-
1
Longlife
Sustainable,energyefficientandresourcesaving,residentialbuildingsinconsiderationofunifiedproceduresandnewand
adaptedtechnologies
ProjectintheBalticSeaRegionProgramme20072013
Analysisandcomparison
Reportontheanalysisofstateoftechnology,administrativeandlegalprocedures,financialsituation,demographicneeds,
similaritiesanddifferencesintheparticipatingcountriesDenmark,Germany,Lithuania,PolandandRussia.
Formulationofbenchmarks
-
Documenthistory
2
TUPublikationenEditedbyPrintedonacidfreepaper2009byUniversittsverlagderTUBerlinAlleRechtevorbehalten./Allrightsreserved.TechnischeUniversittBerlin,Universittsverlagc/oUB,Fasanenstr.88,10623Berlin,2009PrintedintheFederalRepublicofGermany.Allrightsreserved.Nopartof
thispublicationmaybereproduced,stored
inaretrievalsystemofanynature,ortransmitted,
inanyformorbyanymeans,electrocnical,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.Printed/BoundbyISBN
-
Documenthistory
3
UpdateVersion Datesent Name position0102
Documenthistory
Dateofissue 2010Distribution NoofcopiesLeadpartnerSecretariat
17JTS,Rostock 2Archive 1ProjectpartnerfromDE,DK,LT,PL
100Ass.organizationsfromRussia 30TUBerlin,Universittsverlagc/oUB
40TitleAnalysisandcomparison
LonglifeReportNo.1
AuthorTUBerlin,FacultyVI,InstituteofArchitecture,Departmentdesignandstructureasleadpartner
EditorKlausRckertLeadpartner
IllustrationsbyTUBerlin,FacultyVI,InstituteofArchitecture,Departmentdesignandstructureasleadpartner
LayoutbyTUBerlin,FacultyVI,InstituteofArchitecture,Departmentdesignandstructureasleadpartner
Keywords: Energy efficiency, sustainability, resource saving,
life cycle costs,minimizeoperatingcosts,prototypedesign
Classificationopen xinternal proprietary
-
Content
4
Content1. Acknowledgement 52. Contribution 63. Abstract 73.1
AbstractinDanishResum 83.2 AbstrachtinGermanKurzfassung 93.3
AbstractinLithuanianSantrauka 103.4 AbstractinPolishStreszczenie
113.5 AbstractinRussian 124. Introduction 135. Summaryandbenchmarks
146. Methods 167. Workshops,meetings,events 188. Results 198.1
Engineeringandbuildingtechnologystandards 218.2
Methodofplanning,permitandtenderingprocedures 798.3
Economicalandfinancialbasis,industryandquality 1059.
Authors,correspondingauthors 12910. References 13211. Glossary
14512. Abbrevation 159 13. Annexes 16313.1 DetailsDenmark 16313.2
DetailsGermany 20113.3 DetailsLithuania 32913.4 DetailsPoland
40313.5 DetailsRussia 471
-
Acknowledgement
5
1. Acknowledgement
We want to acknowledge and appreciate the enthusiasm and
contributions from the
projectpartnersandassociatedorganizationsfromDenmark,Germany,Lithuania,PolandandRussia,theircolleaguesandfriendswhohavesharedtheirknowlegdeandexperiences
inthisreport.EspeciallywewanttothanktheTechnicalUniversityofGdansk,DepartmentofFundamentalsofBuildingandMaterialEngineeringforitsworkasworkpackageleaderandtheleadersofteams1,2and3.WewouldalsoliketoacknowledgethesupportoftheBalticSeaRegionProgramme20072013forpartlyfundingtheLonglifeproject.Wewould
like to thank
theGermanFederalMinistryofTransport,BuildingandUrbanAffairsasassociatedorganization
for financing,communicatingandsupporting theprojectLonglife
inmanydifferentways.Wewant to thankour advisoryboard,
theEmbassiesofDenmark, Lithuania,Poland
andRussia,FederalOfficeforBuildingandRegionalPlanningandtheBalticSeaForum.
-
Contribution
6
2.
ContributionBerlinInstituteofTechnology,InstituteofArchitecture,Departmentdesignandstructure,GermanyCenterofCompetenceforMajorHousingEstates,GermanyProPotsdamGmbH,GermanyGdanskUniversityofTechnology,DepartmentofFundamentalsofBuildingandMaterialEngineering,PolandVilniusGediminasTechnicalUniversity,DepartmentonEngineeringArchitecture,LithuaniaHousingandUrbanDevelopmentAgency,LithuaniaBuildingPlanningSystematicsCentre,LithuaniaMunicipalityofRoskilde,DenmarkHousingassociationofZealand,DenmarkSaintPetersburgStateUniversityofArchitectureandCivilEngineering,RussiaJointstockcompany"HypothecaryAgencyofLeningradOblast",RussiaNorthWestInterRegionalCenter,Russia
-
Abstract
7
3. Abstract
Environmentalconsiderationsarebecomingoneofthekeyfeaturesinthedesignwhenitcomestoconstructingmodern,sustainableresidentialbuildings.Inanefforttostreamlineproceduresandpractices,theprojectLonglifehasconductedacomparativereviewoftheseamongthecountriesDenmark,Germany,Lithuania,PolandandRussia(associatedorganizations).Thecountriesinvolvedhavesharedknowledgeandexperienceswitheachotherabouthowtheirrespectivebuildingprocessesoperate.Thesearecollatedandanalysed.Therearedifferencesandcommonnesssinthestateoftechnology,administrativeandlegalprocedures,financialsituation,demographicneeds,howahousingprojectfunctions.WiththisexerciseLonglifehasstartedtoensurethatdifferencesacrosstheBalticSeaRegionwillbeminimisedasregardsenvironmentallyfriendlyresidentialconstructions.Thisinitialcomparativestagecoversplanning,buildingpermitandtenderingprocedures,practicesfordevelopingandoperatinghousingandconstructiontechnologies.Thereportreflectsthecurrentlymostapplicablefeaturesoftheparticipatingcountriesprocesses.Longlifeprojectpartnersworkinthreecompetenceteamstousethespecialknowhowandexperiencesandtocooperateinthepublicprivatepartnershipcomposition.Thereportanalysesinthecompetenceteam1Engineeringandbuildingtechnology,designstandardstheengineeringandtechnologystandardsinthecountriesDenmark,Germany,Lithuania,PolandandRussia.Thereportshowsfortheteam2Administrationprocedures,licensingrules,tenderingrules,lawsthecomparisonandinvestigationsofadministrationprocedures,buildingpermitrules,tenderingrulesandlawsintheparticipatingcountries.Thereportprovidesforteam3Economicalandfinancialbasisageneralandaspecificoverviewabouteconomicalandfinancialissues,sustainabilityandqualityaspectsintheinvolvedcountries.Thisreportisbasisforthenextworkpackage:developmentofstandards,criteriaandspecificationsforasustainable,resourcesavingresidentialbuilding.
-
Abstract
8
3.1
AbstractinDanishResumMiljmssigehensynvilistigendegradudgreetafhovedtrkkeneiudformningenvedopfrelseafmoderne,bredygtigebeboelsesejendomme.
I
forsgetpatensretteprocedurerogmetoderharLonglifeprojektetgennemfrten
sammenlignendegennemgangafdisse i
landene,Danmark,Tyskland,Litauen,PolenogRusland(tilknyttedeorganisationer).De
involverede lande har indbyrdes delt viden og erfaringer om hvordan
deres respektivebygningsprocesser fungerer. Disse er sammenlignet
og analyseret. Der er forskelle oglighedspunkter i den
byggetekniske status, administrative og juridiske procedurer,
konomisksituation,demografiskebehovogmdenetboligprojektfungerer.MeddennevelseerLonglifeprojektetstartetpvejenmodatsikreenminimeringafdeforskellighederdereksistererptvrsafstersregionenmedhensyntilmiljvenligboligopfrelse.Dette
indledende sammenligningstrin dkker planlgning, byggetilladelses
oglicitationsprocedurer, samt metoder til udvikling og drift af
anvendte bolig,
ogkonstruktionsteknologier.Rapportenafspejlerlandenes,fortiden,bedstbeskrivendekarakteristika.PartnereiLonglifeprojektetarbejderitrekompetenceteamsmedhenblikpanvendelseafspecifikknowhowogerfaringer,ogforatsamarbejdeietoffentligtprivatpartnerskab.Rapportenanalysererikompetenceteam1Bygningsudformningogbygningsteknologistandarderbygningsudformningsogteknologistandarderne
i
landeneDanmark,Tyskland,Litauen,PolenogRusland.Forteam2viserrapportenadministrativeprocedurer,regleromkringbevillinger,regleromkringlicitationstilbud,
lovgivning sammenligningen og undersgelser af administrative
procedurer,reglerforbyggetilladelser,loveomlicitationstilbudidedeltagendelande.Forteam3tilvejebringerrapportenkonomiskogfinansielbaggrundengenerelogetspecifiktoverblik
over konomiske og finansielle problemstillinger, bredygtighed og
kvalitetsmssigeaspekterideinvolveredelande.Dennerapportdannerbasisfordennstearbejdspakke(workpackage4):Udviklingafstandarder,kriterierogspecifikationerforetbredygtig,ressourcebesparendeboligbyggeri.
