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NeoStencil – Live Online Classes - IAS/IES/GATE/SSC/PSC | +91 95990 75552 | [email protected]
90 Days UPSC Mains Optional Answer Writing
Initiative
Public Administration – Paper 2
Question and Model Answers from Subject Experts
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11-Dec-2017 – Question 1
“Autonomy to public sector understating is a myth.” Analyse in the context of
the use of government expenditure by politicians who control government at
different levels. (2013)
Model Answer
Public Sector Undertaking is an industrial or commercial undertaking owned,
managed and controlled by the Government to produce and supply goods and
services to society. Autonomy of public undertaking implies operational freedom
to take a quick decision with a minimum of red tape and formalities. Such
autonomy can be secured if administrative practices are detached from political
consideration. For the effective functioning of the public undertaking require
autonomy (administrative and financial) in both word and spirit.
The Memorandum of understanding (MoU) as recommended by the Arjun
Sengupta committee sets the broader framework of Public Sector Undertaking
governance. There is increased autonomy, more so after the scheme of according
different “Ratna” status to Public Sector Undertaking. Maharatna, Navratna, and
Miniratna had financial autonomy in capital investment without government
approval according to there financial capabilities. But there is a difference
between the prescribed and the reality. There are substantial controls of the
political class which results in controlling of the Public Sector Undertaking
autonomy.
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Methods through which political control the financial decision related to Public
Sector Undertaking:
1. Sharing of dividend:- Sharing of the dividend is one way to finance
governments’ fiscal deficit. Politician operate government which in turn
works through parliament. The raising of dividend rates, populism or
controlling operations for “strategic reasons” affects autonomy of the
Public Sector Undertakings
2. Investment Decisions:– The big investment decision after prescribed limit
in government companies according to there Ratna status requires
governmental approval. While the ministerial approval is required for
capital investment and borrowing by the corporation.
3. Subsidising Services:- Government provide various subsidies without
considering its negative impact on Public sector undertaking. for eg cross-
subsidization of the power sector, cross-subsidization in railways.
Ministerial control should be strictly restricted if autonomy of the public sector
undertaking is to be properly preserved. At the same, the appointment to the
public sector undertaking should be depoliticised. Ministers should confine
themselves to giving guidance and direction of policy. The Government should
clearly lat down guidance for pricing decision in each and every public enterprises.
More autonomy to Public Sector Undertaking bring more efficiency in there
functioning.
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11-Dec-2017 – Question 2
“Indian administration is said to be characterized by its three features viz.
Weberian structures, Kautilyan practice and Gandhian rhetoric.” Examine the
statement. (2014)
Model Answer
Answers should include the following :
1 Introduction- Few lines regarding India Administration
2 Body -Addressing the needs of the question; Weberian structure in Indian
Administration; Kautilyan Practice followed by Indian Administration and
Gandhian influence on Indian administration
3 Conclusion
The Administration is the non-political bureaucratic machinery of the
government for implementing its laws and policies in actions. Indian
Administration is highly influenced by Weberian Structure (Progressive
outlook), Kautilyan practices (centralized and Welfare overtone) and Gandhian
Rhetoric(moral values)
Weberian Structure in Indian Administration
As the Indian Administrative in the structure is similar to the Weberian
bureaucracy. As the characteristic mention by Weber of the bureaucracy as the
hierarchy, Written record, merit-based selection, career system and non-
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bureaucratic head are the pillar of the Indian bureaucracy. The well defined
hierarchical system in Indian Bureaucracy is as mentioned by the Weber. As in
Indian administrative system, a politically elected minister is the head of the
department and ministry. While there is a Merit-based selection and seniority-
cum-merit based promotion in Indian Bureaucracy is similar to the Weberian
characteristic in structure.
Kautilyan Practice in Indian Administration
As in Kautilyan Administration, the King is Supreme same as in Indian
Administration The president of India is supreme power. While the responsibility
of the king was protection and welfare of people, Same the responsibility of
Indian administration is people’s welfare and protection of the Nation. Like
Kautilyan administration present Indian Administration has well-developed
intelligence and foreign services. The other practices of Indian Administration like
salary, transfer, village administration is derived from the Mauryan administration
or Kautilyan practice.
Gandhian Rhetoric in Indian Administration
Gandhiji emphasized the idea of ‘swarajya’ or ‘self-rule’ and with the 73rd and
74th amendment establishment of the local self-government institution. With
Local Self Government institution, more people’s participation in governance and
decentralized system of governance was established.
Gandhian perspective along with the Kautilya’s principles ensures ethical
governance leading to maximum autonomy and freedom for the citizen while
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ensuring stability and security of the country. Weber principles have been good to
provide predictability, reliability in the administration but there is need to
eradicate the colonial hangover in the administration by inculcating transparency,
accountability, more representation of diverse section
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13-Dec-2017 – Question 1
To what extent has political culture influenced the administrative culture of
India? Explain. (2015)
Model Answer
Political culture is the pattern of individual attitudes and orientation toward
politics among the members of a political system. Administrative culture is a
conglomeration of value, orientations, beliefs, and dispositions and its central
concern is the perception of the administrative system by the public at large.
Positive impact of political culture on administrative culture:-
1. Upholding constitutional values like Justice, equality, liberty etc by political
processes led to more faith in the administration.
2. Internal and External accountability ensure by the political culture in turn
into the right administrative culture.
3. Political Neutral nature of Indian bureaucracy is an outcome of morally
strong political ideals in early independence era.
4. Distrust towards political class due to scams and corruption impact
negatively the morale of administration which may lead to policy paralysis.
Negative impact of political culture on administrative culture:-
1. The Increased delegated legislation even for minor aspects of policymaking
will lead to the bureaucratization of the politics. More involvement of the
administration in politics.
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2. Domination of political executive on administration led to similar practice
by bureaucracy at field level while policy implementation.
3. Involvement and interference of the politician in bureaucracy will lead to
the politicisation of bureaucracy through transfer and posting. for e.g;
transfer in higher bureaucracy after the change in the government.
4. Increased corruption, nepotism, favoritism, formalism, heterogeneity in
political culture and extrapolation of same to administrative culture.
People in India have always been cynical about politics and bureaucracy(Andre
Beteille). They have not been participative enough. This attitude does not put
checks on Administration.
Some states of southern and Western India have witnessed the rise of industries
and living standards. Here the administration facilitated that. But many other
states in central and eastern India have been laggard in terms of growth. This was
because political culture of any two regions is different which reflects in there
administrative culture.
