9696 Geography Learner Guide 2015 - Somerset …...2015/08/11 · Geography 3 hours (100 marks) You answer questions from three sections. In Section A, answer fi ve out of six questions

Learner GuideCambridge International AS and A LevelGeography

9696

Cambridge Advanced

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© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Version 2

Contents

How to use this guide ....................................................................................................... 3Section 1: How will you be tested?Section 2: Examination advice Section 3: What will be tested?Section 4: What you need to knowSection 5: Useful websites

Section 1: How will you be tested? ..................................................................................... 5About the examinationsAbout the papersDetailed information about each paper

Section 2: Examination advice ............................................................................................. 9How to use this adviceGeneral advicePaper 1 advicePaper 2 advicePaper 3 advice

Section 3: What will be tested? ......................................................................................... 17

Section 4: What you need to know ................................................................................... 19How to use the tablePaper 1: Core Geography: The Physical CorePaper 1: Core Geography: The Human CorePaper 2: Advanced Physical Geography OptionsPaper 3: Advanced Human Geography Options

Section 5: Useful websites ................................................................................................55

2 Cambridge International AS and A Level Geography 9696

How to use this guide

3Cambridge International AS and A Level Geography 9696


The guide explains what you need to know about your Cambridge International AS and A Level Geography examination. It will help you plan your revision programme and will help to show what we are looking for in the answers you write.

It can also help you revise by ticking off topics you have been taught and you have learned for the examination.

The guide contains the following sections:

Section 1: How will you be tested?This section will give you information about the different types of examination papers that are available.

Section 2: Examination advice This section gives you advice to help you do as well as you can. Some of the tips are general advice and some are based on the common mistakes that learners make in exams.

Section 3: What will be tested?This section describes the areas of knowledge, understanding and skills that you will be tested on.

Section 4: What you need to knowThis section shows the syllabus content in a simple way so that you can check:

• which topics you need to know

• details about each topic in the syllabus

• how much of the syllabus you have covered

Section 5: Useful websites



Section 1: How will you be tested?



About the examinationsIf you are doing AS Level you will take one examination paper (Paper 1) of three hours.

If you are doing the full A Level you will take the same three-hour paper as above as well as two further papers (Paper 2 and Paper 3) of 1 hour 30 minutes each.

Find out from your teacher which papers you will be taking and when.

About the papersThe table below gives you further information about the papers:

Paper number and name

How long and how many marks?

What questions must you answer?

What % of the Total Mark is the paper?

What is tested and what % of the Total Mark is it?

Paper 1

Core Geography

3 hours

(100 marks)

You answer questions from three sections.

In Section A, answer fi ve out of six questions on Physical and Human Core topics.

You will answer one question from a choice of three in Section B (Physical) and one question from a choice of three in Section C (Human)

100% if AS Level

50% if A Level

Knowledge 30%

Understanding and application 30%

Skills and enquiry 20%

Evaluation and decision making 20%

Paper 2

Advanced Physical Options

1 hour 30 mins

(50 marks)

Two structured essay questions, each on a different optional topic, from eight given questions

25% A Level Knowledge 35%




Paper 3

Advanced Human Options

1 hour 30 mins

(50 marks)

Two structured essay questions, each on a different optional topic, from eightgiven questions

25% A Level Knowledge 35%






Detailed information about each paperPaper 1Paper 1 tests the six core topics:

Physical Core

• Hydrology and fl uvial geomorphology

• Atmosphere and weather

• Rocks and weathering

Human Core

• Population

• Migration

• Settlement dynamics

There are three sections:

Section A (50 marks)

This contains six questions. You must choose and only answer fi ve of them.

Three questions will be set on the Physical Core and three on the Human Core.

Be careful because although there are six core topics, this does not mean that there will always be one question on each topic. Sometimes questions will be on just one topic, sometimes on a combination of topics.

Each question is worth 10 marks and is fairly short. You must try to answer each question equally well.

The questions make use of resources such as maps, graphs, photographs, diagrams and sometimes survey maps (1:25 000 and 1:50 000) so you should practice your skills and ability to understand and write about these.

Section B (25 marks) Physical Core topics

This contains three longer structured questions. You must answer only one of them.

There will be a question on each physical core topic.

Section C (25 marks) Human Core topics

This contains three longer structured questions. You must answer only one of them.

Here questions may cover two or more topics because there are strong interrelationships between all three topics (you really must revise all topics fully).

You are expected to use case studies from LEDCs (less economically developed countries) and MEDCs (more economically developed countries).

In this section and in Section B the questions are structured, usually in two or three parts, and give you the opportunity to express your answer in extended writing of longer paragraphs. Again, some questions may make use of maps, graphs, photographs and diagrams.



Paper 2 and Paper 3These are separate question papers but are timetabled on the same day and session. You will complete Paper 2 and hand in your answers. Then you will have a short break (maximum 15 minutes) before starting Paper 3. So, both papers must be sat together on the same date, on the same morning or the same afternoon.

Paper 2 has eight questions on the Advanced Physical Geography topics below (two on each topic). You must answer two questions. Be very careful as each must be on a different topic.

The topics are:

• Tropical environments

• Coastal environments

• Hazardous environments

• Arid and semi-arid environments

Paper 3 has eight questions on the Advanced Human Geography topics below (two on each topic). Again you must answer two questions, being very careful as each must be on a different topic.

The topics are:

• Production, location and change

• Environmental management

• Global interdependence

• Economic transition

In both papers the questions are worth 25 marks each and will be structured. You will be given the chance to write extended answers and one question in each topic will make use of resources such as maps, graphs, photographs or diagrams. You will be asked to use these resources to show your understanding of geographical ideas. It will not matter if you have not studied the place/example used in a resource as you are only expected to interpret information from it and show ideas that can be used in any similar situation. You will need to organise your writing well and use relevant case studies or developed examples. The part (b) questions will usually require some evaluation based on evidence.

RevisionMake sure you study and revise enough to really have a choice of topics and questions in the examination. Perhaps the best compromise is to revise everything in a basic manner, so you are prepared for any question, but then specialise in your strongest topics.



Section 2: Examination advice



How to use this adviceThis advice will help you revise and prepare for the examinations. It is divided into general advice for all papers, and more specifi c advice for Paper 1, Paper 2 and Paper 3.

General adviceBefore the examination• Find out when the examinations are and plan your revision so you have time to revise everything

properly. It may be helpful to draw up a revision timetable and divide it into sections to cover each topic. This will ensure that you allow plenty of time to revise each section of the syllabus in detail.

• Find out how long each paper is and how many questions you have to answer. Find out how many marks there are for each question and so work out how long you have for each question. For example, if you have to answer fi ve questions in section A (each worth 10 marks) and two questions from the other sections (each worth 25 marks) then section A needs to take half the total time as it is worth half the total marks.

• Find out what choice you have on each paper. Make sure you know how many sections there are and which sections you should answer from.

• When there is a choice of questions in a section, make sure you revise fully enough to actually have a choice in the examination.

• Revise small sections of the syllabus at a time. Work for short periods then have a break.

• Make revision notes. You could try bullet point notes, annotated maps, diagrams, mind maps, etc. Experiment and fi nd out what works best for you. You can look through these notes more easily just before the exam.

• Test yourself by writing out key points, redrawing diagrams, etc. Perhaps you can work with another learner and talk about ideas to make sure you really understand them.

• Know the meaning of the major command words used in questions and also how to apply them to the information given. These are some of the most common:

– ‘Describe’ means you should say what something is like – what it looks like, what dimensions it has, etc. Give a detailed picture. If there are photographs and diagrams for the question, use them.

– ‘Explain’ means that you need to give the reasons for something, to say why something is as it is.

– ‘Defi ne’ means that you need to give a clear and precise account of a term.

– ‘Annotate’ means you have to label fully with notes that describe and/or explain, depending on what the question asks.

– ‘Evaluate’ means that you need to make an appraisal of an argument or concept by weighing up the nature of the evidence available and identifying and discussing the convincing aspects of the argument as well as the limitations and implications.

– Instead of ‘evaluate’ you might be asked ‘to what extent?’ or something similar.

• Make a list of all the command words you can fi nd and fi nd out what they mean.



• Know the meaning of, and be able to defi ne, geographical terms accurately and fully. E.g. deforestation is not simply ‘cutting down trees’, it is ‘the total deliberate removal or clearance of forest/trees by cutting and/or burning at rates faster than natural regeneration or without replanting’.

• Defi nitions must not reuse the words to be defi ned. For example, land pollution means the contamination (pollution) of the earth’s surface (land) by the unplanned or illegal disposal of waste substances or materials.

• Make your own dictionary or draw up a glossary of key terms for each section of the syllabus. Ask your teacher for help to make a list of all the terms you should know. Each glossary could be organised alphabetically to help you.

• Practise looking at as many different maps, diagrams, tables, etc. as you can and ‘read’ them to fi nd out what they show.

• Practise drawing clear, simple, neat, fully-labelled diagrams and maps.

• Practise describing patterns. Make sure you have the correct vocabulary such as north/south rather than top/bottom. Use words such as dispersed, concentrated, groupings.

• Look at photographs of whatever you are studying. Practise sketching and describing what you see.

• Practise recognising landforms, settlement patterns, etc. on topographical maps.

• Know models and theories, e.g. urban land-use models.

• Learn your case studies thoroughly. They can be from textbooks, fi eldwork or other sources. Think about what they show and how you might use them. Know where in the world they are and whether they are local, regional, international or global scale. It would be useful to draw up a list of case studies that are needed for each section of the syllabus. It is also helpful to summarise the content of case studies, perhaps using an A3 revision sheet divided into sub-headings such as location, causes, effects, etc. Have a look at a range of past questions and decide which case study would be best to answer each one.

• Know your own home area and local case studies whenever possible.

• Learn to spell geographical terms correctly.

• Have a look at a range of past questions so that you are clear of what to expect in an examination. You should practise these under timed conditions so that you get used to the amount of time available. Consider the range of resources used and practise using resources that are unfamiliar to you.

• Looking at mark schemes will also help you to understand how the marks are awarded for each question. It will also give you guidance about the content required for each question.

In the examination• Read the instructions carefully and answer the right number of questions from the right sections.

• If you are only allowed to answer one question from a section with two questions, do not answer both! It sounds obvious but some people still make this sort of mistake and lose all the marks for one of the questions.

• Plan your time. If you are running out of time and have to rush you might mis-read a question. Notes and bullet points, although better than nothing, will not get many marks.

• Plan according to the marks for each question. For example, a question worth three marks requires less time and a shorter answer than one worth ten marks. If a question has several parts, then the parts with more marks will need more time and more developed answers.

• Do not leave out questions or parts of questions. Remember, no answer – no mark.



• Read each question very carefully.

– Identify the command words – you could underline or highlight them.

– Identify the other key words and perhaps underline them too.

– Try to put the question into your own words to understand what it is really asking.

• Read all parts of a question before starting to write your answer. You must think carefully about what is needed for each part as you will not need to repeat material. Even if information is accurate and true, it will not get marks if it is in the wrong part of an answer.

• Look very carefully at the resource material you are given.

– Read the title, key, axes of graphs, etc. to fi nd out exactly what it is showing you.

– Look for dates, scale, and location.

– Try using coloured pencils or pens to pick out or shade in anything that the question asks you about – this might help you see patterns, see trends, appreciate locations, etc.

• Answer the question. This is very important!

– Use your knowledge and understanding.

– Do not just write out all you know, only write what is needed to answer the question.

– Do not try to repeat answers you might have practised from previous papers, they are unlikely to fi t your question.

– Do not ‘explain’ if the question says ‘describe’, etc.

• Plan your answers. Clear, concise, well-ordered, well-argued, well-supported answers get more marks than long, rambling, muddled, repetitious answers. Quality is better than quantity.

• Use geographical terms in your answers as much as possible.

• Use the appropriate technical vocabulary to describe patterns.

• Use the resource material given in the question to support your answer.

• Annotated maps, diagrams and graphs can aid you and be used instead of lines of writing. Use them whenever possible but do not then repeat the information in words.

• Use case-study material even when it is not required specifi cally by the question.

• Use case studies that are familiar to you, e.g. from your home area, where possible.

• Remember that change is an important part of all geographical processes, both physical and human. Questions often ask about changes, so make sure that you understand this term.

• Make sure your writing is clear and easy to read. It is no good writing a brilliant answer if the examiner cannot read it!

Paper 1 advice• Make sure you are familiar with all the core topics.

• Work out how much time you have for each section and keep to it.

• If a question asks, for example, for two challenges faced by a city, then avoid writing about more than two because the level of detail and explanation in your answer will not be as good.

• Be prepared to use map reading, graph reading, diagram reading skills.



• Use diagrams to describe: a well-labelled diagram can show the characteristics of a landform such as a delta. Try to make your diagrams as accurate and informative as possible.

• Where a labelled sketch of a photograph is required you must base it on the photograph given and not on a textbook diagram.

• Use data to support your answer in the data response questions. This adds substance and therefore achieves marks. When given a resource, try to use it as fully as you can in your answers.

• Make sure you know your case studies and can use these to demonstrate your understanding of a concept when required.

• Description of the characteristics of landforms can be as important as explanations of their formation, and the character of migrants as important as the nature of the migration.

• Make sure you understand terms such as sector, zone, decade, trends, items of information, layout, and positive and negative effects when used in questions.

