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9710001M Kelly9710008M Venus
9/25 & 10/2
Introduction
§ Help students read and appreciate foreign language literature
§ To be able to translate sentences and texts into and out of the target language
§ To develop students’ reading and writing skill of target language
§ Reading and writing skill are the major focus§ Use the native language in class mostly§ Reading difficult texts or literature
Accuracy/ Translation
Grammar is taught deductively
Teach rule first and then give examples to practice
Few demands on teacher
Improve students’ reading and writing skill
Creates frustration for student Emphasize grammar rules and vocabularies too much (memorization) Little attention on speaking (pronunciation) and listening skill Speaking or any kind of spontaneous creative output was missing from curriculum
Translation of a Literature Reading Comprehension Questions Antonym/ Synonyms Fill in the blanks Deductive Application of Rule
Introduction
To be able to communicate in the target language To be able to use the language spontaneously and orally Develop the ability to think in the target language
Use the target language only Rules of grammar are taught inductively Speaking begin with systematic attention to pronunciation Only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught
New teaching points are taught through modeling and practice Both speech and listening comprehension are taught Correct pronunciation and grammar are emphasized
Use the target language communicatively Use the realia to enhance students’ leaning motivation
Less attention on the grammatical
accuracy and reading skill Students can’t apply the language
communicatively in real-life situations Teacher may not be proficient in native
language Teacher need to spend much time to
prepare teaching materials
Reading Aloud Question and Answer Exercise Student Self-Correction Conversation Practice Fill-in-the-blank Exercise Dictation
This approach is selected for practical and academic reasons.
For specific uses of the language in graduate or scientific studies.
The approach is for people who do not travel abroad for whom reading is the one usable skill in a foreign language.
One of the most influential models of reading in recent years has been the Psycholinguistic Model described by Goodman and drawing heavily on top-down processing.
It is based on a consideration of schema theory which says that comprehension depends on the activation of schemata.
These are pictures or frameworks of a situation which help us to understand the situation.
Advantage Study target language
Enhance reading and writing ability
Improve comprehension ability
Build up vocabulary
Learn some grammatical pattern
Disadvantages
Minimal attention is paid to pronunciation and conversational skills.
Inaccurate linguistic analysis
Paying attention to unfamiliar words which are not relevant to the purpose of reading.
It is based on behaviorist theory -- From early psychology in the 19th century , proposed by John B Watson.
---Based on the proposition that all things which organisms do -- including acting, thinking and feeling—can and should be regarded as behaviors.
Language learning is a habit-formation.
This method aims at using the target language communicatively by intensive oral drilling of basic sentence.
Spoken language comes before written language.
Mistakes should be avoided.
Structures are sequenced and taught one at a time.
Structural patterns are taught using
repetitive drills.
Little or no grammatical explanations are provide.
Vocabulary is strictly limited and learned in context.
Everything is simply memorized and recite in form.
Advantage Target language is the
only language to be used in the classroom.
Enhance speaking and listening ability.
Suitable for beginning learners.
Disadvantages Teacher cantered Short of learning
motivation Limitations of
structural linguistics and vocabulary
It didn’t teach explicit grammar pattern.
Students may feel bored.(mechanical drill)
Introduction
a practical command of the four basic skills of a language
accuracy in both pronunciation and grammar
ability to respond quickly and accurately in speech situations
Language teaching begins with the spoken language. Material is taught orally before it is presented in written form The target language is the language of the classroom New language points are introduced and practiced situationally
Choose the vocabularyGrammar are taught from
simple to complexReading and writing are
introduced once a sufficient lexical and grammatical basis is established
Bring the reality situation in the classroom
Hard to teach the grammar rules from simple to complex
Turn students into parrots
Boring and reduce motivation
Teacher-centered
Demonstrate with teaching aids
Key word changed
Instruction is often individualized
Vocabulary
Grammar-taught in either deductively or inductively way.
Language skills
Demands on teachers
Grammar teaching should be planned and systematic
Necessary grammar instruction
Extensive exposure to instructed grammar points
Production activities
Group work and task performance
Advantages
Learning step by step.
Independent thinking.
Teacher provide teaching
materials.
Disadvantages
Teacher center.
Neglect students interest and need.
The name is from the words suggestion and pedagogy.
