9/3/2013 Alabama Radiation Control 1€¦ · 9/3/2013 Alabama Radiation Control 2 Agenda ... Nuclear Medicine (medical) ... Oil and gas well-logging Thickness and level gauges Fixed

9/3/2013 Alabama Radiation Control 1

Welcome

� Instructor Introductions

� Facility Overview


� Facility Overview

� Agenda

� Handouts

� Office of Radiation Control Overview


Radiological Basics:Module Objectives

� Define background radiation

� Discuss the two nuclear power plants in Alabama.

� Identify the basic components of an atom.

� Identify two basic types of radiation.


� Identify two basic types of radiation.

� Identify three types of ionizing radiation.

� Identify the ways to control exposure.

� Distinguish between radiation exposure, radioactive contamination and decontamination.

� Discuss biological effects of radiation and radiation pathways.

Terrestrial

(background)

(3%)

Internal

(background)

(5%)

Space

(background)

(5%)

� 620 mrem/year

� 311 mrem from natural radiation

Average Annual Radiation Dose per U.S. Citizen


Radon & thoron

(background) (37%)

Nuclear Medicine

(medical) (12%)

Computed

Tomography

(medical) (24%)

(3%)

Interventional

Fluoroscopy

(medical) (7%)

Conventional X-Ray/

Fluoroscopy

(medical) (5%)

Industrial (<0.1%)

Consumer (2%)

Occupational (<0.1%)

� 308 mrem from man-made radiation

� <1 mrem from nuclear power generation

Some Uses of Radioactive Material

� Medical Diagnostic Testing

TherapyResearch

� Industrial

Nuclear Gauge


� IndustrialRadiography

Oil and gas well-loggingThickness and level gauges

� Fixed nuclear facilitiesNuclear power plants

Radiography Source

Nuclear Power Plants

� Alabama: There are two active nuclear power plants

� Training and Equipment


� 10-mile EPZ

� Browns Ferry : There are four risk counties and one host county

� Joseph M. Farley: There is one risk county

Alabama Radiological Emergency Response Plan

Alabama

Radiological

Plan

for

OFF-SITE


Emergency

Response Plan

for

Nuclear

Power

PlantsUtility is responsible for

ON-SITE response and recovery.

OFF-SITE

emergencyresponse and

recovery.

Emergency Classifications

Notification of anUnusual Event

Alert


Alert

Site AreaEmergency

General Emergency

Common Sources•Industrial sources •Radiopharmaceuticals


•Nuclear fuels •Radioactive waste•Consumer products

Two Types of Radiation

� Non-IonizingRadio and TV Waves

Infra-Red

Microwaves


Microwaves

Ultra-Violet

� IonizingGamma Ray

X-ray

Alpha Particle

Beta Particle

Ionizing Radiation

Ionization

� Permits detection of …

Provides a means of


� Provides a means of shielding against…

� Produces biological effects from…

� Rays and Particles

Three Basic Types of Ionizing Radiation

� Alpha

� Beta


� Beta

� Gamma

Alpha Radiation

� Positively charged particle that cannot penetrate skin


� Relatively large and slow moving

� Travels only a few inches in air

� Internal hazard only

Beta Radiation

� Negatively charged particle that can penetrate layers of skin causing burns

Smaller and faster than


� Smaller and faster than alpha particles

� Travels several feet in the air

� External hazard

� Internal hazard

Gamma Radiation

� Pure energy rays that can penetrate through thicknesses of material, including the body and internal organs


internal organs

� No measurable mass

� May travel up to hundreds of feet in the air

� External & internal hazard


Radiation Penetration


Alpha

Beta

Gamma

ALARA

A L A R A


AS

LOW

AS

REASONABLY

ACHIEVABLE

Controlling Exposure

Time


DistanceShielding

Time


Less time in area = Less exposure

Distance


Greater distance = Less exposure

Shielding


Denser/thicker material = Less exposure


Exposure, Contamination & Decontamination

� Exposure


� Contamination

� Decontamination

External Contamination

A CDV-700 or

Ludlum 14C

with the probe


with the probe

OPEN detects

beta and gamma

contamination

Internal Contamination

Internal

contamination

is always


is always

treated under

medical

supervision.

