INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY

FOR THE HISTORY OF PHARMACY

INTERNATIONALE GESELLSCHAFT

FÜR GESCHICHTE DER PHARMAZIE

SOCIETE INTERNATIONALE

D’HISTOIRE DE LA PHARMACIE

PRESIDENT:PROF. DR. O. LAFONT

ROUEN, FRANCE

http://www.histpharm.org

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HISTORY OF PHARMACY: BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND UNITY

At a first glance, the main characteristic of history ofpharmacy is diversity. At the beginning, Homo sapienswas supposed to have had very simple behaviours, close

to those of monkeys. In most areas of the world, Men used tomasticate purgative leaves whenever they felt sick. As soon as akind of conscience of the way of curing diseases appeared, assoon as technical practices developed, the evolution of whatcould not yet be called pharmacy started to follow differentpathways. The ways of conceiving of the relationships between patients,medicines and society became different and were influenced by

L’HISTOIRE DE LA PHARMACIE, ENTRE DIVERSITÉ ET UNITÉ

Àpremière vue, la caractéristique principale de l’histoirede la pharmacie réside dans sa diversité. Au commence-ment, Homo sapiens est pourtant supposé avoir eu un

comportement des plus simples, proche de celui des singes.Dans la plupart des régions du Monde, l’Homme, lorsqu’ils’est senti en mauvaise santé, a mastiqué des feuilles purgatives.Dès qu’une certaine conscience de la façon de traiter les mal-adies est apparue, dès que les pratiques techniques se sontdéveloppées, l’évolution de ce que l’on ne pouvait pas encoreappeler la pharmacie, a emprunté des voies différentes, influ-encées par la religion, le climat, la nature des drogues simples

PHARMAZIEGESCHICHTEZWISCHEN EINHEIT UND VIELFALT

Auf den ersten Blick ist Vielfalt ein Hauptmerkmal derPharmaziegeschichte. In den Anfängen werden demHomo sapiens einfachste Verhaltensweisen zugeschrie-

ben, ähnlich denen der Menschenaffen. In den meistenGegenden war es üblich, bei Übelkeit abführende Blätter zukauen. Doch sobald ein Bewusstsein für die Behandlung vonKrankheiten aufkam und sich entsprechende technische Ver-fahren etablierten begannen verschiedene Entwicklungssträngeeiner allerdings noch nicht als Pharmazie zu bezeichnendenTätigkeit. Vorstellungen von den Beziehungen zwischen Patienten,Arzneimitteln und der Gesellschaft wurden beeinflusst von Re-

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religions, climate, nature of thedrugs found in the region and alsoby discoveries made by individu-als. Pharmacy was, of course, in-fluenced by the philosophical di-versity between the various popu-lations. Some examples will illustrate thisdiversity.In India, Ayurvedic texts estab-lished that drugs had to be consid-ered in their integrality in order tocure the man as a whole. This con-ception was in opposition with thesearch for active substances initiat-ed by Paracelsus in Occident. InJapan, the influence of Buddhistmonks and of Chinese medicinewere predominant and until 1720,people were not allowed to studyEuropean sciences. Chinese medi-cine founded by Shen Nung useda great variety of medicinal plantsand of drugs of animal origin thatwere unknown in Europe.Acupuncture was also widely used.Around the Mediterranean Sea, afascinating adventure took place.On the Middle East side ofGreece, Hippocrates created inCos a new medicine based uponthe study of symptoms and thepractice of hygiene. He, or hiscontinuators first expressed thetheory of humours. According tothis theory, the body containedfour different humours: bile,blood, pituite and atrabile. A goodhealth was supposed to result froma good equilibrium between thesehumours and if one of these tooka too great importance, a diseasewould occur. Each humour was re-lated to two of the four qualitiesdefined by Aristotle: dry, humid,cold and hot. Then, later on,Galen came. He was also a Greekfrom Asia Minor, but he spentmost of his life in Roma. Headopted and adapted the theory ofHippocrates and developed it toconstitute what was called theHippocratico-Galenic theory. Hetook a great interest in pharmacyand was then known as the fatherof pharmacy.Alexandria, the great city foundedby Alexander the Great in Egypt,became the most important placeof intellectual research, with itsMuseum and its famous Library.