-
Abstract
9
3.2 AbstrachtinGermanKurzfassungkologische Belange sind im
Begriff zu einem Hauptaspekt im Entwerfen von
modernen,nachhaltigenWohnungsbauzuwerden.IndemBestrebendieSteuerungsablufeunddiePraxiszurationalisieren,
hat das Projekt Longlife eine vergleichende Bewertung unter den
LndernDnemark,Deutschland,Litauen,PolenundRusslanddurchgefhrt.Die
beteiligten Lnder haben ihrWissen und ihre Erfahrungen ber die
jeweiligen Bauprozesseausgetauscht, zusammengetragen und analysiert
Es gibt Unterschiede und
GemeinsamkeitenbezglichderStandderTechnik,deradministrativenund
rechtlichenVerfahren, der
finanziellenSituation,derdemographischenBelangeunddesVerstndnisseswieeinBauprojektfunktioniert.Mit
dieserAufgabemchte Longlife sicherstellen, daUnterschiede in
derOstseeregion auf einMinimum gebracht werden, um eine Empfehlung
fr einen
umweltfreundlichenWohnungsbauabzugeben.DievergleichendeProjektphasebefatsichmitBelangendesPlanungs,BaugenehmigungsundAusschreibungsverfahren,derEntwicklungundKonstruktionsweisen.DerBerichtreflektiertdiederzeitamstrkstenanwendbarenFunktionenvonProzessenderteilnehmendenLnder.DieLonglifeProjektPartnerarbeitenindreiKompetenzteamszusammenumdasbesondereKnowhowundErfahrungenzunutzenundkooperativmitdenPublicPrivatePartnershipszusammenzuwirken.DerBerichtenthltfrdasTeams1zeigtGebudetechnik,DesignStandards,IngenieurundTechnologieStandardsindenLndernDnemark,Deutschland,Litauen,PolenundRussland.DerBerichtzeigtfrdasTeam2AdministrativeVerfahren,RegelnfrdieLizenzvergabe,dieAusschreibungsregeln,GesetzedenVergleichunddieUntersuchungenderVerwaltungsverfahren,Baugenehmigung,VorschriftenundGesetzeindenteilnehmendenLndern.DerBerichtenthltfrdasTeam3WirtschaftlicheundfinanzielleGrundlageneinenallgemeinenundeinenspezifischenberblickberwirtschaftlicheundfinanzielleFragen,NachhaltigkeitundQualittsaspekteindenbeteiligtenLndern.
-
Abstract
10
3.3
AbstractinLithuanianSantraukaAplinkosaugosaspektaitampavienisvarbiausiypatybi,kaiturimaomenymoderni,subalansuotgyvenam
pastat statyba. Siekiant pagerinti procedras ir veiklas, projektas
Longlife
parengpalyginamjapvalgalidalyvi(Danija,Vokietija,Lietuva,Lenkija,Rusijaasocijuotasdalyvis).Uimtos
projekte alys pasidalino iniomis ir patirtimi kaip veikia j statyb
procesas. Tai yraapibendrinta ir ianalizuota. Yrapanaum ir
skirtumdl technologijbkls, administracini irteisini procedr,
finansins situacijos, demografiniuose poreikiuose bei bsto
projektasfunkcionavime.TaibuvoprojektoLonglifepradiosudavinys,siekiantutikrintiaplinkaidraugikgyvenampastatstatybosskirtumminimizavim.is
pradinis palyginimo etapas apm planavimo, leidim gavimo, konkurs
procedr,
bustovystymoirnaudojimo,statybtechnologijveiklas.Ataskaitaatspindiiuometulabiausiaitaikomasifunkcijypatybesaliprocesuose.Longlifeprojektopartneriai,veikiantvieosprivaiosbendrovsdarinyje,dirbatrijkompetencijgrupsesiekiantpanaudotispecifinknowhowirpatirt.Ataskaitoje
analizuojama 1sios kompetencij grups ininerija ir statybos
technologijos,projektavimo, ininerijos ir technologij normos
partneri alyse: Danijos, Vokietijos,
Lietuvos,Lenkijos,Rusijos.2sios kompetencij grups ataskaitoje
matyti administracins procedros, licencijavimotaisykls, konkurs
taisykls, teis palyginimas ir tyrinjimas alyse dalyvse
administraciniprocedr,statybosleidimoidavimotaisykli,konkurstaisykliirteiss.Ataskaitojepagal3i
kompetencij grupekonomin ir finansinbazpagrindin ir
specifinekonominiirfinansinirezultat,darnosirkokybsaspektsupratimasalysedalyvse.skaita
yra sekanio darbo paketo normini reikalavim vystymo, kriterij ir
apraym,subalansuoto,taupanioenergetiniusresursusgyvenamonamopagrindas
-
Abstract
11
3.4 AbstractinPolishStreszczenieWzgldy rodowiskowe staj si
kluczowe podczas projektowania nowoczesnych
budynkwmieszkalnychzgodnychz idezrwnowaonego
rozwoju.Wceluuproszczenia
izracjonalizowaniaprocedur,projektLonglifeprzeprowadzi
ichanalizporwnawczwkrajachDanii,Niemiec,Litwy,PolskiiRosji(organizacjestowarzyszone).Zaangaowane
kraje podzieliy si wzajemnie wiedz i dowiadczeniem na temat
przebieguprocesw budowlanychw poszczeglnych
regionach.Analizywskazay rnice i
podobiestwawstaniezaawansowaniatechnologii,procedurachprawnych
iadministracyjnych,sytuacjifinansowej,potrzebdemograficznychorazsytuacjiwbudownictwiesocjalnym.PowyszedziaaniawykonanewramachprojektuLonglifespierwszymkrokiemnadrodzeminimalizacjirnicwRegionieBatyckimodnoniebudynkwmieszkalnychprzyjaznychrodowisku.Ten
wstpny etap porwnawczy obejmuje planowanie, procedury wydawania
pozwolenia nabudow, procedury przetargowe, zwyczaje i praktyki
obowizujce w budownictwiemieszkaniowym oraz technologie budowlane.
Raportwskazuje najkorzystniejsze cechy
proceswbudowlanychwdanychkrajach.Partnerzy projektu Longlife pracuj
w trzech zespoach kompetencyjnych, aby wykorzystadowiadczenie i
specjalistyczn wiedz partnerw oraz umoliwi wspprac w
publicznoprywatnymskadziepartnerskimRaport z analiz
przeprowadzonych przez zesp kompetencyjny nr 1 Technologie
budowlanoinynierskie, normy projektowe normy inynierskie i
technologicznew krajach Danii,
Niemiec,Litwy,PolskiiRosji.Raportzespounr2
Proceduryadministracyjne,zasady
licencjonowania,proceduryprzetargowe,prawoporwnanie
ianalizaproceduradministracyjnych,zasadwydawaniapozwolenabudow,zasadprocedurprzetargowychiprawawposzczeglnychkrajach.Raportzespounr3
Podstawyekonomiczne i finansowe przegldoglny i
szczegowykwestiiekonomicznych i finansowych, zrwnowaonego rozwoju i
aspektw jakociowych wzaangaowanychkrajach.Niniejszy raport jest
podstaw dla nastpnego etapu projektu, opracowania norm, kryteriw
ispecyfikacjidlazrwnowaonegoioszczdnegobudownictwamieszkalnego.
-
Abstract
12
3.5 AbstractinRussian, , . ,,,,()., . . , , ,,,"". . , , . . , .
1, , , , . , , , , . , . : ,,.
-
Introduction
13
4.
IntroductionLonglifeSustainable,energyefficientandresourcesavingresidentialbuildingsinconsiderationofunifiedproceduresandnewandadaptedtechnologiesisaBalticSeaproject,partfinancedbytheEuropeanUnion.TheconstructionboomofthelastdecadesfuelledthegrowthofmarketsintheBalticSeaRegion.Highendtechnologiesarestillnotwidelyusedinhousingconstruction.Ownersandinvestorsdontintroducenewenergyefficienttechnologiesasthesearemoreexpensive.Buildingtechnologiesandprocedures,likeplanning,permitandtendering,financing,sustainabilitystandardsaredifferentinthecountries.Longlifeaimstooptimizemethodsandconstruction,adaptsandimplementsnewtechnologiesforbuildingsandharmonizesbuildingproceduresbetweenthecountries.Thesewillleadtoareductionofenergyconsumptionduringabuildingslifecycle.InafirststepLonglifeanalizedandcomparedthestateofartforenergyefficiency,sustainability,resourcesavingbuildingsandlowlifecyclecostsincludingminimumrequirementsforsustainablebuildingsintheparticipatingcountries.Italreadyshowsthebuildingprocessinallfivepartnercountriesduringtheentirelifecycleofthebuildingpresentedinthedetailedinformationattheendofthebookaccordingtonationalunitsandsimilaritiesanddifferencesinaneasycomparisonchartaccordingtothethreetransnationalcompetenceteams.Theproducedresultsareseperatedintwoparts:Thefirstisacomparisonchartwhichcomparesshortinformationofeverycountryaboutdesignandtechnology,administrationandfinancinginstruments.Thesecondpartgivesdetailedinformationofeverycountryaboutthesametopicsandcanworkasbasicinformationforforeigninvestors,plannersandcompaniestoconstrcutinforeigncountries.Thisreportistheresultofbothparts.InthesecondstepLonglifewilldevelopcommonstandards,criteriaandspecificationsforasustainable,resourcesavingresidentialbuilding.Theaimsareunifiedproceduresforenergyefficiency,sustainability,resourcesavingdwellingsandlowlifecyclecostsinordertosimplifytheworkfortransnatioanlplanners,investorsandadministration.Thesewillleadtoareductionofenergyconsumptionandoperatingcostsduringabuildingslifecycle.Thethirdstepisthedesignofaprototyperesidentialbuilding.Completeplanning,administrativeandtenderdocumentsforaprototyperesidentialbuildingwillbeavailablebasedoncommonstandards.Financingandmaintenancemodelsforthisprototypearedevelopedforplanners,housingandconstructioncompanies.Theprototyperesidentialbuildingwillbecertificatedasasustainablebuilding.Itcanbebuiltbyinterestedcompanies.TheestablishmentoftheBalticSeaHousingDevelopmentAssociationBASHDAwillcontinuethecooperationafterconclusionoftheLonglifeproject.Interestedcompaniesorplannersarewelcometogetmoreinformationonourwebpageatwww.longlifeworld.eu.TheworkingmethodofLonglifebasesuponthetriplehelix:Threetransnationalcompetenceteamsuniversities,administrationsandhousingcompaniesofwhicheachiscomposedoffivemembersfromDenmark,Germany,Lithuania,PolandandRussiaworkjointlyintheprogressoftheprojectthusenablingthetransnationalworkoffifteendifferentprojectpartners.BerlinUniversityofTechnology,FacultyVI,InstituteofArchitecture,DepartmentDesignandStructureistheleadpartner.LonglifehasstartedinJanuary2009andwillfinishinJanuary2012.
