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*Manifest DestinyThe U.S. government and its citizens believed
that the nation’s “destiny” or fate was to expand westward from sea to sea. 8.6C
*Treaty of Paris 1783
The Treaty of Paris had given the United States lands west to the Mississippi and north to Canada.
*Northwest Ordinance*Orderly procedure for
establishing territories and applying for statehood.
*As a territory grew in population it gained rights to self-government
*At least 5,000 men who owned at least 50 acres
*60,000 people must live there to apply for statehood.
8.6A R
*Roots of Manifest Destiny*Economic –
*New land for farmers
*New trade routes and markets (Santa Fe Trail)
*New opportunities to start a business
*Political –
*Expansion of our nation’s borders/territory
*Expansion of slavery
*Social –
*Remove Native Americans
*Refuge for persecuted groups (Mormons)
8.6B R
*Texas*The new Mexican republic (free from Spain) wanted
to draw more people to Texas
*Settlers were promised land
*These settlers outnumbered Tejanos and often ignored Mexican laws (slavery had been outlawed by Spain in 1652)
*Texas revolution began in 1835
*Texas won its independence, but independence was not recognized by Mexico
*In 1837 Texas asked the U.S. to annex it – Jackson and Van Buren worried because it supported slavery
*New land became a worry to several presidents
*John Tyler supported annexation, but did not win re-election
*James Polk*President Polk quickly set out to acquire new lands. He had a great desire to expand the U.S.
*Texas Congress approved the annexation of Texas in 1845 and it became the 28th state.
*This angered the Mexican government
*They considered Texas a “stolen province”
*Tensions rise*The border of Texas was heavily disputed between Mexico and the U.S.
*President Polk sent out General Zachary Taylor with troops to the border to protect from a possible attack
*Polk sent diplomats to Mexico City, to see about the border and offer to pay for California, but they refused to meet with them.
*A Mexican commander insisted General Taylor remove his troops – Taylor refused
*Mexican soldiers attacked, killed 11 Americans, wounded 5, captured the rest
*Two days later, Congress declared war
*This was considered a “War of Aggression” by many Americans
*U.S. – Mexican War*U.S. asked for
volunteers to fight – got more than needed
*First war fought on foreign soil
*Americans fought several battles and won the majority
*U.S. finally captured the Mexican capital
*Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo*This ended the war
*Grants the U.S. the Mexican territory of New Mexico, Arizona and California
*Gadsden Purchase*The U.S. paid Mexico $10 million to help repay Mexico for the
annexation of Texas in 1845
*This fixed the southern border of the U.S.
*This also opened up a warmer, southern route to the west.
*Oregon Territory*In the early 1800s Oregon was
occupied by American Indians
*Great Britain, Russia, Spain and the U.S. all had claims in this land
*1819 – Adams-Onis Treaty – Spain gave up lands beyond the northern border of what is now California
*1824 – Russia signed a treaty with the U.S.
*Many Americans had moved to this land and desired statehood
*1846 – U.S. and Great Britain signed the Oregon Treaty – this set the boundary between the U.S. and Canada
*Oregon Trail
*Rumors of rich farmland, forests, rivers full of fish and a good climate drew many settlers to the West.
*It was a long hard journey by wagon train, but many Americans journeyed west.
*“Go west young man, go west!”*The rush of settlers pushed many
American Indians off their lands
*The population of California quickly rises to the amount required for statehood
*California’s proximity to the Pacific Ocean led to an increase of Asian immigrants as well
Native Americans attacked mining outposts and towns
San Francisco 1850
8.11A R
*Why go West? *Settlers had many reasons for heading west.
*Some moved for a better way of life – more land – freedom from cities
*Some moved due to religious persecution (Joseph Smith - Mormons moved to Utah)
*Due to the Second Great Awakening – many missionaries moved west to try to convert Native Americans to Christianity
*Railroads*The boom of California
and the economy of the East required transportation to and from.
*The Rocky Mountains were a barrier to travel
*The southern route of the Transcontinental Railroad went through the Gadsden Purchase area. Other railroads were soon established.
*This building of railroads made travel and trade easier from East to West
*Growth and Customs*Westward expansion of the U.S. made
many new cities and expanded old cities
*Many immigrants from East to West and even other countries contributed to the customs of our country