disponibles dans la région, ainsique par les découvertes individu-elles.La façon de concevoir les rapportsentre les patients, les médicamentset la société devint différente. Lapharmacie fut naturellement influ-encée par la diversité philosophi-que apparue entre les différentespopulations.Quelques exemples vont éclairercette diversité.En Inde, les textes ayurvédiquesont montré que les drogues de-vraient être utilisées dans leur inté-gralité pour soigner l’individu dansson ensemble, ce qui est contraireà l’isolement d’une substance ac-tive, initié en Europe par Paracelse.Au Japon, l’influence des moinesbouddhiques et des remèdes chi-nois s’est avérée prépondérante et,jusqu’en 1770, il était interdit d’é-tudier la science européenne. Lamédecine chinoise, fondée parShen Nung, utilisait une très grandevariété de plantes médicinales etde drogues d’origine animale in-connues en Europe, l’acupunctureétait, en outre, largement répandue.Autour de la Méditerranée, uneaventure passionnante s’est pro-duite.En Grèce, sur le versant moyen-oriental de cette civilisation, Hip-pocrate a initié, à Cos, une nou-velle médecine, basée sur l’étudedes symptômes et la pratique del’hygiène. Lui-même ou ses con-tinuateurs ont pour la premièrefois exposé la théorie des humeurs.Le corps était censé contenir qua-tre humeurs différentes, la bile, lesang, la pituite et l’atrabile. La san-té résultait d’un équilibre entre ceshumeurs, mais s’il advenait quel’une d’entre elles prît trop d’im-portance, cela conduisait à la mal-adie. Chacune d’entre elles étaitreliée à deux des quatre qualitésdéfinies par Aristote. C’est ensuiteque Galien apparut, c’était, lui-aussi, un Grec d’Asie Mineure,mais il passa une grande partie desa vie à Rome. Il adopta et adaptala théorie des humeurs d’Hip-pocrate, la développa pour con-stituer ce qu’il est convenu d’ap-peler la théorie Hippocratico-Galénique. Son intérêt particulierpour les médicaments l’a fait

ligion, Klima, der Natur jeweilseinheimischer Drogen und genausovon Entdeckungen einzelner. Phar-mazie war natürlich beeinflusst vonden philosophischen Besonderheit-en der verschiedenen Populationen.Einige Beispiele sollen dies verdeut-lichen.Ayurvedische Texte Indiens gehendavon aus, dass nur die vollständi-ge Droge als Heilmittel in Betrachtkommen kann um den Menschenals Ganzes heilen zu können.Dieses Konzept steht im Gegensatzzur Suche nach wirksamen In-haltsstoffen, die Paracelsus imAbendland initiierte. In Japan warder Einfluss buddhistischerMönche und chinesischer Medizinbis 1720 vorherrschend und es warnicht erlaubt, europäische Wis-senschaften zu studieren. Die vonShen Nung begründete chinesischeMedizin nutzte vielerleiHeilpflanzen und Drogentierischen Ursprungs, die in Europaunbekannt waren. Auch Akupunk-tur war weit verbreitet.Rund ums Mittelmeer spielten sichfaszinierende Abenteuer ab. Immittleren Osten Griechenlandskreierte Hippokrates von Kos eineneue Medizin, die auf dem Studi-um von Symptomen und hygienis-chen Praktiken beruhte. Er undseine Nachfolger formulierten erst-mals die Theorie der Säfte. Danachenthält der Körper vier ver-schiedene Säfte: Blut, Schleim,schwarze und gelbe Galle. GuteGesundheit sollte aus einem Gle-ichgewicht dieser Säfte resultierenund das Übergewicht eines einzel-nen sollte zu Krankheit führen.Jeder Saft stand in Beziehung zuzwei der vier Qualitäten, die Aris-toteles definiert hatte: trocken,feucht, kalt und warm. Später kamGalen. Er war ebenfalls Grieche ausKleinasien, verbrachte aber diemeiste Zeit seines Lebens in Rom.Er übernahm die Theorie des Hip-pokrates und entwickelte sie weiterund begründete die sogenanntehippokratisch-galenische Theorie.Er interessierte sich sehr für phar-mazeutische Fragen und wurdebekannt als „Vater der Pharmazie“. Alexandria, die großartige Stadt,die Alexander der Große inÄgypten gegründet hatte, wurde

