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Imagine standing in a long line at a supermarket counter. A grumpy clerk slowly passes each item on the scanner glaring at you. A small child behind you emits a piercing scream. Your blood pressure rises and your fingers grip the cart tightly. !
But, at that very moment, the thought crosses your mind that a scathing remark towards the clerk or child will make things worse. So you bite your tongue and put on a smile. Why?
Course Logistics
Social Emotion Regulation
Roadmap
Process Model
What is Emotion Regulation?
Course Logistics
Take-Away Qs & Expert Interview
Course LogisticsExam 2 - Review Sheet Exam Review Sheet Handed Out This Thurs 3/12
Exam 2 - Review Session TBD Next Tuesday
Outreach Project - Ask Questions Due 4/2
Course Logistics*Special April Invited Speaker Module* In-depth lectures from experts in the field!
4/7 Emotion and Psychosis
4/9 Emotional Development & Adolescence
4/14 Emotional Treatments for Depression
4/16 Emotional Treatments for Anxiety
Course Logistics
Social Emotion Regulation
Roadmap
Process Model
What is Emotion Regulation?
Take-Away Qs & Expert Interview
What is Emotion Regulation?
“The processes by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express their emotions” !
(Gross, 1998).
Course Logistics
Social Emotion Regulation
Roadmap
Process Model
What is Emotion Regulation?
Take-Away Qs & Expert Interview
Process Model
Situation
Situation Selection/Modification
Event/Stimulus ANTECEDENT-FOCUSED
Process Model of Emotion Regulation(Gross, 1998)
STRATEGY DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Situation Selection
Taking actions that will make it more (or less) likely that you will end up in situation giving rise to desirable (or
undesirable) emotions.
Move to a different checkout line at the grocery store.
Situation Modification
Directly modify a situation so as to alter its emotional impact.
Strike up friendly conversation with clerk.
Antecedent-Focused Strategies
Situation Attention Appraisal
Situation Selection/Modification
AttentionalDeployment
Cognitive Reappraisal
Event/Stimulus ANTECEDENT-FOCUSED
Assessment of Event
Process Model of Emotion Regulation(Gross, 1998)
STRATEGY DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Attentional Deployment
(2 types: distraction, concentration)
Directing one’s attention within a given situation in order to influence one’s emotions.
Remembering a happy memory.
Cognitive Reappraisal (aka cognitive
change)
Changing the way one appraises (i.e., thinks about or evaluates) a
situation to alter its emotional impact
Thinking that the situation could be worse, you could have 10
screaming kids behind you in line!
Assessment of Event
• Defined as construing an emotion-eliciting situation in a way that alters its emotional impact (e.g., Lazarus & Alfert, 1962; Gross, 1998)
• Form of cognitive change common to existing CBT interventions (e.g., Beck, 1962)
• Associated with reductions in negative affect and physiological response (e.g., Gross, 1998; Gross, 2002).
Cognitive Reappraisal
You will be viewing a short film clip. Please try to adopt a detached and unemotional attitude as you watch the film. In other words, as you watch the film clip, try to think about what you are seeing objectively, in terms of the technical aspects of the events you observe. Watch the film clip carefully, but please try to think about what you are seeing so you don't feel anything at all.
Cognitive Reappraisal
Situation Attention Appraisal Response
Situation Selection/Modification
AttentionalDeployment
Cognitive Reappraisal Suppression
Event/Stimulus ANTECEDENT-FOCUSED
Response RESPONSE-FOCUSED
Assessment of Event
Process Model of Emotion Regulation(Gross, 1998)
STRATEGY DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Behavioral Suppression
Inhibiting ongoing emotion expressions Suppress anger expression
Response Focused Strategies
• Defined as attempting to suppress or inhibit outward displays of emotion (e.g., Gross, 1998)
• Associated with increased physiological response (e.g., Gross, 1998; Gross, 2002).
Suppression
You will be viewing a short film clip. If you have any feelings as you watch the film clip, please try your best not to let those feelings show. In other words, as you watch the film clip, try to behave in such a way that a person watching you would not know you were feeling anything. Watch the film clip carefully, but please try to behave so that someone watching you would not know that you are feeling anything at all.