• Make sure you understand and are able to explain (if required)

– geology (rock hardness, strength, chemical composition, texture, jointing, bedding, dip, faulting)

– sub-surface hydrology and the recharge concept

– hydraulic action and solution

– braided channels

– the landforms associated with meanders

– form (shape, steepness, uniformity) of slope

– the relationship between rock type and structure and slope stability

– energy exchanges

– lapse rates and what happens to rising air

– conditional instability

– fog and dew formation

– urban heat islands

– processes of mass movement

– functional zones

– urbanisation

– residential segregation

– spatial competition

– infrastructure (transport, utilities, water, sewage systems)

These are only some of the terms that are poorly understood. There are many more terms on which you would be tested.

• Know the difference between

– rate and amount

– volcanoes and fold mountains

– island arcs and volcanic hot spots

– river channel and catchment (drainage basin)



– carbonation and solution

– hydrolysis and hydration

– solution and suspension, etc.

• Know the difference between a cross-section, a plan and a profi le.

• Know urban processes such as gentrifi cation, fi ltering.

• Know examples, especially from your home area; you will write more convincingly if you are familiar with an area.

• Use general concepts and key ideas to help you to consider all factors. For example, if a question asks about population change, think about natural increase (birth rate and death rate) and migration. For landforms consider rocks (type and structure), processes and time. Think about environmental, social, economic, and political factors.

• Be clear about command words such as overall, relationships and trend.

• Try to make your answers as detailed as possible, particularly when explaining a process.

• Try to be precise when giving defi nitions of key geographical terms.

Paper 2 advice• Spread your time between parts (a) and (b) according to the mark allocation of 10 and 15 marks

respectively. Read both parts carefully so you are clear about the level of detail required for each part of the question.

• Develop your skills in producing fully annotated diagrams and use them in your text. Make sure they are relevant to the question you are answering.

• Understand the relationship between the physical and human environment. You will need to know about the physical geography as well as the human impact on the physical environments of your particular areas of study.

• Use and integrate case studies and examples, particularly from your home country, wherever possible, even if the question does not specifi cally ask for them, but make sure your case study is relevant to the question being asked.

• Take note of the command words – be sure that you are clear whether you have to explain or evaluate, for example. Don’t just write all you know about a topic – make sure you apply this to the question you have been asked.

• If you are given resource material in questions – use it! You probably need to explain and develop what it shows in your answer.

• Be able to describe a distribution and give specifi c aspects of a distribution.

• Be clear what the key term characteristics means.

• Sketch maps of coastlines are very useful to show relative locations, transport processes, geology, etc.

• Know about salt marshes and how they develop for the Coastal Environments option.

• Understand and be able to explain how physical processes work. Try to be as precise as possible in your explanations.

• Be able to relate physical processes to their outcome in the landscape as landforms.

• Be able to explain human impacts in terms of how they affect physical processes.



• Link your knowledge of sustainable management to how it is put into practice.

• Evaluation is an essential skill; make sure you understand how to tackle questions such as those that ask to what extent or assess the ...

• Be aware that the scale of landforms affects their importance in a characteristic landscape. For instance, tower karst and dolines are more signifi cant than stalagmites in limestone scenery.

• Know about weathering and the products of weathering.

• Understand how geology relates to landforms.

• Tropical climates require knowledge of humid, seasonally humid (savanna) and monsoon climates.

• Know about soils – what their profi les look like, what characteristics they have and how the soil forming processes work to produce these characteristics.

• Know how soils relate to vegetation, climate, parent materials and human activities.

• Arid and Semi-Arid Environments requires you to be able to explain the process of desertifi cation as a result of both human and physical factors.

• Knowledge of and ability to draw Gersmehl diagrams are very useful for explanation of nutrient

• cycling in ecosystems and for explaining the impact of human activities in ecosystems.

• Know about sources of water supply in deserts and be able to link this to the nature of rainfall.

• The scale of a landform is a useful characteristic, especially for desert landforms.

• Understand the difference between plan and profi le, especially in relation to coasts and be able to

• explain different cliff profi les.

• Know how sediment is transported in relation to Coastal Environments

• Know about the causes of earthquakes and what volcanic hotspots are. Be able to explain the factors that determine the nature of volcanic eruptions for Hazardous Environments.

• Be aware of the physical nature and prediction of natural hazards as well as their impact and the management of them.

Paper 3 advice• Use examples wherever possible, especially those from your home country. Effective use of examples

will help you to give a better answer.

• Write precisely and in detail focusing on the central requirements of the question. Do not write vague, generalised comments that are not related to the content of the question.

• Look at each question carefully and break it down – for example, look at the command word, the key idea and the scale/context of the question.

• Look at the wording of past questions and check for terms that may be unfamiliar, such as to monitor (observe and check impacts), to exploit (use), confl icts of interest, agricultural system, agricultural productivity, etc.

• Pay particular attention to data or a resource given in a question. Read it and familiarise yourself with it, think analytically about it and then use it to support your answer. Do not just rewrite the contents of a resource – process it to answer the question.

• Consider the number of marks awarded to each question and allocate your time accordingly.



• If asked, for example, for a specifi c number of reasons in a question, you do not need to write about more than the specifi ed number. Doing so will mean that you have less time to write about each and your answer will be less detailed.

• Be able to produce detailed, annotated maps and diagrams to illustrate your answer. Practise these when revising.

• Use as much geographical terminology in your answer as you can. Try to be as precise as possible if a question asks you to explain a key term.

• Practise your evaluative/assessment skills; they are needed throughout the paper. You can assess in terms of degree of success or failure, the past versus the present, unforeseen results, different spatial outcomes, and different effects on different groups of people.

• If a question is about a specifi c place, do not assume you need to have studied that place. You probably you just need to use your skills and geographical understanding.

• Expect unusual and unfamiliar data sets and resources.

• Understand the different command words compare and contrast.

• Know key terms that are used in questions, e.g. relationships, factors, character, etc.

• Keep up to date with events that are happening in the news as these can provide material for recent examples to use in your answers.

• ‘Scale’ is important. Make sure you know the difference between global, national, regional and local, and answer accordingly if these terms are used in a question.

• Effects can be long term or short term; physical, economic, social and political; positive and negative.

• Physical, economic, social and political factors infl uence human activities. They can operate as positive and/or negative factors. Be able to discuss these in relation to each option you have studied.

• Trade and tourism are closely-linked topics and you should be aware of this relationship.

• Know how fi eldwork is carried out so you can use your understanding of how data is collected.

• ‘Development’ includes economic, social and political development.

• Know the difference between Fair Trade and free trade for Global Interdependence.

• Understand the terms diseconomies and deindustrialisation as part of Economic Transition.



Section 3: What will be tested?



The examiners take account of the following skills areas in the examination papers

1. Knowledge: the facts and ideas you remember

2. Understanding and application: how you use what you know and apply it to unfamiliar situations

3. Skills and enquiry: how you handle data and draw conclusions from it

4. Evaluation and decision-making: how you judge and are critical of facts and situations

These skills areas are called assessment objectives. They are explained further in the table below. Your teacher will be able to provide you with more detailed information on each one.

Assessment objective (AO)

What the AO means

What you need to be able to do

1. Knowledge Remembering facts and ideas

1.1 give defi nitions and explanations of relevant geographical terms and concepts

1.2 show working knowledge of relevant principles, theories and models

1.3 recall accurately the location and character of chosen places and environments

1.4 show knowledge of the physical and human processes at work.

2. Understanding and application

How you use what you know and relate it to other situations

2.1 understand the complex and interactive nature of physical and human environments

2.2 understand how processes bring changes in systems, distributions and environments

2.3 recognise the distinctiveness and the generality of places and environments

2.4 recognise the signifi cance of spatial scale and of time scale

2.5 apply this geographical understanding to new contexts.

3. Skills and enquiry

How you study data and come to conclusions about it

3.1 collect, record and interpret a variety of information from primary (fi eldwork) sources and secondary sources (e.g. statistical data)

3.2 interpret a range of map and diagram techniques displaying geographical information

3.3 assess methods of enquiry and consider the limitations of evidence

3.4 demonstrate skills of analysis and synthesis

3.5 use geographical understanding to develop their own explanations and hypotheses.



Assessment objective (AO)

What the AO means

What you need to be able to do

4. Evaluation and decision-making

How you assess and consider information

4.1 assess the effects of geographical processes and change on physical and human environments

4.2 consider the relative success or failure of initiatives and demonstrate a sense of judgement

4.3 analyse the viewpoints of different groups of people and identify confl icts of interest

4.4 assess the decision-making process in physical and human contexts

4.5 recognise a number of possible outcomes from a given situation.

Section 4: What you need to know



In the table below you will fi nd the things you may be tested on in the examination. They are arranged in the order they occur in the syllabus. If there any words or terms you do not understand, ask your teacher.

How to use the tableThe table has columns which give you information and which you can use.

Unit The core topics and advanced physical and human option topics – they are called units in the main syllabus

Topic Subdivisions of the core and option topics – use throughout the course to check what you have covered

You should be able to Here you can check in detail what you know/are able to do

Checklist Here you can tick off what you have done or what you have learned well (use a pencil for later re-use)

Comments Here you can: i. add further information of your own, such as names of case studies needed ii. add learning aids, such as “winds blow from high to low pressure” iii. pinpoint areas of diffi culty you need to check further with your teacher or

textbooks

Note: the table below cannot contain absolutely everything you need to know, but it does use examples wherever it can.



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ams

or fl

ow c

hart

s of

wat

er m

ovem

ent

• ap

ply

the

abov

e to

bas

ins

in a

var

iety

of

diff

eren

t cl

imat

ic

envi

ronm

ents

, e.g

. ver

y w

et (t

ropi

cal r

ainf

ores

t), s

easo

nal r

ainf

all,

etc.

1. H

ydro

log

y an

d fl

uvi

al

geo

mo

rph

olo

gy

1.2

Rai

nfal

l –

disc

harg

e re

latio

nshi

ps

with

in d

rain

age

basi

ns

• un

ders

tand

fl oo

d/st

orm

hyd

rogr

aphs

and

bas

ic te

rms,

e.g

. –

disc

harg

e –

risin

g lim

b –

falli

ng li

mb

–la

g tim

e –

peak

–st

orm

fl ow

–ba

sefl o

w –

stor

m e

vent

• be

abl

e to

dra

w t

ypic

al fl

ood/

stor

m h

ydro

grap

hs•

desc

ribe

and

unde

rsta

nd t

he d

iffer

ence

bet

wee

n a

fl ood

/sto

rm

hydr

ogra

ph a

nd a

n an

nual

hyd

rogr

aph

(riv

er re

gim

e gr

aph)

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

the

fac

tors

tha

t cr

eate

diff

eren

t hy

drog

raph

s, e

.g.

–cl

imat

e an

d w

eath

er v

aria

tions

(pre

cipi

tatio

n ty

pe

and

inte

nsity

, tem

pera

ture

, eva

pora

tion,

tra

nspi

ratio

n,

evap

otra

nspi

ratio

n, a

ntec

eden

t m

oist

ure)

–

drai

nage

bas

in c

hara

cter

istic

s (s

ize,

sha

pe, d

rain

age

dens

ity,

slop

e) –

geol

ogy,

soi

ls a

nd v

eget

atio

n (p

oros

ity a

nd p

erm

eabi

lity

of

soils

, roc

k ty

pe, v

eget

atio

n ty

pe, l

and-

use)

.•

unde

rsta

nd h

ow t

he f

acto

rs a

bove

aff

ect

whe

re w

ater

is s

tore

d an

d ho

w it

mov

es (fl

ow

s)



Pap

er 1

: Cor

e G

eogr

aphy

: The

Phy

sica

l Cor

eU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

1. H

ydro

log

y an

d fl

uvi

al

geo

mo

rph

olo

gy

1.3

Riv

er c

hann

el

proc

esse

s an

d la

ndfo

rms

• de

scrib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e m

ain

type

s of

riv

er p

roce

sses

of

–er

osio

n, (a

bras

ion/

corr

asio

n, s

olut

ion,

hyd

raul

ic a

ctio

n) –

tran

spor

t (t

ract

ion,

sal

tatio

n, s

uspe

nsio

n an

d so

lutio

n) –

depo

sitio

n an

d se

dim

enta

tion

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

whe

re a

nd w

hen

they

ope

rate

•

rela

te t

hem

to o

ther

riv

er f

acto

rs li

ke v

eloc

ity a

nd d

isch

arge

• re

ad s

uch

grap

hs a

s H

juls

trom

Cur

ve a

nd s

catt

er g

raph

s su

ch a

s ve

loci

ty v

s. d

isch

arge

•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

how

riv

ers

fl ow

: –

velo

city

var

iatio

ns –

lam

inar

, tur

bule

nt, h

elic

oida

l –

thal

weg

• re

ason

s fo

r di

ffer

ence

s in

fl ow

pat

tern

s•

draw

, des

crib

e an

d un

ders

tand

the

typ

es o

f ch

anne

l pat

tern

s –

in p

lan

i.e. s

trai

ght,

bra

ided

, mea

nder

ing

–in

cro

ss-s

ectio

n •

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

a ra

nge

of ‘r

iver

’ fea

ture

s: –

insi

de t

he c

hann

el, e

.g. r

iffl e

and

poo

l, riv

er c

liff,

poin

t ba

r, m

eand

er, o

xbow

–on

the

cha

nnel

edg

e, e

.g. l

evée

, fl o

odpl

ain,

–

alon

g th

e co

urse

, e.g

. gor

ge, r

apid

s, w

ater

fall,

blu

ff, a

lluvi

al

fan,

del

tas

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

exa

mpl

es

1. H

ydro

log

y an

d fl

uvi

al

geo

mo

rph

olo

gy

1.4

The

hum

an

impa

ct•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

wha

t ch

ange

s oc

cur

in a

dra

inag

e ba

sin

caus

ed b

y –

land

-use

cha

nge

–ur

ban

deve

lopm

ent

–pe

ople

tak

ing

wat

er f

rom

the

riv

er –

stor

age

by d

ams,

bar

rage

s, e

tc.