-
Summaryandbenchmarks
14
5. Summaryandbenchmarks
Summary:Architectural,structuralandurbandesignaresimilar,mainlybecauseofthecorrespondingclimateoftheBalticSeaRegion.Thus,theusageofmaterials,roofstructure,loadbearingstructure,handcraftandmaterialusagedoesntdifferverymuchandismostlyreasonedintradition,economy,timeandtechnicalpropertiesmeanwhileecologysdeclarationsaremostlystillvoluntary.Internationallytherearenocommonstandardsforlowenergyhouse,passivehouseorzeroenergybuilding.NationalenergycertificationsystemsarealreadypartofthenormingsysteminthreeoftheparticipatingcountriesmeanwhileasustainablecertificationsystemonlyexistsinoneparticipatingcountryinGermany.Architecturalsustainablityforusbeginswiththesiteselectionandendswiththedemolitionofthehouse,greenurbandevelopmentthereforeisntasubjectofourprojectLonglife.ThedemographicanalysisshowedthatthepopulationdecreasedinthelastyearsinDenmark,LithuaniaandinGermanyaswell.Thisdiagnosedtrendwillproceedwithinthefollowingyears.However,moreresidentialbuildingsaremainlyrequiredasaconsequenceofincreasingsqmlivingspaceperpersonandasaresultofchangingofhouseholdstructure(thetendencyshowsclearlythedevelopmenttohouseholdswithreducinghouseholdmembers).AnotherreasonfornewconstructionisfoundedontheresultsoftheprojectBEENthatshowsthatnewbuildingsarefinanciallymoreefficientthanthemodernizationofexisitngbuildingsifweseethecostbenefitfactor.ItisaninterestingfactthattheprivateownershipratediffersnotablyinallparticipatingcountriesandthattheadministrationofbuildingsafterallmultifamilybuildingsstillisntusualinsomeoftheparticipatingcountriesafactthathastobechangedbyLonglife.Theinvolvedcountriesalsodiffersignificantlyinthelevelofthehouseholdincomeandthepercentileamountoftherentalcosts.Theenergyconsumptionsdiffersfrom(seedifferentnumbersincomparisonchart7.3.3.1)withtheimplementedEUdirective2002/91/EGineachinvolvedcountryexceptRussia.Calculationmethodsandrequirementsforthermalinsulationandenergydemandstilldifferverymuch.Theinvolvedcountriesaswelldifferinthemainlyusedenergysource,technicalheating,coolingandventilationandenergyprices.Sustainablenormsforfunctionalreusingabilitydontexist,eventhoughonepreEuroNorm(preEN)isinprogress.Sustainabilityisincludedinnationalandinternatioanlcertificationsystemsandvoluntaryarchitecturalconcepts.Thermalmodernization,solarheatingsystemsorlowenergyhousesaredifferentpossibilitiestosupportsustainabilityandenergyneeds.Inlaw,threeoffiveinvolvedcountrieshaveincludedenergyneedsaspartoftheplanninglaws,buildingregulationsortechnicalrequirements.OnlyinGermanythesepossibilitiesareadvancedbyfinancialsupport,intheothercountriesthereisnosuchfinancialconveyance.Ahierarchicplanninglawisexistinginallparticipatingcountriesasaversionofa2or3stageplanningsystem.Buildingpermitprocedureandtenderingaresimilaraswell.WhilethetenderingprocesshastofollowstrictnationalandEUlaws,thebuildingpermitapplicationwithdistinct
-
Summaryandbenchmarks
15
attachmentshastobeappliedbytheownertotheauthoritytoissueit.Theregionaldifferencescanbefoundinprice,timelimitsandinvolvedpersons.Allinvolvedcountrieshaveabuildingcodeorconstructioncodetofollowandprincipallythereisanobligatorycheckingfromtheauthorities.InPolandandGermanytheentitledarchitectorengineer(foreignerorresident)mustbememberofthe
national engineer's or architect's chambers. In the other involved
countries there are norestrictionforconstructionmanagement.The
financial structureand instruments,
supportingmodels/programmesdiffer inall the involvedcountries.The
leveloffinancialsupport
isdifferentlyhigh.Socialhousinghasbeensupported
inallcountriesaswellasmodernization.Energysavingmeasuresandsustainableconstructionareonlysupportedin
Germany (e.g. KfWprogram Energy Efficient Construction). Kinds of
financial supports are:loanswith less interests, grants or
subsidies. Besides classical equity and debt capital there
areotherforms(e.g.privatepublicpartnership).
Benchmarks:Longlife will develop standards, criteria and
specifications for a sustainable, resource
savingresidentialbuilding inBalticSeaRegion.Therefore,comparable
calculationsof regionally
realizedEUEnergyDirective(2002/91/EG)withacomparableclimaticfundament,equallydefinedtermsandunitsandcomparedecologicalmaterialstandardsareneeded.Thefutureguidelineshouldshowthedifferentnationalmannersofplanning,permit,tenderingandconstructionmethodsintheinvolvedcountries
inaclearlyarrangedmanner inorder tosimplify thework for
internationalplanners.AunifiedEuropeandefinitionofoperatingcostsandlifecyclecostsandotherrelatedtermsshouldbemadeandpublicatedintheguidelineandinaEuropeanbenchmarkdatabase.AsustainableEuropeancertificationsystemforresidentialbuildingswillbedevelopedandappliedtoaprototypebuildingwithcomparablerequirementsandregionaldifferences.
Inthisresidentialbuilding the rise of renewable energy consumption
and the lowering of energy consumption
ingeneralareadaptedtodevelopsustainablearchitectureandcities.
Furthermore, itshoulddefinestandardizedmethods for sustainability
in thewhole life cycle of a residential building
thatcompletethenationalnormsforexampleinthesupervisionoftheconstructionorintenderingtoallowastandardizedcomparison.EU
Benchmarks like the development of dynamic financial programmes for
all countries
onnationalorEUbasiswiththehelpofloansandgrantsareimportantaimsaswell.Forthatwehavetodefinethetermenergyanddevelopdifferentlevelsofenergysavingintheresidentialbuildingasbaseforthefinancialsupport.Existingsupportprogrammesforexampleforsocialhousingshouldbe
part of these programmes. The national building permitswill bemade
bilangual and can bereplacedbyacommonEuropeanbuildingpermitform
inall languageswithnationaldifferences inpriceandtime.For the
design and the construction of the prototype that will be developed
to prove theguideline, the certification systemand theEU benchmarks
wehave todefineparameters likeconstruction costs, target groups,
amount of inhabitants per appartment andm per person. Adecision has
to bemadewhich kind of ownership should be considered always in
relationwithgeneral similarities like the proportion of floor space
and living space and distinct regionaldifferences like rental cost
in % of net household, temperature differences and
approximatebuildingcostsperm.
-
Methods
16
6. MethodsLonglife has formed three transnational competence
teams and five national units or regionalteams.The cooperation
between the three transnational competence teams science, politics
andeconomy team1,team2and team3 it is enabletowork inan
integrativestyleandastriplehelix.Through
thepublicprivatepartnership (PPP)composition thecooperation
science,politicsandeconomy team1, team2 and team3 it is
alsopossible tomove theproject aims faster
andclosed.AllparticipatingcountriesDenmark,Germany,Lithuania,PolandandRussiahavemembersinthethreetransnationalcompetenceteams:scienceteam1:technology,energy,planningpoliticsteam2:administrationprocedureseconomyteam3:industry,costs,financing,qualityTeam
1 consists of universities, team 2 consists of administration
aswell as housing and urbanDevelopmentAgenciesandteam3consistsof
investorsandbuildingsocieties.Inthefigurebelowthetriplehelixisimagedtoshowthethreecompetenceteamsandfivenationalunits.
Allinvolvedcountriesworkinthethreecompetenceteams.Allprojectpartnersworkatthesametime
inthesameworkpackage,theyaredevided inthethreecompatenceteams.