Suppression
Situation Attention Appraisal Response
Situation Selection/Modification
AttentionalDeployment
Cognitive Reappraisal Suppression
Event/Stimulus ANTECEDENT-FOCUSED
Response RESPONSE-FOCUSED
Assessment of Event
Process Model of Emotion Regulation(Gross, 1998)
Situation Attention Appraisal Response
Situation Selection/Modification
AttentionalDeployment
Cognitive Reappraisal Suppression
Event/Stimulus ANTECEDENT-FOCUSED
Response RESPONSE-FOCUSED
Assessment of Event
Process Model of Emotion Regulation(Gross, 1998)
Suppression Watch Reappraisal
Experience or ns. *
Behavior *
Physiology *
Reappraisal & Suppression: Short-Term Consequences(Gross & Levenson, 1993)
STRATEGY LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES
ReappraisalBetter social relationshipsBetter coping with stress
More positive emotion
SuppressionFeel less authentic in social life
Poorer coping with stressLess positive & more negative emotion
Reappraisal & Suppression: Long-Term Consequences(Gross & Levenson, 1993)
EMOTION REGULATION DISTINCT FROM
Emotion Regulation & Related Constructs
Mood Regulation Subjective component
Longer-term state
Defenses Aggressive/sexual impulses
Unconscious
Coping Decreasing NA
Longer time period
Course Logistics
Social Emotion Regulation
Roadmap
Process Model
What is Emotion Regulation?
Take-Away Qs & Expert Interview
Social Emotion Regulation
External Emotion RegulatorsOther People Regulate Our Feelings By:
- Providing social support and comfort
- Empathy
- Assisting with cognitive strategies (e.g., reappraisal)
- Assist with attention strategies (e.g., distraction)
Diamond & Aspinwall, 2003
Principle 1: Humans are hardwired to seek social support and contact. Thus, social contact is a baseline strategy for emotion regulation.
Coan, 2011
Principle 2: Interpersonal factors (e.g., social interaction, social proximity) are a means through which we can regulate our emotions.
Social Baseline Theory
!
Social interactions regulate our emotions via: 1. Signal social resources are available 2. Reduce perceptions of risk and alarm 3. Alert individuals that less action is needed 4. Reduce cognitive and metabolic costs 5. Foster efficient coping !
!
Coan, 2011
Social Baseline Theory
Coan, 2011
Social Baseline Theory
- We use social contact with others as a “baseline” emotion regulation strategy
Anderson et al., 2003; Butner et al., 2007; Gottman, 1994
Emotional Synchrony- One way emotion co-regulation can occur is through emotional
synchrony, in which we become more “in sync” with another person in our emotional responses. Also referred to as emotional similarity or emotional convergence
- Occurs during shared experiences (short-term), is cumulative over time(long-term)
- Examined in both friends (e.g., roommates) and romantic couples !
Anderson et al., 2003; Butner et al., 2007; Gottman, 1994
- Friends (college roommates) - Report increased relationship closeness - Report greater likelihood of long-term friendship !
- Romantic partners: - Report greater relationship satisfaction - Report decreased likelihood of breakup
Emotional Synchrony: Subjective Data
Anderson et al., 2003; Butner et al., 2007; Gottman, 1994
Emotional Synchrony: Behavioral Data
“The coordination of movement that occurs between individuals during a social
interaction, featuring similarity of: (1) FORM: the manner and style of
movements (2) TIME: the temporal
Anderson et al., 2003; Butner et al., 2007; Gottman, 1994
Emotional Synchrony: Behavioral Data- Strangers with greater behavioral synchrony during personal self-disclosure report: (1) Increased positive emotions (2) Increased sense of mutuality and vitality (3) Increased warmth and connectedness !
Anderson et al., 2003; Butner et al., 2007; Gottman, 1994
Emotional Synchrony: Physiological Data- Physiological linkages studies examine synchronization
of physiological responding between two partners !
- ANS Measures Include: (1) Heart rate (i.e., cardiovascular arousal) (2) Skin conductance (i.e., SNS activity) (3) Finger pulse amplitude (i.e., SNS activity) !
Anderson et al., 2003; Butner et al., 2007; Gottman, 1994
Emotional Synchrony: Physiological Data!
Partners who exhibit greater physiological synchrony: 1) Exhibit increased ability to accurately detect partner’s negative emotions 2) Report increased positive emotion when exhibit physiological ‘down-regulation’ during conflict
Summary
2) Emotion Synchrony: the process through which we regulate our emotions to be in sync with others.
Social emotion regulation occurs when other people influence our emotion regulation. Two constructs relevant to social emotion regulation include:
1) Social Baseline Theory: a model of social emotion regulation which posits that we use social contact as a common and default strategy to reguate our emotions.
Course Logistics
Social Emotion Regulation
Roadmap
Process Model
What is Emotion Regulation?
Take-Away Qs & Expert InterviewTake-Away Qs & Expert Interview
Dr. Jim Coan
Experts In Emotion Interview
Social Regulation of Emotion
Associate Professor of PsychologyUniversity of Virginia