Language index

A

AfrO-Asiatic 350

Aghern 47f., 53(., 56, 58, 60,

61([, 96ff .• 146, 152fT .• 159. 372

Atlantic lrtnguages 233ff., 2)6,

244.357

B

Bagirmi sec Tar B'arma Balanla 246f.

Bantoid languages 35.47.59. 350 ,372

Bantu languages 59, 1I0f., 166f. .

179. 191,257. 292,300, 349f.,

362,368,370

Baynuryk 1)4.140f.

Bcbeid 35(.

Bemba I I I, 350, 362, 364. 367

Bcnuc-Congo 38. 161, 257. 261

Berber languages 193[, 197£.,

21 4,215,121,226, 228

Bijogo 234.239.250

Suli 287ft'., 294. 296ff., 307if., 311

BulJom see Mani

C Cushitic languages 226,316L

325f .• 331, 335. 341, 344

D

Dagbani 187fT. , 294. 296ff.,

308IT., 31 1

E East !Xoon 70,77.80,82,84 Ejagham 349ff.

Ekoid Bantu 349.362 Emai z61ff. Emarcvonc 165ff. English 40,46.52, sM, 60, 62,

88, 110,101,212,248• 257,

289,307.310,311,324.337

F

French 88,217,220,257

Fula 236,255

G

Gawwada 315ff.

German 58,121,134,217

Gola 246£.,257

Grassficlds Bantu 36, 95. 352, 372

Gurene 287f .• 290, 294, 196tT .• 308f.

Gur languages 287£.,300,307.

310,311

Isu 101,144ff.

1talian 52.88

Joota languages 242f., 255

K

Khoisan 1. 70

Kisi 244,245

Kmni 287f., 294ff., 307, 308r.

Konyagi see Mey

M

Makua see Emarevone

Mani 146.257

Mankanya 244

Mey 234. 235,245

N Naki 35ff.

Niger-Congo 37,147,161,257.350

Nilo-Saharan languages 118,316

Noni 35,44, 47L 53. 54. 55, 60,

61ff.

Noon 244, 246

Nluu 74f.,70

NlJng see Nluu 'Nlohan, 'Nloha 70.82,84

o Ol i- Volta languages 187. 290.

291·310

p

Palor 244, 245

R

Ring languages 95,146, ISSf., 161

S Sandawe Iff.

Seerccr 234,137.243. 244,255

Somali 317,325.326,330,331,

332,344

Strandberg IXam see IXam Supyire 311

T

'laa languages 70, 73, n. 78, 82

Taqbaylit 193, J99tf .• 227f.

Tar B'arma 117ft:

Tashelhit 193, 21Sff., 127f.

Temnc 246,247,257

Tuu languages 70,71, 73ff., 79,

85,87,91

U

lUi languages 70, 74ff., 78f.

V

Vute 372

W

West !Xoon 82

Wolof 233,234.236,137£., 247£.,

250ff., 254f.. 156

X

JXam 70,79,90

!Xeon see East and West !Xoon

Subject index

A ablative 2 13. 214.227.229

acth-ation, rcactivalion 89. 165,

16M •• 168. 170rf., 178. 182(.,

184£., 186ft' .• 189. 190, 201

allativc 213.21 4.227

activc-stative alignment 230

adjacency 107,284

affirmation 289.300

reaflirmation 267.268,283

affix S. 161, 194. 199. 200 ft. 212,

213.214.22.9.257.300,318.

337f .• 339. 362

prefix 101f., lIl, 146. 147. 152,

l54ff., 161, 170 , 179, 187f.,

201,204,235. 241,357[.,

369 suflix 3, 14. 22, 76, 147, 161,

180, 188, 204. 23Sf., 237,

240f., 242f. . 244. 255.

271f., 284. 290, 296, 297.

298. 300Jf., 306tf .• 350,

357ff., 369 afterthought 6, 19f., 24. 318, 340

agcnl, agent role 46,73.80,89, 160, 168. 180, 185. 297, 350

agreement 2,3.62,73.79, 105£.,

112, 158, 166, 16B, 178, 187. 204.