Contact RCA

Contaminated Injured

In all cases, the

treatment of an


treatment of an

injury takes

precedence over

decontamination


Biological Effects of Radiation

� Effects from low doses of radiation are predicted based on studies of individuals and groups that received large doses of radiation

� Over 100 years of study focusing on 4


� Over 100 years of study focusing on 4 groups

� Early radiation workers

� Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

� People involved in radiation accidents at nuclear facilities

� Cancer patients

Acute Effects

� Nausea

� Vomiting

� Diarrhea


� Diarrhea

� Hair loss

� Infection

� Death

Chronic Effects

� Reduced fertility

� Cataracts� LeukemiaOther cancers


� Other cancers� Life shortening� Genetic effects

Radiation Pathways

•Biological pathways that can introduce internal contamination include:


Radiological Instrumentation & Exposure Limits :Module Objectives

� Discuss radiation and our five senses.

� Define REM and MREM.

� Identify the use of direct reading dosimeters, Thermoluminescent dosimeters and survey meters.


Thermoluminescent dosimeters and survey meters.

� Define radiation exposure limits for emergency workers.

� Discuss monitoring techniques for contamination.

� Define decontamination limits and thyroid uptake limits.

� Discuss the need of Potassium Iodide.

� Identify the use of a radiation portal monitor.

Radiation & Our Five Senses

We are aware of our environment through our five senses


But we must rely on instruments to detect to presence of radiation

REM(Roentgen Equivalent in Man)

Unit of biological damage 1000 mR


damage caused by

different types of ionizing radiation

1R = 1 Rad = 1 Rem

1000 mR

=

1 R

Radiation Exposure

� Dosimeter = Odometer

� Accumulated exposure

0|0|3|1|7|2


exposuremR

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0 100 200

Pocket Dosimeters

� Records radiation immediately

Accumulated exposure


0 - 200 mR

0 - 20 R

� Accumulated exposure

� Measures in Low Range (mR) or High Range (R)

Reading a Pocket Dosimeter

mR

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0 100 200


Look through the dosimeter toward a light source.

CDV 750 Dosimeter Charger

Clamp Clamp Trigger


Discharge

Button

G en erato r L ever

Thermoluminescent Dosimeter“TLD Card”

� Records radiation dose for legal/permanent exposure records


exposure records

� Results not immediately available Lithium

Fluoride

Chips

Radiation Rate


MPH

0 10 20 30 40 50 60| | | | | | |_____________________

� Survey Meter = Speedometer

Survey InstrumentsCDV- 700


Ludlum Model 14C

Check Operation

Operation and Background for CDV-700


Cover Probe

Use Earphones

Check

Background

Radiation

Reading the CDV-700

100 200

300

0.1

0.2 0.3 0.4

0.5

mr/hr

Hairline

Scale


X1

OFF -

X10

X1OO

C/M0

300

CD V-700

Hairline

Multiplier Switch

Reading a CDV-700


Reading a CDV-700

0.2 0.3 0.4

mr/hrWhat is the meter reading?

.1 mr/hr


C/M0

100 200

300CD V-700

0

0.10.2 0.3 0.4

0.5

Monitoring for exposure rate mr/hr

Multiplier Switch X 1

.1 mr/hr

Reading a CDV-700

0.2 0.3 0.4


2.5 mr/hr


C/M0

100 200

300CD V-700

0

0.1

0.2 0.3 0.4

0.5



2.5 mr/hr

Reading a CDV-700

0.2 0.3 0.

mr/hr

What is the meter reading?

50 mr/hr


C/M0

100 200

300CD V-700

0

0.10.2 0.3 0.4

0.5



50 mr/hr

Reading a CDV-700

0.2 0.3 0.4


100 C/M


C/M0

100 200

300CD V-700

0

0.1

0.2 0.3 0.4

0.5

Monitoring for contamination C/M


100 C/M

Reading a CDV-700

0.2 0.3 0.4


2300 C/M


C/M0

100 200

300CD V-700

0

0.1

0.2 0.3 0.4

0.5



2300 C/M

Reading a CDV-700

0.2 0.3 0.4


30,000 C/M


C/M0

100 200

300CD V-700

0

0.1

0.2 0.3 0.4

0.5



30,000 C/M

TEDE(Total Effective Dose Equivalent)

Total Dose =

External Dose + Internal Dose

=

2 X External Dose


2 X External Dose

TEDE = 2 X Pocket Dosimeter Reading

Traffic Control Personnel, School Bus Drivers,

Personnel & Equipment Monitors

Radiation Dosage Limits for Emergency WorkersRadiation Dosage Limits for Emergency Workers


Additional Radiation Dosage Limits for Emergency Workers


Ludlum 14C Monitoring

Start at top of head.Hold probe 1 inch away.