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13-Dec-2017 – Question 2
A significant legacy of the Mughal rule in India is a well-organised revenue
administration at the state and District levels. Comment (2016)
Model Answer
Answers should include the following :
1 Introduction- Few lines regarding Mughal Revenue Administration
2 Body -Addressing the needs of the question; Mughal Revenue Administration
and comparing to modern Indian revenue administration
3 Conclusion
The legacy of Mughal administration to the contemporary administration is rich.
In revenue administration, Mughal brings homogeneity throughout the country.
There was an elaborate rate system for revenue administration. In fact, the
revenue administration was well developed and quite mature during Mughal era.
Revenue administration under Mughal rule was under the wazir (Diwan). wazir is
responsible for revenue collection as a head of revenue administration. And the
country is divided into provinces known as subah. And the administrative agency
in the provinces of the Mughal empire was an exact miniature of the central
government. The Work of revenue collection was accomplished at the local level.
For this purpose, at the district level, there was a krori or collector of revenue of a
district. The krori was responsible for the collection of revenue at right time in the
district. The revenue had to be assessed by the amin, on basis of soil type, crop,
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and cropping pattern, that bring scientific basis of taxation during the Mughal
period. While fotehdar is responsible for tax collection at the village level.
Qanungo was a village level revenue officer who made the record of landed
property, maintained all registers related to tax-payers etc. All the revenue
administration at the district level and village level are still similar to Mughal
revenue administration. krori is similar to the modern collector at the district
level.
To maximise the land revenue the state invest in irrigation facilities, which is still
continued in India as in form of agricultural loan to farmers.
During Mughal period, there were mushriff (chief of accountant) and mustanfi
(Chief auditor) who collectively acted as controllers of the financial affairs. Now
controller general of account is the chief of accounts while controller and auditor
general of accounts is the chief auditor of India.
Most of the terminology used in revenue administration till today’s owes its origin
to that period of history. The Mughal administration brings homogeneity and
structure to the revenue administration in India which is followed till now. District
Administration is the kingpin of the Revenue administration in India same as in
Mughal times.
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15-Dec-2017 – Question 1
“The liberal-democratic ideology of the West influenced the shaping of value
premises of the India Constitution.” Discuss. (2013)
Model Answer
Indian constitution is remarkable because of the fact that it is not the result of a
political revolution but internal deliberations of political visionaries who were
trained in political ideologies of the day and had a grand vision of a liberal-
democratic state with the adequate socialist outlook for India.
The ideology that shaped the value premises of the Indian constitution could be
listed as:-
1. The Right of Citizens:- The Bill of Rights concept is widely celebrated in the
west. UK and USA were standing as pioneers in protecting the rights.
2. Constitutionalism:- Absolute power will not provide any good for the
democracy. In this way, India followed USA system of the written
constitution.
3. The principle of separation powers was given by French philosopher
Montesquieu. This now forms the cornerstone of all democratic
constitutions including India. Article 13 curtail power of the legislature on
the protection of rights and this along with other constitutional provisions
is checked by judicial review.
4. Concept of liberty, fraternity was adopted from French revolution had its
influence in making freedom of expression and others.
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5. Rule of law of UK influenced in making constitution and law as the supreme
power of the nation. This ensured everyone is under the law and equality
before the law.
6. Parliamentary form of government ensured people, not the elitist or ruler
govern the nation. It also ensured responsible government at the Union
and state.
7. The concept of Union and federalism ensured the pluralist nature of Indian
society has its voice in the power. At the same more decentralised form of
the government.
8. The directive principle of state policy as guidelines for the governments,
The Irish and Spanish Ideology influenced the makers of the constitution.
Thus, the liberal and democratic ideology that prevailed in the west had its
influence in the making of our constitution. But Indian constitution adopted the
ideologies in order to suits the unique culture of the India.
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25-Dec-2017 – Question 1
“Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation (PRAGATI) is an innovative
project of the Union Government.” Discuss its features and modalities. (2017)
Model Answer
Answers should include the following :
1 Introduction- Few lines regarding PRAGATI and its need
2 Body -Addressing the needs of the question; PRAGATI’s features
3 Conclusion
Some few point for references
Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation (PRAGATI) is a unique
integrating and interactive platform. The platform is aimed at addressing the
common man’s grievances and simultaneous monitoring and reviewing important
programmes and project of the government of India as well as projects flagged by
the state government.
The features and modalities of PRAGATI are:-
1. PRAGATI platform bundles three latest technology- Digital data
management, Video conferencing and geospatial technology.
2. Monthly conference held on fourth Wednesday(3:30 PM) of the month
with chief secretaries of state, union government secretaries and Prime
Ministers’ offices.
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3. The design is such, that when Prime Minister review the issue he should
have on his screen the issue as well as the latest update and visual
regarding the same.
4. It Will also take into consideration various correspondence to PM’s offices
by the common people or from high dignitaries of state or developer of the
public projects.
5. The PRAGATI programme will attempt to find a solution for issue picked up
from the available database regarding public grievances, ongoing
programmes and pending projects.
PRAGATI is a robust system for bringing e-transparency and e-accountability with
real-time presence and exchange among the key stakeholders.
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25-Dec-2017 – Question 2
The objectives, approaches and organisational arragements for decision-making
of the NITI Aayog aim at restoring the federal character of the Indian polity.
Explain. (2015)
Model Answer
NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India )is envisaged as a planning
and policy think thank replacing Planning commission to provide directional and
policy inputs. An important evolutionary change from the past will be replacing a
centre-to-state one-way flow of policy by a genuine and continuing partnership
with the states. The institution must have the necessary resources, knowledge,
skills and, ability to act with speed to provide the strategic policy vision for the
government as well as deal with contingent issues.
The erstwhile Planning commission was the embodiment of these attitudes. NITI
Aayog aims to utilize the potential of federalism through –
1. New Objectives
1. To foster cooperative federalism through structured support initiatives and
mechanisms with the States on a continuous basis, recognizing that strong
States make a strong nation.
2. To develop mechanisms to formulate credible plans at the village level and
aggregate these progressively at higher levels of government.
3. Transformational growth – Reform, Perform, Transform attitude is a change
over from age-old incrementalism.
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4. Utilize hidden potentials – Digital medium, Women as workforce and
competitive markets are being looked at closely for development.
1. New Approach
1. Improving relations with states and leveraging fruits of cooperative
federalism.
1. Learning from successful stories; NITI Aayog invited Singapore’s vice PM for
a lecture.
2. Participation – Model papers on subjects like National Medical Commission
are uploaded; inputs from citizen are invited regularly.