119.235.256.268,321,323,

325(,328,343

all-new sentence 83.84,86

ambiguity 6,19,84,89, 132,207,

352,355 assertion 7. )2,88, 100, 166ff. ,

195.196,209.222, 248f., 252,

256, 266.302,305,307.367

"splir" assertion 233, 248f..

257 auxiliary 37,48.53.95. 96,98.

99£', 10 1, 102, I09f .• 113. 244,

355

C

canonical see also unmarked

sentence 46.49.50,76,88,

90.141,261,262,284.285,311

deft 76, 78, 82

position 36, 40f.. 44, 47, 52,

53,80,120, 123f., 133

sentence/clause 42, So, 53.

56,59,63,78, 124,134,

294f,,297

structure 265.284

case-marking 199.212,213,214,

225ff., 228, 325

accusative 200, 201, 202,

209.214,227

annexat ion state 199,200,

207,208,212, 213f.. 226,

227f.

dative 200,201,202,209

dependent slate 194,227

free state 200.212,214.223,

228

marked nominative 193.194,

226,228,229

cartographic approach 51,52.,

55.56 categorical statement 72,78.85,

86.88,91.92, 167. 180. 182.,

195, 196. 209, 32.2, 32.5, 328

clause

cl ause chaining 352.

equational clause n. 82, 89

main clause 40,98, 112,113,

152., 159, 228, 262, 263,

264fT., 268f., 270. 272.,

276, 277. 279, 283[, 306,

361,368

unmarked clause 73,75,96

deft see also canonical cleft 39,

40,72, 74,76,78,80 .82,85,

91,121, 134L 207, 208, 210,

212,215, 222ff. , 225, 226£., 228.

257. 306.329,35 1,361. 362,372

bisected constructions 72,

74fT .• 79, 81. 82. 84

defting 212, 222, 257

cleft-like sentences n. 82, 83,

85,87,88,89,361

ditic 3,5, Sf., IS. 2.3, 102[., 112,

146, 149, 152tL 158, 189, 194,

199, loaf., 101, 207, 209, 212["

215,221,224.229.247.290,

311,317,320.322,325.326.329.

333,338,342,343f.

common ground 307,310,311

complement 160,218,234,237,

238, 2.47f., 289, 290, 294ff.,

299,328,362,369,370

complement clause 150,

159, 160

circumstantial complement

'43 fronted complement 240

possessor complement 270

confirmation 250,310

conflatiotl 60,64,73, 145, 146

conjoint-disjoint dichotomy

59. 110, 257

conjugation, fOCUSing 232.2.34,

237t[. 247f.. 251f.. 254, 255

conjunction 2,4,6, nr., 15, 18,

21,22,23, 81,216,298

constituents, syntactic 6,90,

134,233. 235. 240,264,270,

273ft., 355

adverbial const ituent 74

core constituent 194, 197. 199,

215.221.222.224,228

emphatic constituent 273f..

275,277. 280,282, 284

non-subject constituent 3.4,

9,10,13, IS. 23, 159, 365

380 The Expression of Information Structure

oblique constituent 74

order of constituents 2. 56.

75,98,215, 217, 218, 219,

224,225 preclamal constituent 262

subject constituent 80

context 41 ,62,63,76.78,80.81,

82.84.85.87.89, 110. 120, 122,

124.131, 133, 140. 150, 153, 167.

183.195, 204, 209, 211, 213, 217,

219.220,246,254,296,300,

302,322, 324,333.352,356.

360f .• 367, 368, 371 contrastive context 79.205,

36,

discourse context 5, 10. 13,

15,58.90

elicitation context 38, 43, 45

contrastive ness 17,18,20,23.

43,62. 71f .• 74ff., 80, 84, 87.

90,97, 99f., 121, 130, 134, 138.

140f., 196, 198, 204, 205. 206,

219,221.122.228,252,255,

275, 181. 284. 291, 293, 297,

298,306, 315ff .• 330f., 335f.,

337f.. 338f., 340, 353. 363 contrastive information 71

control 154,214,267.268,273

focus control 138. 140

grammatically controlled

63, 138,356,360,361 pragmatically controlled

356, 360, 362, 365 conversation. conversational

data 5. 202, 203. 205. 209,

292,322,323. 331.341,344

copula n. 78, 79. 82, 90, 134. 135,

160,207, 125, 226, 228, 310,

330,361 copular construction 39,74.

