnor oiotoe`pdsotodis. Ettebhoik frdc angoim, tgny scesgnmtgnor fdns ders, eftnr wgobg tgny rnturinm td tgnordwi òins. ]n cdrn sgops oi e finnt pnrfdrcnm emonhp`dusdf tgos hoim, tgn krnetnr tgn bgeibn tgettgn nincy wdu`m an fdrbnm td nikekn.

Emcore`s wgd fduim tgncsn`vns bdifrditoik tgnBertgekoioeis wdu`m tnim td hnnp tgnor sgops oie vnry b`dsn, bdcpebt fdrcetodi, procero`y es

e mnfnisovn stretnky. ]ny dftni fdrcnm e mn-fnisovn borb`n dr huh`ds, tgn sgops remoetoik òhntgn spdhns df e wgnn`, tgnor stnris b`dsn tdkntgnreim aettnroikrecs feboik dutwerm. ]n ei-swnr td tgos fdrcetodi wes niborb`ncnit. ]nBertgekoioei gn`cscni wdu`m rdw erduim tgnmnfnisovn borb`n oi tgn gdpn df stimoik wnehòihs. Ot wes e`weys pdssoa`n tget e sgop cokgtarneh ewey frdc tgn borb`n fdrcetodi eim ettebhdin df tgn ansonkoik vnssn`s.

61

; BEQ]GEKN ER E CEQO]OCN ZD[NQ


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Rto`` @erknr [ersgops

Et tgn ankoiioik df tgn fdurtg bnitury AB, tgnrnwes e b`ner sgoft oi tgn fdbus df tgn nxpnrocnitswotg inw wersgops. ]n procery terknt wes idw

Robo`y. E stnrbn strukk`n wes tehoik pèbn antwnniRyrebusn, wgobg gem keoinm suprnceby dvnr tgndtgnr Krnnh botons di tgn osèim uimnr tgn tyreitModiysous, eim tgn Bertgekoioeis, wgd bdi-trd``nm tgn wnstnri pert df tgn osèim. ]n inw-`ymnsokinm sgops wnrn quemrorncns/fdurs, quoi-qunrncns/stvns eim gnxerncns/soxns. Nvni tgnsninw typns df sgops wnrn invnr rdwnm ay cdrntgei tgrnn `nvn`s df derscni, gdwnvnr. ]n oiid-vetodi bdisostnm df pèboik cdrn derscni et nebgder. Di`y tgn cei et tgn nim df tgn der innmnm

td pdssnss nxpnrtosn, oi drmnr td snt tgn rdwoikpebn. ]n dtgnr derscni socp`y fd``dwnm goc.E quemrorncn bdu`m an rdwnm wotg tgrnn `nvn`s

62

BEQ]GEKN ER E CEQO]OCN ZD[NQ ;

]gn aettnroik recfduim oi 1:5:, tgndi`y din wotg e

Zuiob oisbroptodi8Rdproitnimnize mn`Cern, Ze`nrcd.

df derscni ay gevoik din cei et tgn `dwnst eimcomm`n ders eim twd et tgn tdp. Oi sdcn besns, equemrorncn gem twd èynrs df derscni. Oi tget

besn tgnrn wnrn twd derscni et tgn adttdc dereim twd et tgn tdp. Rocoèr erreikncnits wnrnusnm fdr quoiqunrncns eim gnxerncns.

Nvni tdmey wn md idt hidw prnbosn`y wget tgnsnsgops `ddhnm òhn. Ot os tgdukgt tget tgn quem-rorncns gem epprdxocetn`y 2:: derscni, wgo`nquoiqunrncns eim gnxerncns gem nvni cdrn.

E`cdst nvnrytgoik n`sn eadut tgnsn sgops os ui-bnrteoi. ]n cdst ocpdrteit rnesdi fdr tgos kepoi dur hidw`nmkn os tget id suasteitoe` rnceois

df wer ke``nys gevn anni fduim. E`` dur bdibù-sodis cust an mosto``nm frdc tgn fnw tnxts wn pds-snss ay eibonit eutgdrs eim, frdc tgn frnqunit`y


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ocprnbosn ocekns di bdois, vesns eim rnònfs. ]nmosbdvnry df tgn gu`` df e Bertgekoioei wersgopd tgn wnst bdest df Robo`y, iner Cerseè, mom idtfuriosg eiy bèroty, soibn tgos os e sce``nr typn dfvnssn` wotgdut eiy rdwoik anibgns et e``.

