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Skeletal Muscle Actions The muscular system consists of skeletal muscles and their associated connective tissues. It does not include cardiac muscle o r smooth muscle, which are associated with the systems in which they are found, such as the cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, or other organ systems. A skeletal muscle may attach a bone to another bone (often across a joint) or a bone to another structure, such as skin. When the muscle contracts, one of the structures usually remains stationary, while the other moves. The following terms refer to this characteristic of muscle contraction. • The origin of the muscle is the muscle end that attaches to the stationary structure, usually bone. • The insertion of the muscle is the muscle end that attaches to the moving structure. • The belly of the muscle is that part of the muscle between the origin and insertion. Several muscles usually influence a particular body movement: • The prime mover is the muscle that is most responsible for the movement. • Synergists are other muscles that assist the prime mover. Synergists may stabilize nearby bones or refine the movement of the prime mover. • Antagonists are muscles that cause a movement opposite to that of the prime mover. If the prime mover raises an arm, then its antagonist pulls the arm down. An antagonist is generally attached to the opposite side of the joint to which the prime mover is attached. Names of Skeletal Muscles Skeletal muscles are often named after the following characteristics: • Number of origins. Biceps, triceps, and quadriceps indicate two, three, and four origins, respectively. • Location of origin or insertion. The sternocleidomastoid names the sternum (“sterno”) and clavicle (“cleido”) as its origins and the mastoid process of the temporal bone as its insertion. • Location. In addition to its origin or insertion, a muscle name may indicate a nearby bone or body region. For example, the temporalis muscle covers the temporal bone. • Shape. The deltoid (triangular), trapezius (trapezoid), serratus (sawtoothed) and rhomboideus major (rhomboid) muscles have names that describe their shapes. • Direction of muscle fibers. The terms rectus (parallel), transverse (perpendicular), and oblique (at an angle) in muscle names refer to the direction o f the muscle fibers with respect to the midline of the body.

9. the Muscular System--Cliffnotes a&P

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