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GRAMMAR SUPPORT
1
© 2
014
Cor
nels
en S
chul
verl
age
Gm
bH,
Ber
lin.
A
lle R
echt
e vo
rbeh
alte
n.
GRAMMAR SUPPORT
Past tenses: simple past, past progressive, past perfect
FOCUS ON USES
Past time
1 Simple past
• Our new equipment arrived yesterday. • I couldn’t call you back because I was in a meeting.
2 Past progressive
• Last week I was travelling round the country talking to clients. • The company was going through a difficult period before the new CEO made some changes for the
better.
3 Past perfect
• Unfortunately, she hadn't read the email from our suppliers before she made a very strong complaint.
Further uses
Simple past / Past progressive Talking about imaginary but possible situations Note: There is no past meaning here = conditional. • If we had an entertainments committee, I would join it. • If you were looking for a job in IT, I could certainly recommend my company.
Past perfect Talking about imaginary situations Note: There is no past meaning here = conditional. • If the conference had taken place in Europe this year, we would have attended. • The company would probably have been more successful if they had opened the new factory a year
earlier.
Simple past / Past progressive / Past perfect Reporting • She told us it was quicker to take a taxi than wait for the bus. • He announced that the reception was starting in the next room. • My boss said that our competitors had won the contract.
3 Past perfect 2 Past progressive 3 Simple past • Simple present
GRAMMAR SUPPORT
2
© 2
014
Cor
nels
en S
chul
verl
age
Gm
bH,
Ber
lin.
A
lle R
echt
e vo
rbeh
alte
n.
Past progressive Being less direct • I was wondering if you had time to talk. • I was expecting to meet your CEO today.
Past progressive Talking about changes • The project was progressing well until the project leader left the company. • He was planning to finish the report today, but something has come up.
FOCUS ON FORM
1 Simple past
Statements
I / You / He / She / We / They worked in marketing for fifteen years.
It was* nice to see you again at the fair.
We saw* a big improvement in sales last year.
Negative statements
I / You / He / She / We / They didn't expect to stay with the same company for so long.
It wasn’t nice to have to work on a Sunday.
We didn’t see any rise in profits.
Questions
Did I / you / he / she / we / they arrive on time?
Was it a success?
Did you see your competitors at the fair?
* Irregular and auxiliary verbs are conjugated in a different way. For a list of common irregular verbs, go to page 4.
2 Past progressive
Statements
We were living in Canada this time last year.
It was raining when I got up this morning.
Negative statements
The company wasn't looking for a new marketing manager but her application was very convincing.
I wasn't looking forward
to the conference but it turned out to be very interesting.
GRAMMAR SUPPORT
3
© 2
014
Cor
nels
en S
chul
verl
age
Gm
bH,
Ber
lin.
A
lle R
echt
e vo
rbeh
alte
n.
Questions
Were you expecting a phone call from her yesterday afternoon?
Was he sleeping when you went into his office?
3 Past perfect
Statements
The delegation from China had already left when I arrived.
We soon realized that we had made a big mistake.
Negative statements
The check-in desk hadn't opened when I got to the airport.
We hadn't heard from our supplier in Italy for a while
so I flew over last week.
Questions
Had he really gone home when you called?
Had they already increased their prices when you placed the order?
GRAMMAR SUPPORT
4
© 2
014
Cor
nels
en S
chul
verl
age
Gm
bH,
Ber
lin.
A
lle R
echt
e vo
rbeh
alte
n.
Irregular verbs
be was / were been lead led led
become became become leave left left
begin began begun lend lent lent
bet bet bet let let let
bite bit bitten lie lay lain
bleed bled bled lose lost lost
break broke broken make made made
bring brought brought mean meant meant
build built built meet met met
buy bought bought pay paid paid
catch caught caught put put put
choose chose chosen read read read
come came come ride rode ridden
cost cost cost ring rang rung
cut cut cut rise rose risen
deal dealt dealt run ran run
do did done say said said
draw drew drawn see saw seen
drink drank drunk sell sold sold
drive drove driven send sent sent
eat ate eaten set set set
fall fell fallen shine shone shone
feel felt felt show showed shown
fight fought fought shut shut shut
find found found sing sang sung
flee fled fled sit sat sat
fly flew flown sleep slept slept
forbid forbade forbidden speak spoke spoken
forget forgot forgotten spend spent spent
freeze froze frozen stand stood stood
get got got steal stole stolen
give gave given swim swam swum
go went gone take took taken
grow grew grown teach taught taught
hang hung hung tell told told
have had had think thought thought
hear heard heard throw threw thrown
hide hid hidden understand understood understood
hit hit hit wake woke woken
hold held held wear wore worn
keep kept kept win won won
know knew known write wrote written
lay laid laid