9 July 2010 Dr Kirsteen Kim LTUC HEA Courting Controversy conference 1 World religion, internationalisation and global citizenship Teaching Christian theology

9 July 20109 July 2010 Dr Kirsteen Kim LTUC HEA CDr Kirsteen Kim LTUC HEA Courting Controversy conferenceourting Controversy conference

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World religion, World religion, internationalisation and internationalisation and

global citizenshipglobal citizenship

Teaching Christian theology in Teaching Christian theology in the 21st centurythe 21st century


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AbstractAbstract Christianity qualifies as a world religion for many reasons, Christianity qualifies as a world religion for many reasons,

including the fact that it has, since New Testament times, been at including the fact that it has, since New Testament times, been at home in diverse local contexts while also maintaining global home in diverse local contexts while also maintaining global connections. Today Christian churches are found in almost every connections. Today Christian churches are found in almost every country of the world and are linked together globally by many country of the world and are linked together globally by many networks, including denominations, mission organisations, networks, including denominations, mission organisations, ecumenical bodies and migration movements. This paper will ecumenical bodies and migration movements. This paper will explore how Christian theology is taught in Britain in the twenty-explore how Christian theology is taught in Britain in the twenty-first century is changing, and could change, in view of world first century is changing, and could change, in view of world Christianity and the fact that European Christians are no longer a Christianity and the fact that European Christians are no longer a majority of the world’s Christian population. In particular, it majority of the world’s Christian population. In particular, it considers internationalising the theological curriculum, which will considers internationalising the theological curriculum, which will be shown to have implications for biblical studies, systematics, be shown to have implications for biblical studies, systematics, history and practice, and also for theology’s relationship to history and practice, and also for theology’s relationship to religious studies and other disciplines. The paper will suggest that religious studies and other disciplines. The paper will suggest that if theology can draw more effectively on its multi-cultural nature if theology can draw more effectively on its multi-cultural nature and international heritage, it could make a key contribution in an and international heritage, it could make a key contribution in an era when policy makers and institutions are calling for era when policy makers and institutions are calling for internationalisation of higher education to better equip students internationalisation of higher education to better equip students for a globalised world. for a globalised world.


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OutlineOutline

Christianity as a world religionChristianity as a world religion Globalization in educationGlobalization in education Internationalising theologyInternationalising theology


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Christianity as a world religionChristianity as a world religion

Sebastian Kim & Sebastian Kim & Kirsteen Kim, Kirsteen Kim, Christianity as a Christianity as a World ReligionWorld Religion (Continuum 2008)(Continuum 2008)


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In what sense is Christianity a In what sense is Christianity a world religion?world religion?

1.1. IdeologicallyIdeologically

2.2. TopographicallyTopographically

3.3. TheologicallyTheologically

4.4. GeographicallyGeographically

5.5. HistoricallyHistorically

6.6. StructurallyStructurally

7.7. Socio-politicallySocio-politically


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1.1. Ideology: one of many world Ideology: one of many world religionsreligions


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2.2. Topography: widespread on the Topography: widespread on the mapmap


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3.3. Theology: Christianity as Theology: Christianity as essentially worldwideessentially worldwide


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4.4. Geography: Christianity as a Geography: Christianity as a world religion in the first world religion in the first millennium millennium


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5.5. History: Christianity as History: Christianity as contextual contextual


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6.6. Structure: trans-national forms Structure: trans-national forms of Christianityof Christianity


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7.7. Society and politics: world Society and politics: world Christianity as globalization from Christianity as globalization from belowbelow


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Christianity as a world religionChristianity as a world religion

1.1. Introduction Introduction

2.2. European ChristianityEuropean Christianity

3.3. African ChristianityAfrican Christianity

4.4. North American ChristianityNorth American Christianity

5.5. Latin American ChristianityLatin American Christianity

6.6. Asian ChristianityAsian Christianity

7.7. ConclusionConclusion


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World ChristianityWorld Christianity


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Christian global networksChristian global networks International mission organisationsInternational mission organisations World Christian bodiesWorld Christian bodies

• Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church• World Council of ChurchesWorld Council of Churches• World Evangelical AllianceWorld Evangelical Alliance• Anglican CommunionAnglican Communion• EtcEtc

Development organisationsDevelopment organisations Diaspora and migration movementsDiaspora and migration movements World Christian forums (e.g. Edinburgh World Christian forums (e.g. Edinburgh

2010)2010)


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GlobalizationGlobalization

Global economyGlobal economy• MarketsMarkets• MigrationMigration

One planetOne planet• EnvironmentEnvironment• EcologyEcology


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Internationalising initiativesInternationalising initiatives