3. Departure from “One size fits all” approach.
1. New organisational arrangements
1. Governing Council comprising the Chief Ministers of all the States and Lt.
Governors of Union Territories.
1. Regional Councils will be formed to address specific issues and
contingencies impacting more than one state or a region. These will be
formed for a specified tenure. The Regional Councils will be convened by
the Prime Minister and will comprise of the Chief Ministers of States and Lt.
Governors of Union Territories in the region. These will be chaired by
the Chairperson of the NITI Aayog or his nominee.
2. Experts, specialists and practitioners with relevant domain knowledge as
special invitees nominated by the Prime Minister
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Thus NITI Aayog with its vision for creating a competitive global image has
embarked on a new path. The time beckons us to utilise the Demographic
dividend we have. Transformation through cooperative federalism will be the way
ahead, NITI Aayog seems to be leading the country in that direction with greater
participation to the states.
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27-Dec-2017 – Question 2
Why has District Planning been marginalised in many States and remained
prominent in a few States? Explain. (2015)
Model Answer
According to Fayol, Planning is at the heart of the organisation. It results in
optimal utilisation of resources for achieving the desired goals. Keeping the
importance of planning and considering the vast diverse nature of India, Govt has
approved for decentralised planning in the form of district planning. District
Planning is the key to decentralized development with local participation and
knowledge on field administration.
But District level planning is successful only in few and could not do well in other
states for the following reasons:
1. Planning needs extensive expertise which is more concentrated at the
central level. Local bodies suffer from the shortage of expertise and
manpower. Some successful states have deputed personnel from states to
undertake planning.
2. No Political will on part of parties and governments to devolve powers to
local administration and review the feedback.
3. In many states, regional development authorities like the divisional
commissioner, District Collector are used to functionally segregated
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planning made by states and are showing less interest in the strengthening
of district-level planning.
4. Inadequate capacity in terms of human resources and public participation
in the planning process.
5. Lack of finances and sources to raise funds led to the impeded planning
process. State Finance Commissions have rarely recommended funds for it.
6. 74th Constitution Amendment made constitutional obligatory to set up
District Planning Commission for every district to make plans. But only a
few states have constituted them.
7. Lack of interest on administrative authorities and negligence on citizen-
oriented governance.
Planning in India has been primarily functional or sectoral based on function-
based ministries and departments and largely confined to central and state. This
has resulted in uniform approach, with very little leeway for cross-district
disparities, which has resulted in wastage of resources. The district panning
machinery can effectively deepen our planning process, thereby strengthen the
‘Gandhian ideals’ and democratic values of the nation. A ‘bottom up’ planning
model can fundamentally and effectively address the local issues.
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29-Dec-2017 – Question 1
Central Secretariat is the nodal agency for administering the Union subjects and
establishing coordination among the various activities of the government.”
Discuss. (2013)
Model Answer
Central Secretariat is a conglomeration of various ministries and departments of
the Central Government. Central Secretariat is a nodal agency for administering
the union subjects and establishing coordination among various departments and
ministries.
Key function of Central Secretariat are:-
1. Policymaking and Implementation and bringing consensus among various
ministries on vital issues and differences. Ex: disagreements between
Finance Ministry & Ministry of Rural Development or ministry of Forest.
2. Central Secretariat is the sub-unit of the organization which by regular
communication between different departments ensures equilibrium
between different departments of the government, keeps all of them on
the same page while making the bills, plans.
3. Sectoral planning and programme formulation.
4. Assisting Ministers in discharging their duties and fulfilling their role as
people representatives by ensuring accountability to parliament.
5. Drafting bills, rules and regulations as part of the delegated legislation.
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6. Budgeting and ensuring allocations to specific areas like Gender budget
within ministries as part of whole financial allocations. Collaborating with
Finance ministry to secure allocations.
7. Supervision and Control of departments and personnel.
8. Being a staff agency, central secretariat provides the rationalist outlook to
the government policy. It includes data collection, analysis of the data.
9. Central Secretariat is the nodal agency between Field and HQ. By bringing
field expertise in the policy-making, it ensures context sensitivity of the
policy.
10. Central Secretariat acts as a channel of communication between central
government and various agencies and state governments.
Central Secretariat coordinates the activities of various ministries and
departments which are responsible for administrating the union subjects. The
Central Secretariat is a policy formulation, coordinating and supervisory agency
beside being the principal executive agency of the government.
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29-Dec-2017 – Question 2
“Management of intra-governmental relations is as important as that of inter-
governmental relations.” Examine its impact upon the performance of the
government. (2014)
Model Answer
Intergovernmental relations include relations between central, state and local
government. For effective coordination and unity among the nation, it is
necessary that this relationship is maintained. The intra-governmental relation is
as much important as the intergovernmental relation because without effective
coordination within unit there would be a condition of chaos.
Intra-governmental relations are important:
1. To coordinate the activities of government and for a unique vision and
mission. E.g. The vision of Digital India and coordination between finance
and IT ministries.
2. For the better division of work and effective implementation. Ex: between
rural development and water resources ministries.
3. The Consensus among heads of various departments needed otherwise
delays, impediments etc will arise. Ex: Cabinet secretary playing consensus
establishing role.
4. Vigilance, Code of Conduct, Information dissemination and ethics must be
maintained for better administration otherwise corruption, nepotism etc
issues crop up.
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Intergovernmental relations are important:
1. In solving problems which are regional and global specific. Ex: water
disputes between states in India and Global issues like terrorism, climate
change.
2. To realize universal rights like civil liberties, uphold humanitarian values
and lawmaking accordingly. Ex: Universal Declaration for Human Rights,
Paris climate deal.
3. To educate citizens towards problems like climate change where
apprehensions about its real threat are present.
4. In bringing reforms in global institutions like IMF in increasing quotas, WTO
in making fair trade deals for the sustainable economic system.
5. Common platform like PRAGATI
There is a correlation between intergovernmental and intra-governmental
relations like bringing consensus within states on GST in India is towards a vision
of global economic reforms. Both are interdependent and impact of anyone will
impact government in terms of reduced growth, unemployment, poverty, hunger
etc problems which are universal in nature. In this e-governance and citizen-
centric administration it must that all department/ministries coordinate with each
other for the effective performance of the government.
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08-Jan-2018 – Question 1
Briefly discuss the main recommendations of the Punchhi Commission (2010) on
Centre – State relations for transforming Indian Federal System. (2016)
Model Answer
With the change in polity and economy, the new challenge of governance has
emerged before the union and state government. Twenty years after the report
of Sarkaria commission, the government formed another commission under the
chairmanship of justice Madan Mohan Punchhi to give the comprehensive
analysis of centre-state relations.