CAL

A

U

D

ON F

OFFRESET

BAT

S 0

F

F

X1000X100

X10

X1

X.01

X1000 FOR INTERNAL

PROBE ONLY

MODEL 14CGEIGER COUNTER

LUDLUM MEASEREMENTS,INC.

SWEETWATER, TEXAS

Hold probe 1 inch away. Move 1 inch per second.

Remember soles of shoes.

Always face probe toward the

equipment/personnel when monitoring for

contamination.

Contamination – 2X BKG

Monitoring for ContaminationCDV 700

Hold probe 1 inch from skin. Start at top of head. Move 1 inchper second with probe open.


Contamination =Twice Background

(2X BKG)

per second with probe open.Remember soles of feet.

Vehicle Decontamination


Radiation Dosage Limitsfor Personnel/Equipment Monitors


Thyroid Uptake Limits


KI(Potassium Iodide)

� Thyroid blocking agent

� Saturates the thyroid gland with nonradioactive


gland with nonradioactive iodine

� Helps Prevent radioactive iodine from being absorbed into the thyroid

Used to quickly

Portal MonitorsPortal Monitors


Used to quickly screen large populations.

Initial Response Actions:Module Objectives

� Identify the Response Actions in order to protect Health and Safety

� Identify the need of an Emergency


� Identify the need of an Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG).

� Discuss initial response, scene assessment and establishing control zones.

Initial Response

� State, tribal, and local governments responsible for emergency planning and response within their jurisdiction


� Response plans should be developed in advance

� Initial Notification from Local/State Response Agency. Contact Office of Radiation Control

Radiological Response Procedures

� Prior to scene arrival, turn on Survey Meter and set on lowest Scale

� Try to stay upwind and upslope of incident


upslope of incident

� Approach from a distance, use binoculars

� Priorities for rescue, life saving, first aid and fire control are higher than priority for measuring radiation levels

Communications are Vital to the All Responses

� Notify proper agencies and personnel

� First on-scene


� First on-scene begins the process• Call 911 and State/Local

EMA Authorities

• Follow local notification and procedures

• Contact Radiation Control Duty Officer

The ERG

� Use Guides 161 – 166 in the ERG for radioactive material

� Divided into color-coded sections

� Initial isolation of 75 feet


� Initial isolation of 75 feet

� Deny entry and avoid urge to go in and “look around”

� Try to identify the material involved in the incident

� Does not take precedence over local procedures

� Be familiar with guidebook before incident occurs

Initial Response and Scene Arrival

� Locate the following: • Placards, labels, and

package markings

• Shipping papers

Reference Guides (ERG)


• Reference Guides (ERG)

• SDS

� Consider all potential hazards presented by the material• Radiation Exposure

• Contamination spread

• Non-radiological hazards

Scene Assessment and Risk

� Patient care takes priority over radiological concerns

� Look for the following:� How many patients are there?

� Type and seriousness of injuries?


� Type and seriousness of injuries?

� Any packages with visible labels?

� Any packages breached/leaking?

� What type of package(s)?

� Dose rates from undamaged packages are safe

Establish Control Zones

� Used to limit access and control spread of contamination

� Formal control zone may be established after


� Formal control zone may be established after rescue

� Entry and exit points upwind/upslope of hot zone

� Use ERG for initial isolation distances

� Size of zones may vary

Control Zones

� Several zones may be established at an incident scene:


• Hot zone

• Warm zone

• Cold zone

Patient Handling:Module Objectives

� Identify the risks to response personnel when rescuing injured persons at a radioactive material transportation incident.

� Identify the importance of gross decontamination for radiologically contaminated patients.


radiologically contaminated patients.

� Identify methods for preparing radiologically contaminated patients for transport to the hospital.

� Describe reasons for and methods of establishing hot, warm, and cold zones.