Business pressuresBusiness pressures Government agendasGovernment agendas Higher Education Academy initiativesHigher Education Academy initiatives Institutional internationalisation Institutional internationalisation

strategiesstrategies


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Business pressuresBusiness pressures

Global market in educationGlobal market in education• International studentsInternational students• Internet and online learningInternet and online learning

Education for a globalised worldEducation for a globalised world• Global citizenshipGlobal citizenship• Cross-cultural capabilityCross-cultural capability• SustainabilitySustainability• InternationalisationInternationalisation


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Prime minister’s initiativePrime minister’s initiative

Phase II (2006-2011)Phase II (2006-2011) ‘‘aims to attract an additional aims to attract an additional

100,000 overseas students to study 100,000 overseas students to study in the UK and encourage in the UK and encourage partnerships between universities partnerships between universities and colleges in the UK and overseas’and colleges in the UK and overseas’


2020

Department for Education and Department for Education and Schools 2004Schools 2004

‘‘Putting the World into World-Class Education’Putting the World into World-Class Education’ Three goals:Three goals:

1.1. Equipping our children, young people and adults for life Equipping our children, young people and adults for life in a global society and work in a global economy in a global society and work in a global economy

2.2. Engaging with our international partners to achieve Engaging with our international partners to achieve their goals and ours their goals and ours

3.3. Maximising the contribution of our education and Maximising the contribution of our education and training sector, and university research to overseas training sector, and university research to overseas trade and inward investment trade and inward investment

Links toLinks to• 2012 Olympics2012 Olympics• EU and Bologna processEU and Bologna process• Relations with Africa, India, ChinaRelations with Africa, India, China


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Higher Education AcademyHigher Education Academy

‘‘supporting internationalisation supporting internationalisation initiatives that aim to enhance the initiatives that aim to enhance the student learning experience’student learning experience’

Includes:Includes:• Curriculum for a global, multi-cultural Curriculum for a global, multi-cultural

contextcontext• Learning experience of international Learning experience of international

studentsstudents• Engaging with the Bologna processEngaging with the Bologna process


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Select HEA outputSelect HEA output Academy ExchangeAcademy Exchange, 5, Winter 2006, , 5, Winter 2006,

‘Internationalisation’‘Internationalisation’ HEA Philosophical and Religious Studies project, HEA Philosophical and Religious Studies project,

‘Supporting Cultural and Religious Diversity’. ‘Supporting Cultural and Religious Diversity’. Report in Report in Teaching in Higher EducationTeaching in Higher Education 12/5-6 12/5-6 (2007), pp. 621-643(2007), pp. 621-643

HEA event 2009: ‘New Perspectives on HEA event 2009: ‘New Perspectives on Internationalisation: Enhancing the Student Internationalisation: Enhancing the Student Experience’, EdinburghExperience’, Edinburgh

Darlene L. Bird & Simon G. Smith (eds), Darlene L. Bird & Simon G. Smith (eds), Theology Theology and Religious Studies in Higher Education: Global and Religious Studies in Higher Education: Global PerspectivesPerspectives (Continuum, 2009) (Continuum, 2009)


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Internationalising the UK Student ExperienceInternationalising the UK Student Experience Overseas StudentsOverseas Students Partnerships, Exchanges and AlumniPartnerships, Exchanges and Alumni Overseas StaffOverseas Staff Bologna and the European DimensionBologna and the European Dimension


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Internationalising the theological Internationalising the theological curriculumcurriculum

Teaching Christianity as a world Teaching Christianity as a world religionreligion

‘‘embedding an international embedding an international dimension into the curriculum’dimension into the curriculum’

Encouraging a global perspective on Encouraging a global perspective on theological studiestheological studies


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Theological curriculumTheological curriculum

Biblical studiesBiblical studies Church/Christian historyChurch/Christian history Pastoral/practical theologyPastoral/practical theology Systematic theology/dogmaticsSystematic theology/dogmatics

Relationship of Theology and Relationship of Theology and Religious StudiesReligious Studies


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Theology and Religious StudiesTheology and Religious Studies

Studying Christianity as a world religion…Studying Christianity as a world religion…1.1. Sets it in the context of religious studies – Sets it in the context of religious studies –

both theoretically and actuallyboth theoretically and actually2.2. Reveals that Christian theology is part of Reveals that Christian theology is part of

Christian studiesChristian studies3.3. Removes the false separation of Removes the false separation of

Christianity (European) from other Christianity (European) from other religions (mostly Asian)religions (mostly Asian)