82,88

cross-reference 77,78,222

D definiteness 5, 125, 273, 274f..

277ff., 18o, 282

definite article 307,311

indefinite article, marker

207, 21.0

defocusing strategy 240, 242f.,

244,246, 256

deictic 79.119,241,275, 320f.,

328, 337. 341 demonstrative 11, I03f., 113, 119,

126, 146, 188, 244, 274f.

dependency 123,139. 192, 199,

207,212,2.14,228,257,287

denmking st rategy 243,256 see (l/so defocusing

directive 264f.. 266, 283 discontinuous 168, 181

discourse configurationality

65, 193. 194, 215, 227f., 230

dislocation 317, 341 left -dislocat ion 52,224.341

right-dislocation 212,21 4, 227

do-support 289.307, 3lO

E elicitation, elicited data see {lIsa

context, elicitation context

6,38,40,43.45,50 .58,114, 122,146,219,224,261,288,

291f .• 33 1

ellipsis 123, 271, 284

emphasis 5,6,38, 121, 128, 196,

198,206,221,222,223. 228,

2,)7. 243, 261 . 273, 300, 303.

305,306,307,312

non-emphatic 284

emphatic modifier 276f., 282

event 18,84,85,87,88,91, 148,

150, 158, 168, 183,184, 190. 197,

200,201,207,237,251.252,

264, 266 f., 283, 290, 325. 366

event line 17°,171,174,367 event-reporting 184, 196,319

event-type predication 211,

m

exclamation 8J. 83, 84. 87, 254

exhaustivity 276,282,283

ex istential statement 87,88,307

locative-existent ial 208,211

expectation 137.149, 166, 168,

175,177,190, 210, 193. 296,

297,298,302, 303f., 324, 335,

344 counterexpectation, counter­

expectionalily 131, 133,

196,222,323,335.339

expression of surprise 81,83, 87,

196, 289

extraction 158,173,180,190,214,

216,222,225

F field -based approach 56ff., 61,

63,64

focali zation 36,37.38, 39f., 45,

46ff .• 51ft'" 56ft'., 90, 144if., 160,291,308, 3ll, 319, 325£.

extrn~ focal 77

out-of-focus pari ofl he

sentence 152 defocalization 145ff., 161

focus

communicative point of

foc us 71,351,352.353,

354f.. 356, 363f., 368, 373 focus constituent 79,90,

128,262,264,268,270,

273, 276£·, 280, 281c.. 283f.,

295. 296 focus marker 16ff .• 23, 52. 61.

62,74,77,80,90,98, 100,

liS, 120, 124f., 131, 134, 135,

142,146,149, 150f., 152,

157. 228.229, 287,288,295,

296. 307f., 310. 329, 331f .•

335,337.344 focus phrase 51

focus position 6, 36, 49, 51,

52, 55f., 65, 90, 95, 97, 98, 121, 124, 145, I SO, 161, 260,

262f., 270, 272f .• 276ff .• 283

unmarked focus 97. 129, 203,

249.324 focus, scope

adposit ional phrase focus

245,322,341

argument focus 60, 64, 128.

196.207, 222ff., 225, 228,

236. 242f., 244, 246, 249,

254,319,324,337.34of..

343f.

auxiliary focus 44,63,95,99,

101, 109, 146, 148, 152, 158,

292,355f. complement fOC llS 238, 240f.,

367 non -argument focus 59R'.

non -subject focus 89, 117,

124f., 139, 140

object focus 41,54,60.124(.,

136f.. 234, 237,242,243,

246, 247, 250,253. 299 operator focus 41,292,309,

349, 355.356, 357ff., 360tf.,

365. 36M .• 368ff.

polar ity 23,43,96.99,149,

158, 253. 262,265,293,

305.307,311,354.355.365,

368• 273 predicate focus 11, 24, 59.

196. 199. 203ft'·, 207. 212.

215, no lI , 301, 319, 322.

324.343,355,356,363.364.

365, 366, 368 predication foc us 99, 148.

150f., 157, 287tf .• 292, 293.

298, 299ff., 303ff .• 306(.,

30 0 sentence focus lB. 23, 24, 60.

72,86. 133. 137, 140, 196, 199, 208ff., 212, 213. 214.

