11 Process heating, power and incineration (energy applications in industry)

ether, ethylene glycol di-Me ether, diethylene glycol di-Me ether, diethylene glycol di-Et ether. Two colours pyrometry was adopted as the experimental technique to investigate the polluants formation. The use of this technique permitted a comparison between evolution of soot fraction burning the different fuels. The experimental tests have demonstrated that the oxygen content of the fuel has a strong influence on soot formation process. Simultaneously, due to the particular molecular structure, these fuels present very high cetane numbers. This leads to a reduction of the NO,, HC and CO emissions, and notwithstanding the high oxygen content also the aldehydes emissions are relatively low. To confirm the main trends observed in the research engine, a comparison regulated emissions between pentyl ether, ethylene glycol di-Me ether, and two reformulated diesel fuels of a modern four cylinders DI diesel engine for passenger car application, is presented.

97101394 Liquid-fueled ramjet engine Cazin, P. and Laurent, J-M. (ONERA, 92322 Fr.). Prog. Astronaut. Aeronaut., 1996, 170. (Tactical Missile Propulsion), 423-446. Considers the design, components and operation of liquid-fueled ramjet engines. Includes discussion of available liquid fuels (e.g. petroleum distillates. synthetic fuels, and other hydrocarbon fuels), energy perfor- mance during combustion, fuel injection systems, combustion chamber (modelling and design), and origin of and remedies for combustion instabilities.

97101395 Method and apparatus for removal of dust from hot gases for use in gas turbine cycles Schulten, R. er al. Ger. Offen. DE 19, 512, 939 (Cl. F2353/00), 10 Ott 1996. Appl. 19, 512, 939, 6 Apr 1995, 6 pp. (In German) Details a process for the removal of ash and slags from flue gas or synthesis gas. The gas is prepurified in an inertia separator such as cyclone lined with high-temperature and slag-resistant SiC/MoSi2 components, and cooled and purified from fine dust in a high-temperature ceramic heat exchanger for expansion in a conventional gas turbine. By using the high-temperature ceramic heat exchanger, in addition to the purification effect, a second closed-cycle gas turbine process is run by the in the heat exchanger-heated N and/or inert gases, where alternative nonmetallic turbine materials such as carbon fibre-reinforced C can be used.

97101396 The multiple fuel concept of SK Power. A dual-fired 500-MW with advanced gas turbine Noppenau, H. VGB Kraftwerkslech., 1996, 76, (6). 498-501. (In German) Discusses how the integration of an ‘ultra-supercritical steam process’ and an advanced gas turbine derived from aircraft turbines resulted in an electrical efficiency of 48% from firing of coal alone. An electrical efficiency of 53% was attained using 60% coal and 40% gas with a gas efficiency of 60%. The future development of this concept was compared with conventional gas and steam processes.

97101397 New technology trends for improved IGCC system performance Anand, A. K. ef al. J. Eng Gas Tmbines Power, 1996, 118, (4) 732-736. Presents an evaluation of an IGCC system, based on a generic, entrained flow, oxygen blown gasification system and a GE STAG 109FA combined cycle. The data presented illustrate the system flexibility afforded by variation of ASU integration and the potential performance gains available through the continued use of gas turbine advances. Emphasis is placed on system design choices that favour either low initial investment cost or low operating cost for a given IGCC system output.

97101396 A study on low NO, combustion in LBG-fueled 1500°Cclass gas turbine Nakata, T. er al. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 1996, 118, (3) 534-540. The reduction of NO, emissions and increasing the inlet temperature of gas turbines are the most significant issues in gas turbine development in Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power generation systems. The coal gasified fuel, which is produced in a coal gasifier of an air- blown entrained-flow type has a calorific value as low as l/IO natural gas. Furthermore, the fuel gas contains ammonia when a gas cleaning system is a hot type, and ammonia will be converted to nitrogen oxides in the combustion process of a gas turbine. The study was performed in a 15Oo”C- class gas turbine combustor firing low-Btu coal-gasified fuel in IGCC systems. An advanced rich-lean combustor of l50-MW class gas turbine was designed to hold stable combustion burning low-Btu gas and to reduce fuel NO, emissions from the ammonia in the fuel. The main fuel and the combustion air are supplied into a fuel-rich combustion chamber with strong swirl flow and make fuel-rich flame to decompose ammonia into intermediate reactants. The secondary air is mixed with primary combustion gas dilatorily to suppress the oxidization of ammonia reactants in fuel-lean combustion chamber and to promote a reducing process to nitrogen. By testing under atmospheric pressure conditions, the authors have obtained a very significant result through investigating the effect of combustor exit gas temperature on combustion characteristics.