� Identify ways to control the spread of contamination while taking defensive measures to limit impacts

Patient Handling

� Approach with caution and look for all hazards

� Consider before entry:


� Consider before entry:

� Protection provided by available PPE

� How much time it will take

� Route to avoid radiation and contamination areas while completing rescue

� Other hazards present

Emergency Medical Procedures

� Use Universal Precautions while treating patient

Avoid cross contamination


� Avoid cross contamination

� Do not delay treatment

Avoid Radioactive Contamination

Do not: � Eat

� Drink

Smoke


� Smoke

� Chew

If available, use PPE while on the scene of an incident involving radioactive material

Patient Handling

� Leave patient’s clothing inside hot zone

� Conduct additional decontamination only if


decontamination only if time permits and radiologically trained personnel available (e.g., Alabama Radiation Control

� Gross decon for contamination reduction

Patient Packaging in the Hot Zone

Perform Decon and Patient Wrap


Patient Transfer to Hospital

� Notify hospital that a potentially contaminated patient is en route

Request special


� Request special instructions or procedures:� Follow hospital’s radiological

protocol

� Survey crew, vehicle, and equipment

� Do not eat, drink, smoke, or chew until surveyed by radiation authority

Patient Handling Video


Hospital Protocol:Module Objectives

� Identify the importance of a radiation emergency alert.

� Determine emergency supplies.


� Determine emergency supplies.

� Handling of contaminated patients.

� Notification to appropriate authorities.

� Proper PPE instructions to dress and undress.

Radiation Emergency Alert

� Nuclear medicine department.

Upon notification of radiation accident victims being transported to hospital, immediately notify the following:


� Nuclear medicine department.

� Hospital security.

� Hospital maintenance.

� Additional ER staff.

� Local EMA office.

Emergency Supplies

� PPE.� Film badges or TLD cards.

In the event of a radiation emergency involving contamination, bring the following supplies to the corridor outside the emergency room or to an adjacent room:


� Film badges or TLD cards.� Absorbent paper or Herculite floor covering.� Masking tape.� Plastic “Radioactive” labeled bags.� Survey instruments.� Signs and labels stating “Radioactive Material” and/or “Radiation Area”.� Cotton tipped applications (Q-tips)� Large waste cans or barrels.� Rope to secure the area.� Various sizes of plastic bags for samples.� Charts with drawings of patient outline for recording contaminated areas.� Sterile saline or water for decontamination.� Permanent marker to label all samples.� Small lead “pig” (obtain from the Nuclear Medicine Dept)

Handling of Contaminated Patients

Priority for treatment or decontamination generally will be determined by:

� Seriousness of non-radiation injuries.

� Levels of skin or clothing contamination.


� Levels of skin or clothing contamination.

� Possibility of radionuclides entering the body through contaminated wounds.

In general, trauma is more serious than contamination and must be treated as if it is life-threatening. All bleeding must be stopped and otherlife-support procedures institute prior to decontamination.

Notify Proper Authorities


Working Hours : 865.576-3131

24 Hour Emergency: 865.576-1005(Ask for REAC/TS)

Proper PPE Instructions to Dress & Undress

� Attach TLD (or film badge) to clothes (neck area).

� Put on disposable coveralls (tape zipper).� Put on inner pair of latex gloves (tape to

sleeve).Put on outer pair of latex gloves (do not tape).

� Remove outer latex gloves and put in waste.� Give pocket dosimeter to RSO and record upon

exiting decon room.� Remove surgical mask, head cover (and eye

shield) and put in waste.� Remove tape from wrists, coveralls (and plastic

Dress Out Undress


� Put on outer pair of latex gloves (do not tape).� Put on surgical mask, head cover (and eye

shield protection if necessary).� Attach pocket dosimeter to neck area (outside

coveralls).� Label your position “title” on tape (for front and

back of coveralls).� Record serials numbers for the radiation

equipment issue.� Put a pair of plastic waterproof shoe covers over

your coveralls if you will be walking in wet areas.

� Remove tape from wrists, coveralls (and plastic waterproof shoe covers) and put in waste.

� Remove coveralls (roll downward to ankles).� Stand at the boundary of the Step-Off Pad.� Step out of coveralls and onto Step-Off pad (be

careful not to put clean shoe on “dirty” side of boundary).