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When the Arabs invaded Alexan-dria, the Greek culture did notcompletely disappear and was keptby some sects. In the Sasanian Per-sian empire, Nestorian Christians,who were considered as heretics bythe Byzantines, practiced medicineand translated the Ancient medicaltexts in Syriac language. When theAbbasides invaded Iraq andfounded Baghdad, they becamethe doctors of the caliphs andtranslated the medical texts fromSyriac to Arab, or directly fromGreek to Arab. That was the start-ing point of Arabo-Muslim medi-cine. In Baghdad, but also inKairouan or in Al-Andalus, theseGreek texts were studied, com-mented and enhanced. Scientistslike Al-Kindi, Ibn Al-Jazzar, Al-Rhazi (Razes) or Ibn-Rush (Avi-cenna) wrote many books. Theyintroduced the notion of gradua-tion of the properties. In order toapply Galen’s principle “contrariacontrariis curantur” (it is by con-traries that contraries can becured), it appeared necessary tofurnish to the ill body the exactamounts of properties, calculatedaccording to the principle of grad-uations, which could be able toneutralize exactly the properties ofthe illness.The first pharmacists dealing onlywith medicines and drugs ap-peared in Baghdad under thename of sayadila about at the endof the 9th century. They were sub-mitted to precise rules, were in-spected by a muhtasib and had touse a grabadin, sort of pharma-copoeia. All the administrativeconditions for having real pharma-cists were then gathered. In Christian Europe, since the 10th

century, a school was establishedin Salerna (Italy), where scientiststried to mix all medical informa-tion they could find in someGreek manuscripts kept in Occi-dent, in Jewish texts and in Arabicdocuments translated in Latin byConstantinus Africanus or by Ger-ard of Cremona. This school pro-duced many books and specificallya Great Antidotary, which was re-duced as Antidotarium Nicolai,which was widely used by apothe-caries.

surnommer le père de la pharma-cie. Alexandrie, la grande citéfondée en Egypte par Alexandre leGrand devint alors le grand centreintellectuel avec sa Grande Biblio-thèque et son Musée. Lorsque lesArabes envahirent Alexandrie, laculture grecque ne disparut pascomplètement et fut recueillie parcertaines sectes. Dans l’Empire PerseSassanide, des chrétiens nestoriens,considéré comme hérétiques parles Byzantins, pratiquaientla méde-cine et traduisirent les anciens textesgrecs en syriaque. Lorsque les Ab-bassides envahirent l’Irak et fon-dèrent Bagdad, ils devinrent lesmédecins des califes et traduisirenten arabe les textes médicaux. Celafut le début de la médecine arabo-musulmane. A Bagdad, mais aussià Kairouan ou dans Al-Andalus,ces textes grecs furent étudiés, com-mentés et complétés. Des savants,comme Al-Kindi, Ibn Al-Jazzar,Rhazès ou Avicenne rédigèrent denombreux ouvrages. Ils intro-duisirent la notion de graduationdes propriétés. Dans le but d’ap-pliquer le principe de Galien, «contraria contrariis curantur », «C’est par les contraires que l(ontraîte les contraires », il s’avéraitnécessaire de fournir au corpsmalade les propriétés capables deneutraliser exactement celles de lamaladie. C’est précisément au cal-cul des proportions à employerque servait la graduation des pro-priétés.C’est à Bagdad qu’apparurent versla fin du IXe siècle, sous le nom desayadila, les premiers « pharma-ciens » s’occupant exclusivementde médicaments et de drogues. Ilsétaient soumis à des règles précis-es, étaient inspectés par le muhta-sib et devaient utiliser une sorte depharmacopée, le grabadin. Toutesles conditions administratives del’existence de véritables pharma-ciens se trouvaient ainsi réunies.Dans l’Europe chrétienne, à partirdu Xe siècle, une école s’est établieà Salerne, en Italie, où des scien-tifiques essayèrent de réunir tout lesavoir médical qu’ils pouvaienttrouver dans des manuscrits an-ciens conservés en Occident, dansles ouvrages hébraïques et dans lesécrits arabo-musulmans, traduits