Theysharetheknowlegde in thenationalunits.All three competence
teamshave a team leader for thewholeduration of the project. The
workpackage leader is responsible to coordinate the work in
thecompetence teambetween thepartners from the
involvedcountries.Aswell,eachworkpackagehasaworkpackageleader.The
lead partner, the workpackage leaders and the team leaders follow
the Lonflife projectstructure
-
Methods
17
In the work package Analysis and comparison the aim was to
develop a comparable base ofinternational informationof the
fiveparticipating countriesand to show thebuildingprocess
inDenmark,Germany, Lithuania,Poland andRussiaduring theentire life
cycleof thebuilding, thesimilarities and differences in an easy
comparison chart according to the three
transnationalcompetenceteams.For this a questionnaire was jointly
developed in the three transnational competence teams Engineering
andbuilding technology standards,administration
tools,methodofplanning,permitandtenderingproceduresandeconomicalandfinancialbasis,industryandquality.ThisquestionnairewasfilledoutbyallprojectpartnersandlaterbroughttogetherbytheLeadPartner,BerlinInstituteofTechnology,InstituteofArchitecture,DepartmentDesignandStructure,Germanyandtheworkpackageleader,GdanskUniversityofTechnology,DepartmentofFundamentalsofBuildingandMaterialEngineering,Poland.Twopartsof
theoutputaredeveloped inorder tocompare theanswers.The firstpart
isachartfilledoutwithshortanswerstobeabletocompareeasilythecontributedinformations.Thesecondpartisanannexwithdetailedinformationsofthethreecompetenceteamssortedbyparticipatingcountriestogetanoverviewofthenationalprocessesandstandards.Inalaststepweformulatedincolumnssummariesandbenchmarks,whichwillbeusedasthebasisforcomparisonofsustainablilityforthenextworkpackageDevelopmentofstandards,criteriaandspecifications
for a sustainable, resource saving residential building to deepen
specificinformationthatwellneedtodesignaprototyperesidentialbuilding.Weprovidedwithavirtualprojectroomanaccesstotheprojectsworkresults,todiscussthestepsandnewsandtohavethepossibilityforupanddownloaddocumentsforallprojectpartners.
-
Workshops,meetings,events
18
7. Workshops,meetings,events
KickOffConferenceandpartnermeeting,2526March2009,Berlin,Germany
Workshop,1415May2009,Gdask,Poland
Workshop,2325September2009,Roskilde,Denmark
Monthlyappointmentsofprojectpartnersonanationallevel
Participatingat8thInternationalConferenceonSustainableEnergyTechnologies"SET2009",Aachen,Germany,31August3September2009
-
Results
19
8. Results Engineeringandbuildingtechnologystandards
Methodofplanning,permitandtenderingprocedures
Economicalandfinancialbasis,industryandquality
-
Results
20
-
Results
21
8.1 Engineeringandbuildingtechnologystandards
Architectural/urbandesign
Structuraldesign Energystandards
Buildingsmaterials Buildingsphysics
Technicalfacilities(heatingandcoolingsystems,ventilationsystems)
DefinitionofqualitystandardsEnergyperformancebuildingpass
Qualityofbuildingprocessandintegrationofsustainableaspects
Qualityofsite
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1.1
Whatk
indo
freside
ntial
buildingsis
usualin
the
participatingc
ountries
(multip
ledw
elling,
detachedho
uses,et
c.)?
Therea
reto
tally2,7
35,000
housesin
Den
mark.40
%ared
etache
dhou
ses,14
%aret
erraced,lin
kedo
rsemid
etache
dhou
ses,an
d38%
arem
ultid
welling
houses.
InGe
rmany,th
erea
re
usualym
ores
inglef
amily
housesin
ther
uralre
gion
s(aroun
d60%
).Int
heur
ban
areaof
Berlinth
eparto
fthem
ultif
amilyho
usesis
higher(aroun
d55%
)althou
ghth
eparto
fsingle
familyho
usesis
highas
well.
Abo
ut32
%of
thep
ersons
livein
detachedho
uses
and6
1%in
flats.
Incit
iesm
ainlyb
lockso
fflatsan
ddetache
dhou
ses
inth
ecou
ntry.A
significant
amou
ntof
existin
gbuilds
incit
iesis
comprisedof
concretepa
nelbu
ildings
builtin
the7
0san
dthe
80s.
New
blocksa
reus
ually
builtin
theim
proved
tradition
alm
etho
dof
constructin
gora
sa
combinatio
nofaco
ncrete
skeleton
withab
rickfill
ing.
From
thee
arly90
swec
an
observea
greatin
creasein
then
umbe
rofd
etache
dho
usesbu
iltin
subu
rban
terrains.
Inth
ecityth
eusual
typo
logyof
ther
esiden
tial
buildingis
multistory
multip
ledw
ellingb
uilding.
Inth
ecou
ntrysidean
dsubu
rbiap
rivatesin
gle
familyho
uses.Th
erea
re
alsoblo
ckho
uses,
townh
ouses,do
rmito
ry
ando
therty
pologies,but
theyam
ountins
ignificant
numbe
rinco
mparisont
otheb
ulko
freside
ntial
buildings.
InGe
rmany(6
0%)is
the
highestsh
areo
fdetache
dho
uses,w
hilein
Lithuania
only32
%liv
einde
tached
houses.
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
22
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
1.1.2
Whatca
nbeg
enerally
saidab
outth
ereside
ntialbu
ildings?
63%
ofall
housesar
eprivateo
wne
dand19
%areo
wne
dbyn
onpr
ofit
buildings
ociety.O
nly2
%areo
wne
dbyp
ublic
authorities.D
etache
dho
usesar
e97%
private
owne
dmeanw
hilem
ulti
dwellingh
ousesh
aveo
nly
32%pr
ivateo
wne
rs.
Alm
ost5
0%of
allfla
tsar
einde
tachedor
semi
detachedho
uses.Th
eothe
rhalfis
insideo
freside
ntialbl
ocksor
town
housesof
4to6
floors.
32,7%in
dividu
alho
uses,
4,7%
parto
ftheh
ouse,
61,2%s
eparate
apartm
ent(f
lat)in
the
multis
toreyh
ouses.
Constructio
nofn
ew
dwellingsis
represen
tedb
yne
wbr
ickm
onolith
icpa
nel
houseswi
th12
16flo
ors.
Thes
hareof
othe
rtype
sof
dwellingsis
relativ
ely
small.
23
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
a)yearof
constructio
nHalfo
fallm
ultis
toreya
nd
detachedho
usingu
nitsar
econstructedb
eforey
ear
1955an
d2/3be
foreth
efirstbu
ildinge
nergy
requ
irem
entw
as
introd
ucedin
theD
anish
buildingr
egulation.
Num
bero
fnew
ly
constructedd
wellingsis
abou
t10.000a
year.
Thea
mou
ntof
newly
constructedr
esiden
tial
buildingsro
seafterth
eSecondW
orldW
ardu
eto
thed
estructio
n.Af
terth
is
itstaysm
oreo
rlessatth
esamele
vel.
Inth
elastfif
teenye
arsth
eam
ountof
newre
side
ntial
unitsro
seafterth
efallof
thew
allbu
tthende
clined
toav
erylo
wam
ountof
ne
wco
nstructio
ns.
32,7%b
efore1
9192
0,8%
1
9191
9451
9%1
946
196015
,3%1
9611
970
17,1%1
9711
9801
4,5%
198119
907,1
%1
991
2001Nu
mbe
rofn
ewly
constructedr
esiden
tial
unitsin
thela
stte
nyearsis
arou
nd36
00pe
ryear.
Multis
toreyb
uildings,
espe
ciallyth
oseb
uilti
nthe
70sa
ndth
e80s,ar
ethe
typicalvi
ewof
Polishc
ities.
Majorityof
newbu
ildings
(tho
sebu
iltafter
somew
hereab
out1
990)
haveth
reeo
rfoursto
reys.
From
90su
ptot
hepr
esen
tde
tachedho
usesha
ve
Buildingsm
ostp
artsof
St.
Petersbu
rg(w
ithth
eexceptiono
fthec
entral
historicalar
easo
fthec
ity)
arer
epresentedm
ainlyb
ymassivese
riesof
house
buildingp
lantbu
ilt60
x(5
storied)an
d708
0iesof
thela
stce
ntury.
Constructio
nofn
ew
dwellingsac
tivelyb
eganin
thes
econ
dhalfo
fthe9
0ies.
24
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
b)privateo
rpub
licow
ner
Detache
dhou
sesh
ave9
7%
privateo
wne
rsm
eanw
hile
multid
wellingh
ousesh
ave
only32
%of
private
owne
rs.
InGe
rmanythe
rear
emore
tenantsth
anpr
ivate
owne
rsan
dalm
ostn
osubten
ants.O
wne
rs:41%
Principalte
nant:57%
Subten
ant:2%
19914
2%pr
ivate,58
%
public;
20
089
7,2%
private,2,8
%pu
blic.
92%pr
ivateo
wne
rs,8%
pu
blicow
ners.
Therea
retw
otypesof
prop
ertysta
tuso
fdw
ellingsin
them
ultistory
multip
ledw
ellingb
uilding
privatizedp
rope
rtyo
fthe
State
Singlefamilyho
usesar
eprivatep
rope
rtyo
fthe
owne
rs.
Therea
reth
emajorityof
privateo
wne
rsin
Poland
,Lithuaniaa
ndDe
nmark(
at
abou
t929
7%).
Distin
ctre
gion
alfin
ancing
programmesfo
rprivate
owne
rs,pub
licow
ners
andt
enants.
1.1.3
Whatis
thec
ommon
archite
cturalde
signof
reside
ntialbu
ildings?
(pictures,dr
awings,
floorpla
n,vie
w)
Danishh
omesar
earchite
cturallyve
ry
differen
t.Sin
glef
amily
housesar
etypically
detachedho
usesbu
iltwi
th
bricko
rconcrete.
Accom
mod
ationis
typical
in
blocksof
threes
toreys
with
atotalof
24to
36
apartm
ents.In
recent
years
timbe
rstructuresis
used
moree
xten
sively.
Largep
refabricatedblo
cks
from
the6
0san
d70s,
townh
ousesw
ith4t
o6
floorsa
ndde
tached
housesar
edeterminantfo
rcityscapea
ndlan
dscape
.