� Turn around and put dirty coveralls in waste.� Remove inner pair of latex gloves and put in

waste.� Remove TLD (or film badge) and give to RSO. � Receive a complete whole-body survey.

Questions?


Glossary

� ALARA – An acronym for As Low As Reasonably Achievable. A principle of radiation exposure control.

� ALPHA RADIATION – A positively charged particle emitted from the nucleus of an atom. It has a low penetrating power and a short range up to a few inches. Alpha particles are not an external hazard but are extremely hazardous internally.

� BACKGROUND RADIATION – The radiation in man’s natural environment, including cosmic rays and radiation from the naturally radioactive elements, both outside and inside the human body.


� BETA RADIATION – A negatively charged particle emitted from the nucleus of an atom. It has a medium penetrating power and a range of up to a few feet. Beta particles will penetrate the skin, therefore, they are an external and internal hazard.

� CONTAMINATION – Radioactive material in a location where it is unwanted.

� CPM – An acronym for counts per minute.

� DECONTAMINATION – The removal of radioactive material from a location where it is unwanted.

� DOSIMETER – Instrument or device used to measure the exposure of ionizing radiation received by an individual (e.g. pocket dosimeter, TLD or film badge, etc).

Glossary

� EMERGENCY CLASSIFICATIONS – 1. Notification of an Unusual Event (NOUE), 2. Alert, 3. Site Area Emergency, 4. General Emergency.

� EMERGENCY WORKER – An individual performing duties to protect the health and safety of the public during a radiological emergency (e.g., firemen, police, highway personnel, medical personnel, etc.)

� EXPOSURE – The quantity used to indicate the amount of ionization in air produced by x-rays or gamma radiation.


radiation.

� EXPOSURE RATE – The measure of exposure over some time period, usually an hour.

� GAMMA RADIATION – A photon origination from the nucleus of an atom. It has the most penetrating power and a range of up to hundreds of feet. Gamma rays will penetrate the internal organs, therefore, they are an internal and external hazard.

� IONIZING RADIATION – Any electromagnetic or particulate radiation capable of producing ions, directly or indirectly, when passing through matter.

� INVERSE SQUARE LAW – The relationship which states that gamma rays intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from a point source.

Glossary

� IONIZATION – The removal of an electron (a negative charge) form an atom or molecule, either directly or indirectly, leaving a positively charged ion.

� LITHIUM FLUORIDE – A chemical compound used in thermoluminescent dosimeters.

� KCPM – An acronym for kilo counts per minute (thousands of counts per minute)

MILLI – A prefix meaning one-thousandth (1/1000). It is denoted by “m”. (e.g., milliroentgen, millirem,


� MILLI – A prefix meaning one-thousandth (1/1000). It is denoted by “m”. (e.g., milliroentgen, millirem, etc.)

� POTASSIUM IODIDE (KI) – A chemical form of stable iodine that can be used by the body to block absorption of radioiodine by the thyroid gland.

� RAD – An acronym for Radiation Absorbed Dose. It is a measurement of the energy deposited in matter.

� RADIATION – The energy propagated through space or through a material medium such as waves. (e.g., energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or of elastic waves.)

� RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL – Material which spontaneously emits particle or photon radiation in an effort to expend excess energy.

Glossary

� RADIOACTIVITY – The spontaneous emission of radiation, generally alpha or beta particle often accompanied by gamma rays.

� RCA – An acronym for Radiation Control Agency.

� REM – An acronym for Radiation Equivalent in Man. It is measurement of the effect of all types of radiation on the human body.


� ROENTGEN – A measurement of radiation effect in air from x-rays or gamma rays.

� TEDE – An acronym for Total Effective Dose Equivalent. Total Dose = External Dose + Internal Dose.

� THERMOLUMINISCENT DOSIMETER (TLD) – An extremely accurate device used to measure and provide a permanent record of exposure to radiation.

� X-RAY – A photon originating from the electron cloud rather that from the nucleus of an atom. One form of electromagnetic radiation. It has penetrating power like gamma radiation. X-rays will penetrate the internal organs, therefore, they are an internal and external hazard.

Documents

9/3/2013 Alabama Radiation Control 1€¦ · 9/3/2013 Alabama Radiation Control 2 Agenda ... Nuclear Medicine (medical) ... Oil and gas well-logging Thickness and level gauges Fixed