mit ihrem Museum und ihrer Bib-liothek zur wichtigsten Heimstätteder Geisteswissenschaften. Als dieAraber in Alexandria eindrangen,verschwand die griechische Kulturindes nicht ganz und wurde inbestimmten Kreisen bewahrt.Nestorianische Christen, die vonden Byzantinern als Ketzer betra-chtet wurden, praktizierten Medi-zin und übersetzten die antikenmedizinischen Texte in die syrischeSprache. Als die Abbasiden denIraq besetzen und Baghdad grün-deten, wurden Sie Leibärzte derKalifen und übersetzten die medi-zinischen Texte vom Syrischenoder direkt aus dem Griechischenins Arabische. Das war der Aus-gangspunkt der arabisch-islamis-chen Medizin. In Baghdad, aberauch in Kairouan oder in An-dalusien wurden diese griechis-chen Texte studiert, kommentiertund erweitert. Wissenschaftler wieAlKindi, Ibn-Al-Jazzar, Al-Razhi(Razes) oder Ibn-Rush (Avicenna)schrieben viele Bücher. Sie führteneine Graduierung der Eigen-schaften ein. Um Galens Prinzipdes „Contraria contrariis curantur“(Gegensätze werden durch Gegen-sätze geheilt) anwenden zu kön-nen, erschien es nötig, demkranken Körper Heilmittel in ex-akten Maßeinheiten zuzuführen,berechnet nach dem Prinzip derGradenlehre. So sollten die Eigen-schaften der Krankheit genau neu-tralisiert werden. Die ersten Apotheker, die nur mitArzneimitteln und Drogen han-delten, erschienen in Baghdadgegen Ende des 9. Jahrhunderts.Sie unterlagen präzisen Regeln,wurden durch einen „muhtasib“beaufsichtigt und hatten eine ArtArzneibuch, den ‚Grabadin’ zu be-nutzen. Damit waren alle adminis-trativen Voraussetzungen für echteApotheken geschaffen. Im christlichen Europa des 10.Jahrhunderts wurde in Salerno,Italien, eine Schule gegründet,deren Wissenschaftler sich be-mühten, alle medizinischen Infor-mationen zu verbinden, die sie inabendländischen griechischenManuskripten, Jüdischen Textenund arabischen Dokumenten find-en konnten, die von Constantinus

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During the 12th and the 13th cen-turies, an important change oc-curred with the creation of Uni-versities. The medical doctors werethen incorporated in these Univer-sities where the theory of humourswas taught. This rising of Univer-sities made necessary the individu-alisation of a group of people de-voted to making and deliveringmedicines. Medical doctors, whoused to practice pharmacy as wellas medicine in the past could nomore work with their hands, beingmembers of University. They,then, left to surgeons the cuttingof bodies and to apothecaries, thepreparation and the distribution ofmedicines.The first occidental text prescrib-ing general rules for the confectionand the distribution of medicineswas redacted under the authorityof Frederic II. Hohenstaufen, Em-peror of the Holy Roman Empireand King of Sicily. This text con-stituted the common basis fromwhich the local statutes of com-munities were inspired. Each citywas ruled by a specific statute,which could be very different fromthe text used in another town.The evolution of apothecaries wasvery different from a kingdom toanother. If in Portugal, university courseswere set up in Coimbra as early asduring the reign of Philippe I.(who was also Philippe II. ofSpain), It was not the case in othercountries.In England, a very puzzling evolu-tion took place and the professionof apothecaries was attracted bymedical activity, and apothecarieswere allowed to prescribe and de-liver medicines (Rose case) andthey became practitioners of medi-cine. Then druggists and chemistshad to take the position they leftunoccupied. They had then tofight for a long time in order toobtain an official recognition(Royal Chart 1843) and the cre-ation in 1842 of a School of phar-macy. Anyway, it was not before1913, that, after the publication ofthe Insurance Act of 1911, it be-came forbidden to medical doctorsto deliver medicines.The diploma of bachelor of phar-