215.219.210.229.2$4.297.

319.326,328.343 subject focus 1,3, 16(., 23,

113f .• 131 , 131. 134, 1]8f .•

141,148.151, 234.235.137. 138, 239,140, 241, 141,

144,246,147. 248.249,

150,154[,297

term focus 69,71,72. 74ff.,

87.88.89,91,92,123. 147.

157. 161. 291, 296. 303. 355,

356, 363, 365, 368 trut h value 95,99, 100, 148,

149, 150, 250, 287. 292,

194( .• 303,304,311,355,

365, 366, 367, 368 verb focus 24 , 41,42,59.60,

64,71• 110,129. 148, 196,

107.208.112. 215.222,133,

234. 235. 236.237,138,240•

241,242,244,245. 246.

247.249, 250ff .• 257. 291, 292, 299ff. , 311

focus, types 71, 122, 2)3. 354

assertive foc us 69, 71f., 74.

75,76,86,89. 151, 291, 292.

299,300,301,303.306.

307r.. 310. 349. 353, 354(.,

363f.. 365, 368£., 373

complet ive foc us 71. Ill, 291,

353,354 contrastiv~ focus 17,18. 19.

23,43, 7if., 74ff., 84. 85, 87,

89,97,99. 100,140, 196•

222,225 counter-asser tive 100, 102,

149,151 n ... rrow focus 60,129,286,

30 0.331.337 wide focus 123, 129f. , 137

focus -ma rking

indirect 12$ , 139. 140

non-focusing verb forms

236• 237.239,250.251

obligaloriness of focus

marking 43.61,123, 124,

125, 129, 138ff., 140. 146,

152ff .• 224, 238, 247, 248,

250, 253, 255. 291, 303,

308, ]68

discontinuous marking 240,

' .. focus. t)'P0logy 351fT., 354, 356

see {lIsa foc us, types

focus-backgro und 72,81, R6, 117

background 72.81,83,84,86.

87,120. 123. 124ff .• 137, 14 1,

146, 148, 248f., 256, 191,

307. 343 background clause 76,77.78,

91,100. 112f .• 115, 158, 159

functional sentence perspective

197,198

G generic noun 84,]42

grammaticalization 220,229,

232.271,309.330,339

B

hi storical pe rspective 76.78,79,

90f., 104, 155. 227ff., lll, 372

identificationa! clause 74 , 160.

196.319

identificational marker 74.78

incorporation 315,329,342(.,

344 incr~ment of information 351.

352, 354. 368

Subject index 381

in tensification, intensifier 154,

267. 283, 307

interrogative 74,82, 120[, 124.

126, 151,216, 264f .• 35 1. 353,

361, 362. 369, 371, 372 intonation, intonation language

121.136, 142, 224. 228.256.

293,296.316.322,325,333 inversion

L

locative iO\'ersion 38

subject inversion 88,217

left periphery 52.56, 120,124,

125. 126, 127,128,131,133

local prom inence 167, 174, 175,

179,188, 190

M maximum active span 165,187.

188, 190. 191

m erge 233,234,235. 236. 239.

241 ,257

N na rration 167. 173.175, 177,179,

184. 185, 186, 189, 190.202,

204,334 narrative roles 169. 175. 178,

.8, narrntive script 166,lntr .•

189, 190

narrative conjunction 4.5 .

11. 15, 21 ,22.24

narratives 12, 17, 19, 20, 23 ,

42,80,81,84. 87,146, 165,

166,167. 169, 170, 179, 182(., 197, 201, 202, 204.

211 . :u6, 21], 218, 362

negation 38,44, 108, 114. 145 ,

146,151, 152,255,256, 26 5.

302,303,305. 306. 310. 31t nom inalization 183. 240,244.

245,257 nominali zed verb 222,306

non-referential 274,34 2, 343

n oun class system 36, 37, 77,

102(" Il l , 145, 146, 147. 153,

154, 156, 161, 191

noun class marker 154, 161.