4.4. Challenges Religious Studies to take Challenges Religious Studies to take ‘theological’ development of religions ‘theological’ development of religions seriouslyseriously


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Pastoral/practical theologyPastoral/practical theology

Multi-cultural ministry Multi-cultural ministry Inter-religious dialogueInter-religious dialogue Cross-cultural missionCross-cultural mission World church relationsWorld church relations Relating to migrant and diaspora Relating to migrant and diaspora

churcheschurches


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Edinburgh 2010Edinburgh 2010

Research project and Research project and conference on Christian conference on Christian missionmission

Involving Orthodox, Involving Orthodox, Catholics, Protestants, Catholics, Protestants, Evangelicals and Evangelicals and Pentecostals Pentecostals

Daryl Balia & Kirsteen Kim Daryl Balia & Kirsteen Kim (eds), (eds), Edinburgh 2010: Edinburgh 2010: Witnessing to Christ TodayWitnessing to Christ Today (Regnum 2010)(Regnum 2010)

www.edinburgh2010.orgwww.edinburgh2010.org


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Biblical studiesBiblical studies

Recognition of West Asian origins of the Recognition of West Asian origins of the BibleBible

Emphasis on diverse cultures and places Emphasis on diverse cultures and places of origin in the Bible, e.g. gospelsof origin in the Bible, e.g. gospels

Admitting a variety of hermeneutical Admitting a variety of hermeneutical methodsmethods

Allowing for different communities of Allowing for different communities of interpretation and different narrativesinterpretation and different narratives

Post-colonial readingsPost-colonial readings


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R.S. SugirtharajahR.S. Sugirtharajah Troublesome Texts: The Bible in Troublesome Texts: The Bible in

Colonial and Contemporary Colonial and Contemporary CultureCulture (2008) (2008)

The Bible and Empire: The Bible and Empire: Postcolonial ExplorationsPostcolonial Explorations (2005) (2005)

Postcolonial Reconfigurations: An Postcolonial Reconfigurations: An Alternative Way of Reading the Alternative Way of Reading the Bible and Doing TheologyBible and Doing Theology (2003) (2003)

Postcolonial Criticism and Biblical Postcolonial Criticism and Biblical InterpretationInterpretation (2002) (2002)

The Bible and the Third World: The Bible and the Third World: Precolonial, Colonial and Precolonial, Colonial and Postcolonial EncountersPostcolonial Encounters (2001) (2001)

Asian Biblical Hermeneutics and Asian Biblical Hermeneutics and Post colonialism: Contesting the Post colonialism: Contesting the InterpretationsInterpretations (1998) (1998)


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Church/Christian historyChurch/Christian history

Not just a final chapter on the Not just a final chapter on the globalisation of Christianityglobalisation of Christianity

Studying history of Christianity in Studying history of Christianity in Asia (Moffett 1998, 2005) and Africa Asia (Moffett 1998, 2005) and Africa (Isichei 1995) in the first millennium (Isichei 1995) in the first millennium

Ecumenical/catholic and international Ecumenical/catholic and international viewpointsviewpoints

Taking a worldwide perspective on Taking a worldwide perspective on Christian historyChristian history


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Dale T. Irvin & Scott W. SunquistDale T. Irvin & Scott W. Sunquist

A History of the World A History of the World Christian MovementChristian Movement

Projected 3 volsProjected 3 vols Consulting historians Consulting historians

from all continentsfrom all continents Shows Christianity as Shows Christianity as

globally widespread globally widespread and locally rooted and locally rooted throughout its historythroughout its history


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Back to the beginningBack to the beginning ““As in the early church, As in the early church,

theology and practice was a theology and practice was a matter for ecumenical (i.e. matter for ecumenical (i.e. whole world) discussion, so whole world) discussion, so now doing theology is again now doing theology is again recognised to be a ‘world recognised to be a ‘world endeavour’” endeavour’”

K. Vanhoozer in Craig Ott & K. Vanhoozer in Craig Ott & Harold A. Netland (eds), Harold A. Netland (eds), Globalizing Theology: Belief Globalizing Theology: Belief and Practice in an Era of and Practice in an Era of World ChristianityWorld Christianity (IVP (IVP 2006), p. 115 2006), p. 115


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Implications for doing Implications for doing systematic/dogmatic theologysystematic/dogmatic theology


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Beware generalisations!Beware generalisations! ‘‘All too often statements All too often statements

about what ‘modern about what ‘modern Christians accept’ or ‘what Christians accept’ or ‘what Catholics today believe’ refer Catholics today believe’ refer only to what that ever-only to what that ever-shrinking remnant of shrinking remnant of WesternWestern Christians and Christians and Catholics believe. Such Catholics believe. Such assertions are outrageous assertions are outrageous today, and as time goes by today, and as time goes by they will become ever further they will become ever further removed from reality.’removed from reality.’