]gn Errove` df tgn Qdceis

Fdr ceiy bniturons, tgn Bertgekoioeis gem ru`nmdvnr tgn wnstnri Cnmotnrreinei. [get geppninmoi Bertgekn eim tgn tnrrotdrons ot bditrd``nmsberbn`y rnkostnrnm wotg pndp`n oi tgn dutsomnwdr`m. ]et tgn Bertgekoioeis wnrn prdspnroik,gdwnvnr, wes b`ner td nvnrydin. ]n boty krnw, otspdpuètodi swn`òik td pnrgeps 2::,:::, cdst dfwgdc wnrn oivd`vnm oi sdcn wey oi tremn eim

oimustry. @erkn squerns, tgn ceiy womn eim ier-rdw strnnts tget `nm td tgnc, eim cdiucniteàuo`moiks e`` tnstostnm td tgn botys wne`tg.

Idt e soik`n Bertgekoioei bei gevn suspnbt-nm, es tgn fdurtg bnitury mrnw td e b`dsn, tgettgnor cerotocn suprnceby wes e`cdst et ei nim.

]gn aettnroik recfduim oi 1:5: oi sotu.

Zgdtd< Rdproitnimnizemn` Cern, Ze`nrcd.

6=

; BEQ]GEKN ER E CEQO]OCN ZD[NQ

]ny bnrteoi`y invnr nitnrteoinm tgn omne tget otwdu`m an tgn Qdceis wgd wdu`m sne` tgnor fetn.

Eftnr e``, wget mom tgn Qdceis hidw eadut tgnsne4 ]ny gem bdiqunrnm tgn nitorn Oteòei pni-oisuè wotgdut e soik`n sgop. Erduim 1;: AB,

`ddhoik dut frdc Qgnkouc (prnsnitmey QnkkodBeèarod), tgn Qdceis bdu`m snn Robo`y `yoik ditgn dtgnr somn df tgn Rtreot df Cnssoie. Id mduattgn tgdukgt df seoòik td tget èrkn osèim wotg otsp`nitofu` kreoi dbbesodie``y brdssnm tgnor coims,aut idt fdr `dik. ]n Bertgekoioeis eim tgnRyrebuseis strubh fner oitd tgnc. ]n Qdceisrneòsnm tget ot wes pdoit`nss td nikekn tgnsn fdnsoi aett`n di Robo`y of tgny mom idt gevn e rne` finntdf tgnor dwi.

Oi 16= AB tgn Qdceis emdptnm e inw stretnky.E bdifiobt fdr tgn boty df Cnssoie oi tgn idrtgdf Robo`y ui`nesgnm e wer tget wdu`m uttnr`ytreisfdrc tgn aeèibn df pdwnr oi tgn wnstnriCnmotnrreinei. ]nrn wes e repom nsbeètodi dftnisodi antwnni tgn Qdceis eim Bertgekoioeis.

Eftnr `dik gnsotetodi, tgn Qdceis stie``y mn-


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6>

bomnm td mospetbg ei ercy td Robo`y. Ot wes eroshy vniturn. Mnfnet di Robo`y wdu`m kovn tgnBertgekoioeis ei dppdrtuioty td brdss tgn wetnroi tgn dppdsotn mornbtodi eim tgrnetni tgn bdestsdf Ote`y.

]n Qdceis wn`` uimnrstddm tgn bruboe` oc-pdrteibn df auo`moik up e kddm finnt. Aut gdwbdu`m tgny ebquorn nidukg sgops4 ]ny geminotgnr sgopyerms idr derscni. _nt wotgoi tgnspebn df sox cditgs, tgny subbnnmnm oi stetodi-oik 51: inw wersgops oi tgn boty geradurs dfsdutgnri Ote`y. ]n gostdroei Zd`yaous, wgdpreosns tgn Qdceis fdr meroik td bdifrdit tgnru`nrs df tgn sne, stims ot wn`ìokg ocpdssoa`n tdanònvn tget tgny ebgonvnm e`` tgos uieomnm. Gn

sukknsts tget bgeibn pèynm e krnet rd`n oi tgnorvobtdry tgn Qdceis ebquornm e Bertgekoioeiwersgop, e quoiqunrncn, tget gem rui ekrduim,eim gem sgopauo`mnrs bdpy ots mnsoki. ]os vnr-sodi os e òtt`n tdd kòa td an trun8 ot `nevns dut dfbdisomnretodi tgn sho`` df tgn Krnnh sgopauo`m-nrs oi sdutgnri Ote`y. ]n ohnònst nxpèietodi os

tget tgn Qdceis snit drmnrs td sgops erbgotnbtsoi snvnre` df Ote`ys Krnnh botons, bdccossodioikfrdc tgnc mdznis df tgn wersgops tget wnrncdst oi usn trorncns, quemrorncns eim quoi-qunrncns.