'47 nominal gender system 73

382 The Expression ofInformation Structure

noun phrase 44,96,279,284 marking of focus in the noun

phrase 101«.

syntax of the noun phrase

38,73, 104f., 106, 115, 270

topical noun phrase 45,273 numerals, distributive numerals

213,214,278,280,284,285

p

particle 23,41,43,44,63,73,79,

120,121,123,125, 130ff., 137,

146,161, 200, 212, 234, 244ff.,

255,261,265,272,274,283,

288ft·., 299ff., 306ft:, 325, 339,

344,361,369 additive particle 311, 330 clause-final particle 290,309

emphatic particle 286,288,

289,290,309 reflexive particle 276

passive 46,59, 179, 180f., 183,

236,327 inverted passive 165, 166,171,

173,177> 178, 18lif., 189f.

periphrasis 234,239

pivot 72,79,80,199,229,230,

339 polyfunctionality 69,72,78,82,

87,89,92

position

clause-final 21,126,132,133,

176, 288, 307, 308, 340

clause-initial 74,76.90,91,

125. 133,329 immediate-after verb

position (lAV) 97ff.

immediate postverbal

position 35. 36, 40, 46, 58,

75, 146, 147, 288, 311 postverbal position 19,40,

49, S0, 57. 58, 64, 74, 212,

229,290,296,322,329,340

(pragmatic) markedness 75,92,

161, 166, 178,322

preconstructed predicative

relationship 249

predicate nominal 77> 90 presentative construction 220,

237,238,325

presupposition 7,39,86,98, 121,

146,148,166,194,195[., 210,

233.249,261, 268, 273, 286,

307f·. 344 presupposition

accommodation 311

prominence scales 166,168, 173,

1}6f. , 190

pronouns anaphoric pronoun 242

emphatic pronoun 82.244,

246-247,263

zero pronoun 271,271.184

resumptive pronoun 44,

45,269

prosody 224 accentuation 88,240,325

melodic contour 156

phonological phrasing 218

prosodic device 88,121, 136f.,

195,198, 207,108, 21 4,224,

256.296,322,324 protagonist 204,211,310,332

Q quantification 276,168, 177f.,

28,

R

partitive 281,283

quantifier 103, 277f., 281, 282,

284,337 universal quantifier 279,

284,285

reduplication 240ft:, 245, 249,

257 reference tracking 201

relative clause 76, 78, 79, 83, 102,

111, 126, 135, 158, 159, 160, 207,

210,216,225,226,228, 274,

360.362,369,370,372

relative marker 76, 82, 83

relativization 239. 244

resumption, resumptive function

40,83.183,261,264, 268ff.,

270ff., 283. 331 see also pronoun, resumptive

riddle 323, 327, 335

S salience 64,72,86,89,2-48

semantic role 73,89,185,325

sentential operator 354,355,359,

364,368,373 shared knowledge 261, 268,

281, 283

slot filler 61fT.

specificity 280,337

specific marker 14,337,341

spoken discourse 219ff.

storyline 87,189,197,217

style 217.218

stylistically marked 322

subject 2, 5, 22f., 39. 40, 44, 59,

64,72,73,79,80,88,91, HO,

112f., 124, 138. 148, 152, 166,

168,171, 173f., 176, 178, 181,

190,192,196,197, 199f., 206,

21Sf., 229, 249, 263, 266, 272,

282,284, 297,319, 321,325f.

non-topic subject 220

poslposed subject 173f.,

179ff., 182, 189, 190, 211

postverbal subject 52.181,

209, 216, 223,226ff.

preposed (fronted) subject

210, 218f., 223f.

subject marker 53,62.103,

112,147, 156, ISS, 198. 221,

'" subordination 88,158, 159

T TAM category 37,44,49,96,99,

ll5. 119, 146, 233, 236, 292, 293,

300,303,306,311,349,350,

35M., 367, 368, 370(, 373 aorist 237f.

aspect 48,51,52, 185, 239,

241,249.257,263,290,303,

308,310 aspectua! morphemes/marker

241,246,308

hortative 159,266,283,357,

367.370 imperative 2,4, 11, 14, 23, 96.

100f., 109, 11;, 152, 258, 237,

264,266, 283,327,357,370

imperfective 150, 236. 237,

239, 289, 290, 291. 294,

296,303,308,310,351,

356ff., 362, 368, 370, 372

indicative 200, 237f., 266,

289,291,294.308,310,357,

370,373 mood 2,146,255,266, 357,

370

past 3,4,43, 96,99, 111,146,

149, 150, 152, 154, 246.263.