110 Fuel and Energy Abstracts March 1997

97101399 Temperature and concentration of soot in the cylinder during operation of a diesel engine with alternative fuels Vagner. V.A. and Matievskii, D. D. lzv. Vysslr. Uchehrr. Zaved., Mashi- nostr.. 1995, (IO-12) 79-84. (In Russian) Presents a modelling and experimental study of temperature and soot concentration in the cylinder during operation of diesel engines (with various variants of combustion chamber) using alternative fuels.

97/01400 Thermodynamic analysis of combined diesel englne and absorption unit-turbocharged engine with intercooling Mostafavi, M. and Agnew, B. Appl. Therm. Eng., 1996, 16, (8/9), 733-740. Discusses that large diesel engines are well suited for power generation in remote areas, their high thermal efficiency and relative insensitivity to high ambient temperatures make them suitable for use in desert and tropical climates. This article explores the utilization of the heat from exhaust gases from a turbocharged and inter-cooled engine as an energy input to a vapor absorption refrigeration machine that is used primarily to cool the engine charge air in an intercooler. The influence of the engine configuration and performance parameters on the performance of an ideal system is investigated.

11 PROCESS HEATING, POWER AND INCINERATION

Energy Applications in Industry

97lO1401 Comparison between the use of pellets in charcoal and coke blast furnaces Assis, P. S. et ul. Miner. Process.: Recent Adv. Future Trerrds, Proc. Con!‘.. 1995, 286-295. This paper shows a comparison between the use of pellets in charcoal and coke blast furnaces. A literature review with seven references is presented, where some data using pellets in small charcoal blast furnaces and coke blast furnaces was presented and analysed. A number of conclusions are made in the paper.

97101402 Cryogenic unit for air separation with oxygen enrichment for blast furnace system. Droevich. R. F. ef al. U.S. US 5, 582, 036 (Cl. 62-656; F25J3/00), IO Dee 1996, Appl. 521, 497, 30 Aug 1995, 8 pp. The oxygen-enriched blast derived from the cyrogenic unit described is suitable for feed to blast furnaces operated with powdered coal fuel in the smelting of Fe ores.

97101403 Direct steelmaking with molten pig iron from a melter-gasifier furnace operated with coke and Iron ore. Greenwalt, R. B. U.S. US 5, 558, 696 (Cl. 75-505; C21813/14), 24 Sep 1996, Appl. 167, 268, 15 Dee 1993, 8 pp. Presents a study in which a melter-gasifier system was operated using petroleum coke (or optionally low-ash coal) as a fluidized bed and combustion fuel for direct reduction of Fe ore. The hot waste gases can be used to preheat steel scrap added to the molten charge in the converter.

97lO1404 Furnace with fluidized-bed units for direct reduc- tion of iron ore powder with dust recovery from exhaust gas Lee, I. 0. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 96 21, 045 (Cl. C2lBl3/14), I I Jul 1996, KR Appl. 9, 440, 302, 31 Dee 1994, 34 pp. Details a furnace assembly for direct reduction or metalization of Fe-ore powders which includes vertically open cone-type fluidized units for drying and preheating stage, first-reduction stage, and second-reduction stage, with the associated dust collection in cyclones for recycling of the ore fines and gas recovery with cleaning. The metalized Fe-ore powder is fed into a melter-gasifier unit, especially to obtain molten pig iron for steelmaking. The hot reducing gas is typically supplied to the reduction stage at 800-900” and 2-4 atm, with the gas flow at one to three times the minimum fluidization velocity related to the are powder size. The hot exhaust gas after dust removal is fed into the next reduction stage for increased efficiency.