Some of Puncchi commission’s recommendations are:-
1. Concurrent List: In order to eliminate any ambiguities and redundancy with
regard to concurrent List a broad agreement must be reached between
Union and states before introducing legislation in a Parliament. Moreover,
Union should restrain itself from exhibiting its Parliamentary supremacy
over states. Union shall only take those subjects in concurrent which are
extremely necessary for national interest.There should be continuous
auditing of these matters.
2. Appointment of Governor: There shall be strict guidelines to be followed
for the appointment of the Governor. He should be eminent in some walk
of life. He should be a detached figure and not politically active for long.He
should preferably be from outside states.The tenure should be fixed for five
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years. His impeachment process should be in line with President under
Article 61 of Indian constitution.
3. Emergency: Article 352 and 356 should be only used as last resort.The duty
of the union is to protect the states under article 355. There should be
some constitutional and legal framework which requires centre’s
intervention. The commission has proposed “localised emergency”
provision under article 355 and 356 permitting local area- either a district
or a part of a district to brought under Governor’s rule instead of a whole
state.
4. Article 263: This is necessary to make the Inter-State Council a credible,
powerful and fair mechanism for management of Inter-State and Centre-
State difference.
5. New All India Services: It should be brought in the sectors like Education,
health, Judiciary and Engineering.
6. Rajya Sabha: Rajya Sabha can play important role in bridging the gap
between centre and states hence, the factors which hinder the
compositions and functions of the upper house should be removed.
7. Devolution of power: The Local body should act as institutions of self-
government. It should be constitutionally defined through amendments.
8. President Assent to state bill: Whenever any bill is sent to the President for
his assent under Article 201, he should give his consent with a period of six
months, or return the bill giving his recommendations for modification or
reason for rejection.
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9. Zonal council: Zonal council should meet at least twice a year with an
agenda proposed by the state concerned and the secretary of Inter state
council should function as the secretary of the zonal council as well.
10. Puncchi commission recommends making an amendment in the Communal
Violence Bill to allow deployment of Central forces without the state’s
consent for a short period. It has proposed that state consent should not
become a hurdle in the deployment of central forces in a communal
conflagration. However, such deployment should only be for a week and
post-facto consent should be taken from the state.
Punchhi commission has done an extensive study in respect of the challenges of
the new era. It is up to the centre to operationalize these as per the demands of
time to transform the Union- state relation.
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08-Jan-2018 – Question 2
“The separation between regulatory and development functions in many States
has not only weakened the District Collector but also development
administration.” Critically examine the need to relook at this policy. (2016)
Model Answer
Answers should include the following :
1 Introduction- Few lines regarding District Collector and its role and functions.
2 Body – Addressing the needs of the question change in role of District collector;
regulatory and developmental function
3 Conclusion- suggestion to make effective developmental administration at
district level and conclusion
Some few point for references
District Collector heads the administration at the district level. District collector
has very comprehensive functions. He has the regulatory and developmental
function. District Collector is overburdened official because he is responsible for
revenue generation, law and order, developmental functions, Crisis and disaster
management, district census officers, and chief protocol officer at the direct level.
In India, the efficiency of the administration means the efficiency of the district
administration because it is the district administration that comes into the direct
contact with the people. The district collector has to coordinate the different
departmental units to prevent duplication, overlapping and waste. With the
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globalisation, the function of the district collector has increased. And to tackle this
most of state government like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat have separated
the developmental functions and the regulatory function as far District Collector
is concerned. In like Uttar Pradesh Chef Executive Officers has been appointed
who is responsible for proper implementation of the developmental schemes.
While on District Collector role is limited to the regulatory functions.
It creates two parallel power centre at the district level one is responsible for the
regulatory function and other is responsible for the developmental functions. It
created the problem of coordination and lead to power tussle at the district level.
Which is not a good thing in administration. The plurality of organs at the district
level has also created the problem of coordination.
To make the effective administration at the district level there should be the
hierarchy at the district level. The chief developmental officer can be appointed at
the district level to look after the developmental work at the district level. And
chief Developmental officer should work under the control of District Collector.
There should of the division of work with integration fo the hierarchy. The district
administration, in the age of globalisation, decentralisation, in order to be
effective, must have a unity of purpose and singularity in approach.
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10-Jan-2018 – Question 1
“District Collector is a legacy of the British Raj and has largely remained
insulated from the demands of contemporary professionalism.” Discuss. (2014)
Model Answer
The Post of District Collector was created in 1772 for revenue collection and
maintaining law and order at district lever. The institution of the District Collector
was the chief instrument of the British government. After independence, India
adopted the system of British administration at the district level.
Though post of district collector was derived from British Raj it played a major
role in developing India. Such as:-
It strengthened local government.
Played important role in developmental activities at district levels.
It provided expert knowledge at grass root level.
It also played the major role in implementing social legislation like the
abolition of untouchability, child marriage etc.
Post of district collector was the central post via which all the work at
district level was done.
At the same District Collector post also derived many unwanted features of the
British Raj are:-
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Self-aggrandizement as per Parkinson’s law. Ex: using power for personal
needs, creating work for themselves.
Corruption, Nepotism, Favouritism still persist.
Bureaucracy is a state tool to exploit people as seen through Marx’s views
which is prevalent even today.
Collector nexus with politicians, businessmen, landlords etc led to biased
decision making.
The top-down developmental approach of district collector.
District collector failed to involve citizens and other stakeholders in
developmental activities.
The structure and machinery are rigid and approximately same in the name
of uniformity.
The District collector considers himself as elite and because of this there is
a lack of empathy.
But today’s time has changed. With fast changing technology and active citizen,
this approach to development needs to change. There is a need for:-
The participative administration expected from officials like Collector. Ex:
Participatory Rural appraisal of Robert Chambers.
Decentralization of power at the district level and power transferred to
local level elected representatives.
The citizen-oriented approach, Social welfare, good governance must be
promoted by the collector.
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Promoting awareness among people about government services and rights
of citizens.
Better use of information technology and modern techniques in
governance.
The localized approach in which one size does not fits all. The collectors
show ample of professionalism and commitment in their working. They
adopt an innovative mechanism for administrative improvement. Like the
‘Lokvani’ model of the Sitapur district, the Zero pending initiative of Pune
district, etc.
More transparency and accountability in governance and administration.
District collector has to change according to the demand for the environment. He
has contributed a lot in past and much more contribution is required in future,
only his role will change. There must be a comprehensive adaptation of role of
the collector which must maintain high ethical standards, service-oriented
approach and improve Citizen-administration interface which helps in making the
position meet the demands of 21st century.