en latin par Constentin l’Africainou Gérard de Crémone. Cetteécole produisit de nombreux ou-vrages et, en particulier, le GrandAntidotaire qui fut réduit en cetAntidotaire de Nicolas qui servitbeaucoup aux apothicaires.Durant le XIIe et le XIIIe siècles,un important changement se pro-duisit avec la création des univer-sités. Les médecins se trouvèrentinclus dans ces universités où lathéorie des humeurs fut enseignée.Tout cela rendit nécessaire en Eu-rope l’individualisation d’une caté-gorie d’individus spécialisés dans lafabrication et la délivrance des médi-caments. En fait, les médecins quiavaient auparavant l’habitude depratiquer la pharmacie aussi bienque la médecine ou la chirurgie, setrouvèrent contraints, par leur sit-uation d’universitaires, de ne plustravailler de leurs mains. Ils aban-donnèrent donc le soin de taillerles corps aux chirurgiens et celuide préparer, de distribuer et d’ad-ministrer les médicaments, auxapothicaires.Le premier texte occidental édic-tant des règles précises pour la fab-rication et la dispensation desmédicaments est dû à Frédéric IIHohenstaufen, empereur du Saint-Empire romain germanique et roide Sicile. Ce texte constitua unebase commune dont se sont in-spirés les statuts des communautésd’apothicaires. Chaque commu-nauté était alors régie par desstatuts qui pouvaient être très dif-férents de ceux qui avaient coursdans une autre ville.L’évolution des apothicaires futtrès dissemblable d’un royaume àl’autre.Si, au Portugal, un cursus universi-taire fut organisé à Coïmbra dès lerègne de Philippe premier (quin’est autre que Philippe II d’Es-pagne), il n’en allait pas de mêmedans les autres contrées.En Angleterre, une très curieuseévolution se produisit, car la pro-fession d’apothicaire fut irré-sistiblement attirée par une activitémédicale. A la suite du cas Rose,les apothicaires furent, en effet,autorisés à prescrire et délivrer desmédicaments et devinrent des prati-ciens de la médecine. Les drogu-