Thec
ontentof
Architecturalpa
rtof
bu
ildingp
rojectis
describe
dbyb
uilding
requ
irem
ent
STR1
.05.06:2005
StructureDe
sign.
Beforeth
e90ssh
apesan
dthelo
okof
buildingswa
srelativ
ethesa
meo
rvery
similar(p
anelbu
ildings).
From
the9
0sth
issit
uatio
nhasb
eens
ignificantly
changing.D
esigne
rsha
ve
startedt
ousem
oreg
lass
inth
eirp
rojects(i
.e.ve
ry
popu
larg
lassba
lustrade
s),
morec
omplicatedbu
ilding
bodies.
Architectureo
ftheh
ouses
inRu
ssiais
verydif
ferent.
Lowst
oreh
ousesa
re
typicallysin
glef
amily
detachedho
usesor
multifam
ilyho
usesbu
ilt
with
brick,wo
odor
concrete.In
ther
ecen
ttim
esth
ereh
aveb
een
develope
dsocialbu
ildings,
builtm
ostlywi
thwo
od
structures.
25
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
1.1.4
Whata
reth
ecom
mon
requ
irem
entsfo
rliving
spaces(m
ainr
oom,
livingr
oom,et
c.in
person
persq
.m)?
Thereis
noge
neral
requ
irem
entfo
rthes
izeo
flivings
pace.
Requ
irem
entsar
edefined
inth
eBauOBln.Th
erea
re
noex
actre
quirem
ents
abou
tmin.li
vingar
eape
rpe
rson
,butfo
rmin.height
ofro
oms.
Flatra
tefo
r1pe
rson
not
lessth
an34
m2B
ath
togetherwi
that
oileta
rea
notles
sthan5m
2Any
apartm
ent,on
eroo
mm
ust
notb
elessth
an16
m2.
Averageva
lues:
Nationalco
de(
(
SNiP)
Buildings
tand
ardsan
drules).
Them
in.livingar
eais
defin
edin
Polandan
dRu
ssia(in
Polandpe
rflat
for1
person
34s
qmin
Russiam
inliv
inga
reap
er
person
18sq
m).
Standardizat
iono
fliving
requ
irem
entswi
thre
gion
al
differen
ces.
a)nu
mbe
rofro
oms
42%
ofall
housingu
nits
includ
ingflatsha
vekit
chen
and2
3room
and5
3%
havekit
chenan
d45
room
s.
4,4
57r
ooms
3,70
13r
ooms
Thea
veragenu
mbe
rof
room
sisbe
tween5
and
3,7r
oomsp
erdw
elling.
b)nu
mbe
rofp
ersonspe
rho
useh
old
Thea
veragenu
mbe
rof
person
sindw
ellingsis
2.1.
2,2
34p
ersons
2,93
25p
ersons
Thea
veragenu
mbe
rof
person
sperho
useh
oldis
be
tween2
,12,
9inall
coun
tries.
c)sqmpe
rperson:1)m
in
effectivea
reap
er
person
(requ
irem
ent);
2)av
eragel
ivinga
rea
perp
erson
60.0av
erages
qmpe
rpe
rson
41,9m
2 ,averagef
latsi
ze61
m
2
24,9av
eragep
erpe
rson
23,8m
2m
in.18
m2 li
vingar
eape
rpe
rson
,Livings
pacepe
rpe
rson
inmultis
torey
buildingsfro
mso
cial
standard1
012m
.
Areap
erpe
rson
betw
een
18an
d60s
qm/p
erson.
26
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
d)he
ightof
different
room
s?Typicalro
omhe
ightin
new
dwellingsis
2.35m
.2,40m2
,50m
2,02,5
m;
14s
qm
2,5m
2,40m2
,50m
Heightm
oret
han2
,40m
;on
eroo
mbig
gerth
an16
sqm,co
rridorsw
iderth
an
1,20m.
e)inform
ationa
boutus
ual
livings
paces
Aty
picalho
usingu
nit
consistsof
akitche
noneor
tw
oorb
athroo
mwi
th
toilet,al
ivingr
ooman
da
numbe
rofb
edro
oms.
Bathroom
withsh
oweror
bathtuba
ndto
ilet,kit
chen
,storager
ooms.
Bathroom
,kitche
n,liv
ing
room
s,sto
ragero
omfo
rwhe
elchairsan
dbicycle,
wardrob
eandclo
set.
Averageap
artm
enta
rea:
69,8m
2 .Co
nsistsof
:bathroom
,kitche
n,liv
ing
room
s,sto
ragero
om.
Entranceha
ll,kit
chenan
dbathroom
,sleepingro
oms,
secondba
throom
in3
and
morer
oomap
artm
ent
obligatoryfo
rnew
reside
ntialbu
ildings,
loggiaglazedb
alcony,
terrace(
singlefamily
houses),
Theb
uilti
nclosetsan
dsm
allpa
ntriesha
veto
be
builtin
accordingt
othe
norm
s.Inth
ebig
apartm
entsan
dhou
ses
therea
reals
oadd
ition
al
room
s:of
ficer
oom,sa
una,
terracea
ndpo
ol.
Bathroom
(toilet,sh
ower
orba
thtub),ki
tche
n,
storager
oom(b
ycicles,
wardrob
e,clo
set),
entranceha
ll(onlyin
Ru
ssia).
27
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
1.1.5
Areth
erea
nybu
ilding
envelopede
sign
limita
tions?(e
.g.
material,w
indo
wse
tc.)
Alln
ewbu
ildingsha
veto
complyt
heDa
nishbu
ilding
regulatio
nandth
erequ
irem
entsin
thelo
cal
planning.
Theli
mita
tionsfo
rmin.
floorsp
ace
areaar
eregulatedin
BauO
rdBln.
Outerpa
rtition
stobe
de
signedac
cordingt
oSTR2
.05.01:2005
Thermalte
chniqu
eofth
ebu
ildinge
nvelop
eSTR2
.01.09:2005
Energy
Performanceof
Buildings;
Certificatio
nofE
nergy
Performanceof
Buildings.
Yes
thereis
maxim
al
windo
wssurfacear
ea
limita
tion.
Theyde
term
ines
izea
nd
orientationo
fthew
indo
ws
ofre
side
ntialbu
ildings,
thermalco
nductiv
ityan
dfirer
esistanceo
fthew
all
materials,num
bero
felevators,ty
peof
stairs.
Ther
ulesha
veal
otof
specificre
quirem
entsan
drestrictions.
InGe
rmanya
minim
um
windo
war
eais
requ
ired
,whilein
Polandth
ewindo
war
eais
limite
dtoa
maxim
um.
28
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
a)windo
wsu
rfacea
rea
Gen
erallybe
tween2
0and
25%of
floorar
ea.
Minim
um1/
8ofth
efloor
spaceo
fther
oom.
Indo
orna
turallig
ht
settingsas
sociatedwi
th
them
inim
umof
wind
ow
glasssurfacean
droo
m
floorar
eara
tio:ta
mbo
ur
door,st
aircase,th
ehou
se
ofth
egen
eralus
ecorridors
1:12;liv
ing
room
s1:6;kit
chen1
:8;
room
sinan
inclinedro
of
1:10.
Inre
side
ntialbu
ildinga
nd
collectiver
esiden
ceth
eareaA 0
,expressedin
m2,
ofwi
ndow
s,gla
ssan
dtransparen
tbarriers,wi
th
thet
herm
altra
nsmittance
Uno
tsmallerth
an1,5
W
/(m
2 K),co
unted
accordingt
othe
irm
odular
dimen
sion
s,ca
nnotbe
greaterth
anth
evalue
A0m
axco
unteda
ccordingto
thef
ollowinge
xample:
A0m
ax=0
,15A
z+0,03A w
whe
re:
Az
isth
esum
ofar
easo
fho
rizontalcro
pofalla
bove
grou
ndsto
reys(in
external
contou
rofb
uilding)in
5m
wides
tripalo
ngex
ternal
walls,
Awi
sthes
umof
areaso
fther
esth
orizon
talcr
opof
allst
oreysa
ftersu
btraction
ofA z
Gen
earallybe
tween1
2and3
0%of
floorar
ea.
Reconsiderationo
fvalid
windo
wsu
rfacea
reain
combinatio
nwith
solar
gains.
29
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
Areth
erea
nysp
ecific
standards?
Buildings
tand
ardsan
drules,sp
ecialfe
aturesof
Nationalco
desin
each
region
ofth
efed
eration.
InGe
rmany,Po
landan
dRu
ssiaan
elevatoris
ob
ligatoryfo
rhou
sesw
ith
5orm
oref
loors.In
Den
markit
'sre
quiredfo
rho
useswi
thm
oret
han2
flo
ors.
a)elevator
Elevatorwh
enm
oret
han2
flo
ors.
Hou
sesw
ithm
oret
han4
flo
orso
rbarrierfre
eho
usesha
veto
havean
elevatorin
afirep
roof
shaft.
Then
ewlybu
iltho
use,
higherth
an4f
loors
(hom
esfo
rthee
lderly3
,atho
me,fo
rfamilieswi
th
disabledpe
rson
s2),sh
all
beins
talledin
elevators.
Elevatora
nobligationt
oinstallan
elevatorin
the5
storey(o
rmore)bu
ildings.
Elevatorsa
rere
quiredin
caseth
ebuildingis
highe
rthan4f
loors.Inth
estairs
thereh
avet
obew
indo
ws
ande
xitto
thes
treet.
1.1.6
30
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
b)cellar
No.
Cellarsar
ecom
mon
forth
ereside
ntilalbu
ildingsin
Germany.Ce
llarsar
en't
storeysif
theirce
iling
heightis
lessth
an1,4
0m
abovet
heav
erageg
roun
dlevel.