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10-Jan-2018 – Question 2
“The idea of lateral entry into the Civil Services would energise Indian
administration” What are its possible advantages and limitations? (2017)
Model Answer
The Lateral entry in Indian civil service is for selecting private individuals for
appointment in the ranks of deputy secretary, director and joint secretary.
Traditionally in India, Civil service individual is selected at the lower level through
the competitive exam or through promotion through state services.
The advantages of lateral entry are:-
Outside talent from the private sector is more likely to be target-oriented,
which will improve the performance of the government. Also, more
competition will encourage career civil servants to develop expertise in
areas of their choice.
The conventional wisdom on lateral entry is that it infuses fresh energy and
thinking into an insular, complacent and often archaic bureaucracy. It
enables the entry of right-minded professionals and the adoption of best
practices for improving governance.
lateral entry will address the shortfall in numbers of competent officers and
will be much more target oriented.
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The limitations of lateral entry into Indian civil services are:-
The proposal for lateral entry at senior decision-making levels, besides
increasing the disconnect between policymaking and implementation, will
also result in inequitable sharing of the benefits and burdens of
government service, with permanent civil servants left to bear the burden
of “humble” implementation and lateral entrants getting access to
“glamorous” policymaking positions, without having roughed it out in
remote and rural India in the rough and tumble of Indian democracy. While
there would certainly be a beeline for lateral entrants to join top
policymaking positions, there would be no such great desire to serve the
country at the ground level.
This bridge between policy-making and implementation, while crucial to all
systems, has been of strategic significance in the Indian context, given the
regional diversity of the country.
The exposure and sensitivity to the country’s complex socio-political milieu
and to the needs of the common man, which widespread field experience
provides to these Services, may not be available in the private sector since
the private sector does not have the same width and depth of exposure to
this type of field experience.
An issue of conflict of interest when it comes to entrants from the private
sector.
The potential loss of internal talent as well as the likelihood of atrophy of
the existing career based services.
Large-scale lateral induction would, in fact, amount to a vote of no-
confidence in the government personnel management system, rather than
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in the highly dedicated, motivated and talented officers who have chosen
to join the civil services.
The difficulty in measuring performance in government is another obstacle
to be reckoned with. It is not easy to assess the performance of a secretary
to the government, given the sheer complexity and amorphous nature of
the job. The induction of lateral entrants would not by itself suffice for
better performance orientation and enhanced accountability. It would be
as difficult to measure the performance of lateral entrants as it would of
career civil servants.
India’s civil services need reform. There is little argument about this. Internal
reforms—such as insulation from political pressure and career paths linked to
specialization—and external reforms such as lateral entry are complementary,
addressing the same deficiencies from different angles. Thus, lateral entry cannot
be a panacea for everything. It has been an exception in the Indian civil service
system and should continue to be so.
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12-Jan-2018 – Question 1
Elaborate the features of the grievance redressal mechanism of the civil services
in India.” Does this mechanism satisfy the objectives of its creation? (2014)
Model Answer
The credibility of a public administrator to a large extent depends on his
responsive to give a sympathetic hearing to the public and sorting out their
problems. The ever-increasing role of the government brings in increasing
number and variety of aggrieved persons.Grievance Redressal is the aspect of
addressing the citizen’s grievances by administrations.
Features of Grievances redressal mechanism in India:-
Centralised monitoring of grievance redressal by departments.
It has been made compulsory to appoint Director for Public Grievance in
every department. The director has to choose one day in a week as a
workless day and solve public grievances.
Citizen charter and Grievances redressal branch in all department.
Right to information makes the first step to find out the reason for the
delay in implementation of official activities.
Sate has a separate cell under Chief Minister to solve grievances.
In the district, District Collector acts as grievance redressal officer.
Social audit and citizen charter help in Grievance redressal mechanism
through a bottom-up approach.
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The Grievance redressal mechanism does not meet the objective of its creation
because-
Lack of awareness in the people about grievance redressal mechanism.
Lack of capacity in official to solve problems
No accountability and responsiveness in administration.
The monitoring of outcome is not done.
Way forward to make grievance redressal mechanism effective
Single window grievance redressal mechanism in every department both
online and offline.
social audit units in all districts.
NGOs with substantial government funding (More than 50% need to
brought under ambit of RTI and Social Audit)
Citizen charter needs to be formulated by people participation and
management.
Thus Grievance redressal mechanism needs to be made the more responsive
process to address the need of the people. The mechanism need t be evolved
with mandatory implementation, creating awareness among citizen and
department and utilising the information technology.
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12-Jan-2018 – Question 2
Discuss the need for civil service neutrality in development administration.
Suggest some measures for achieving and strengthening it in practice. (2014)
Model Answer
Civil service neutrality is essentially a fallout of concept rule of law. Neutrality
ensures that civil servant implement public policy is an unbiased manner. civil
service neutrality refers to the behaviour of rule adherence without preferential
treatment for any particular group. Neutrality is one of the cardinal features of
bureaucracy.
Civil service neutrality is required in development administration because of the
following reasons:-
To ensure neutral, apolitical service.
Development administration ration is human need entered and sustainable,
it can be achieved if bureaucracy is committed towards society.
To attain performance, continuity, reliability and professionalism.
In multiple democracies, where government changes at popular will,
neutrality of civil service is essential for effective functioning of
government.
The alternative of neutral civil services is spoil system which favour
corruption, nepotism, favouritism. Which results in the concentration of
wealth and power which is against the ethos of democracy.
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Neutrality seems very idealised notion. It seems unachievable because civil
servants have their class interest and are somewhere involved with politicians.
But Civil service neutrality can be strengthened by adopting following measures:-
Code of ethics should be included in civil service law as recommended by
second administrative reform commission.
Adherence to the code of conduct in letter and spirit both.
British type ‘Espirit de Corps’ values should be passed on from one
generation to another.
Training in the ethics and non-partisan behaviour; merit and neutrality as
the basis for promotion and posting instead of political connections.
encourage the usage of e-governance to bring transparency and openness
in administration.
Civil servants should be committed towards society and not towards politics for
development administration.
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22-Jan-2018 – Question 1
“Social auditing of flagship programmes of the Central government facilitates
the performance of the Comptroller and Auditor –General.” Elaborate the
statement with appropriate examples. (2014)
Model Answer
Social Audit refers to the evolution of a programme by people or beneficiaries
who are influenced by the programmes. The social audit provides an external
form of accountability, which indirectly results in better efficiency in their
functioning. Social audit increases people participation in governance.
Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) is the principal audit body of the county
but it is limited by resources and manpower. Social audit facilitates the
performance of CAG because:-
The social audit ensures that work is done and participants have been
benefitted and progress towards objectives. While CAG can compliment
this by examining the legal aspect of that.
Like in MGNREGA, the labourers, through the social audit can ensure that
they are getting the work and work are being done. CAG can scrutinise
whether rules and regulations are followed or not.
Social audit is done at the lowest level in the village, while CAG can audit at
department and official level. In the social audit is done with people
participation while CAG audit performed by officials.
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Considering the advantage, it would be eventual that the number of programmes
should be brought under social audit. Additionally, awareness about social audit
should be taken care of, which has been recognised as the most crucial factor in
the success fo social audit.
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22-Jan-2018 – Question 2
Do you agree that there has been a serious governance-deficit in development
administration in India? Give reasons for your answer and add your suggestions.
(2015)
Model Answer
The government deficit means that the programmes and policies are not being
implemented due to systematic, institutional gap, lack of participation from the
state as well as the citizens. Participation from the state will result in the efficient
policy execution, while increased people participation increases the accountability
in the governance.
Features of development administration due to governance deficit:-
The local self-government institution (PRIs and ULBs) have been struggling
due to the improper devolution of funds, function and functionaries. As for
it, the developmental programs are not properly implemented. At the
same, the efficiency is negatively impacted.
Corruption, favouritism etc along hierarchy level in administration.
The top-down approach to planning and the decision making. Lack of
authority at lower level coupled with responsibility.
Low citizen participation
State government unwilling to devolve authority and power to the local
bodies.
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Following needs to be done to improve the governance quotient in
developmental administration
Fixing accountability and improving transparency with the help of citizen’s
charter and grievance redressal mechanism.
Enforcement of the accountability by people participation.
Use of technology in governance, encouragement of use e-governance
initiatives.
Institutional improvement in the delivery of services.
Change in governmentality, there is a need to change the attitude of civil
servants in considering governing process more focus on the participatory
and certain role of civil society.
Participative governance must be ensured by giving power to people through
making them a stakeholder in governance and empowering people with requisite
knowledge for filling gaps in development administration.
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24-Jan-2018 – Question 1
The concept of social audit is more comprehensive than that of traditional
audit.” Comment. (2013)
Model Answer
Answers should include the following :
Introduction- Few lines regarding the Social Audit
Body – Addressing the needs of the question, the difference between a
traditional audit and social audit.
Conclusion – way forward to make the social audit more effective.
Some few point for references
Social audit is a process where the intended beneficiaries scrutinise the efficiency
and utility of any programme. While the traditional audit is conducted by the
public official with the objective to check the legality, whether the money
disbursed was utilised for the intended at work or not. The traditional audit is
more focused on the financial scrutiny.
The social audit is more comprehensive than traditional audit:-
The social audit involves all the stakeholders i.e, those persons or
organization who have interest in or who have invested resources in
organisations. while the traditional audit is performed by the specialised
officials.
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The main objective of the social audit is improving the social performance
of the organisation which was completely ignored by the traditional audit.
The traditional audit focused limited to financial scrutiny.
Social audit raises awareness and transparency among the participants
while the traditional audit is an administrative procedure without any
knowledge of general public.
The social audit involves the people in the process who are affected by the
policy and programmes.
Social Audit has loopholes compared to traditional audit
Lack of expertise and awareness in public about the social audit. While in
traditional audit there are no participation of public.
Over activism impedes the proper functioning of the organization.
Social audit holds authorities accountable but it doesn’t have any
accountability in itself.
Social audit is the need of an hour to strengthen the democratic process in
governance and securing accountability. Increasing awareness and capacity
building is needed to make the social audit more effective.
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24-Jan-2018 – Question 2
“The Office of the Controller General of Accounts (CGA) is expected to
strengthen public financial managemen in India.” Discuss its mandate (2017)
Model Answer
The Controller General of Accounts (CGA) is the apex accounting authority of the
central government and exercises the powers to the President under Article 150
of the constitution. CGA is the principal account adviser to the Government of
India and is responsible for establishing and maintaining a technically sound
management accounting system.
The Controller General of Accounts has a number of function as:-
Formulate the policy relating to the general principles, form and
procedures of accounting for the Central and state governments.
Prepares and consolidates the non-governmental monthly accounts and
present an analytical review of the Union government accounts to the
Finance Minister.
Ensures effective and close monitoring of receipts of the government of
India especially those relating to Income Tax, Customs and Central Excise.
Enables the effective utilisation of accounts as a tool of management by
constant upgradations of the quality of accounts, leading to improved
financial control within the government.
Prepares annual appropriation accounts and Union finance accounts for
presentation to the parliament.
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Enables prompt and accurate accounting.
The CGA is looking after the computerisation of Government accounting
function in all the civil ministries.
Consolidating monthly accounts of the Government of India and reporting
on the fiscal deficit is the primary responsibility of the CGA.
The Controller General of Accounts is responsible for evaluating and processing
the proposals relating to the capital restructuring of various public sector
undertaking (PSUs) of the Union Government and its submission to the Ministry
of Finance for obtaining approval of Government of India.
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26-Jan-2018 – Question 1
“Accounting is the essence of producing promptly and clearly the facts relating to
financial conditions and operations that are required as a basis of management.”
Substantiate the statement in the context of accounting methods and techniques
in government. (2013)
Model Answer
Answers should include the following :
Introduction- Few lines regarding the Accounting
Body – Addressing the needs of the question, Accounting methods and
techniques and importance of accounting
Conclusion
Some point for references
Accounting is a tool for management. It is the process of recording receipts and
expenditures. By providing data about the expenditure incurred on various
activities, it helps budget planners to determine in advances, the taxes to be
levied and also the area, where the cut in expenditure is possible. Accounting help
government in financial planning. Accounting ensures openness and transparency
thereby increasing the accountability.
There are two types of accounting methods: Cash Basis accounting and Accrual
accounting. The key difference between the two types is how the records cash
coming into and going out. Cash basis accounting is a method of recording
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financial transactions which record transactions only when cash has been
exchanged between the parties. While in Accrual accounting the financial
transaction is recorded on the basis of impact. As revenues are recorded when
they are earned and costs are recorded when they are incurred, whether or not
cash has actually been exchanged between the relevant parties. The Accrual basis
allows tracking receivables and payable. It presents the better financial condition
in comparison to the cash base accounting.While Accrual accounting is more
comprehensive in comparison to the cash-based accounting. It provides the
accurate pictures of the financial status of the government. Due to the high
complexity of accrual accounting, the government of India follows the cash based
accounting. But few department and ministries are moving to the Accrual
accounting to better financial management.