Philip Jenkins, Philip Jenkins, The Next The Next ChristendomChristendom (OUP (OUP, , 2002)2002), p. , p. 3 3


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New sources and dialogue partnersNew sources and dialogue partners

Eastern & Oriental Orthodox Eastern & Oriental Orthodox theologiestheologies

Theological texts from Asia, Africa, Theological texts from Asia, Africa, Latin America, etc. Latin America, etc.


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Impact of non-Western movements Impact of non-Western movements on British theologianson British theologians

Eastern & Oriental OrthodoxEastern & Oriental Orthodox• R. WilliamsR. Williams

Liberation theology (Latin America)Liberation theology (Latin America)• C. Rowland, P. ScottC. Rowland, P. Scott

Inter-faith dialogue, religious pluralism Inter-faith dialogue, religious pluralism (India)(India)• L. Newbigin, T. Gorringe, G. D’CostaL. Newbigin, T. Gorringe, G. D’Costa

Pentecostal-charismatic movement (the Pentecostal-charismatic movement (the Black root)Black root)• J. Dunn, D. Davies, M. PercyJ. Dunn, D. Davies, M. Percy


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Contending methodsContending methods Incorporating new material into existing traditionIncorporating new material into existing tradition

• e.g. Roman Magisterium, most traditional theologianse.g. Roman Magisterium, most traditional theologians Globalising (Western) theology by including new Globalising (Western) theology by including new

voicesvoices• Kärkkäinen; Schwarz 2005; Ott & Netland 2006; Corrie Kärkkäinen; Schwarz 2005; Ott & Netland 2006; Corrie

20082008 Theology in the context of world Christianity Theology in the context of world Christianity

• Tennent 2007Tennent 2007 Theology in global perspectiveTheology in global perspective

• P. Phan, Orbis Books series; S. BevansP. Phan, Orbis Books series; S. Bevans Inter-cultural theologyInter-cultural theology

• e.g. Jongeneel, Wijsen, e.g. Jongeneel, Wijsen, ExchangeExchange journal journal


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Peter C. PhanPeter C. Phan Orbis ‘Theology in Global Orbis ‘Theology in Global

Perspective’ seriesPerspective’ series Catholic systematic theology Catholic systematic theology

in global perspectivein global perspective IncludesIncludes

• Richard R. Gaillardetz, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Ecclesiology for a Global ChurchEcclesiology for a Global Church

• Daniel G. Groody, Daniel G. Groody, Globalization, Globalization, Spirituality and JusticeSpirituality and Justice

• Anne Hunt, Anne Hunt, TrinityTrinity• Anthony Kelly, Anthony Kelly, Eschatology and Eschatology and

HopeHope• Neil Ormerod, Neil Ormerod, Creation, Grace Creation, Grace

and Redemptionand Redemption


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Theology as global conversationTheology as global conversation

K. Kim, K. Kim, The Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit in the World: A Global in the World: A Global ConversationConversation (Orbis, (Orbis, 2007)2007)

Pneumatology in Pneumatology in Korea, India and the Korea, India and the WestWest

Series of conversations Series of conversations within contexts and within contexts and between contextsbetween contexts


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Internationalising theologyInternationalising theology

Embedded awareness of other continents Embedded awareness of other continents and non-Western culturesand non-Western cultures

Interaction with traditions of thought Interaction with traditions of thought beyond Western and European traditionsbeyond Western and European traditions

Working cross-culturallyWorking cross-culturally Thinking synchronically as well as Thinking synchronically as well as

diachronicallydiachronically Taking global power relations (economic, Taking global power relations (economic,

political, etc) into accountpolitical, etc) into account


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Internationalising the curriculumInternationalising the curriculum Theology as a case studyTheology as a case study Christianity’s multi-cultural nature make Christianity’s multi-cultural nature make

theology relatively advanced in theology relatively advanced in internationalisationinternationalisation

Christian theology includes increasingly Christian theology includes increasingly strong voices from outside the Weststrong voices from outside the West

Christian theology provides models Christian theology provides models relating different traditions: practically, relating different traditions: practically, textually, historically and conceptuallytextually, historically and conceptually

These models may be appropriated by These models may be appropriated by other disciplinesother disciplines


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References 1References 1 Stephen B. Bevans, Stephen B. Bevans, An Introduction to Theology in Global An Introduction to Theology in Global