• un

ders

tand

how

the

se c

hang

es a

ffec

t th

e fl o

ws

and

stor

es in

; –

the

drai

nage

bas

in g

ener

ally

–th

e ch

anne

l par

ticul

arly

• un

ders

tand

the

follo

win

g ab

out

fl ood

s an

d fl o

odin

g: –

caus

es –

effe

cts

–pr

edic

ting

and

fore

cast

ing



Pap

er 1

: Cor

e G

eogr

aphy

: The

Phy

sica

l Cor

eU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

–re

curr

ence

–m

etho

ds o

f pr

even

ting

–m

etho

ds o

f le

ssen

ing

the

impa

ct•

unde

rsta

nd t

he s

ame

as t

he a

bove

abo

ut d

roug

ht

2. A

tmo

sph

ere

and

w

eath

er2.

1 Lo

cal e

nerg

y bu

dget

s•

unde

rsta

nd h

ow e

nerg

y co

mes

to a

nd le

aves

Ear

th in

the

da

ytim

e, e

.g. i

ncom

ing

sola

r ra

diat

ion,

refl e

cted

sol

ar r

adia

tion,

en

ergy

abs

orbe

d in

to t

he s

urfa

ce a

nd s

ubsu

rfac

e, s

ensi

ble

heat

tra

nsfe

r, lo

ng w

ave

eart

h ra

diat

ion,

late

nt h

eat

tran

sfer

–

evap

orat

ion.

• un

ders

tand

how

ene

rgy

com

es to

and

leav

es E

arth

in t

he

nigh

t, e

.g. l

ong

wav

e ea

rth

radi

atio

n, la

tent

hea

t tr

ansf

er –

dew

, se

nsib

le h

eat

tran

sfer

, abs

orbe

d en

ergy

retu

rned

to e

arth

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

the

wea

ther

phe

nom

ena

asso

ciat

ed

with

the

se e

nerg

y tr

ansf

ers,

e.g

. mis

t, fo

g, d

ew, t

empe

ratu

re

inve

rsio

ns, l

and

and

sea

bree

zes

2. A

tmo

sph

ere

and

w

eath

er2.

2 Th

e gl

obal

en

ergy

bud

get

• un

ders

tand

whi

ch p

lace

s on

Ear

th g

ain

mor

e he

at t

han

they

lose

, an

d vi

ce v

ersa

• un

ders

tand

how

suc

h im

bala

nces

are

ove

rcom

e by

hea

t be

ing

tran

sfer

red

arou

nd t

he E

arth

i.e.

the

glo

bal c

ircul

atio

n of

the

at

mos

pher

e in

volv

ing

–th

ree

cell

mod

el –

Ros

sby

Wav

es –

jet

stre

ams

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

wor

ld p

atte

rns

of:

–te

mpe

ratu

re –

pres

sure

–w

inds

• kn

ow t

he v

aria

tions

in t

hese

pat

tern

s an

d ho

w t

hey

chan

ge

seas

onal

ly•

unde

rsta

nd t

he in

fl uen

ce o

n th

ese

patt

erns

of

–la

titud

e –

land

/sea

dis

trib

utio

n –

ocea

n cu

rren

ts



Pap

er 1

: Cor

e G

eogr

aphy

: The

Phy

sica

l Cor

eU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

2. A

tmo

sph

ere

and

w

eath

er2.

3 W

eath

er

proc

esse

s an

d ph

enom

ena

• kn

ow h

ow m

oist

ure

occu

rs in

the

atm

osph

ere

(vap

our,

liqui

d,

solid

)•

desc

ribe

the

proc

esse

s th

at a

lter

thes

e st

ates

i.e.

eva

pora

tion,

co

nden

satio

n, f

reez

ing,

mel

ting,

dep

ositi

on a

nd s

ublim

atio

n •

unde

rsta

nd h

umid

ity (r

elat

ive

and

abso

lute

) and

wha

t af

fect

s it

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

how

air

can

be c

oole

d at

the

sur

face

(r

adia

tion

cool

ing)

•

desc

ribe

and

unde

rsta

nd w

hat

caus

es a

ir to

ris

e (c

onve

ctio

n an

d or

ogra

phic

upl

ift) a

nd t

hen

cool

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

wha

t la

pse

rate

s ar

e, p

artic

ular

ly

–dr

y ad

iaba

tic –

satu

rate

d ad

iaba

tic –

envi

ronm

enta

l•

unde

rsta

nd h

ow la

pse

rate

s re

late

to la

tent

hea

t re

leas

e an

d th

e st

ate

of t

he a

tmos

pher

e: –

stab

le –

unst

able

–co

nditi

onal

ly u

nsta

ble

• be

abl

e to

dra

w o

r in

terp

ret

sim

ple

grap

hs to

sho

w s

tabi

lity

and

laps

e ra

tes

• un

ders

tand

how

the

abo

ve re

late

s to

pre

cipi

tatio

n (in

clud

ing

idea

s of

rela

tive

hum

idity

, sat

urat

ion,

dew

poi

nt, c

onde

nsat

ion

leve

l, co

nden

satio

n nu

clei

)•

be a

ble

to re

late

laps

e ra

tes

and

stab

ility

to c

oolin

g an

d w

eath

er

phen

omen

a –

part

icul

arly

clo

uds

and

rain

, –

but

also

hai

l, sn

ow, f

rost

, dew

, fog

2. A

tmo

sph

ere

and

w

eath

er2.

4 Th

e hu

man

im

pact

• kn

ow t

he d

iffer

ence

bet

wee

n gr

eenh

ouse

eff

ect

and

glob

al

war

min

g –

poss

ible

cau

ses

and

cons

eque

nces

(gre

enho

use

gase

s an

d th

e en

ergy

bud

get;

clim

atic

and

oth

er im

pact

s)•

know

and

und

erst

and

the

effe

ct o

n cl

imat

e of

an

urba

n ar

ea

com

pare

d w

ith t

he s

urro

undi

ng r

ural

are

a; te

mpe

ratu

re –

hea

t is

land

, hum

idity

, pre

cipi

tatio

n, p

ollu

tion,

win

ds



Pap

er 1

: Cor

e G

eogr

aphy

: The

Phy

sica

l Cor

eU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

3. R

ock

s an

d

wea

ther

ing

3.

1 El

emen

tary

pl

ate

tect

onic

s•

reco

gnis

e th

e gl

obal

pat

tern

of

plat

e bo

unda

ries

(wor

ld m

ap

know

ledg

e us

eful

)•

unde

rsta

nd t

he d

iffer

ent

type

s of

pla

te b

ound

ary,

why

the

y oc

cur

and

the

proc

esse

s th

at o

pera

te t

here

: –

cons

truc

tive

boun

dary

–de

stru

ctiv

e bo

unda

ry –

colli

sion

bou

ndar

y –

pass

ive/

cons

erva

tive/

tran

sfor

m•

unde

rsta

nd s

ea fl

oor

spre

adin

g•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

the

land

form

s fo

rmed

at

boun

darie

s, s

uch

as: –

fold

mou

ntai

ns –

ocea

n rid

ges/

rift

valle

ys –

ocea

n tr

ench

es –

isla

nd a

rcs

–vo

lcan

oes

and

eart

hqua

kes

(gen

eral

ly –

ar

e st

udie

d in

dep

th in

Pap

er 2

Haz

ardo

us e

nviro

nmen

ts)

• dr

aw, o

r in

terp

ret,

map

s or

dia

gram

s of

bou

ndar

ies

and

land

form

fo

rmat

ion

3. R

ock

s an

d

wea

ther

ing

3.2

Wea

ther

ing

and

rock

s•

desc

ribe

and

unde

rsta

nd t

he t

ypes

of:

–ph

ysic

al (m

echa

nica

l) w

eath

erin

g (f

reez

e-th

aw, h

eatin

g/co

olin

g, w

ettin

g/dr

ying

, exf

olia

tion/

sphe

roid

al, c

ryst

al

grow

th, p

ress

ure

rele

ase)

–ch

emic

al w

eath

erin

g (h

ydro

lysi

s, h

ydra

tion,

car

bona

tion,

so

lutio

n, o

xida

tion,

org

anic

act

ion

– hu

mic

aci

ds a

nd

chel

atio

n)•

unde

rsta

nd w

hy d

iffer

ent

type

s of

wea

ther

ing

occu

r in

diff

eren

t cl

imat

ic z

ones

(Pel

tier

diag

ram

)•

desc

ribe

and

unde

rsta

nd t

he e

ffec

tiven

ess

of w

eath

erin

g in

di

ffer

ent

envi

ronm

ents

– r

ates

and

con

sequ

ence

s•

unde

rsta

nd t

he f

acto

rs t

hat

infl u

ence

wea

ther

ing:

–ro

ck t

ype

–st

ruct

ure

–cl

imat

e –

vege

tatio

n –

relie

f (g

radi

ent

of s

lope

, she

lter

or e

xpos

ure/

dire

ctio

n sl

ope

is

faci

ng)



Pap

er 1

: Cor

e G

eogr

aphy

: The

Phy

sica

l Cor

eU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

• kn

ow t

he p

rope

rtie

s of

gra

nite

and

lim

esto

ne (c

hem

ical

and

ph

ysic

al)

• un

ders

tand

how

the

se ro

cks

reac

t to

wea

ther

ing

and

eros

ion

3. R

ock

s an

d

wea

ther

ing

3.3

Slo

pe

proc

esse

s an

d de

velo

pmen

t

• kn

ow h

ow s

lope

form

diff

ers

(sha

pe, s

teep

ness

, uni

form

ity)

• kn

ow a

nd u

nder

stan

d ho

w s

lope

s de

velo

p an

d ch

ange

the

ir fo

rm

depe

ndin

g on

the

fac

tors

of:

–ro

ck t

ype

–st

ruct

ure

–cl

imat

e –

vege

tatio

n –

soil

–re

lief

(gra

dien

t of

slo

pe, s

helte

r or

exp

osur

e/di

rect

ion

slop

e is

fa

cing

)•

know

and

und

erst

and

slop

e pr

oces

ses

of m

ass

mov

emen

t: –

heav

e –

fl ow

–sl

ide

–fa

ll•

know

the

con

ditio

ns fo

r ea

ch o

f th

e m

ass

mov

emen

ts to

occ

ur•

know

the

eff

ects

of

thes

e on

slo

pe fo

rm a

nd c

hang

e w

ith t

ime

• de

mon

stra

te g

ood

exam

ples

and

dia

gram

s

3. R

ock

s an

d

wea

ther

ing

3.4

The

hum

an

impa

ct•

desc

ribe

and

unde

rsta

nd h

ow h

uman

act

iviti

es in

fl uen

ce:

–ro

cks

–ra

tes

of w

eath

erin

g –

slop

e fo

rm

–sl

ope

proc

esse

s as

a re

sult

of, e

.g. q

uarr

ying

, min

ing,

pol

lutio

n, a

cid

rain

, dum

ping

m

ater

ials

on

land

.Th

roug

hout

thi

s se

ctio

n it

is im

port

ant

to k

now

exa

mpl

es a

nd c

ase

stud

ies

com

parin

g an

d co

ntra

stin

g m

ore

econ

omic

ally

dev

elop

ed

coun

trie

s (M

ED

Cs)

with

less

eco

nom

ical

ly d

evel

oped

cou

ntrie

s (L

ED

Cs)



Pap

er 1

: Cor

e G

eogr

aphy

: The

Hum

an C

ore

You

shou

ld il

lust

rate

you

r an

swer

s, w

here

app

ropr

iate

, with

refe

renc

e to

cas

e st

udie

s dr

awn

from

LE

DC

s (le

ss e

cono

mic

ally

dev

elop

ed c

ount

ries)

and

M

ED

Cs

(mor

e ec

onom

ical

ly d

evel

oped

cou

ntrie

s) s

ince

197

0.

Ther

e ar

e st

rong

inte

rrel

atio

nshi

ps b

etw

een

the

thre

e to

pics

in t

he H

uman

Cor

e an

d qu

estio

ns s

pann

ing

two

or m

ore

topi

cs m

ay b

e se

t in

bot

h S

ectio

ns A

and

C.

Un

itTo

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

Ch

eckl

ist

Co

mm

ents

1. P

op

ula

tio

n1.

1 N

atur

al

Incr

ease

as

a co

mpo

nent

of

popu

latio

n ch

ange

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

how

pop

ulat

ion

incr

ease

s na

tura

lly

(with

out

mig

ratio

n) in

rela

tion

to:

–bi

rth

rate

–de

ath

rate

–fe

rtili

ty r

ate

–in

fant

mor

talit

y ra

te•

desc

ribe

and

unde

rsta

nd t

he f

acto

rs a

ffec

ting

leve

ls o

f bi

rths

and

de

aths

, fer

tility

and

mor

talit

y•

inte

rpre

t ag

e/se

x py

ram

ids

• un

ders

tand

how

a p

opul

atio

n gr

oup

is m

ade

up i.

e. it

s st

ruct

ure,

an

d kn

ow s

ome

of t

he c

ompo

nent

par

ts:

–ag

e –

gend

er –

depe

nden

cy –

depe

nden

cy r

atio

1. P

op

ula

tio

n1.