The account provides the financial status to the government which help to take
the decision regarding the revenue generation (taxation) and expenditure (social
security expenditures). Controller General of Accounts is the principal Accounts
advisers to the government of India and is responsible for establishing and
maintaining a technically sound management accounting system.
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26-Jan-2018 – Question 2
“Excellent ideas but poor implementation have characterised the administrative
reforms in India since Independence.” Critically examine the statement giving
examples from the Union and State Governments. (2015)
Model Answer
An effective public policy is a policy which is efficient and effective from policy
formation to policy implementation. Policy implementation is crucial to the
success of policy programmes.
Policy implementation in India has been one of concerning aspect of the policy
cycle, especially it becomes disappointing. When policy content is right and
according to the need of the time.
Few examples of good policies but poor in implementation
In 60’s focus on reforming agriculture but implementation was based
resulting in cereal centric, input-intensive agriculture. Failure of land reform
at different levels, instate like West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.
In 70’s and 80’s focus shifted to target based and area-based approach.
However, the bureaucratic inefficiency in policy execution resulted in poor
outcomes.
In 90’s the focus on employment generation which continued till now, in
2000’s (MGNREGA). However, the corruption and bureaucratic delay have
also present in the MGNREGA.
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The after big ideas like ICDS, family planning programs, National rural
health mission, water policy all have conceived at right time. However,
policy implementation has been defective.
Administrative reforms, despite all benefits of 2nd arc recommendation like
central civil service authority, code of ethics, repeal of 310, 311 with a new
law is necessary for the development of society. yet not done by state and
central governments.
Police reforms, both centre and state have set up committees. yet states
reluctant to loosen their control
Decentralisation and principle of subsidiarity: first proposed by Balwant rai
– yet over 40 years to give it constitutional status and yet not fully realizing
its potential since it is not implemented in letter and spirit
However few area also need mentions:-
The rural development has helped in improving the standard of the like,
MGNREGA has led to women empowerment and has reduced distress
migration. These are loopholes which are being addressed.
Direct benefit transfer JAM trinity is very effective in controlling leakage. It
brings efficacy and openness in the transfer of subsidy.
Thus policy design and implementation have been a mixed success in India. More
needs to be done to improve policy implementation through e-governance and
people’s participation.
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05-Feb-2018 – Question 1
Do you think that the functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), in practice,
reflects genuine devolution of powers and resources? Give reasons for your
answer. (2015)
Model Answer
Introduction– Few lines regarding the functioning of the Panchayati Raj
Institutions
Body – Addressing the needs of the question PRI- devolution of power and
resources.
Conclusion – way forward
Some few point for references
The Constitution 73rd Amendment Act, which came into effect on 23 April 1993,
created a three-tier structure of Panchayati Raj. The Act provided for mandatory
conduct of panchayat elections to the three tiers – district, intermediate and
village – every five years, the setting up of a State Election Commission, a State
Finance Commission and reservation of not less than one-third of the elective
seats of members and chairpersons for women, and for SC and ST persons in each
district in proportion to their population. The Constitution, moreover, provided
for devolution of powers upon panchayats.
Issues With PRI
Functions:
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11th schedule gives 29 illustrative and not mandatory subjects – states
apprehensive about devolving. Except for few states like Assam, Karnataka
no state has transferred all subject to panchayats.
Lack of coordination among ministries as well as different levels within PRI
to carry out limited functions.
Funds
Lack of autonomous funds, PRIs are hugely dependent on states and centre
for the funds. The number of heads under PRI for the collection of taxes
and revenues are very low.
untimely and inadequate release affecting local level execution.
Depends on State Finance Commission for the grant in aid.
Functionaries
Lack of separate personnel. PRI deepens on stated for recruitment, training
and transfer of personnel.
lack of incentives to attract talent (lack of will on the part of states to
develop separate cadre)
Thus, PRIs are not self-dependent but it is a gradual process. adopt the principle
of subsidiarity and devolve more functions to the local self-government
institution.
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05-Feb-2018 – Question 2
How do the Union Government policies on Smart and AMRUT cities address the
problems of management of urban development? Explain (2015)
Model Answer
A smart city is an urban settlement which uses digital technologies to optimise
the resource consumption in an effective manner for the citizens.
Problem in management of urban development
Ad-hocism in approach
Lack of long-term planning
Myopic in the sense that if focus only one part of the city. For example, a
big city like Mumbai or Delhi have the huge area and hence an effaced plan
will be to provide a holistic development of entire cities.
Issue of funding
Issue of lack of skilled workforce
Smart city mission and AMRUT cities are programs to change urban landscape and
in doing so they address the problem fo the urban development. The objectives of
Smart cities and AMRUT projects include–
It aims at recasting the urban landscape of the country by making cities
more secure and inclusive, besides driving the economic growth.
Promote adoption of smart solutions for efficient use of available assets,
resources and infrastructure
Providing a clean and sustainable environment
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E-governance and citizen participation, health and education will receive
attention.
Smart City Mission create a special purpose vehicle thus it brings special
skills, New Public Management traits to Urban Local Bodies.
The success of these programs will depend on the functioning of municipal bodies
and hence they must Avail the resource and technical help coming through these
programs.
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07-Feb-2018 – Question 1
“The goals of good governance will remain utopian if local governments,
responsible for providing all basic services directly to the citizens, are not
empowered as mandated by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts.”
Critically evaluate the status of empowerment of the local bodies. (2016)
Model Answer
Introduction– Few lines regarding the 73rd and 74th constitutional Amendment
act. The role of local self-government institution in good governance.
Body – Addressing the needs of the question:- evaluation of the empowerment of
the local bodies.
Conclusion – way forward
Some few point for references
Problem-related to the PRIs are:-
Non-functioning of the Gram Sabha
Size of Gram Sabha
less participation of women
proxy rule by the male member or forward class.
fund, function and functionaries
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In conclusion mention about devolution index and mention example of the Bihar
and Uttar Pradesh. And give some recommendation to improve the status and
functioning of the local self-government institution.
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07-Feb-2018 – Question 2
“Decentralised governance must serve as an instrument of realising social change
and social justice.” Comment on the statement. (2015)
Model Answer
Decentralised governance has become an instrumenting for people
empowerment. It involves people at grass root level to plan themselves for
betterment and execute these plan at the ground. People participation are an
important part of the decentralised governance.
Decentralised governance as a tool for social change
Social Change can be brought when people identify their problem and take
corrective action. Gram Sabha and village panchayat aim for planning at
local level.