PerspectivePerspective (Orbis, 2009) (Orbis, 2009) John Corrie (ed.), John Corrie (ed.), Dictionary of Mission TheologyDictionary of Mission Theology (IVP 2008) (IVP 2008) Grace Davie, Grace Davie, Europe: the Exceptional Case. Parameters of Europe: the Exceptional Case. Parameters of

Faith in the Modern WorldFaith in the Modern World (Darton, Longman and Todd (Darton, Longman and Todd 2002)2002)

Noel Davies and Martin Conway, Noel Davies and Martin Conway, World Christianity in the World Christianity in the 2121stst Century Century 2 vols. (SCM-Canterbury Press 2008) 2 vols. (SCM-Canterbury Press 2008)

Dyrness, William A. & Veli-Matti Dyrness, William A. & Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen (eds), Kärkkäinen (eds), Global Global Dictionary of Theology: A Resource for the Worldwide Dictionary of Theology: A Resource for the Worldwide ChurchChurch (InterVarsity, 2008) (InterVarsity, 2008)

Adrian Hastings (ed), Adrian Hastings (ed), A World History of ChristianityA World History of Christianity (Cassell (Cassell 1999)1999)

Dale T. Irvin & Scott W. Sunquist, Dale T. Irvin & Scott W. Sunquist, A History of the World A History of the World Christian MovementChristian Movement (Orbis 2001) (Orbis 2001)


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References 2References 2 ElizabethElizabeth Isichei Isichei, , A History of Christianity in Africa, from A History of Christianity in Africa, from

Antiquity to the PresentAntiquity to the Present (Wm B. Eerdmans 1995) (Wm B. Eerdmans 1995) Philip Jenkins, Philip Jenkins, The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global

ChristianityChristianity (OUP 2002) (OUP 2002) Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Christology: A Global IntroductionChristology: A Global Introduction

(Baker Academic, 2003)(Baker Academic, 2003) _____ _____ Pneumatology: A Global IntroductionPneumatology: A Global Introduction (Eerdmans (Eerdmans

2002); 2002); Christology: A Global IntroductionChristology: A Global Introduction (Eerdmans 2003) (Eerdmans 2003) Kirsteen Kim, Kirsteen Kim, The Holy Spirit in the World: A Global The Holy Spirit in the World: A Global

ConversationConversation (Orbis 2007) (Orbis 2007) Sebastian Kim and Kirsteen Kim, Sebastian Kim and Kirsteen Kim, Christianity as a World Christianity as a World

ReligionReligion (Continuum 2008) (Continuum 2008) David Martin, David Martin, Pentecostalism: The World Their ParishPentecostalism: The World Their Parish

(Blackwell 2002)(Blackwell 2002) Samuel Hugh Samuel Hugh MoffettMoffett, , A History of Christianity in Asia Vols. A History of Christianity in Asia Vols.

I, III, II (Orbis (Orbis 1998, 2005)1998, 2005)


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References 3References 3 Craig Ott & Harold A. Netland (eds.), Craig Ott & Harold A. Netland (eds.), Globalizing TheologyGlobalizing Theology

(Baker 2006)(Baker 2006) Lamin Sanneh, Lamin Sanneh, Translating the Message: The Missionary Translating the Message: The Missionary

Impact on CultureImpact on Culture (Orbis 1989); (Orbis 1989); Whose Religion Is Whose Religion Is Christianity? The Gospel Beyond the WestChristianity? The Gospel Beyond the West (Eerdmans 2003) (Eerdmans 2003)

Schwarz, Hans, Schwarz, Hans, Theology in a Global ContextTheology in a Global Context (Eerdmans (Eerdmans 2005)2005)

Diane Stinton, Diane Stinton, Jesus of AfricaJesus of Africa (Orbis 2004) (Orbis 2004) R.S. Sugirtharajah, R.S. Sugirtharajah, The Post-colonial BibleThe Post-colonial Bible (Sheffield (Sheffield

Academic Press 1998)Academic Press 1998) Timothy T. Tennent, Timothy T. Tennent, Theology in the Context of World Theology in the Context of World

ChristianityChristianity (Zondervan 2007) (Zondervan 2007) Andrew F. Walls, Andrew F. Walls, The Missionary Movement in Christian The Missionary Movement in Christian

HistoryHistory (Orbis 1996); (Orbis 1996); The Cross-cultural Process in Christian The Cross-cultural Process in Christian HistoryHistory (Orbis 2002) (Orbis 2002)


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World religion, World religion, internationalisation and internationalisation and

global citizenshipglobal citizenship

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9 July 2010 Dr Kirsteen Kim LTUC HEA Courting Controversy conference 1 World religion, internationalisation and global citizenship Teaching Christian theology