2 D

emog

raph

ic

tran

sitio

n•

know

and

und

erst

and

how

and

why

birt

h ra

tes

and

deat

h ra

tes

chan

ge w

ith t

ime

• dr

aw, i

nter

pret

and

exp

lain

the

dem

ogra

phic

tra

nsiti

on m

odel

th

roug

h st

ages

1–5

• be

crit

ical

in d

escr

ibin

g an

d un

ders

tand

ing

the

mod

el’s

use

s,

limita

tions

and

ext

ensi

ons

• kn

ow a

nd u

nder

stan

d is

sues

of

agei

ng p

opul

atio

ns•

desc

ribe

and

unde

rsta

nd v

ario

us d

evel

opm

ent

indi

ces

such

as

: Gro

ss N

atio

nal P

rodu

ct (G

NP

), in

com

e pe

r ca

pita

, life

ex

pect

ancy

, hea

lth, e

duca

tion,

Hum

an D

evel

opm

ent

Inde

x (H

DI),

et

c.



Pap

er 1

: Cor

e G

eorg

raph

y: T

he H

uman

Cor

eU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

• kn

ow a

nd u

nder

stan

d th

e tw

o-w

ay li

nk b

etw

een

popu

latio

n an

d a

coun

try/

regi

on’s

dev

elop

men

t, i.

e. p

opul

atio

n as

a re

sour

ce o

r a

drai

n.•

know

and

und

erst

and

how

dev

elop

men

t lin

ks w

ith c

hang

es in

de

mog

raph

ic in

dice

s, e

.g. l

ife e

xpec

tanc

y ov

er t

ime

1. P

op

ula

tio

n1.

3 P

opul

atio

n-re

sour

ce

rela

tions

hips

• un

ders

tand

wha

t re

sour

ces

are

• un

ders

tand

the

term

‘car

ryin

g ca

paci

ty’

• kn

ow a

nd u

nder

stan

d th

e ca

uses

and

con

sequ

ence

s of

food

sh

orta

ges

• kn

ow a

nd u

nder

stan

d ho

w re

sour

ce d

evel

opm

ent,

e.g

. foo

d pr

oduc

tion,

rela

tes

to te

chno

logy

and

inno

vatio

n•

know

and

und

erst

and

how

con

stra

ints

, e.g

. war

, clim

atic

ha

zard

s, li

nk to

pop

ulat

ion

and

reso

urce

s•

expl

ain

and

look

crit

ical

ly a

t th

e co

ncep

ts o

f: –

over

popu

latio

n –

optim

um p

opul

atio

n –

unde

rpop

ulat

ion

• un

ders

tand

the

con

cept

of

a po

pula

tion

ceili

ng a

nd p

opul

atio

n ad

just

men

ts o

ver

time

(the

J-c

urve

and

the

S-c

urve

)•

draw

and

exp

lain

gra

phs

to il

lust

rate

the

abo

ve•

unde

rsta

nd h

ow t

heor

ies,

e.g

. Mal

thus

, Bos

erup

rela

te•

desc

ribe

and

unde

rsta

nd t

he te

rm s

usta

inab

ility

and

how

it c

an

be a

pplie

d to

cha

ngin

g po

pula

tions

and

reso

urce

s

1. P

op

ula

tio

n1.

4 Th

e m

anag

emen

t of

na

tura

l inc

reas

e

• kn

ow a

nd u

nder

stan

d in

det

ail a

cas

e st

udy

of o

ne

cou

ntr

y’s

popu

latio

n po

licy

rega

rdin

g na

tura

l inc

reas

e (p

opul

atio

n in

crea

se

or d

eclin

e). I

n th

is y

ou s

houl

d:•

know

and

und

erst

and

how

the

cou

ntry

att

empt

s to

con

trol

po

pula

tion

(the

man

agem

ent

polic

ies)

•

know

how

and

why

thi

s co

untr

y fa

ces

diffi

cul

ties

in m

anag

ing

its

natu

ral i

ncre

ase

• un

ders

tand

how

the

pol

icie

s at

tem

pt to

sol

ve t

hese

pro

blem

s•

criti

cally

judg

e th

e su

cces

s le

vel o

f th

ese

polic

ies



Pap

er 1

: Cor

e G

eorg

raph

y: T

he H

uman

Cor

eU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

2. M

igra

tio

n2.

1 M

igra

tion

as

a co

mpo

nent

of

popu

latio

n ch

ange

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

the

typ

es o

f m

igra

tion

(exc

ludi

ng a

ll m

ovem

ents

of

less

tha

n on

e ye

ar’s

dur

atio

n)•

stud

y at

tem

pts

to c

lass

ify t

hese

, e.g

. vol

unta

ry, f

orce

d, e

tc.

• un

ders

tand

the

reas

ons

for

mig

ratio

n –

econ

omic

, soc

ial,

polit

ical

, cul

tura

l, ra

cial

, –

push

fac

tors

, pul

l fac

tors

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

the

way

s by

whi

ch p

eopl

e m

igra

te, i

.e.

–th

e pr

oces

ses

(how

mig

ratio

n is

ach

ieve

d) –

the

patt

erns

(spa

tial m

ovem

ents

of

mig

rant

s)•

unde

rsta

nd t

he e

ffec

ts o

f co

nstr

aint

s, o

bsta

cles

and

bar

riers

, e.

g. d

ista

nce,

cos

t, n

atio

nal b

orde

rs, l

angu

age

2. M

igra

tio

n2.

2 In

tern

al

mig

ratio

n (w

ithin

a

coun

try)

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

rur

al-u

rban

and

urb

an-r

ural

mov

emen

ts

–ca

uses

–ef

fect

s on

are

as p

eopl

e le

ave

(sou

rce)

–ef

fect

s on

are

as p

eopl

e go

to (r

ecei

ving

are

as)

–in

clud

e th

e ef

fect

s on

pop

ulat

ion

stru

ctur

es•

desc

ribe

and

unde

rsta

nd h

ow m

igra

tion

can

occu

r in

ste

ps f

rom

vi

llage

s to

sm

all t

owns

, fro

m o

ne to

wn

to a

noth

er a

nd o

n to

ci

ties,

etc

. (st

eppe

d m

igra

tion)

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

mov

emen

ts w

ithin

urb

an a

reas

– t

heir

caus

es a

nd e

ffec

ts

2. M

igra

tio

n2.

3 In

tern

atio

nal

mig

ratio

n•

desc

ribe

and

unde

rsta

nd v

olun

tary

and

forc

ed (i

nvol

unta

ry)

mov

emen

ts –

caus

es o

f in

tern

atio

nal m

igra

tion,

e.g

. eco

nom

ic –

patt

erns

of

inte

rnat

iona

l mig

ratio

n, e

.g. r

efug

ee fl

ows

–ef

fect

s on

are

as p

eopl

e le

ave

(sou

rce)

–ef

fect

s on

are

as p

eopl

e go

to (r

ecei

ving

are

as)



Pap

er 1

: Cor

e G

eorg

raph

y: T

he H

uman

Cor

eU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

2. M

igra

tio

n2.

4 A

cas

e st

udy

of in

tern

atio

nal

mig

ratio

n

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

in d

etai

l on

e ex

ampl

e of

an

inte

rnat

iona

l fl o

w o

f pe

ople

–ca

uses

–ch

arac

ter

–sc

ale

–pa

tter

n –

effe

cts

on s

ourc

e –

effe

cts

on re

ceiv

ing

area

(thi

s m

ay o

r m

ay n

ot in

clud

e an

ele

men

t of

man

agem

ent)

3. S

ettl

emen

t d

ynam

ics

3.1

Cha

nges

in

rura

l set

tlem

ents

• un

ders

tand

why

the

re a

re c

hang

es t

akin

g pl

ace

in r

ural

se

ttle

men

ts a

nd t

he is

sues

the

se r

aise

(inc

lude

rur

al-u

rban

and

ur

ban-

rura

l mig

ratio

n an

d ef

fect

s of

urb

an g

row

th)

• re

alis

e th

at t

he c

hang

es a

re d

iffer

ent

in M

ED

C a

nd L

ED

C v

illag

es

• de

scrib

e th

e m

ain

chan

ges

occu

rrin

g: –

stru

ctur

e of

pop

ulat

ion

–ty

pes

of h

ousi

ng –

natu

re o

f se

rvic

es/f

acili

ties

–oc

cupa

tions

–la

nd-u

se c

hang

es –

aest

hetic

cha

ract

er•

unde

rsta

nd re

actio

ns to

the

se c

hang

es

• cr

eate

a c

ase

stud

y of

–

eith

er a

typ

ical

vill

age

or h

amle

t –

or

a ru

ral a

rea

i. sh

ow h

ow t

here

is d

evel

opm

ent

and

grow

th (o

r de

clin

e)ii.

ill

ustr

ate

the

issu

es a

risin

g fr

om d

evel

opm

ent

and

grow

th (o

r de

clin

e) (e

ffec

ts a

nd re

spon

ses)

iii.

eval

uate

the

resp

onse

s

(dep

endi

ng o

n w

hich

you

cho

ose,

the

cha

nges

to c

onsi

der

will

be

slig

htly

diff

eren

t or

add

ition

al, s

uch

as in

road

s by

in

dust

ry, r

ecre

atio

n, t

rans

port

, etc

.)



Pap

er 1

: Cor

e G

eorg

raph

y: T

he H

uman

Cor

eU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

3. S

ettl

emen

t d

ynam

ics

3.2

Urb

an t

rend

s an

d is

sues

of

urba

nisa

tion

In re

latio

n to

ME

DC

s an

d LE

DC

s•

defi n

e: –

urba

nisa

tion

–ur

ban

grow

th –

subu

rban

isat

ion

–co

unte

r-ur

bani

satio

n –

re-u

rban

isat

ion

–ge

ntrifi

cat

ion

–ur

ban

rene

wal

• un

ders

tand

the

con

fl ict

ing

dem

ands

for

land

on

the

edge

of

a ci

ty a

s th

e ci

ty g

row

s (c

ompe

titio

n fo

r la

nd)

• un

ders

tand

the

eff

ects

of

chan

ging

acc

essi

bilit

y (c

ars,

etc

.)•

unde

rsta

nd t

he e

ffec

ts o

f ch

angi

ng li

fest

yles

• un

ders

tand

the

con

cept

of

a w

orld

city

• un

ders

tand

how

and

why

wor

ld c

ities

gro

w•

unde

rsta

nd t

he d

evel

opm

ent

of a

hie

rarc

hy o

f w

orld

citi

es (w

hat

it is

bas

ed o

n, h

ow c

ities

are

ran

ked,

etc

.)

3. S

ettl

emen

t d

ynam

ics

3.3

The

chan

ging

st

ruct

ure

of u

rban

se

ttle

men

ts

• ha

ve a

bas

ic k

now

ledg

e of

the

maj

or la

nd-u

se m

odel

s (e

.g.

Bur

gess

, Hoy

t, M

ann,

etc

.)•

unde

rsta

nd t

he f

acto

rs (i

nclu

ding

pla

nnin

g) w

hich

aff

ect

the

loca

tion

of a

ctiv

ities

like

ser

vice

s, re

taili

ng a

nd m

anuf

actu

ring

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

how

the

se p

atte

rns

chan

ge o

ver

time

and

the

reas

ons

why

thi

s ha

ppen

s•

unde

rsta

nd ‘f

unct

iona

l zon

atio

n’ a

nd c

ompe

titio

n fo

r sp

ace

(spa

tial c

ompe

titio

n) in

urb

an a

reas

and

the

con

cept

of

bid-

rent

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

the

cha

ract

er o

f th

e C

entr

al B

usin

ess

Dis

tric

t (C

BD

) and

the

cha

nges

tak

ing

plac

e th

ere

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

resi

dent

ial s

egre

gatio

n an

d th

e pr

oces

ses

that

resu

lt in

diff

eren

t re

side

ntia

l zon

es, e

.g. fi

lter

ing.



Pap

er 1

: Cor

e G

eorg

raph

y: T

he H

uman

Cor

eU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

3. S

ettl

emen

t d

ynam

ics

3.4

The

man

agem

ent

of

urba

n se

ttle

men

ts

• fo

r ea

ch o

f th

e fo

llow

ing:

1.

LE

DC

squ

atte

r se

ttle

men

t an

d/or

sha

nty

tow

n2.

M

ED

C in

ner

city

are

a (n

ot C

BD

)3.

pr

ovid

ing

infr

astr

uctu

re fo

r an

y ci

ty4.

st

rate

gies

for

redu

cing

urb

anis

atio

n in

LE

DC

sde

scrib

e a

case

stu

dy in

term

s of

: –

show

ing

the

diffi

cul

ties

and

prob

lem

s of

man

agem

ent

–ju

dgin

g ho

w w

ell t

he s

olut

ions

sug

gest

ed a

re w

orki

ng



Pap

er 2

: Adv

ance

d P

hysi

cal G

eogr

aphy

Opt

ions

Que

stio

ns m

ay re

quire

the

use

of

case

stu

dies

, so

it is

ess

entia

l tha

t re

al, r

athe

r th

an t

heor

etic

al, e

xam

ples

are

stu

died

.