Africanus oder Gerhard von Cre-mona ins Lateinische übersetztwurden. Diese Schule produzierteviele Bücher und spezielle dasgroße Antidotar, das, zum „Anti-dotarium Nicolai“ gekürzt, vonden Apothekern weithin benutztwurde. Während des 12. und 13.Jahrhunderts kam es mit derGründung von Universitäten zueinem bedeutenden Wandel. DieÄrzte wurden in die Universitätenintegriert, wo die Säftetheoriegelehrt wurde. Das Aufkommender Universitäten machte die Her-ausbildung einer Gruppe Personennotwendig, die sich mit der Her-stellung und Lieferung vonArzneimitteln befasste. Ärzte, diees gewohnt waren, Pharmazie imVerbund mit der Medizin zu prak-tizieren, konnten als Mitgliederder Universität nicht mehr handw-erklich tätig sein. Sie überließenden Chirurgen das Manipulierenam Körper und den Apothekerndie Herstellung und Verteilung derArzneien. Der erste abendländische Text, derallgemeine Regeln für Herstellungund Vertrieb von Arzneimittelnaufstellte, entstand unter der Re-gentschaft Friedrichs II, Kaiser desHeiligen Römischen Reiches undKönig von Sizilien. Dieser Textbildete die gemeinsame Basis, vonder die lokalen kommunalenRegelungen inspiriert wurden. Injeder Stadt galt ein speziellesStatut, das sich vom Text in eineranderen Stadt wesentlich unter-scheiden konnte. Auch die En-twicklung des Apothekenwesensverlief sehr unterschiedlich voneinem Königreich zum anderen. Während im portugiesischenCoimbra bereits während der Re-gentschaft Philipps I. (der alsPhilipp II auch Spanien regierte)Hochschulkurse etabliert wurden,war das in anderen Ländern nichtder Fall. In England kam es zueiner sehr rätselhaften Entwick-lung und der Berufsstand derApotheker fühlte sich zu medi-zinischen Tätigkeiten hingezogen.„Apothecaries“ bekamen dasRecht, Arzneimittel gleichzeitig zuverschreiben (der Fall Rose) undabzugeben und wurden so zu4

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macy of the University of Londonwas only created in 1924, threecenturies after the access to Uni-versity in Portugal.In France, during five centuries, asystem of communities of apothe-caries, organizing examinations,took place. In 1777 a royal decla-ration instituted official coursesfor pharmacists and separatedthem from grocers. The law of ger-minal An-XI (April 1803) reor-ganized these courses and Schoolsof pharmacy were created in Paris,Montpellier and Strasbourg.In Italy, the case of Florence isquite specific because painters likePaolo Uccello or poets such asDante were members of the guildof medical doctors and of apothe-caries “arte dei medici e speziali”.It is a rare example of cohabitationof MD and of apothecaries in asame guild.In the New World, the problemswere different. The immigrantstook in their luggage the ideas andpractices of their country of ori-gin. In Louisiana, an organizationwith examinations and licenses ofexercise were settled up at the imi-tation of what had been going onin France. In the Eastern Coast,the British practices had beentransferred. During the conquestof the West, everything was to cre-ate and a very complicated systemtook place with medicine doctorspracticing also pharmacy, but es-sentially with wholesalers, drug-gists or non-specialized shopkeep-ers. Regulations were considered asanti-liberal measures. In that con-text, the first School of Pharmacyappeared in Philadelphia in 1821,followed by New York in 1829.Many other significant examplesof diversity could be given. At thisstage, it seems very difficult tospeak globally of history of phar-macy instead of comparative histo-ries of pharmacy.Anyway, it would be a mistake toconsider that no relationships ex-isted between these different waysto practice pharmacy. Two exam-ples are quite significant.The Silk Road was a great oppor-tunity for exchanges and contactsbetween Asian and European cul-tures. Many drugs coming from

istes et les chimistes durent pren-dre la place qu’ils avaient aban-donnée. Ceux-ci durent bataillerferme pour obtenir une reconnais-sance officielle (Royal Chart,1843). La création d’une école depharmacie date de 1842. Toute-fois, ce ne fut qu’en 1913, après lacréation de l’Insurance Act en1911, qu’il fut interdit aux méde-cins de délivrer des médicaments.Le diplôme de bachelier en phar-macie fut seulement créé en 1924,trois siècles après l’ouverture del’accès à l’Université au Portugal.En France, après cinq siècles d’unsystème de communautés d’apoth-icaires, caractérisé par des examensprofessionnels, la déclarationroyale d’avril 1777 institua un en-seignement officiel pour les phar-maciens, consacrant leur sépara-tion d’avec les épiciers. La loi deGerminal An-XI (avril 1803) réor-ganisa les cours et créa des écolesde pharmacie à Paris, Montpellieret Strasbourg.En Italie, le cas de Florence esttout à fait original, puique despeintres, comme Paolo Uccello oudes poètes, tel Dante, furent mem-bres de la guilde regroupantmédecins et apothicaires, l’ « Artedei Medici e Speziali ». C’est undes rares cas où médecins et apoth-icaires furent associés au sein d’unemême communauté.Dans le nouveau Monde, la prob-lématique était encore bien dif-férente. Les immigrants avaientapporté dans leurs bagages lesidées et les pratiques qui avaientcours dans leur pays d’origine. EnLouisiane, une organisation avecdes examens et une licence d’exer-cice se mit en place à l’imitationde ce qui avait cours en France.Sur la côte Est, c’est le modèleanglais qui prévalait. Durant laconquête de l’Ouest, tout était àcréer et un système très compliqués’établit, avec des médecins ex-erçant la pharmacie, des mar-chands en gros, des droguistes oudes petits commerçants non-spé-cialisés. Les réglementations étaientconsidérées comme des mesuresanti-libérales. La première école depharmacie apparut à Philadelphie,en 1821, suivie par New York, en1829.