Developed in the 1970s by the Bulgarian psychologist Georgi Lozanov
§ The emphasis on memorization to vocabulary
Desuggest the psychological barriers to learn vocabulary and conversation Deliver advanced conversational proficiency quickly
Respect students’ feeling Class atmosphere is more important
than materials or methods Peer support and interaction are
viewed as necessary for learning Learning foreign language is viewed
as a self-realization experience
The teacher is a counselor or facilitator
The teacher should be proficient in the target language and students’ native language
Present text with music Comfortable Choose target language name Colorful posters on the wall Liberate instead of teach
Increase oral proficiency Lower classroom anxiety Enhance students’ self-confidence and motivation
Hard to facilitate learning Unuseful for advanced-level learner Not really useful to apply it
to all subject
Teacher create an optimal learning
environment Teacher trained to read dialogues by
using voice quality Musical rhythm to learning Role playing Putting posters containing grammatical
information about the target language
Developed by Charles Curran and his associates in 1970s
The teacher can successfully transfer his or her knowledge and proficiency in the L2 to the students; Specific purposes are not mentioned.
S stands for security A stands for attention and
aggression R stands for retention and
reflection D represents discrimination
Whole person learning Learning is dynamic and creative Client-counselor and learner- knower relationships
Translation Group work Recording Transcription Analysis Reflection and observation Listening Free conversation
Help students overcome their negative
feeling Build good relationship with students Wants students to be responsible for their
learning Provide free-pressure Emphasis of classroom interaction in
cooperation, not competition
Hard to control the learning process if students are too passive in learning Hard to run the class for the relaxing environment
Small group and make sentences with the new
forms Students take turns reading the transcript Teacher puts a picture of a person on the
blackboard and students ask questions of
that person as if they have just met him Students reconstruct the conversation they
have created Students create a new dialog using words they
have learned to say during their conversation
It was developed by James Asher, a professor of psychology at San Jose State University, California.
Based on the coordination of speech and action.
It is linked to the trace theory of memory, which holds that the more often or intensively a memory connection is traced, the stronger the memory will be.
Second language learning is parallel to first language learning and should reflect the same naturalistic processes.
Listening should develop before speaking.
Children respond physically to spoken language, and adult learners learn better if
they do that too.
Once listening comprehension has been developed, speech develops naturally and effortlessly out of it.
Adults should use right-brain motor activities, while the left hemisphere watches and learns .
Delaying speech reduces stress.
Pros Suitable for
beginner Pressure free Develop
listening ability first
Comprehension Action feedback Interest
Cons Time consuming Energy costly Lack of reading
and writing
The Natural Approach was developed by Tracy Terrell and Stephen Krashen, starting in 1977.
Natural Approach there is an emphasis on exposure, or input, rather than practice .
Natural approach as an example of communicative approach.
Optimizing emotional preparedness for learning .
A prolonged period of attention to what the language learners hear before they try to produce language .
Willingness to use written and other materials as a source of comprehensible input.
Advantages Minimize stress Useful for
beginning learners.
Enhance listening ability.
Use visual aids and realia.
Depend on learner needs.
Disadvantages
Hard to learn correct forms.
Feedback of errors.
Introduction
The goal of language teaching is learner ability to communicate in the target language
Students regular work in groups or pairs to
transfer meaning in situations Students often engage in role play or
dramatization Classroom materials and activities are often
authentic Teacher’s role is primarily to facilitate
communication and secondarily to correct errors Teacher should be able to use the target language
fluently and appropriately
For real communication, students should know knowledge of linguistic forms, background information Produce real language in daily life
No environment of ESL Ignore the training of reading and writing Difficulty in evaluating students’ performance Hard for beginning level students to express target language with foreigner
Authentic materials scrambled sentences Language games Picture strip story Role play
TBLL was popularized by N.Prabhu while working in Bangalore,India.
Prabhu figured out that his students could learn language just as easily with a non-linguistic problem as when they are concentrating on linguistic questions.
The main focus of this approach is the task while language is the means with which they complete it.
It focuses on the use of authentic language, and to students doing meaningful tasks using the target language .
The main idea of the task should be completing a problem-solving aspect.
Assessment is primarily based on task outcome .
Advantages
Student-centered
Meaning communication
More interaction
More interesting
Learn how to cooperate with others.
Independent thinking
Disadvantages
Hard for beginning learners.
Focus on meaning instead of form.
Students may feel stress.
Occupy too much time in the class.
Hard to manage the class.
Difficult to prepare the materials.