The election, which is regularly held after 5 years, Change the power
structure if previously elected candidate fail to bring positive social change.
Funds are provided by the union, state government, mobilised from the
local level to fulfil the demand of local people.
Functionaries act as an agent to bring social change.
Decentralised governs as a tool for social justice
Transparency, Accountability – in govt activities, e.g.. Gram Sabha as unit of
social Audit reducing gap between demand and supply
Reduction in corruption – Builds social capital, trust, real-time monitoring
and vigilance through e-governance power to people
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Gender equality- woman empowerment acknowledge their contribution at
home and other aspects, giving them chance to split themselves
economically, socially
Inclusive growth – Sustainable development, including Tribals, scheduled
castes, OBC
Reducing inequality- Class wise, caste wise
Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) through Manila panchayat, Nyaya
Adalat
Through Decentralised governance is an effective instrument, its real
implementation seems to be a far dream due to lack of political will, hopefully
with increased awareness used of decentralised governance will be realised.
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09-Feb-2018 – Question 1
“Use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Panchayat’s
functions enhances efficiency, transparency and accountability and also induces
mass ICT culture.” Examine. (2013)
Model Answer
Panchayats have a central place in the era of good governance. They are the
instruments for enabling rural development. It has been seen that lack of
information and connectivity has impeded their growth. The digital revolution is
forcing revolution is service delivery – PRIs are not an exception.
Efficiency can be improved as ICT becomes the interface between PRIs and
citizens;
Daily reporting through networking. e.g MGNREGA and Mid-day meal
scheme
Time-bound service delivery eg. e-Certificates; e-titling;
Asset data collation, maintenance and management; Eg. Geo-tagging of
MGNREGs assets in collaboration with ISRO;
E-Panchayat aims at improving tourism,
Improve agriculture produce through Kisan suvidha app and Kisan TV.
The common service centre can generate employment and provide
information on government schemes and services.
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Transparency
Better record management in line with so moto dissemination of
Information under RTI; Eg.E-Panchayat aims at digitalising proceedings of
Gram Sabha;
Helps in the Social Audit; Bottom-up approach to transparency;
Accountability
Fixing responsibility is easier – with better project management tools
available for PRIs
Public grievance redressal platform is being explored as part of e-
Panchayat;
Mass IT culture
Training the citizenry and local level administration with IT; e-Panchayat
aims at imparting IT knowledge to PRI functionaries;
As the deliverables from the Panchayat accrue, mass IT culture is bound to
take off;
The benefits of ICT can occur only if:-
Digital Literacy
Bharatnet is able to connect Panchayats
Build analogue infra – Gram Jyoti, Gram Sadak – for better outcomes;
Make the e-Panchayat bilingual for inclusion;
Enforce Citizen Charters, e-RTI, e-certificates in the future;
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E-governance is thought to be the final arrival in the iron cage of Weberian
rule-bound administration. Need to have human touch for marginalised
sections with sufficient discretion to help equity;
Like every section, ICT is an enabler at the panchayat level. Collection of data can
aid governance and gradually help in better planning, budgeting and auditing.
Thus ICT can be useful to deepen democracy and strengthen Gram Sabha.
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09-Feb-2018 – Question 2
“The objectives of fiscal devolution to local bodies as mandated by the 73rd and
74th Constitutional Amendment Acts has been derailed by the actual working of
the State Finance Commissions.” Comment. (2016)
Model Answer
Article 234I and Article 243Y gave power State Finance Commission to the
devolution of the fund to the panchayat and the urban local bodies. As the State
Finance Commission is a constitutional body. The Governor can constitute a State
Finance Commission to review the financial position of the panchayats in the
states. The State Finance Commission will decide the sharing of the fund between
the state and local self-government institution. As local bodies are heavily
dependent on the centre and states for finances.
To harness the concept and aspiration of Panchayati Raj institution the role of the
state finance commission has to be very critical. The devolution of power can be
realised if the finances are prudently available to the local bodies.
The positives of the states finance commission:-
Enhances the idea of democracy
Greater devolutionary aspects of the government and governance.
Empowerment of local people and local leaders.
Efficient and timely accessibility of funds to remote corners.
The state finance commission is not much effective as it has to be due to various
reasons like
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The state government are reluctant to let loose their financial authority.
Too much of interference and encroachment in the authority and working
of State Finance Commission.
State themselves do not have ample funds at their disposal; hence even
sharing that meagre amount is always resisted by the state government.
The idea of State Finance Commission has not been implemented in true spirit.
The reluctance of state government to the timely appointment. Due to lack of
effective functioning of the state finance commission, the local self-government
faces the problem of finances at their disposal. For the effective functioning of the
local self-government institution, it is required there is proper devolution of funds
to the local bodies which is only possible if there is the effective and timely
appointment of the State Finance Commission.
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23-Feb-2018 – Question 1
In view of the contemporary internal scenario should ‘law and order’ be made a
part of the Concurrent List of the Constitution of India? Justify your opinion
(2017)
Model Answer
The constitution makers envisaged law and order as a local issue which has to be
dealt as per the situation and so placed it in “State List” as per the seventh
schedule. The state government is responsible for the enactment of law related to
law and order and its state’s government responsibility to maintain law and order
in the state.
As the challenge related to the law and order has interstate impact thus the need
to bring law and order in the concurrent list to bring homogeneity in law and
order across the state.
State Police has often found to be incapable to deal with complex security issues
like communal clashes, caste violence etc.
Cross-border terrorism is a huge threat to the security of the nation. Thus it
required an all India effort to counter the terrorism with joint efforts.
Law and order issues have got diversified in the recent years. New problems like
narcotic terrorism hold huge ramifications against the internal security of the
country. Uniformity in law and order administration is required.
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The evolving nature of cyber crimes and their association with money laundering
activities also vindicate the growth of specialist security forces which can be easily
trained by the central government.
Thus bring law and order under concurrent list, uniformity in the legal aspect and
coordinated effort by the state and central government to counter the security
challenge. As the federal country, it also requires the autonomy of the state is
maintained and more decentralisation of power. This the central government only
make law on the matter on which uniformity is required and while the local issue
will remain under the state government.
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23-Feb-2018 – Question 2
“Disaster preparedness and management has become an important componet of
district administration in India.” Discuss with suitable illustrations (2017)
Model Answer
Answers should include the following :
Introduction– Few lines regarding the Disaster Preparedness
Body – Addressing the needs of the question Disaster preparedness and
management
Examples of the above
Conclusion Ways to makes District administration more effective in disaster
preparedness