praktischen Ärzten. „Chemists andDruggists“ füllten die verwaistePosition. Sie hatten lange zu umoffizielle Anerkennung (RoyalChart 1843) und die Gründungeines pharmazeutischen Hochschul-instituts (1842) zu kämpfen.Dennoch dauerte es bis 1913, alsnach dem Erlass des „InsuranceAct“ von 1911 den Ärzten derVertrieb von Arzneimitteln unter-sagt wurde. Das Diplom eines„Bachelor of Pharmacy“ der Uni-versität London wurde erst 1924eingeführt, dreihundert Jahre nachdem Beginn der Hochschulausbil-dung in Portugal. In Frankreich gab es fünf Jahrhun-derte lang ein System phar-mazeutischer Vereinigungen, diePrüfungen organisierten. 1777 in-stallierte ein königliches Dekreteine offizielle Ausbildung vonPharmazeuten und trennte sie vonLebensmittelhändlern. Ein Gesetzvom April 1803 modifizierte dieAusbildung und pharmazeutischeHochschulinstitute entstanden inParis, Montpellier und Straßburg. In Italien ist der Fall Florenz sehrspeziell, weil Maler wie Paolo Uc-cello oder Dichter wie Dante Mit-glieder der Zunft Ärzte undApotheker „arte die medici espeziali“ waren. Das ist ein seltenesBeispiel einer gemeinschaftlichenMitgliedschaft von Ärzten undApothekern in einer Zunft. In der „Neuen Welt“ gab es andereEntwicklungen. Die Immigrantenbrachten Ideen und Praktikenihrer Herkunftsländer mit. Sowurde in Lousiana eine Organisa-tion mit Ausbildungs- und Prü-fungssystem wie in Frankreichaufgebaut. An die Ostküste wur-den britische Gebräuche übertra-gen. Während der Eroberung desWestens wurde alles möglichekreiert und es entstand ein sehrkompliziertes System mit Medi-zinern, die auch Pharmazie prak-tizierten, aber im Wesentlichenmit Großhändlern, Drogisten undnicht-spezialisierten Händlern. Re-gelungen wurden als antiliberaleMaßnahmen empfunden. Vor die-sem Hintergrund entstand das er-ste Hochschulinstitut in Philadel-phia 1821, gefolgt von New York1829. 5

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Asia were then introduced in Eu-rope and contacts existed at aphilosophical level.Al-Andalus proved to be a regionof contacts between Christian andArabic cultures, before and afterthe “reconquista”. The future PopeSylvester II., known as Gerber,went to Spain to learn mathemat-ics. In Toledo, Gerard of Cremonatranslated in Latin, Arabic textsconcerning medicines.It appears then most interesting totry to detect from this fruitful di-versity, what could be the trendsshared by these various concep-tions of pharmacy. Our interna-tional congresses on history ofpharmacy constitute the rightplace to compare the works of his-torians from all over the world andto try to better understand whathistory of pharmacy is and what itshould be.The purpose of our InternationalSociety gathering national societiesis precisely to encourage contactsbetween research fellows fromeverywhere for the great benefit ofhistory of pharmacy, which is situ-ated somewhere between diversityand unity.