No.
Cellarsar
everyc
ommon
bo
thin
blocksof
flatsan
dde
tachedho
uses.
Cellara
reus
uallyus
edas
agarageor
forh
ouseho
ld
need
s.
c)be
ll/intercom
Itis
standardin
allne
w
buildings.
Alm
ostin
allre
side
ntial
buildings.
Alm
ostin
allre
side
ntial
buildings.
Intercom
installedin
almoste
verybu
ilding.
Alm
osta
llresiden
tial
buildingsha
veint
ercom.
31
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
d)requ
iredro
oms
Kitche
n,ba
throom
with
toiletsan
dlivingro
om.
Bathroom
withsh
oweror
bathtuba
ndto
ilet,kit
chen
,storager
ooms.
Bathroom
,kitche
n,liv
ing
room
s,sto
ragero
omfo
rwhe
elchairsan
dbycicle,
wardrob
eandclo
set.
Requ
iredro
oms
nothing
distinctive:kit
chen
,bathroom
,toilet,liv
ing
room
,bed
room
,childs
room
s.
2livingflo
ors.Th
efirston
efo
rgen
eralro
oms:
entranceha
ll,m
ainli
ving
room
,kitche
n,ba
throom
,terracea
ndso
metim
es
ones
leep
ingr
oom.In
the
secondflo
orth
erea
re
sleepingro
omsa
nd
bathroom
s.
Prototypew
itha
standardizedse
lectiono
frequ
iredro
omsw
ith
region
aldif
ference.
e)garage/parkingsp
ace
Parkings
pacere
q.se
tby
localpl
anningau
thorities.
Dep
endsof
thef
ederal
landbu
ildingla
w.
Requ
irem
entsar
einth
eSTR2
.02.01:2004"
living
Hou
ses".
Garage/parkings
pacei
nthen
ewbu
ildso
neca
rparkings
pace/garageis
astandard.
Dep
endson
the
constructio
nage.To
daya
llne
wlyco
nstructed
buildingsha
vega
rage.
32
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
f)concierges
ervice
Unu
sual.
Unu
sual.
Concierges
ervicedo
ntbe
used
.Co
ncierges
erviceis
rather
rare.
Inth
eentrancet
hereis
common
lyro
omfo
rconciergeo
nlyin
wealthy
houses.
g)flatro
ofor
slantedro
ofNor
equiremen
ts.
Woo
denp
itche
droo
fis
usedfo
rsinglefamily
houses.La
rgem
ultif
amily
housesof
tenh
ave
concretefla
troof.
STR2
.05.02:2008
Building
constructio
ns.R
oofs
Roofsm
ustb
edesigne
d,
builtan
duseds
oasto
meetth
eessen
tial
requ
irem
entsof
the6
Re
gulatio
ns:E
ssen
tial
requ
irem
entsof
the
building.
Slantedr
oofspr
edom
inate
overfla
troofsin
thelo
w
risebu
ildingsan
dflatro
ofs
arec
haracteristicfo
rhigh
risebu
ildings.
Singlefamilyho
usesha
ve
mostlypit
chedro
of,upp
er
floora
smansard.If
hydrologicalco
ndition
spe
rmit.Re
side
ntial
buildingsof
the2
0th
centuryh
avea
lmost
alwaysfl
atro
of,older
buildingsp
itche
droo
f.
33
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
h)bicyclec
omfort
(e.g.cellarro
omor
parkings
pacefo
rbicycles)
Therea
reno
tanybic
ycle
comfortsta
ndards.
Forb
uildingsof
building
class3
5ac
cordingt
o2
thereh
asto
beac
ommon
storager
oomfo
rbicycles
andb
uggies.
Storager
oomis
need
ed,
alsopo
ssibleis
anou
tside
locatedb
iked
epot.
Therea
reno
tanybic
ycle
comfortsta
ndards.
Therea
reno
tanybic
ycle
comfortsta
ndarts.O
nlyin
Moscowcit
yexistsp
ecial
parkingsfo
rbicyclesin
big
tradec
enters.
Therea
reno
tanybic
ycle
comfortsta
ndards,th
ere
arer
equiremen
tsfo
ra
storager
oomin
Germany
andP
oland.
34
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
1.1.7
Whata
reth
ede
finition
sorg
uide
lines
forro
ofde
sign?
Anu
mbe
rofguide
linesdo
exist.
FlatRo
ofGu
idelinesgiv
es
hintsfo
rthep
rofessional
planningan
drealizationo
flayersan
dcon
nectionsto
othe
rbuildingp
artsin
detail.Fla
troofsh
ave
slop
eof0
10gr
ade.
Roofed
geco
nnectio
nhe
ightha
stobe
(roofwi
th
aslopeof
5)ab
out5
cmov
erth
esurfacec
overingo
rgravel.
GreenRo
ofGu
idelines.
STR2
.05.02:2008
Building
constructio
ns.R
oofs
Slop
eupt
o7de
g.f
lat
roof;
Slop
e>7d
eg.
pitche
droof.
Distancem
easured
horizontallyfro
mth
ecloseste
dgeo
fwindo
w
placedon
ther
ooft
obo
rderof
buildingp
arcel
cann
otbe
smallerth
an
4m.
SNIPII
2676
:"Roo
fs".
Slop
esof
roofs:ge
nerally
betw
een1
:1an
d1:5(ra
tio
oflen
gthf
romap
exto
eavesa
ndhe
ight);
rolleds
tripro
ofing:slo
pe
of0
2,5;
asbe
stosce
men
troofing:
10
33;
concretepa
nelw
ith
imbrex:5
10.
35
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
1.1.8
Areth
erea
nyfu
nctio
nal
guidelinesab
outsp
ace
efficiency,flo
orsp
ace
inde
x(FSI),s
ite
occupancyin
dex(S
OI)?
Rulesfo
rthem
axim
um
percen
tageof
landa
rea
thatm
aybe
built.
BerlinBu
ildingL
aw,
Brande
nburgB
uildingL
aw,
BuildingL
awof
Mecklen
burg
Vorpom
mern.
Comfortab
ilityor
space
efficiencya
reex
presseda
sminim
alre
quirem
entsfo
rlivings
pacesa
nd
accessibilityfo
rdisabled
peop
le.It
isde
scribe
din
STR2
.02.01:2004"
Living
Hou
ses,ST
R2.03.01:2001
Buildingsan
dTerritories:
Requ
irem
entsfo
rthe
Needsof
Person
swith
Disabilitie
s
Term
sFSIan
dSOIar
enot
defin
edin
Polish
Constructio
nLaw
oran
yothe
rlegislativew
hichis
in
forcein
Poland
.
Alth
oughth
erem
aybe
someo
bligationsde
scribe
dinLo
calD
evelop
men
tPlan.SN
IP31
0120
03:
"Multicom
apartm
ent
reside
ntalbu
ildings".
New
stand
anrdsfo
rpo
ssibilityof
thes
paceto
containo
therfu
nctio
ns
thanliv
ingo
rdifferen
tkind
sofliv
ingforall
kindo
fpe
ople.
36
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
1.1.9
How
doth
eexisting
guidelinesor
rules
includ
eart,urban
qualityan
ddesign
quality
?
Nog
eneralre
quirem
ent,
butca
nbem
adea
local
requ
irem
ent(d
eclaratio
ns)
whe
nlandis
sold.
Negatived
esignli
mita
tion
(LandB
uildingL
aw)and
positiv
edesignli
mita
tions
(land
usep
lan).
Lawof
Constructio
n;
Regulatio
ns.
Theydo
ntin
clud
eitatall
.Existin
gstand
ardsde
fine
theh
eighta
ndm
ajorityof
theb
uilding;th
eydo
nt
includ
eartan
ddesign.
Aestheticqu
alityof
the
buildingin
thec
ity
determ
inesth
egovernmen
talof
ficial
respon
siblef
orth
earchite
cturein
thisar
eaor
city.
1.1.10
Whatk
indo
frequ
irem
entsar
ede
finedfo
rbarrierfre
econstructio
n?Na
meo
fthec
ode?
Nor
equiremen
ts.
DIN18
025p
art1:
Accessibled
wellings,
Dwellingsfo
rwhe
elch
air
users,de
signpr
inciples
EDIN18
040p
art1:
Constructio
nofaccessible
buildingsD
esign
principles:Pub
licly
accessiblebu
ildings.
Lawon
Constructio
n;STR1
.07.01:2002
Con
structionP
ermit
STR1
.09.06:2007
Con
structionS
uspe
nsion.
Liqu
idationo
fCo
nseq
uencesof
.Unautho
rised
Constructio
n".
Therea
rem
any
requ
irem
ents.A
llofth
em
ared
efinedin
"Techn
ical
Cond
ition
s,wh
ichb
uildings
andt
heirloc
ations
hould
meet,D
ecreeO
fThe
MinisterO
fInfrastructure
of12
April20
02r.
with
laterch
anges.
Nor
equiremen
ts.
Barrierfr
eeco
nstructio
nis
onlyinc
lude
dinth
eGermanco
nstructio
nlaws.
Barrierfr
eeco
nstructio
nshou
ldbe
include
dinth
econstructio
nlawof
all
coun
tries.
37
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
1.1.11
Whichpla
nsco
ntrolth
elocalur
bana
nd
archite
cturalde
sign,
whata
reth
ecom
mon
crite
riasan
dwhe
reca
ntheybe
foun
d?
Thelo
calpl
anse
ts
guidelinesfo
rdevelop
inga
ne
wbu
ildinga
reaa
ndit
is
defin
esby
thea
utho
ritie
sorth
emun
icipality
.