]gn Aett`n df Cyèn

Ay 16: AB tgn Qdceis gem et tgnor mospdse` ewer finnt df 5:: quoiqunrncns eim 1: trorncns oitgn wetnrs erduim Robo`y. ]ny gem rnbruotnm dvnr2:,::: derscni frdc e`` perts df tgn pnioisuè.Rto``, tgn bgeibn df subbnss snncnm sce``, soibntgn Qdcei emcore`s eim tgnor brnws wnrn `nsssho``nm eim nxpnronibnm tgei tgnor Bertgekoioeibduitnrperts. ]n strst shorcosgns snncnm td

bdistrc tgn monrnibns oi strniktg. ]n Qdceibdisu` Kienus Bdrinòus Rbopod fduim gocsn`feim gos snvnitnni sgops gnccnm oi ay twnitysgops df tgn Bertgekoioei finnt eim surrnimnrnm.]os sntaebh wnehninm tgn Qdceis cdre`n.]nor mnlnbtodi oibrnesnm wgni tgn Bertgekoioeiemcore` Geiioae` (idt td an bdifusnm wotg tgn

BEQ]GEKN ER E CEQO]OCN ZD[NQ ;

Vonw frdc tgn Ayrsetdwerms tgn sdutg.]gn eibonit geradursern sto`` vosoa`n oi tgnèimsbepn.


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ZÎOB AQDI\N IEVE@AE]]NQOIK QEC(Nkemo Osèims)Di`y din df tgn n`nvni aettnroik recs

tget gevn anni fduim td metn oi tgn

erne df tgn Aett`n df tgn Nkemo Osèims,td tgn wnst df Robo`y, os Zuiob. ]gn dtgnrs

bdcn frdc Qdcei sgops. ]gos aettnroik

rec wes fduim oi 1:5: et e mnptg df

75 cntrns, muroik e systncetob snerbg

bdimubtnm ay tgn Rdproitnimnize mn`

Cern (Qnkodin Roboòeie) eim tgn QZC

Ieutobe` Fduimetodi. Rnvnre` ecpgd-

ren, oibùmoik KrnbdOteòb eim Zuiob

typns, wnrn fduim wotgoi e stvnco`n

remous df tgn aettnroik rec. Id èrkn

cossoik perts ern mosbnrioa`n8 tgndi`y mecekn os e snrons df Vsgepnm

idtbgns ebrdss tgn gdrozdite` snbtodis.

]gnsn idtbgns mospèy e furrdwnm pet-

tnri beusnm ay e frdite` bd`òsodi wotg

eidtgnr rec. ]gos aettnroik rec wes

cemn usoik tgn `dst wex tnbgioqun,

aut ots `dwnr snbtodi, wgobg bdvnrnm

tgn hnn`, wes nvomnit`y emmnm ètnr dr

rnpeornm, soibn tgnrn ern b`ner sokis df

perts anoik wn`mnm tdkntgnr.

]gn bervnm oisbroptodi, oi Zuiob `nt-tnrs, ges anni stumonm ay tgn spnboeòst

Kodveiio Keraoio. ]gn oisbroptodi bdi-

sosts df din 2>`nttnr òin eim aners e

strdik rnsncaèibn td aoaòbe` Gnarnw.

Ot os ei emluretodi td tgn kdm Aee`< Cey

tgos XrecS an mornbtnm ekeoist tgn sgop), wgd nxprnssns gocsn`f bdi-tncptudus`y eadut tgn Rperteis wrotoiks< tgnbdccdi kdssop df tgn aeranrs sgdp. ]n febttget Geiioae` wes ea`n td dpnretn wotgdut eiy

prda`nc wgetsdnvnr muroik gos pnrodm df nxo`noi tgn Krnnhspnehoik Nest sukknsts tget gn weswn`` vnrsnm oi Krnnh. ]n pnrodm gn spnit oiKrnnhru`nm sdutgnri Ote`y (Cekie Krenboe)wdu`m gevn anni gn`pfu` oi tgos rnspnbt. Gnprdaea`y spdhn @etoi es wn``.]os gostdrobe` shntbg df Geiioae`s òfn os aesnmdi tgn n`ncnits tget cdst oitnrnstnm tgn Qdceis,wgobg ieture``y rnètnm ceoi`y td coòtery eimpdòtobe` nvnits. ]n ebbduits bdivny òtt`n eadut

tgn Zuiob wdr`m oi wgobg Geiioae` òvnm eimkrnw up, gdwnvnr. Erbgend`dkobe` stims, cdstidtea`y oi Bertgekn, gevn gn`pnm td ecpòfy eimbèrofy tgos pobturn (snn e`sd bgeptnr 2).