Un

itTo

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

Ch

eckl

ist

Co

mm

ents

1. T

rop

ical

en

viro

nm

ents

1.1

Trop

ical

cl

imat

es•

desc

ribe

the

char

acte

ristic

s of

air

mas

ses

foun

d be

twee

n th

e Tr

opic

s of

Can

cer

and

Cap

ricor

n an

d ho

w t

hey

mov

e•

unde

rsta

nd t

he c

once

pt o

f th

e he

at e

quat

or a

nd h

ow it

in

fl uen

ces

pres

sure

bel

ts a

nd w

inds

•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

how

its

loca

tion

varie

s at

any

one

tim

e•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

how

its

loca

tion

chan

ges

thro

ugh

the

year

• be

aw

are

of t

he in

fl uen

ce o

f oc

ean

curr

ents

• de

scrib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e IT

CZ

and

the

char

acte

ristic

s of

wea

ther

as

soci

ated

with

it a

nd it

s se

ason

al m

ovem

ents

• de

scrib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e su

btro

pica

l ant

icyc

lone

s an

d th

eir

asso

ciat

ed w

eath

er•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

the

resu

lting

mai

n cl

imat

e ty

pes

i.e.

equa

toria

l, se

ason

ally

hum

id (s

avan

na),

mon

soon

–va

ryin

g pa

tter

ns, i

n tim

e an

d lo

catio

n, o

f ra

infa

ll –

vary

ing

patt

erns

, in

time

and

area

, of

tem

pera

ture

•

use

exa

mpl

es a

nd c

ase

stud

ies

1. T

rop

ical

en

viro

nm

ents

1.2

Trop

ical

ec

osys

tem

s•

know

and

und

erst

and

the

com

pone

nts

and

links

of

an

ecos

yste

m

• de

fi ne

and

unde

rsta

nd t

hese

term

s: –

plan

t co

mm

unity

–cl

imax

veg

etat

ion

–pl

agio

clim

ax v

eget

atio

n –

plan

t su

cces

sion

–se

re –

nutr

ient

cyc

ling

–en

ergy

fl ow

s –

trop

hic

leve

l –

soil

cate

na –

soil

fert

ility



Pap

er 2

: Adv

ance

d P

hysi

cal G

eogr

aphy

Opt

ions

Un

itTo

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

Ch

eckl

ist

Co

mm

ents

• fo

r tr

opic

al r

ainf

ores

t an

d sa

vann

a –

know

(with

dia

gram

s) t

he v

eget

atio

n st

ruct

ure

–un

ders

tand

how

the

veg

etat

ion

has

deve

lope

d w

ith t

ime

(par

ticul

arly

in re

latio

n to

clim

ate,

soi

l and

hum

an in

fl uen

ces,

bu

t al

so o

ther

fac

tors

suc

h as

relie

f an

d dr

aina

ge)

–kn

ow w

here

, how

and

why

the

str

uctu

re o

f ea

ch v

eget

atio

n ty

pe v

arie

s –

unde

rsta

nd h

ow n

utrie

nts

mov

e an

d ar

e st

ored

–un

ders

tand

ene

rgy

fl ow

s an

d tr

ophi

c le

vels

–us

e G

ersm

ehl d

iagr

ams

–dr

aw a

nd in

terp

ret

a w

ide

rang

e of

ske

tche

s, d

iagr

ams,

ph

otos

• un

ders

tand

soi

l-for

min

g pr

oces

ses

in t

he T

ropi

cs, e

.g. l

ater

isat

ion

• re

late

pro

cess

es to

soi

l typ

es a

nd p

rofi l

es (w

ith d

iagr

ams)

: –

lato

sols

/oxi

sols

–tr

opic

al re

d ea

rth

–tr

opic

al b

row

n ea

rth

• kn

ow e

xam

ples

of

trop

ical

soi

l cat

enas

and

exp

lain

the

eff

ect

of

slop

e on

pro

cess

es fo

rmin

g th

em

• un

ders

tand

how

and

why

soi

l fer

tility

var

ies

(thi

nk a

bout

eff

ects

on

soi

l pro

cess

es)

• us

e ex

ampl

es a

nd c

ase

stud

ies

1. T

rop

ical

en

viro

nm

ents

1.3

Trop

ical

la

ndfo

rms

• re

cap

on w

eath

erin

g pr

oces

ses

in e

quat

oria

l and

sav

anna

cl

imat

ic re

gion

s•

unde

rsta

nd t

hese

pro

cess

es in

term

s of

–w

hat

happ

ens

–w

here

the

y oc

cur

(i.e.

und

er, a

s w

ell a

s on

, the

sur

face

) –

how

fas

t th

ey o

ccur

(rat

e) –

wha

t fa

ctor

s af

fect

the

m, e

.g. t

empe

ratu

re, r

ock

type

and

st

ruct

ure,

etc

., •

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

how

dee

p w

eath

erin

g pr

ofi le

s an

d th

e ba

sal

surf

ace

of w

eath

erin

g de

velo

p



Pap

er 2

: Adv

ance

d P

hysi

cal G

eogr

aphy

Opt

ions

Un

itTo

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

Ch

eckl

ist

Co

mm

ents

• de

scrib

e an

d ex

plai

n ho

w la

ndfo

rms

deve

lop

in g

ran

ite

– to

rs,

inse

lber

gs, e

tchp

lain

s, p

edip

lain

s –

thin

k ab

out

wea

ther

ing

proc

esse

s (in

clud

e de

ep w

eath

erin

g) –

eros

ion

(incl

ude

rego

lith

rem

oval

) –

rock

cha

ract

eris

tics

(suc

h as

join

ting)

–tim

e sc

ale

of p

roce

ss o

pera

tion

• de

scrib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e de

velo

pmen

t of

land

form

s in

lim

esto

ne

– tr

opic

al k

arst

(coc

kpit

kars

t an

d to

wer

kar

st)

• th

ink

abou

t th

e sa

me

idea

s as

for

gran

ite•

draw

dia

gram

s, in

terp

ret

phot

ogra

phs

• us

e ex

ampl

es a

nd c

ase

stud

ies

1. T

rop

ical

en

viro

nm

ents

1.4

Sus

tain

able

m

anag

emen

t of

tro

pica

l en

viro

nmen

ts

• un

ders

tand

wha

t is

mea

nt b

y su

stai

nabl

e m

anag

emen

t•

mak

e o

ne

case

stu

dy o

n th

e su

stai

nabl

e m

anag

emen

t of

eit

her

th

e tr

opic

al r

ainf

ores

t ec

osys

tem

or

the

sava

nna

ecos

yste

m in

te

rms

of:

–de

taili

ng t

he p

robl

ems

face

d/th

reat

s to

the

eco

syst

em a

nd –

judg

ing

how

the

se p

robl

ems

are

bein

g ta

ckle

d an

d ho

w

effe

ctiv

e th

e at

tem

pted

sol

utio

ns a

re

2. C

oas

tal

envi

ron

men

ts2.

1 W

ave,

mar

ine

and

sub

-aer

ial

proc

esse

s

• de

scrib

e an

d ex

plai

n ho

w w

aves

are

cre

ated

in t

he o

pen

ocea

n•

unde

rsta

nd t

he b

asic

term

inol

ogy

of w

aves

, e.g

. wav

e le

ngth

, pe

riod,

fre

quen

cy, e

tc.

• be

aw

are

of f

acto

rs t

hat

caus

e w

aves

to d

iffer

in s

ize/

stre

ngth

, e.

g. fe

tch

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

wha

t ha

ppen

s to

wav

es w

hen

they

ap

proa

ch t

he s

hore

: –

brea

king

wav

es –

swas

h an

d ba

ckw

ash

–cl

apot

is –

refr

actio

n•

desc

ribe

the

diff

eren

t ty

pes

of w

aves

: –

low

ene

rgy/

high

ene

rgy

–co

nstr

uctiv

e/de

stru

ctiv

e –

wav

e tr

ains



Pap

er 2

: Adv

ance

d P

hysi

cal G

eogr

aphy

Opt

ions

Un

itTo

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

Ch

eckl

ist

Co

mm

ents

• ex

plai

n w

ave

actio

n on

clif

fs:

–hy

drau

lic a

ctio

n –

quar

ryin

g –

corr

asio

n/ab

rasi

on –

solu

tion

–at

triti

on•

expl

ain

the

actio

n of

sub

-aer

ial w

eath

erin

g on

clif

fs

• de

scrib

e th

e so

urce

s of

bea

ch s

edim

ent:

–cl

iffs

–of

fsho

re s

eabe

d –

river

s –

drift

alo

ng c

oast

–hu

man

act

ion

• de

scrib

e th

e ch

arac

teris

tics

of b

each

sed

imen

ts:

–ty

pes,

e.g

. cob

bles

, coa

rse

sand

fi ne

san

d, m

ud –

part

icle

siz

e –

part

icle

roun

dnes

s –

part

icle

dis

trib

utio

n on

bea

ch•

unde

rsta

nd t

he c

once

pt a

nd o

pera

tion

of a

sed

imen

t ce

ll•

expl

ain

how

sed

imen

ts a

re t

rans

port

ed:

–al

ong

the

beac

h (lo

ngsh

ore

drift

, etc

.) –

up a

nd d

own

the

beac

h –

in re

latio

n to

sed

imen

t si

ze a

nd w

ave

ener

gy•

expl

ain

whe

re a

nd w

hy s

edim

ents

are

dep

osite

d, e

.g. o

n be

ache

s, in

est

uarie

s

2. C

oas

tal

envi

ron

men

ts2.

2 C

oast

al

land

form

s of

cl

iffed

and

co

nstr

uctiv

e co

asts

• de

scrib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e de

velo

pmen

t of

clif

fs –

retr

eat

of c

liff

face

ove

r tim

e an

d th

e le

ngth

enin

g of

the

wav

e-cu

t pl

atfo

rm u

ntil

cliff

bec

omes

“de

ad”

• N

.B. d

iffer

entia

te b

etw

een

this

dev

elop

men

t of

a t

ypic

al c

liff

face

on

its o

wn

(clif

f pr

ofi le

) and

the

cha

nges

ove

r tim

e al

ong

a ty

pica

l coa

stlin

e of

var

iabl

e ge

olog

y, e

.g. h

eadl

and

and

bays

• un

ders

tand

tha

t th

ese

retr

eats

will

var

y ac

cord

ing

to t

he ro

cks,

th

e pr

oces

ses

actin

g, b

oth

wav

e an

d su

b-a

eria

l and

the

tim

e fa

ctor

i.e.

str

uctu

re, r

ock

type

, fet

ch, e

xpos

ure,

wav

e di

rect

ion,

et

c.



Pap

er 2

: Adv

ance

d P

hysi

cal G

eogr

aphy

Opt

ions

Un

itTo

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

Ch

eckl

ist

Co

mm

ents

• un

ders

tand

the

var

iatio

ns fo

und

in c

liff

profi

les

(sid

e vi

ew/c

ross

se

ctio

n) a

t th

e pr

esen

t, c

ause

d by

suc

h fa

ctor

s as

:

stru

ctur

e, ro

ck t

ype,

fetc

h, w

ave

ener

gy a

nd d

irect

ion,

off

shor

e de

pth,

sub

-aer

ial w

eath

erin

g an

d er

osio

n, m

ass

mov

emen

t,

hum

an in

fl uen

ces,

etc

. •

expl

ain

land

form

s cr

eate

d at

clif

fs, e

.g. c

ave,

arc

h, s

tack

, stu

mp,

ge

o, w

ave-

cut

plat

form

• dr

aw a

nd d

escr

ibe

diff

eren

t be

ache

s in

pro

fi le,

exp

lain

ing

thei

r ch

arac

teris

tics

in re

latio

n to

sed

imen

t ty

pes

and

the

wav

es

affe

ctin

g th

em•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

how

and

why

the

pro

fi le

chan

ges

in t

he

shor

t te

rm/s

easo

nal/l

ong

term

• un

ders

tand

tha

t be

ache

s al

so v

ary

in p

lan

• de

scrib

e an

d ex

plai

n sm

all s

cale

feat

ures

of

a be

ach,

e.g

. bea

ch

cusp

s, s

and

rippl

es•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

the

loca

tion,

cha

ract

eris

tics

and

form

atio

n of

diff

eren

t ty

pes

of b

each

es a

nd d

epos

ition

al la

ndfo

rms:

–dr

ift a

nd s

was

h al

igne

d be

ache

s –

spits

– s

impl

e an

d co

mpo

und

–to

mbo

los

–of

fsho

re b

ars

–ba

rrie

r be

ache

s/is

land

s –

coas

tal d

unes

–es

tuar

ine

feat

ures

(san

d/m

ud b

anks

) –

salt

mar

sh/m

angr

ove

swam

p•

be a

war

e of

land

form

s ca

used

by

chan

ges

in s

ea le

vel,

e.g.

ra

ised

bea

ches

, ria

s, is

land

s•

use

exam

ples

and

cas

e st

udie

s



Pap

er 2

: Adv

ance

d P

hysi

cal G

eogr

aphy

Opt

ions

Un

itTo

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

Ch

eckl

ist

Co

mm

ents

2. C

oas

tal

envi

ron

men

ts2.

3 C

oral

reef

s•

dem

onst

rate

kno

wle

dge

of w

here

in t

he w

orld

cor

al re

efs

are

foun

d (f

ringi

ng, b

arrie

r an

d at

oll)

• de

scrib

e th

e ch

arac

teris

tics

of t

he t

hree

mai

n ty

pes:

–fr

ingi

ng, e

.g. T

ahiti

–ba

rrie

r, e.

g. G

reat

Aus

tral

ian

–at

oll,

e.g.