Thela
ndus
eplanc
an
containf
ederal,re
gion
al
andc
ommun
itylaw
sin
textan
dplan.
Therea
rede
tailedp
lans,
unde
rwhichloc
al
authoritiesiss
uea
summaryo
fdesign
cond
ition
swith
all
requ
irem
ents,in
clud
ing
thea
rchitecture.
Localde
velopm
entp
lan
(miejscowyp
lan
zagospod
arow
ania
przestrzen
nego)is
akind
ofloc
allaw
whichc
ontrols
urbana
ndar
chite
ctural
design.
Onlyin
theU
rban
developm
entco
deof
Ru
ssianF
ederation.
1.1.12
Areth
eres
ocial
guidelinesfo
rthe
archite
cturalpla
nning,
oris
itjustp
arto
fthe
concep
tofin
vestor,
clientan
darchitect?
Thes
ocialgu
idelinesar
ede
scribe
dinth
elocalpl
an
forth
earea.
prEN
15643:Su
stainability
ofco
nstructio
nwork
Part3S
ocialfr
amew
ork.
Duringt
hewo
rkof
prep
arationo
fplotp
lan
thes
olutionsan
dcon
cept
ofinv
estora
ndar
chite
ct
arec
oordinatedwi
th
commun
ity.
Justap
arto
fthec
oncept
ofinv
estor,cli
enta
nd
archite
ct.
Regulatio
ncon
cernsth
egene
ralco
ncep
tofu
rban
developm
ento
fthec
ity.
Thatis
takenin
toac
coun
tinth
eprovision
ofbu
ilding
plots.Th
erea
reso
me
restrictionsge
nerally
concerne
dwith
solvingt
he
masterp
lan,th
eratioof
type
sofapartmen
ts,th
ebalanceo
fthea
reaatth
ediscretio
nofth
einvestors.
Sustainabilityn
ormsd
on't
existin
anyc
ountry,only
onep
reEN
isinpr
ogress.
38
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.1A
rchitecturalan
dUrban
Design
Que
stion
1.1.13
Whatcr
iteriassh
ould
beinv
olvedt
odescribe
theq
ualityo
ftheu
rban
areaan
dthesit
e?
Distancet
opub
lic
transportatio
n,sc
hools,
shop
s,no
iser
atio,gr
een
spaces,bicyclepa
ths,
parking.
Affordabled
wellings,ai
rqu
ality
,acou
sticqu
ality
,distanceto
publictra
ffic,
shop
pingof
fers,lo
cal
recreatio
narea,pa
rks,
playgrou
nds,sp
orts
abilitie
s,
Territo
rialPla
nningL
aw
providesfo
rthe
prep
arationo
fdetailed
plans,th
emanagem
ento
fthisbin
dingsit
eandm
ode
ofus
e:1)Te
rrito
ryus
eand
(or)th
enature;2)
Allowablehe
ightof
bu
ildings;3)A
llowable
buildingd
ensityof
the
parcelof
land;4)Al
lowable
buildingin
tensityplo
t;5)
Constructio
nzon
e,
constructio
nofra
nge;6)
Them
unicipalor
local
engine
eringn
etworks,th
eterrito
ry(la
nd)su
pplyof
en
gine
eringt
echn
ique
sandc
ommun
ication
corridors;7)Of
thes
ystem
ofor
ganizatio
n;8)
Easemen
t.9)Ur
bana
nd
archite
ctural;10)Th
enaturalan
dcultural
heritagepr
otectio
n;11
)Thet
erritory(la
nd)
greene
ry(p
ercentage).
Crite
riad
eterminingt
he
qualityof
theu
rbanar
ea
andt
hesit
emaybe
based
onth
erulesof
spatia
lorde
r,co
ncep
tbeingin
usein
Poland
,whichis
defin
edas
harm
onic
compo
sitio
n,pr
oportio
ns,
attractiv
enesso
fspatial
organizatio
n.Ho
weverit
is
veryun
certaina
ndwi
de
defin
ition
.
Availabilityo
fdwelling
accordingt
otheco
sts,
distanceto
them
etro,
conven
ienttra
nspo
rtlin
ks,
availabilityo
frecreatio
nareas,pa
rks,sq
uares.
Sitefactorsh
ouldinc
lude
sustainabilityo
fconstructio
nandso
cial
fram
eworka
sapa
rtof
concep
tofin
vestor,cl
ient
anda
rchitect.
Partof
thec
ertification
processo
fthen
ew
buildings
houldb
etheloc
al
environm
enta
sasit
efactor.
39
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.2.1
Whata
reth
eclim
atic
cond
ition
s?
warmte
mpe
ratecli
mate
mod
erate
Theg
reatestin
fluen
ceon
thec
limateo
fPoland,
determ
iningit
stransitio
nal
nature,ar
ethepo
lars
ea
andp
olarco
ntinen
talai
rmasses.
Combinatio
nand
amplificatio
nofn
ational
inform
ationt
oane
w
fund
amen
tfor
standardizationo
fene
rgy
savinglaw
s.
a)storms,flo
ods
Datan
otav
ailable.ap
prox.
1250sto
rmsp
erye
arno
storm
sAveragenu
mbe
rofst
orms
pery
earis
approxim
ately
1420
.flo
ods
b)nu
mbe
rofh
ours/days
ofsu
nann
ually
1495
1560
651700
755010
0days
c)tempe
rature
developm
entp
.a.7,7
106
8,3
summer:18
,winter:8
d)annu
alra
infall
712
750
650
600
634
e)annu
alsn
owde
pth
Thed
esignc
riteriafor
snow
mustco
mplyw
ith
Eurocodesta
ndard:EN
19911
3.0,651,
10kN
/m2
94cm
or15
4kg/m
0,71
,6kN
/m2
1,3k
N/m
2
f)nu
mbe
rofh
eatin
gdaysNum
bero
fheatin
gdegree
daysis
3112.
240
225
Regulatio
nsdo
notsp
ecify
thee
xactlydu
ratio
nof
heatings
eason,bu
taveragen
umbe
rofh
eatin
gdaysis
2402
50.
Noa
ppointednu
mbe
r.
Calculatew
ithfo
rmula,
whichar
edescribein
SNIP
2301
99*"
BUILDING
CLIM
ATO
LOGY"
Que
stion
1.2S
tructuralD
esign
40
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
Que
stion
1.2S
tructuralD
esign
g)annu
alsu
nradiatio
nin
kWh/m
21014
1000
1010
1022
betw
een2
,5kW
h/m2a
nd
5kWh/m2
1.2.2
Whatty
peso
froof
structurea
reus
edin
reside
ntialho
uses?
Ventilatedr
oofw
ithtim
ber
fram
e,m
assivero
of
tilteda
ndfla
troof.
Woo
denp
itche
droo
fis
usedfo
rsinglefamily
houses.La
rgem
ultif
amily
housesof
tenu
seco
ncrete
flatro
of.
Pitche
droo
fsof
steelan
dwoo
d,fla
troofsu
sually
madeo
freinforced
concreteco
nstructio
ns.
Slantedr
oofspr
edom
inate
overfla
troofsin
thelo
w
risebu
ildingsan
dflatro
ofs
arec
haracteristicfo
rhigh
risebu
ildings.
Pitche
droo
fwoo
den
rafterwi
thaw
oode
ncrate,
metalra
fterwi
thwo
od
andm
etalcra
te.
Flatro
ofs
mon
olith
ic
reinforcedco
ncretean
dprefabricatedc
overings.
Similarro
ofstr
ucturefo
rreside
ntialbu
ildings,
pitche
droo
fsfo
rdetache
d,
flatro
ofsfo
rlargem
ulti
familyho
uses.
41
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
Que
stion
1.2S
tructuralD
esign
1.2.3
Whatty
peso
fload
bearings
tructurear
eusedin
reside
ntial
houses?
Timbe
rfram
e,concretebe
am,
loadbe
aringw
alls.
Thew
allsar
emainly
constructedo
fbrickor
bu
ildings
tone
,sometim
es
reinforcedco
ncreteis
used
aswe
ll.
Loadbe
aringw
all
constructio
ns:m
ason
ry
(bricks,blo
cks,pa
nels);
storeypa
rtition
s,
foun
datio
ns:re
inforced
concrete
Loadbe
aringframew
ork
constructio
ns:re
inforced
concrete.
New
blocksa
reus
ually
builtin
theim
proved
tradition
alm
etho
dof
constructin
g(loadbe
aring
structurea
rem
ason
ry
walls)o
rasa
combinatio
nofac
oncretes
keleton(
slab
columns
ystems)wi
tha
brickfi
lling.
Inm
odernm
ulti
reside
ntialbu
ildingsth
ere
isus
edm
onolith
ic
reinforcedco
ncrete
skeleton
ofth
einterior
walls,pillarsa
ndce
ilings.
Exteriorwa
llsn
otloa
dbe
aring,ar
eoftenfro
mth
egas(p
orou
s)blo
ckwi
th
exteriorfin
isho
fbrick.
Insin
glef
amilyho
usesth
ewallsar
efromth
egas
blocksor
bricks,floo
rs
prefabricatedr
einforced
concreteor
reinforced
concrete,co
atingwo
oden
rafter.
Thelo
adbe
arings
tructures
inre
side
ntialbu
ildingsar
eeq
ual.W
allsar
emadeo
fmason
ry,fr
ame
constructio
n,sla
bsan
dfoun
datio
nofre
inforced
concrete.
42
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
Que
stion
1.2S
tructuralD
esign
1.2.4
Isth
erea
nyna
tional
codeto
calculatelo
ad
structures?
Eurocode
s.DIN10
551:
200206
Actiono
nstructures:Al
lpo
ssibleloa
dsan
dmaterial
inform
ationa
rede
fined
there.