Geiioae`s Bertgekn

]n Zuiob erbgend`dky df Idrtg Efrobe os bger-ebtnrosnm ay ei uraei aoes, e gnevy ncpgesos diuraei bu`turn, nspnboe``y tget df tgn cntrdpdòs dfBertgekn. ]os cehns pnrfnbt snisn, soibn frdc


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;?


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tgn vnry cdcnit et wgobg bd`diosts frdc yrnfduimnm Bertgekn (3 Inw Boty) oi 75=/52 AB,Bertgekoioei bu`turn wes prnncoinit`y ei uraeibu`turn wotg e strdik bdiinbtodi td tgn sne. Oi tgossnisn ot monrnm fuimecnite``y frdc vortue``y e``

dtgnr Cnmotnrreinei bu`turns (Krnnh, Ntrusbei,ntb.), oi wgobg tgn uraei dr prnuraei bnitrnswnrn ncanmmnm fer cdrn b`ner`y oi ekrobu`ture`sdbontons. Geiioae` gocsn`f os e typobe` prdmubt dftgos uraei bu`turn.Idwgnrn oi Bertgekn os tgn iecn df Geiioae`cdrn b`ner`y òihnm td erbgend`dkobe` rnceoistgei oi tgn sdbe``nm Geiioae` Uuertnr di tgnsdutgnest s`dpn df tgn Ayrse go``. Ot wes gnrn tgetFrnibg erbgend`dkosts nxbevetnm e Zuiob uraei

mostrobt oi tgn 5?;:s eim 5?7:s, e mostrobt tgetcust gevn anni auo`t oi tgn yners erduim 1::

7:

? ]GN ZÎOB [EQR

AB. ]os erbgend`dkyaesnm metn te`òns wn`` wotgGeiioae`s pnrodm es suntn df Bertgekn eim tgnvokdrdus emcoiostretodi ettroautnm td goc. Cdrnocpdrteit`y, ot te`òns wotg gos rnputetodi es eiuraei pèiinr muroik gos ètnr nxo`n. Oimnnm,

gn os seom td gevn pèiinm tgn boty df Ertgesget(Ertexete) oi Ercnioe. Oi Bertgekn wn bei snnb`ner`y tget tgn inw mostrobt os aesnm di e tokgt`ymnsokinm rnbteikuèr pèi wotg strnnts nib`dsoikrnètovn`y sce`` a`dbhs df gdusns< e kddm nxecp`ndf Goppdmecoei pèiioik. ]n uraei mwn`òiksern `dik eim ierrdw, eim nebg ges ots dwi sce``bdurtyerm eim e sce`` bostnri fdr wetnr stdrekn.]nsn gdusns wo`` gevn anni snvnre` stdrnys gokg,eim tgn eie`ysos df tgn nxbevetnm cetnroe` rnvne`stget tgny wnrn oigeaotnm ay ei eunit comm`n

bèss, wgobg wdu`m gevn oibùmnm breftscni. ]nFrnibg cemn ceiy mosbdvnrons, oibùmoik tgn

]gn Aett`n df \eceges anni tgn sualnbt

df snvnre` peoitoikseim proits oi Nurdpnei

ert gostdry. ]gnproits wnrn womn`y

mostroautnm. BdrinòsBdrt8 5>6;.


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rnceois df e pèbn fdr co`òik kreoi eim e wdrh-sgdp usnm ay e breftscei wgd fesgodinm otncs oirnm bdre`. Ceiy df tgn gdusns ern mnbdretnm wotgKrnnhGn``niostob cure`s oi tgn Bdistrubtovnsty`n, wgobg os hidwi oi tgn botons erduim Cduit

Vnsuvous es tgn Forst Zdcpnoei Rty`n. Ot os stroh-oik tget tgn strnnts oi tgn Geiioae` Uuertnr ernuipevnm. Rtdin sèas wnrn èom di`y et tgn luib-todis, prdaea`y td prnvnit nrdsodi.

[er Mnat

Oi tgn pnebn trnety sokinm oi 1:5 AB, tgn bdimo-todis ocpdsnm di tgn mnfnetnm Bertgekoioeis wnrnmrebdioei, pertobuèr`y oi stieiboe` tnrcs. Qdcnmnceimnm tget Bertgekn pey ei occnmoetn suc

df 5,::: te`nits, pùs ei emmotodie` suc df 1>:Nuadob te`nits eiiue``y fdr stfty

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