Bik

ini A

toll

• un

ders

tand

the

con

ditio

ns n

eces

sary

for

cora

l gro

wth

and

de

velo

pmen

t•

desc

ribe

and

illus

trat

e th

e di

ffer

ent

theo

ries

put

forw

ard

for

the

deve

lopm

ent

of re

efs

arou

nd t

he w

orld

• un

ders

tand

and

exp

lain

the

cau

ses

of s

ea le

vel c

hang

e•

rela

te t

he e

ffec

ts o

f se

a le

vel c

hang

e to

cha

nges

on

cora

l ree

fs•

dem

onst

rate

kno

wle

dge

of t

he p

robl

ems

faci

ng re

efs

(see

2.4

) an

d po

ssib

le m

anag

emen

t st

rate

gies

• us

e ex

ampl

es a

nd c

ase

stud

ies

2. C

oas

tal

envi

ron

men

ts2.

4 S

usta

inab

le

man

agem

ent

of

coas

ts

• de

velo

p a

deta

iled

case

stu

dy to

sho

w t

he p

robl

ems

faci

ng

sust

aina

ble

man

agem

ent,

usi

ng e

ither

one

coa

stlin

e or

a n

umbe

r of

coa

stlin

es, e

.g.

–co

asta

l ero

sion

(har

d an

d so

ft e

ngin

eerin

g so

lutio

ns),

man

aged

retr

eat

–to

uris

m p

ress

ures

–ris

ing

sea-

leve

l –

hum

an a

ctiv

ity o

ffsh

ore

–la

nd-u

se c

hang

es o

n th

e co

astli

ne•

criti

cally

judg

e th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

and

outc

omes

of

atte

mpt

ed

solu

tions



Pap

er 2

: Adv

ance

d P

hysi

cal G

eogr

aphy

Opt

ions

Un

itTo

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

Ch

eckl

ist

Co

mm

ents

3. H

azar

do

us

En

viro

nm

ents

3.1

Haz

ardo

us

envi

ronm

ents

re

sulti

ng f

rom

cr

usta

l mov

emen

t (te

cton

ic)

mov

emen

t

• re

cap

on e

lem

enta

ry p

late

tect

onic

s•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

the

rela

tions

hip

of v

olca

noes

/ear

thqu

akes

to

the

wor

ld’s

pla

te b

ound

arie

s (c

onve

rgen

t, d

iver

gent

, co

nser

vativ

e) a

nd h

ot s

pots

• re

alis

e th

at d

iffer

ent

boun

darie

s ha

ve d

iffer

ent

type

s of

haz

ard

or

diff

erin

g in

tens

ity, a

nd w

hy•

desc

ribe

and

unde

rsta

nd t

he d

etai

ls o

f ea

rthq

uake

s, s

uch

as

wav

e ty

pes,

epi

cent

re, f

ocus

, sei

smic

sca

les,

fre

quen

cy, l

engt

h•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

the

effe

cts

of e

arth

quak

es a

nd re

late

d ha

zard

s –

land

sha

king

–liq

uefa

ctio

n –

land

slid

es –

tsun

ami

• de

scrib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e m

ain

type

s of

vol

cano

es a

nd v

olca

nic

erup

tions

• de

mon

stra

te k

now

ledg

e of

the

pro

duct

s of

eru

ptio

n: –

nuée

s ar

dent

es –

lava

fl ow

s –

mud

fl ow

s (la

hars

) –

pyro

clas

ts –

ash,

–

stea

m a

nd p

oiso

nous

gas

em

issi

on•

desc

ribe

how

ear

thqu

akes

and

vol

cano

es c

an b

e m

onito

red

and

henc

e pr

edic

ted,

and

to w

hat

leve

l of

succ

ess

• co

nsid

er d

iffer

ent

perc

eptio

ns o

f ris

k by

peo

ple

in v

arie

d w

orld

lo

catio

ns•

appr

ecia

te t

he e

ffec

ts o

f ea

rthq

uake

s an

d er

uptio

ns o

n liv

es a

nd

prop

erty

• us

e ex

ampl

es a

nd c

ase

stud

ies



Pap

er 2

: Adv

ance

d P

hysi

cal G

eogr

aphy

Opt

ions

Un

itTo

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

Ch

eckl

ist

Co

mm

ents

3. H

azar

do

us

envi

ron

men

ts3.

2 H

azar

dous

en

viro

nmen

ts

resu

lting

fro

m

mas

s m

ovem

ent

• re

cap

of s

lope

pro

cess

es•

desc

ribe

the

natu

re o

f th

ose

mas

s m

ovem

ents

whi

ch le

ad to

ha

zard

ous

impa

ct•

expl

ain

the

caus

es o

f th

em, e

spec

ially

in re

latio

n to

sta

bilit

y an

d in

stab

ility

of

slop

es•

cons

ider

the

eff

ect

(impa

ct) i

n sc

ale

and

time

• de

scrib

e th

e na

ture

of

aval

anch

es•

expl

ain

the

caus

es o

f th

em a

nd t

he h

azar

ds p

rodu

ced

• fo

r ea

ch h

azar

d de

scrib

e ho

w it

can

be

mon

itore

d an

d he

nce

pred

icte

d, a

nd to

wha

t le

vel o

f su

cces

s•

cons

ider

diff

eren

t pe

rcep

tions

of

risk

by p

eopl

e in

var

ied

wor

ld

loca

tions

• ap

prec

iate

the

eff

ects

on

lives

and

pro

pert

y•

use

exam

ples

and

cas

e st

udie

s

3. H

azar

do

us

envi

ron

men

ts3.

3 H

azar

d re

sulti

ng f

rom

at

mos

pher

ic

dist

urba

nces

NB

: Be

awar

e th

e sy

llabu

s re

stric

ts it

self

totr

op

ical

sto

rms,

(i.e

. sto

rms

foun

d be

twee

n th

e tr

opic

s), a

nd

torn

adoe

s•

know

the

diff

eren

ce b

etw

een

trop

ical

sto

rms

and

torn

adoe

s•

dem

onst

rate

kno

wle

dge

of re

gion

al n

ames

for

tro

pic

al s

torm

s,

e.g.

cyc

lone

s•

unde

rsta

nd w

here

sto

rms

star

t an

d th

e no

rmal

tra

ck t

hey

take

(b

e ab

le to

ana

lyse

a w

orld

map

)•

unde

rsta

nd t

he w

ays

in w

hich

sto

rms:

–or

igin

ate

–de

velo

p (o

r no

t) a

nd t

he ro

le o

f la

tent

hea

t –

have

typ

ical

cro

ss-s

ectio

n ch

arac

teris

tics

–ta

ke p

artic

ular

dire

ctio

ns

–qu

ickl

y “d

ie”

over

land

• be

fam

iliar

with

a c

ase

stud

y lik

e th

e C

arib

bean

are

a an

d on

e fa

mou

s hu

rric

ane

• ap

prec

iate

how

and

why

tro

pica

l sto

rms

caus

e ha

zard

s, e

.g.:

–st

orm

sur

ges

–co

asta

l fl o

odin

g –

seve

re r

iver

fl oo

ds (e

spec

ially

in lo

wer

cou

rse)

, –

land

slid

es,

–hi

gh w

inds

, –

air

pres

sure

imba

lanc

es



Pap

er 2

: Adv

ance

d P

hysi

cal G

eogr

aphy

Opt

ions

Un

itTo

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

Ch

eckl

ist

Co

mm

ents

• de

scrib

e an

d ex

plai

n si

mila

r m

ater

ial f

or t

orn

ado

es –

whe

re t

hey

are

foun

d –

thei

r ch

arac

teris

tics

–w

hat

caus

es t

hem

–ho

w t

hey

are

haza

rdou

s•

for

both

tro

pica

l sto

rm a

nd to

rnad

o ha

zard

s, d

escr

ibe

how

the

y ca

n be

mon

itore

d an

d he

nce

pred

icte

d, a

nd w

ith w

hat

leve

l of

succ

ess

• co

nsid

er d

iffer

ent

perc

eptio

ns o

f ris

k by

peo

ple

in v

arie

d w

orld

lo

catio

ns•

appr

ecia

te t

he e

ffec

ts o

n liv

es a

nd p

rope

rty

• us

e ex

ampl

es a

nd c

ase

stud

ies

3. H

azar

do

us

envi

ron

men

ts3.

4 S

usta

inab

le

man

agem

ent

in h

azar

dous

en

viro

nmen

ts

• de

velo

p a

sing

le, d

etai

led

case

stu

dy o

f an

y on

e ha

zard

ous

envi

ron

men

t fr

om y

our

stud

ies

abov

e (n

ot a

n ac

tual

haz

ard

type

or

sin

gle

even

t ha

zard

)•

appr

ecia

te t

he p

robl

ems

of m

anag

ing

such

a h

azar

dous

are

a•

desc

ribe

the

met

hods

so

far

atte

mpt

ed to

sol

ve t

hese

pro

blem

s,

and

mak

e ju

dgem

ents

on

them

•

criti

cally

con

side

r ot

her

poss

ible

sol

utio

ns

4. A

rid

an

d s

emi-

arid

en

viro

nm

ents

4.1

The

dist

ribut

ion

and

clim

atic

ch

arac

teris

tics

of

hot

arid

and

sem

i-ar

id e

nviro

nmen

ts

• de

fi ne

and

desc

ribe

diff

erin

g le

vels

of

arid

ity

• un

ders

tand

idea

s su

ch a

s ef

fect

ive

prec

ipita

tion,

wat

er b

alan

ce,

pote

ntia

l eva

potr

ansp

iratio

n•

dem

onst

rate

kno

wle

dge

of t

he li

mita

tions

of

stan

dard

defi

niti

ons

• ca

uses

of

arid

ity•

fi nd

and

nam

e ho

t ar

id a

nd s

emi-a

rid a

reas

on

a w

orld

map

• un

ders

tand

why

and

how

the

se a

reas

are

foun

d in

suc

h lim

ited

loca

tions

– in

fl uen

ce o

f: –

wor

ld p

ress

ure

belts

, e.g

. sub

-tro

pica

l hig

h pr

essu

re –

wor

ld w

ind

patt

erns

–

patt

ern

of w

orld

oce

an c

urre

nts

– co

ld c

urre

nts

–ra

in s

hado

w e

ffec

ts –

effe

ctiv

e pr

ecip

itatio

n



Pap

er 2

: Adv

ance

d P

hysi

cal G

eogr

aphy

Opt

ions

Un

itTo

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

Ch

eckl

ist

Co

mm

ents

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

the

clim

ate

char

acte

ristic

s of

the

se

area

s –

degr

ees

of a

ridity

–st

rong

des

icca

ting

win

ds –

daily

(diu

rnal

) and

sea

sona

l ins

olat

ion

patt

erns

–di

urna

l and

sea

sona

l pre

cipi

tatio

n va

riatio

ns –

diur

nal a

nd s

easo

nal t

empe

ratu

re v

aria

tions

• de

scrib

e w

hat

the

clim

atic

con

ditio

ns w

ere

like

in t

he p

ast,

es

peci

ally

the

wet

ter

phas

es (P

leis

toce

ne p

luvi

als)

• re

cogn

ise

the

evid

ence

for

past

wet

ter

clim

ates

• us

e ex

ampl

es a

nd c

ase

stud

ies

4. A

rid

an

d s

emi-

arid

en

viro

nm

ents

4.2

Pro

cess

es

prod

ucin

g de

sert

la

ndfo

rms

• re

vise

the

typ

es o

f w

eath

erin

g th

at t

ake

plac

e, e

.g.