STR2
.05.04:2003
Actions
andL
oads
STR2
.05.05:2005
Design
ofCo
ncretean
dReinforced
ConcreteSt
ructures
STR2
.05.06:2005
Design
ofAl
uminiumSt
ructures
STR2
.05.07:2005
Design
ofTim
berS
tructures
STR2
.05.08:2005
Design
ofSt
eelSt
ructures
STR2
.05.
Exam
ples:
PN82
/B02
001B
uilding
loads
Perm
anen
tloads
PN86
/B02
015B
uilding
loads
Environm
ental
loads
tempe
ratureloa
dsPN
82/B02
003B
uilding
loads
Changeable
techno
logicallo
ads
Basic
techno
logicallo
ads
PN88
/B02
014B
uilding
loads
Soillo
ads
PN80
/B02
010L
oadsin
staticca
lculationsS
now
loads
PN77
/B02
011L
oadsin
staticca
lculationsW
ind
loads.
Constructio
nsar
ecalculatedac
cordingt
oSN
iPBu
ildings
tand
ards
andr
ules:120
12004S
NIP
SNIP52
0120
03Co
ncrete
andr
einforcedc
oncrete
structures,SN
IP2.0
1.0785
*P
ressuresan
dimpacts
SNIP2.0
2.0183
*Foun
datio
nsof
buildings
ands
tructures,SN
IPPil
efoun
datio
ns2.0
2.0385
,SN
IPII
2281
Ston
eand
armatures
tonede
sign,
SNIPII
2381
*St
eel
structures,et
c.
Aco
deto
calculatelo
ad
structuresdo
esex
istin
everyc
ountry.
Wou
ldas
tand
ardized
Europe
anno
rmbe
useful
forsu
stainability?
1.2.5
How
highlyd
evelop
ed
aret
heind
ustrial
prefabricated
materials?
Quitehig
h.Prefabricatedm
aterialsar
eim
portantf
orth
ermal
mod
ernizatio
nofb
uildings.Q
uitehig
h.Prefabricatesu
sed
nowadaysa
re
pred
ominantlyth
every
popu
larfi
ligranf
loorsla
bs
andc
analce
ilings.
Constructio
nofm
ulti
storeybu
ildingsof
reinforcedco
ncretepa
nels
area
lsou
sed,bu
ttheir
shareis
insignificant.
Reinforcedco
ncretepa
nels
andt
herm
alsy
stem
sfor
mod
ernizatio
nareth
emostin
dustrialized
prod
ucts.
Definet
heim
portanceof
indu
strializat
ionin
fin
ancialm
attersin
all
coun
tries.
43
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
Que
stion
1.2S
tructuralD
esign
1.2.6
How
isthep
ropo
rtion
betw
eenh
andcraft
buildingm
etho
dand
indu
strialisedbu
ilding?
Thein
dustrialpa
rtis
grow
ing
itisha
rdto
assessth
epresent
percen
tage.
Now
adaysp
refabricated
housesm
ostlyar
esingle
familyho
uses.M
ulti
familyho
usinga
lmost
alwaysa
reha
ndcraft
buildings.
Multif
amilyho
uses
curren
tlybe
ingb
uiltf
rom
mon
olith
icre
inforced
concretestr
uctures,in
the
decoratio
nusingles
smanualw
ork.
Indu
strializedbu
ildingw
as
popu
larin
the7
0sa
ndth
e80s.
Now
adaysa
vastm
ajority
ofne
wbu
ildingsar
ebuilt
byth
ehandcraftbu
ilding
metho
d,bu
ttherea
re
widelyu
sedp
refabricated
materialslik
efiligranflo
or
slabs.
Thep
ropo
rtiono
fmanual
andin
dustriallab
oris
approxim
atelyh
alfto
half.
Shutteringus
edto
bese
tmanually,ac
cessoriesh
ave
tobe
knit,co
ncreteha
ve
tobe
brou
ghtb
ycars,ga
sconcreteblo
cksa
reus
edto
bepla
cedb
yhand,et
c.
Constructio
ncom
panies
tendto
performm
ostw
ork
onth
eiro
wn,ifi
tdoe
snot
affectth
equalityo
fwork.
Glazingan
dfinishing
facade
sorderto
specializedfir
ms.
Handcraftbu
ildingis
still
veryim
portantin
all
coun
tries,bu
tthe
indu
strializationo
fconstructio
nworkis
aparallelde
velopm
entin
constructio
nbusiness.
1.2.7
Whata
reth
etypical
crite
riat
omakea
de
cision
infavourof
acertainc
onstruction
metho
d?
Econ
omya
ndqu
ality
.Them
ainr
easonsof
choice
ofce
rtainc
onstruction
metho
darete
chnical
feasibility,ec
onom
ical
reason
sandtim
eduration
ands
ometim
esec
ological
crite
riap
laya
lsoa
roleby
makingt
hede
cision
.
Minim
umco
nstructio
ncosts.
Gen
erallyth
erea
retw
omainc
riteria:
1)fin
ancial
2)bu
ildtim
e
Crite
riaforth
eselectio
nof
constructio
n:
Reliability,du
rability,
efficiency,fir
eresistance.
Mainc
riteriaa
re
econ
omicalan
dtechn
ical
quality
,ecologicalar
enot
common
.
Financingt
oolfo
recologicalco
nstructio
n.
44
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.3.1
Isth
erea
nyna
tional
codefo
rEne
rgy
efficiencyo
fbuildings?
Thereis
areq
uiremen
tfor
maxim
umen
ergyne
edin
newre
side
ntialbu
ilding
for:s
pacehe
ating,
domesticth
otwa
ter,
cooling,pu
mpa
ndfans
Thee
nergym
ustn
ot
exceedQ
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.3E
nergys
tand
ards
Que
stion
1.3.2
Whatis
averages
pecific
heatco
nsum
ptiono
freside
ntialbu
ildingsin
kWh/ma?G
roup
ed
accordingt
osystematic
in1.3
.1(if
applicable)
Thee
nergyfo
rspace
heating,do
mesticho
twater,co
oling,pu
mpa
nd
fansin
newbu
ildingsm
ust
note
xceed
(70+2200)/A,kW
h/m2r
whe
reA
=treatedflo
or
area.
Energyco
nsum
ptionis
differen
tiateda
ccordingto
typo
logyan
dyearo
fconstructio
n.M
odernized
buildingsha
vean
average
heatco
nsum
ptiono
fabo
ut
359
0kWh/ma.
KfWEf
ficiencyH
ouse70
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
arks
1.3E
nergys
tand
ards
Que
stion
1.3.3
Isth
erea
nyna
tional
codefo
rthermal
insulatio
nofb
uildings?
Thee
nergyr
equiremen
tin
newbu
ildingm
ustfo
llow
1.3.2.Inad
ditio
nthe
followingh
eatlo
os
coefficientm
ustn
ot
exceed
:externalwa
ll:0.4
0W/m
2Kflo
or:0.30W
/m2K
roof:0.25W
/m2K
windo
ws:2.0
0W/m
2K.
DIN41
08(P
art1
4;7)
Thermalins
ulationa
nden
ergyec
onom
yinbu
ildings.
STR2
.05.01:2005
Thermal
techniqu
eofth
ebuilding
envelope
STR2
.01.09:2005
Energy
Performanceof
Buildings;.
Certificatio
nofE
nergy
Performanceof
Buildings.
"Techn
icalCo
ndition
s,
whichbu
ildingsan
dthe
ir
locatio
nsho
uldm
eet,
DecreeO
fTheM
inisterO
fInfrastructure
of12
April20
02r.
with
laterch
anges.
SectionIXEn
ergysa
ving
andh
eatin
sulatio
n.
"Buildings
tand
ardsan
drules","T
herm
al
performanceof
the
buildings".
Inea
chco
untrya
codefo
rthermalins
ulationis
im
plem
ented,bu
twith
differen
trequ
irem
ents.
Comparisono
fthec
odes,
newco
mmon
stand
ards.
47
-
Results
8.1E
ngineering
andb
uildingt
echn
ologys
tand
ards
Den
mark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchm
![1 $SU VW (G +LWDFKL +HDOWKFDUH %XVLQHVV 8QLW 1 X ñ 1 … · 2020. 5. 26. · 1 1 1 1 1 x 1 1 , x _ y ] 1 1 1 1 1 1 ¢ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/5fbfc0fcc822f24c4706936b/1-su-vw-g-lwdfkl-hdowkfduh-xvlqhvv-8qlw-1-x-1-2020-5-26-1-1-1-1-1-x.jpg)
![1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ¢ 1 1 1 - pdfs.semanticscholar.org€¦ · 1 1 1 [ v . ] v 1 1 ¢ 1 1 1 1 ý y þ ï 1 1 1 ð 1 1 1 1 1 x](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/5f7bc722cb31ab243d422a20/1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-pdfs-1-1-1-v-v-1-1-1-1-1-1-y-1-1-1-.jpg)
![$1RYHO2SWLRQ &KDSWHU $ORN6KDUPD +HPDQJL6DQH … · 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ¢1 1 1 1 1 ¢ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1w1¼1wv]1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ï1 ð1 1 1 1 1 3](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/5f3ff1245bf7aa711f5af641/1ryho2swlrq-kdswhu-orn6kdupd-hpdqjl6dqh-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.jpg)
![1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ¢ 1 , ¢ 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 ¡ 1 1 1 1 · 1 1 1 1 1 ] ð 1 1 w ï 1 x v w ^ 1 1 x w [ ^ \ w _ [ 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ð 1 ] û w ü](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/5f40ff1754b8c6159c151d05/1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-w-1-x-v.jpg)
