9.2 Early Challenges

LayoutPart 1 (1 day): Conflict at Home• Whiskey Rebellion• NW territory conflict

Part 2 (2 days): Conflict with Europe• French Revolution• British Impressment• Washington’s Legacy

The Whiskey Rebellion

• 1791, Congress imposed a tax on all whiskey made and sold in the USA

• Hamilton hoped it would help ease debt

• Farmers and common people compared it to the tea tax from Britain and thought it was oppressive

• Became a violent protest known as the Whiskey Rebellion– Washington sent 13,000 militia to put down the rebellion and

they scattered

Significance of the Whiskey Rebellion

• Why was the Whiskey Rebellion important?• Demonstrated the federal government’s legitimacy and

strength

• Whiskey Rebellion Video Clip

Conflict in the Northwest territory

• Context: Settlers were moving into the Northwest Territory that had been won from the British as of 1783.

• The British had promised to leave, but a decade later, they were still there and supplying American Indians with firearms to harass settlers

Conflict in the Northwest territory

• Americans viewed the settling of this territory as a necessary step in building America’s long term power

• The Gov had purchased a lot of land in this area (Kentucky and Tennessee) from Native Americans in the past, but the N.A. in the Northwest Territory refused to sell.

• 1790s- Washington sent a military force to engage the American Indians who were attacking settlers

• Native Americans won the first two attempts at removal (Little Turtle of Miami and Blue Jacket of Shawnee),

• Third try: Washington sent Anthony Wayne, a Revolutionary War hero.

Conflict in the Northwest territory

Conflict in the Northwest territory• Anthony Wayne led the third attack against the

Native Americans• Won the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August of 1794

» This was the battle that broke the Native American hold on the Northwest

• Treaty of Grenville 1795» Native Americans lost their territory that is now most of the state

of Ohio

9.2 Day 2- Conflict with EuropePart 2 Day 1:

• Introducing the French RevolutionPart 2 Day 2:

• America reacts to the FR British Impressment Washington’s Legacy

DO NOW day 1:

I see, I think, I wonder

Important Questions

• What was the French Revolution?• What were the two American perspectives

regarding the French Revolution and the French conflict with Great Britain?

What is foreign policy?

• a policy pursued by a nation in its dealings with other nations, designed to achieve national objectives.

• What was going on at the time?– Expansion into American Indian occupied

Northwest Territory– FRENCH REVOLUTION (today’s focus)

Summary of French Revolution?

• The French Revolution was the popular overthrow of the French King Louis XVI.– The Revolution spiraled out of control and became

very divisive in France. – The Revolutionaries who had seized the

government had the idea to unite the country by fighting a war with Britain.

Two views on the FR emerge in US

• Two views: (two political parties)1. Democratic

Republican view• Support the

French, not the British

2. Federalist view• Support the

British, not the French

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAN VIEW OF FRENCH REVOLUTION

• Republicans like Jefferson thought that the American Revolution and the French Revolution were one and the same cause.

• They thought liberty was a global cause, not exclusive to one nation’s independence.

• Republicans side with the idea of liberty as it is represented within the revolutionary French state in contrast to the order that Great Britain represents.

• Idealistic rather than practical.• Video

FEDERALIST VIEW OF FRENCH REVOLUTION

• Tied to Federalist preference of Great Britain as a governing role model– Federalists favored an alliance with Great Britain as the nation

that was most likely to promote commerce and investment in the United States

– Federalists also believed that the government of Great Britain stood as a strong model of constitutional order, as opposed to what they saw as the radicalism of the French Revolution.

– Again, we see Federalists side with the idea of ORDER as it is represented within the state of Great Britain, as opposed to the unpredictability of France.

– Practical rather than idealistic.

The French revolution takes a turn for the worst

• When the French Revolution became excessively violent, many Americans turned from supporting it

• This period is known as the “Reign of Terror”– Over 40,000 people who

were accused of not being committed to the revolution were sent to the guillotine from 1793-1794

• Drained support for French Revolution in the US

Reign of Terror

What was Washington's policy regarding the French revolution

• Video• Like most Federalists (Hamilton, Adams, etc),

Washington wanted to stay free of foreign alliances especially regarding France.

• He did not want to anger Britain by siding with France.

• The French argued that their alliance was still valid. Washington disagreed, saying the alliance was made with the former King and therefore nullified when they killed him.

France declares war on Britain and several other European states, 1793

• Included Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Portugal, Dutch Republic

• France declared war on these European powers in an effort to UNITE THE FRENCH POPULATION

• Many French opposed the Revolution and new government.• The new government thought a foreign war would

unite the nation

How does America respond?

• France wants the US to join the French side, but US, under Washington wants to remain neutral

• US wants to continue trading with both French and British

• British and French both feared the US trading with their enemy

• Both sides began seizing American ships

Seizing of American Ships

• British and French both seized American ships in an effort to stop the trading

• British began a policy of impressment• Impressment- seizing the sailors and forcing them to

serve in the British Navy• Hamilton urged peace with Brtiain

» British purchased 75% of American exports, 90% American imports

» John Jay was sent to make a treaty with Britain to protect relations

The Jay Treaty

• The Jay Treaty with Britain 1795• US agreed to pay debts long owed to Britain • Britain agreed to pay for the ships they seized • Agreed to withdraw troops from Northwest Territory and

stop aiding Native Americans

• Britain refused to: » Stop impressing sailors» Recognize US right to trade with France

The Jay Treaty • Treaty was ratified but

was received with mixed emotions

• On one hand, it did not get Britain to stop impressing US sailors– However, its success was

that it solidified US trade relations with Britain which were very important for the recovering economy.

Jay Treaty/ Pinckney Treaty

• Jay Treaty preserved relations with Britain.• Spain became worried US and GB would work

together against Spanish colonies of Florida and Louisiana.

• US sent Thomas Pinckney to smooth things over. – 1795 Pinckney Treaty- Gave US free navigation of

Mississippi River and the right to trade at New Orleans

– Good for economy and relations with Spain

Washington’s Farewell Speech

• Warned against:1. Entangling Alliances (preached isolationism)2. Political Parties

Washington’s Achievements and legacy

• 1. Washington created a strong federal government with credibility and authority

• 2. The economy was improving due to Hamilton’s plan• 3. Washington avoided foreign conflicts and wars

• AVOID ENTANGLING ALLIANCES• ENTANGLING: cause to become twisted together with or caught

in.• How might alliances or conflicts be entangling?

• 4. The British had been forced to leave their forts in the Northwest Territory, an area that was now safe for settlement.