–th

erm

al f

ract

ure

–ex

folia

tion

–ch

emic

al w

eath

erin

g –

pres

sure

rele

ase

–fr

eeze

-tha

w (b

ut o

nly

at h

igh

altit

udes

or

plac

es w

here

te

mpe

ratu

res

fl uct

uate

abo

ut 0

ºC w

ith w

ater

ava

ilabl

e)•

desc

ribe

and

unde

rsta

nd w

hat

the

wea

ther

ing

does

to ro

cks

and

the

prod

ucts

it c

reat

es i.

e. b

lock

and

gra

nula

r di

sint

egra

tion

• de

mon

stra

te k

now

ledg

e of

the

maj

or e

rosi

on a

gent

s op

erat

ing

in

thes

e ar

eas,

now

and

in t

he p

ast

• de

scrib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e ac

tion

by w

ind

:•

win

d er

osio

n –

abra

sion

/cor

rasi

on –

defl a

tion

• w

ind

tran

spor

t –

criti

cal v

eloc

ities

–tr

actio

n –

salta

tion

–su

spen

sion

/san

dsto

rms

• w

ind

depo

sitio

n –

redu

ced

win

d ve

loci

ty –

behi

nd o

bsta

cles

–le

e of

hill

s/rid

ges



Pap

er 2

: Adv

ance

d P

hysi

cal G

eogr

aphy

Opt

ions

Un

itTo

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

Ch

eckl

ist

Co

mm

ents

• La

ndfo

rms/

feat

ures

–sm

all s

cale

, e.g

. ven

tifac

ts –

larg

er s

cale

, e.g

. yar

dang

, zeu

gen,

ped

esta

ls/m

ushr

oom

ro

cks,

defl

atio

n ho

llow

s –

depo

sitio

nal s

and

dune

typ

es –

land

scap

es•

expl

ain

the

occu

rren

ce a

nd a

ctio

n (e

rosi

on, t

rans

port

and

de

posi

tion)

of

wat

er

–is

olat

ed s

torm

s, lo

w o

ccur

renc

e, c

hang

ing

clim

ate,

fl as

h fl o

ods

– sh

eet

fl ood

s an

d st

ream

fl oo

ds•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

the

deve

lopm

ent

of la

ndfo

rms

asso

ciat

ed

with

wat

er a

ctio

n, e

.g. w

adi/a

rroy

o•

draw

, des

crib

e an

d ex

plai

n th

e de

velo

pmen

t of

land

scap

es

and

land

form

s in

the

pie

dmon

t zo

ne: w

adis

, bou

lder

-con

trol

led

slop

es, i

nsel

berg

s, m

esa

and

butt

e, re

sidu

al p

late

aux,

mou

ntai

n fr

ont,

allu

vial

fan

s, p

edim

ent,

bah

adas

, pla

yas,

sal

t la

kes,

de

velo

pmen

t of

san

d du

ne la

ndsc

apes

• cr

itica

lly e

xam

ine

idea

s of

whi

ch p

roce

sses

form

ed a

land

scap

e or

land

form

• cr

itica

lly e

xam

ine

the

effe

cts

of p

rese

nt c

limat

es a

nd p

ast

clim

ates

•

use

exam

ples

and

cas

e st

udie

s

4. A

rid

an

d s

emi-

arid

en

viro

nm

ents

4.3

Soi

ls a

nd

vege

tatio

n•

real

ise

the

varie

ty o

f fl o

ra a

nd f

auna

in a

rid a

nd s

emi-a

rid a

reas

(b

iodi

vers

ity).

• un

ders

tand

bio

mas

s pr

oduc

tivity

and

why

it is

lim

ited

here

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

the

mai

n pr

oble

ms

faci

ng s

uch

ecos

yste

ms

• un

ders

tand

how

fra

gile

it is

and

how

eas

ily it

can

be

dam

aged

na

tura

lly o

r by

hum

an in

terv

entio

n•

unde

rsta

nd w

hy it

s nu

trie

nt c

ycle

is s

o lim

ited

• sh

ow h

ow fl

ora

and

faun

a ad

apt

to t

he e

xtre

me

cond

ition

s (te

mpe

ratu

res,

phy

sica

l and

phy

siol

ogic

al d

roug

ht)

• de

scrib

e th

e m

ain

soil

type

s –

thei

r pr

ofi le

s, a

nd c

hara

cter

istic

s•

expl

ain

how

the

soi

l for

min

g pr

oces

ses,

e.g

. upw

ard

capi

llary

m

ovem

ent

of w

ater

and

min

eral

s, d

evel

op t

hese

cha

ract

eris

tics



Pap

er 2

: Adv

ance

d P

hysi

cal G

eogr

aphy

Opt

ions

Un

itTo

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

Ch

eckl

ist

Co

mm

ents

• de

scrib

e de

sert

ifi ca

tion

and

unde

rsta

nd w

hat

is m

eant

by

soil

degr

adat

ion

• ex

plai

n th

e pr

oces

s of

des

ertifi

cat

ion

• kn

ow t

he c

ause

s an

d ef

fect

s of

the

se p

roce

sses

in d

iffer

ent

area

s•

use

exam

ples

and

cas

e st

udie

s

4. A

rid

an

d s

emi-

arid

en

viro

nm

ents

4.4

Sus

tain

able

m

anag

emen

t of

ar

id a

nd s

emi-a

rid

envi

ronm

ents

• re

late

in d

etai

l one

cas

e st

udy

of s

usta

inab

le m

anag

emen

t in

an

arid

or

sem

i-arid

are

a su

ch a

s –

grow

th p

ole

sett

lem

ent

–ne

w ir

rigat

ion

farm

ing

–m

inin

g se

ttle

men

t –

tour

ist

tow

nshi

p•

be a

war

e of

the

pro

blem

s fa

ced

(incl

udin

g de

sert

ifi ca

tion)

an

d m

ake

a cr

itica

l ass

essm

ent

of t

he s

olut

ions

att

empt

ed o

r po

ssib

le s

olut

ions



Pap

er 3

: Adv

ance

d H

uman

Geo

grap

hy O

ptio

nsC

ase

stud

ies

shou

ld b

e ch

osen

fro

m b

oth

LED

Cs

and

ME

DC

s si

nce

1970

.

Un

itTo

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

Ch

eckl

ist

Co

mm

ents

1. P

rod

uct

ion

, lo

cati

on

an

d

chan

ge

1.1

Agr

icul

tura

l sy

stem

s an

d fo

od

prod

uctio

n

• de

scrib

e an

d un

ders

tand

the

fac

tors

infl u

enci

ng a

gric

ultu

ral

prac

tices

and

land

-use

on

farm

s:p

hys

ical

e.g.

tem

pera

ture

/sun

/rai

nfal

l var

iatio

ns, s

oil a

nd d

rain

age

soci

ale.

g. e

duca

tion

of f

arm

er, l

and

tenu

re

eco

no

mic

e.g.

dem

and,

dis

tanc

e fr

om m

arke

tsp

olit

ical

e.g.

gov

ernm

ent

subs

idie

s, t

radi

ng b

loc

polic

ies

• un

ders

tand

the

role

of

irrig

atio

n, la

nd te

nure

, nat

ure

of d

eman

d an

d di

stan

ce f

rom

mar

kets

, agr

icul

tura

l tec

hnol

ogy

• un

ders

tand

the

idea

of

an a

gric

ultu

ral s

yste

m w

ith –

inpu

ts,

–th

roug

hput

s –

subs

yste

ms

–ou

tput

s•

stud

y in

det

ail o

ne

arab

le s

yste

m a

nd o

ne

past

oral

sys

tem

.•

unde

rsta

nd t

he id

eas

of p

rodu

ctio

n m

etho

ds a

nd a

ssoc

iate

d pr

oduc

tivity

: –

inte

nsiv

e –

exte

nsiv

e•

dem

onst

rate

kno

wle

dge

of t

he is

sues

invo

lved

in a

ttem

pts

to

inte

nsify

pro

duct

ion,

e.g

. –

repl

ace

slas

h an

d bu

rn in

Indo

nesi

a –

the

Gre

en R

evol

utio

n –

smal

l-sca

le s

elf-

help

sch

emes

•

dem

onst

rate

kno

wle

dge

of t

he is

sues

invo

lved

in e

xten

ding

cu

ltiva

tion

in L

ED

Cs,

e.g

. –

irrig

atin

g oa

ses

–dr

aini

ng s

wam

plan

ds –

fi sh

farm

ing



Pap

er 3

: Adv

ance

d H

uman

Geo

grap

hy O

ptio

nsU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

1. P

rod

uct

ion

, lo

cati

on

an

d

chan

ge

1.2

The

man

agem

ent

of a

gric

ultu

ral

chan

ge

• de

velo

p a

sing

le c

ase

stud

y fo

r o

ne

cou

ntr

y: –

title

: the

nee

d fo

r ag

ricul

tura

l cha

nge

–sc

ale:

at

the

scal

e of

bot

h th

e in

divi

dual

far

mer

and

the

co

untr

y its

elf

–co

nten

t:

○w

hy c

hang

es a

re n

eede

d,

○w

hy c

hang

es a

re d

iffi c

ult,

○

atte

mpt

s m

ade

to b

ring

abou

t ch

ange

by

man

agem

ent

○

criti

cal e

valu

atio

n of

the

suc

cess

of

thes

e at

tem

pted

so

lutio

ns

1. P

rod

uct

ion

, lo

cati

on

an

d

chan

ge

1.3

Man

ufac

turin

g an

d re

late

d se

rvic

e in

dust

ry

• re

call

the

fact

ors

affe

ctin

g th

e lo

catio

n of

man

ufac

turin

g in

dust

ry

and

rela

ted

serv

ice

indu

stry

: –

suita

bilit

y an

d co

st o

f la

nd –

raw

mat

eria

l orig

in –

pow

er s

ourc

e –

labo

ur s

uppl

y –

capi

tal a

vaila

ble

–lo

catio

n of

mar

kets

–te

chno

logy

–ec

onom

ies

and

dise

cono

mie

s of

sca

le –

tran

spor

t –

infr

astr

uctu

re –

iner

tia –

gove

rnm

ent

polic

ies

–lin

kage

s av

aila

ble

• de

mon

stra

te k

now

ledg

e of

som

e of

the

mai

n pl

aces

whe

re

indu

strie

s de

velo

p: –

brea

k of

bul

k si

tes

(e.g

. dee

pwat

er p

orts

) –

river

side

s fo

r he

avy

plan

ts –

subu

rban

tra

ding

est

ates

on

rout

eway

s an

d ne

ar m

arke

t –

in o

r ne

xt to

CB

D fo

r se

rvic

es (a

nd la

ter

relo

catio

n ou

tsid

e ci

ty)



Pap

er 3

: Adv

ance

d H

uman

Geo

grap

hy O

ptio

nsU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

• un

ders

tand

whe

re a

nd w

hy in

dust

ries

tend

to d

evel

op to

geth

er –

indu

stria

l agg

lom

erat

ion

–fu

nctio

nal l

inka

ges

–in

dust

rial e

stat

es –

expo

rt p

roce

ssin

g zo

nes

(EP

Z)•

unde

rsta

nd t

he in

form

al s

ecto

r of

man

ufac

turin

g an

d se

rvic

es:

–ca

uses

–ch

arac

teris

tics

–lo

catio

n –

impa

ct•

use

exam

ples

and

cas

e st

udie

s

1. P

rod

uct

ion

, lo

cati

on

an

d

chan

ge

1.4

The

man

agem

ent

of

indu

stria

l cha

nge

• de

velo

p a

sing

le c

ase

stud

y: fo

r o

ne

cou

ntr

y –

title

: ind

ustr

ial p

olic

y an

d co

nseq

uent

cha

nges

–co

nten

t:

○

desc

riptio

n an

d ex

plan

atio

n of

the

pol

icy

○

follo

win

g th

e se

ttin

g up

of

the

polic

y, t

he c

hang

es in

th

e lo

catio

n, c

hara

cter

and

org

anis

atio

n of

indu

stria

l pr

oduc

tion

○

desc

riptio

n of

som

e of

the

issu

es f

aced

and

a ju

dgem

ent

on t

he s

ucce

ss o

f th

e so

lutio

ns to

the

se is

sues

and

pr

oble

ms



Pap

er 3

: Adv

ance

d H

uman

Geo

grap

hy O

ptio

nsU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

2. E

nvi

ron

men

tal

man

agem

ent

2.1

Sus

tain

able

en

ergy

sup

plie

s•

for

ener

gy, d

efi n

e an

d gi

ve e

xam

ples

of:

–

rene

wab

le re

sour

ces

–no

n-re

new

able

reso

urce

s•

desc

ribe,

at

a co

untr

y le

vel,

the

fact

ors

affe

ctin

g:

–th

e le

vel o

f de

man

d fo

r en

ergy

–

the

supp

ly o

f en

ergy

–th

e ba

lanc

e be

twee

n en

ergy

sou

rces

• co

nsid

er id

eas

such

as:

–le

vel o

f co

untr

y’s

deve

lopm

ent

–ho

w m

any

reso

urce

s co

untr

y ha

s –

capi

tal a

vaila

ble

for

natio

nal s

cale

pro

ject

s –

tech

nolo

gy a

vaila

ble

–la

ws

gove

rnin

g po

llutio

n –

gove

rnm

ent

polic

y, p

riorit

ies

and

futu

re p

lans

for

ener

gy•

com

pare

tre

nds

betw

een

ME

DC

s an

d LE

DC

s co

nsum

ptio

n of

: –

foss

il fu

els

–nu

clea

r po

wer

–re

new

able

s: w

ind

pow

er, w

ave

pow

er, h

ydro

-ele

ctric

pow

er

(HE

P),

sola

r, bi

ofue

ls, g

eoth

erm

al•

desc

ribe

at t

he lo

cal s

cale

the

eff

ects

on

the

envi

ronm

ent

of:

–en

ergy

pro

duct

ion

–tr

ansp

ort

of e

nerg

y –

usag

e of

the

pow

er•

desc

ribe

at t

he g

loba

l sca

le t

he e

ffec

ts o

n th

e en

viro

nmen

t of

: –

ener

gy p

rodu

ctio

n –

tran

spor

t of

ene

rgy

–us

eage

of

the

pow

er•

use

exam

ples

and

cas

e st

udie

s



Pap

er 3

: Adv

ance

d H

uman

Geo

grap

hy O

ptio

nsU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

2. E

nvi

ron

men

tal

man

agem

ent

2.2

The

man

agem

ent

of

ener

gy s

uppl

y

• de

velo

p a

case

stu

dy o

f o

ne

cou

ntr

y’s

over

all e

lect

rical

ene

rgy

stra

tegy

(pla

ns fo

r pr

oduc

ing

and

dist

ribut

ing

elec

tric

ity)

• de

velo

p a

case

stu

dy o

f o

ne

nam

ed, l

oca

ted

sch

eme

wit

hin

th

at c

ou

ntr

y (e

.g. a

pow

er s

tatio

n):

• fo

r th

ese

stud

ies

cons

ider

issu

es o

f: –

chan

ges

in d

eman

d an

d su

pply

–ac

tual

pro

duct

ion

of e

lect

ricity

–lo

catio

n•

mak

e cr

itica

l ass

essm

ents

of

the

succ

ess

of t

he o

vera

ll st

rate

gy

and

of t

he s

elec

ted

sche

me

2. E

nvi

ron

men

tal

man

agem

ent

2.3

Envi

ronm

enta

l de

grad

atio

n•

desc

ribe

and

unde

rsta

nd t

he c

ause

s, m

agni

tude

and

eff

ects

of

the

maj

or fo

rms

of p

ollu

tion

of:

–la

nd –

air

–w

ater

– in

land

, oce

an•

unde

rsta

nd h

ow a

nd w

hy t

he d

eman

d an

d su

pply

of

wat

er v

arie

s –

in d

iffer

ent

plac

es –

with

cha

nges

in t

ime

• un

ders

tand

the

eff

ects

on

the

envi

ronm

ent

of s

uppl

ying

wat

er

• un

ders

tand

issu

es s

uch

as w

ater

qua

lity

• un

ders

tand

how

and

why

rur

al e

nviro

nmen

ts c

an b

e da

mag

ed

usin

g co

ntra

stin

g ex

ampl

es.