350 ,373 perfect 99, 237, 238[, 25U.,

262, 263, 357. 359

perfective 146, 149f.. 152. 154,

200, 209. 235. 236, 238.

239, 241, 246, 249. 289,

294f., 296, 300, 301f .• 303f.,

306,310,350, 356tf., 365,

367, 368f., 370, 372 progressive 43,200,246 ,

290.309. 311, 357ft"., 370

proh ibitive 264 f. , 266, 283

prospective 240f.,266

simple present 252,255

subj unctive 2, 3f., 15. 23, 266.

357. 370

tense 48,51,52, 96,99, ll5,

119, 146. 148, 149, 185, 266,

300, 309. 35h 370.373 voice 181,233.236,257,316

text li nguistics 165, 1691f., 190

thematic dimension 165. 168,

169. 176. 181, 185, 191 theme-rherne 88, 187, 198, 216

rheme. rhematic 195, 197.219,

234,239,243,248, 254, 255 thematic 7, nff., 22, 23, 148,

195,198,207,210

thelicily 63, 69ff.. 72, 87, 88, 91,

195, 196,211,319,325,327,367 entity-central thel ic statement

72, 85f .• 87f .• 89f., 91, 92.

167. 189 event-central thetic statement

see also event-type

predication 87.167 subject-central {hetic

statement 92

thetic statemenl 42,59,60,64,

72. 85ff., 88, 91, 92, 167, 180,

182,183, 184, 189, 196. 209,

211, 213, 216, 219tf., 226, 273.

297,322. 325ff., 343, 367 tone, tone language 6, 22f., 36,

38, 46,48,5 1.57, 59f.. 1ll.1l9, 121, 13M., 235, 262, 263, 266,

295. 309, 325, 357f. topic 5,7.10.11, 13ff., 23, 39, 44[,

73.86,88,90,91,126, 13B. 141,

148, 166f., 195f., 204, 205. 20B,

212,214,220,229, 26 Iff., 262,

264, 268ff., 272, 283f., 297,

318f., 320ff., 333. 344. 351. 353 antilopic 195, 207, 212, 214,

318,322,340 contrastive topic 17, 43, 130,

134, 221, 297, 298, 330ff.,

336,344 externailopic 18,158,198,

218f .• 222, 225

topic position 6,55, 5M., 61.

64, 127, 180, 227. 274f., 277.

281 ,320

topic shift 204,212

topic switch 330ft:

topical izat ion 44f.. 198, 207. 227 dause-external topicali7.ation

218, 224, 2.2.8

topicalized consti tuents 14,

21 , 22,24, 19B, 206, 218.

221,224,228

topicalized utterances 206

topic-comment organization

V

see. (lisa categorical statement,

theme- rheme 11,14,88,181,

197,198,203,207,216,220.

294, 297,298,319,320,322f. .

324.328,343

variation, c ross-linguistic 310

verb

amhitransitive 201

di transitivc 40,271

Subject index 383

ergative 211

expressing a quality or

property 233, 250, 25 1.

252 ,255 inaCCll sative see ergative

intransitive 42.50. 51,52,

89. 289,290 ,294,)00,

302.327 monolransitivc 271.272

scalar stative 255

stative 237. 25 0ff.

transitive 37,46.49,51,53,

56• 60,73,90.294. 297,

322.327,332

verb copying 244, 257

verb doubling 121. 113

verb-initial languages 192,197,

198, 21 5,217

verb morphology 232. 234. 235,

236,240,244,249,250,253,

255,256 verb serialization 73

W Wh-questions 120, 137, 147f.,

247,255 ex-situ wh-questions 124.

12 5.127. 140 content-quest ion words 79,

146,216

question-answer congruence

138, 139f. question-answer pair 39.54,

74,121,112,128,136,219

word order

basic 73, 147, 179, 197, 215,

220, 317, 322 (non-)canonical 35,37. 46 ,

50,56.57,64, lt9, 166. 179,

216,229, 261,317

diachrony 194.225, 2271f., 230

flexibility 193. 198, 217. 227ff.

sentential 37.317

variation 5, 194. 195. 197f.,

202. 215,216,229.372