–ov

erpo

pula

tion

–po

or a

gric

ultu

ral p

ract

ices

, e.g

. ove

rgra

zing

–de

fore

stat

ion

–qu

arry

ing

–m

ilita

ry t

rain

ing

grou

nds

–go

lf co

urse

s in

rai

nfor

est,

etc

.•

unde

rsta

nd h

ow a

nd w

hy u

rban

env

ironm

ents

can

be

dam

aged

(u

se c

ontr

astin

g ex

ampl

es s

uch

as R

io d

e Ja

neiro

or

Lond

on),

e.g. –

too

rapi

d ur

ban

grow

th –

unch

ecke

d in

dust

rial g

row

th –

old

indu

stria

l are

as in

dec

line

–in

adeq

uate

ser

vice

s an

d fa

cilit

ies

–in

adeq

uate

infr

astr

uctu

re –

resi

dent

ial s

egre

gatio

n pr

oble

ms

–no

-go

crim

e zo

nes,

etc

.



Pap

er 3

: Adv

ance

d H

uman

Geo

grap

hy O

ptio

nsU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

• un

ders

tand

the

pro

blem

s an

d di

ffi c

ultie

s fa

ced

in a

ttem

pts

to

impr

ove

the

qual

ity o

f th

ese

degr

aded

env

ironm

ents

• id

entif

y en

viro

nmen

ts m

ost

at r

isk

(phy

sica

l and

hum

an),

e.g.

–w

etla

nds

–co

astli

nes

–po

lar

and

tund

ra a

reas

–ar

eas

of r

apid

ly in

crea

sing

pop

ulat

ion

• de

scrib

e an

d ex

plai

n w

hy t

hey

need

pro

tect

ing

and

the

way

s of

pr

otec

ting

them

• lo

ok a

t th

e ou

tcom

es o

f th

e pr

otec

tion

mea

sure

s an

d as

sess

th

eir

effe

ctiv

enes

s •

use

exam

ples

and

cas

e st

udie

s

2. E

nvi

ron

men

tal

man

agem

ent

2.4

The

man

agem

ent

of a

deg

rade

d en

viro

nmen

t

• ch

oose

on

e de

grad

ed e

nviro

nmen

t an

d sh

ow:

–th

e ca

uses

of

its d

egra

datio

n –

the

prob

lem

s fa

ced

by t

he a

rea

–at

tem

pts

to im

prov

e th

e ar

ea –

prob

lem

s of

the

se im

prov

emen

t at

tem

pts

–ju

dgem

ent

on t

he s

ucce

ss o

f th

ese

atte

mpt

s to

sol

ve t

he

prob

lem

s

3. G

lob

al

inte

rdep

end

ence

3.1

Trad

e fl o

ws

and

trad

ing

patt

erns

• de

mon

stra

te k

now

ledg

e of

–

visi

ble

and

invi

sibl

e im

port

s –

visi

ble

and

invi

sibl

e ex

port

s•

appr

ecia

te t

he u

neve

n fl o

ws

of t

rade

aro

und

the

wor

ld•

unde

rsta

nd t

he f

acto

rs a

ffec

ting

glob

al t

rade

and

so

caus

ing

thes

e fl o

ws,

e.g

. –

reso

urce

end

owm

ent

–lo

catio

nal a

dvan

tage

–

hist

oric

al f

acto

rs s

uch

as c

olon

ial l

inks

–po

litic

al is

olat

ion

of c

erta

in c

ount

ries

–tr

adin

g bl

ocs

and

agre

emen

ts –

chan

ges

in t

he g

loba

l mar

ket

• de

mon

stra

te k

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

of t

he W

orld

Tra

de

Org

anis

atio

n (W

TO)

• de

mon

stra

te k

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

of F

air

Trad

e•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

the

role

of

Fair

Trad

e•

use

exam

ples

and

cas

e st

udie

s



Pap

er 3

: Adv

ance

d H

uman

Geo

grap

hy O

ptio

nsU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

3. G

lob

al

inte

rdep

end

ence

3.2

Deb

t an

d ai

d an

d th

eir

man

agem

ent

• at

the

nat

iona

l sca

le, d

escr

ibe

and

expl

ain

debt

–its

nat

ure

–its

cau

ses

–th

e pr

oble

ms

it cr

eate

s•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

–th

e de

bt c

risis

(cou

ntrie

s af

fect

ed, c

ause

s, p

robl

ems

crea

ted,

et

c.)

–de

bt re

lief

(org

anis

atio

ns in

volv

ed, a

ctio

ns, i

ssue

s, e

tc.)

• de

scrib

e an

d ex

plai

n di

ffer

ent

type

s of

aid

and

don

ors

–re

lief

aid

–de

velo

pmen

t ai

d –

tied

aid

–bi

late

ral o

r m

ultil

ater

al a

id•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

the

effe

cts

of a

id o

n re

ceiv

ing

coun

trie

s•

criti

cally

ass

ess

thes

e ef

fect

s•

use

exam

ples

and

cas

e st

udie

s

3. G

lob

al

inte

rdep

end

ence

3.3

Dev

elop

men

t of

inte

rnat

iona

l to

uris

m

• un

ders

tand

the

reas

ons

for

grow

th in

wor

ld to

uris

m•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

the

tren

ds in

thi

s gr

owth

• de

mon

stra

te k

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

of

–ca

rryi

ng c

apac

ity –

mul

tiplie

r ef

fect

• de

scrib

e th

e im

pact

s, a

t bo

th lo

cal a

nd n

atio

nal s

cale

, of

tour

ism

on

the

des

tinat

ion’

s: –

envi

ronm

ent

–pe

ople

s (s

ocie

ty)

–ec

onom

y•

expl

ain

and

criti

cally

exa

min

e th

e lif

e cy

cle

mod

el o

f to

uris

m, a

nd

appl

y it

to c

ase

stud

ies

• de

scrib

e re

cent

dev

elop

men

ts in

wor

ld to

uris

m, e

.g.

–ec

otou

rism

–ad

vent

ure

tour

ism

–ex

trem

e to

uris

m•

use

exam

ples

and

cas

e st

udie

s



Pap

er 3

: Adv

ance

d H

uman

Geo

grap

hy O

ptio

nsU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

3. G

lob

al

inte

rdep

end

ence

3.4

The

man

agem

ent

of a

to

uris

t de

stin

atio

n

• de

velo

p o

ne

case

stu

dy o

f a

tour

ist

area

or

actu

al re

sort

to

incl

ude:

–its

gro

wth

–re

ason

s fo

r its

dev

elop

men

t –

its a

bilit

y to

sus

tain

itse

lf –

your

judg

emen

t on

how

tour

ism

her

e af

fect

s th

e lo

cal

envi

ronm

ent,

the

peo

ple

and

thei

r ec

onom

y

4. E

con

om

ic

tran

siti

on

4.1

Nat

iona

l de

velo

pmen

t•

dem

onst

rate

kno

wle

dge

of p

rimar

y, s

econ

dary

, ter

tiary

and

qu

ater

nary

sec

tors

of

an e

cono

my

and

thei

r ro

les

in e

cono

mic

de

velo

pmen

t•

unde

rsta

nd t

hat

glob

al d

iffer

ence

s in

soc

ial a

nd e

cono

mic

w

ellb

eing

exi

st, a

nd k

now

whe

re t

he d

iffer

ence

s ar

e •

expl

ain

the

caus

es (p

hysi

cal a

nd h

uman

) of

thes

e di

ffer

ence

s in

w

ellb

eing

• ex

plai

n an

d co

mm

ent

on in

dica

tors

of

soci

al/e

cono

mic

ineq

ualit

y,

e.g.

HD

I•

use

exam

ples

and

cas

e st

udie

s

4. E

con

om

ic

tran

siti

on

4.2

The

glob

alis

atio

n of

in

dust

rial a

ctiv

ity

• de

mon

stra

te a

bas

ic k

now

ledg

e of

wor

ld p

atte

rns

of:

–re

sour

ce d

istr

ibut

ion

–pr

oduc

tion

–m

arke

ts

• de

scrib

e an

d ex

plai

n fo

reig

n di

rect

inve

stm

ent

(FD

I)•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

the

new

inte

rnat

iona

l div

isio

n of

labo

ur

(NID

L)

• de

mon

stra

te k

now

ledg

e ab

out

the

tran

snat

iona

l cor

pora

tions

(T

NC

s m

ultin

atio

nals

) in

term

s of

: –

thei

r gr

owth

and

reas

ons

for

this

–di

strib

utio

n ar

ound

the

wor

ld (t

heir

spat

ial s

truc

ture

)•

deve

lop

a ca

se s

tudy

of

one

TNC

– h

ow it

is o

rgan

ised

and

how

it

oper

ates

aro

und

the

wor

ld•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

the

emer

genc

e an

d gr

owth

of

new

ly

indu

stria

lised

cou

ntrie

s (N

ICs)

• ap

prec

iate

the

con

nect

ions

bet

wee

n th

e gr

owth

of

indu

stry

in

som

e LE

DC

s an

d N

ICs

and

the

decl

ine

in M

ED

Cs

• us

e ex

ampl

es a

nd c

ase

stud

ies



Pap

er 3

: Adv

ance

d H

uman

Geo

grap

hy O

ptio

nsU

nit

Top

icY

ou

sh

ou

ld b

e ab

le t

oC

hec

klis

tC

om

men

ts

4. E

con

om

ic

tran

siti

on

4.3

Reg

iona

l de

velo

pmen

t•

appr

ecia

te t

hat

soci

al a

nd e

cono

mic

diff

eren

ces

exis

t be

twee

n re

gion

s w

ith

in a

cou

ntry

• un

ders

tand

the

con

cept

of

core

and

per

iphe

ry•

desc

ribe

and

expl

ain

the

proc

ess

of c

umul

ativ

e ca

usat

ion

(fro

m

initi

al a

dvan

tage

(s))

and

unde

rsta

nd s

uch

term

s as

spr

ead

and

back

was

h•

use

exam

ples

and

cas

e st

udie

s•

NB

her

e ‘re

gion

al’ d

oes

no

t m

ean

a re

gion

of

the

wor

ld b

ut

mea

ns w

ithin

a c

ount

ry

4. E

con

om

ic

tran

siti

on

4.4

The

man

agem

ent

of

deve

lopm

ent

• de

velo

p o

ne

case

stu

dy o

f a

sing

le c

ou

ntr

y’s

polic

y fo

r so

cial

an

d ec

onom

ic d

evel

opm

ent

at

–ei

ther

the

nat

iona

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The websites listed below are useful resources to help you study for your Cambridge International AS and A Level Geography.

www.geographyalltheway.comThis is a wide-ranging site which includes good coverage of many of the AS Level and A Level topics in Geography, which is useful both to teachers and learners. The approach is lively and there is clear text as well as some good photos, maps, diagrams and links to YouTube. However you need to take out a subscription to use this site.

www.georesources.co.uk A well-established site that is excellent for topics and case studies. It contains links to other sites, photographs and outline maps.

www.geo-fi le.com This is a subscription site, providing a series of articles on topical issues for learners. There is some free sample material.

www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk A site relevant for teachers and learners that provides maps, photos, links and tasks. It organises resources into different categories.

www.geographynewsroom.co.uk This site provides links to geography related events in the news.

www.interactivegeography.co.ukMainly aimed at younger learners.

www.bbc.co.uk This well-known website provides a good search engine for suitable topics.

www.guardian.co.ukA newspaper website with news and articles on environmental topics.

www.metoffi ce.comThis site provides weather data and maps, and education resources for both learners and teachers, including case studies.

www.memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/This is part of the Library of Congress website and has country studies useful for case studies.

www.google.co.ukFor photographs go to Google Images by selecting Images from the google menu bar.

www.globalurban.orgThis has a magazine that looks at global urban issues. The articles provide up-to-date case study material.

www.uwsp.edu/geo/A website, that also includes links to other websites, with a range of physical geography resources.

Cambridge International Examinations1 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB1 2EU, United KingdomTel: +44 (0)1223 553554 Fax: +44 (0)1223 553558Email: [email protected] www.cie.org.uk

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9696 Geography Learner Guide 2015 - Somerset …...2015/08/11 · Geography 3 hours (100 marks) You answer questions from three sections. In Section A, answer fi ve out of six questions