Olivier Lafont, President

Beaucoup d’autres exemples decette extraordinaire diversité pour-raient être donnés.Il semble donc difficile de parlerglobalement d’histoire de la phar-macie, mais bien plutôt de lanécessaire comparaison d’histoiresde la pharmacie.Ce serait pourtant une erreur deconsidérer qu’aucune relation n’ex-istait entre ces différentes façonsde pratiquer la pharmacie.Deux exemples significatifs de cescontacts méritent d’être cités.La fameuse route de la soie permitde nombreux échanges et relationsentre les pays d’Asie et ceux d’Eu-rope. De nombreuses drogues d’o-rigine asiatique furent alors intro-duites en Europe et des échangesse produisirent à un niveau intel-lectuel et philosophique.L’Andalousie se montra également,avant comme après la « recon-quista » un lieu d’échanges entrela Chrétienté et la civilisationArabo-musulmane. Le futur papeSylvestre II, connu sous le nom deGerber, se rendit ainsi en Espagnepour étudier les mathématiques. ATolède, Gérard de Crémone,traduisit en latin de nombreuxtextes médicaux arabes.Il apparaît, dès lors, fondamentald’essayer d’identifier au sein decette fructueuse diversité, quellespourraient être les tendances pro-fondes communes à ces concep-tions différentes de l’exercice phar-maceutique.Où mieux qu’au sein de nos con-grès internationaux, pourrait-oncomparer l’évolution de la phar-macie dans les différents pays ? Lecongrès de Séville s’est montré uneexcellente occasion de confronterles travaux des historiens de tousles horizons, afin de mieux com-prendre ce qu’est l’histoire de lapharmacie et ce qu’elle devraitêtre.Notre société internationale quiregroupe les sociétés nationales aprécisément pour vocation d’en-courager les contacts entre leschercheurs de toutes les parties duMonde, pour le plus grand bien del’histoire de la pharmacie, quelquepart entre diversité et unité.

Olivier Lafont, President

Viele andere Beispiele der Vielfaltkönnten angeführt werden. An diesem Punkt scheint es sehrschwer, von einer globalen Phar-maziegeschichte anstatt zu vergle-ichender lokaler Phar-maziegeschichten zu sprechen.Doch wäre es ein Fehleranzunehmen, dass zwischen denverschiedenen Arten, Pharmaziezu praktizieren, keine Beziehungenbestünden. Zwei Beispiele sindvon großer Bedeutung.Die Seidenstraße bot eine großar-tige Gelegenheit für den Aus-tausch und den Kontakt zwischenden asiatischen und europäischenKulturen. Viele Drogen aus Asienwurden in Europa eingeführt undes auch auf philosophischen Gebi-et bestanden Kontakte. Andalusien war die Region desKontaktes zwischen christlicherund arabischer Kultur, vor undnach der „reconquista“. Derspätere Papst Silvester II, bekanntals Gerber, ging nach Spanien, umMathematik zu studieren. In Tole-do übersetze Gerhard von Cre-mona arabische Tete ins Lateinis-che. Es erscheint nun höchst interes-sant, angesichts dieser fruchtbarenVielfalt Trends aufzuspüren, diedie verschiedenen pharmazeutis-chen Konzepte gemeinsam haben.Unsere internationalen phar-maziehistorischen Kongressebilden den geeigneten rahmen, dieArbeit der Historiker aus derganzen Welt zu vergleichen undbesser zu verstehen, was Phar-maziegeschichte ist und sein soll.Der Zweck unserer Interna-tionalen Gesellschaft ist ja auchgenau, Kontakte zwischen Wis-senschaftlern von überall heranzustoßen zum Nutzen der Phar-maziegeschichte, die ihren Platzim Spannungsfeld zwischenVielfalt und Einheit hat.

Olivier Lafont, Präsident

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NEWSLETTER

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This issue was sponsored by GOVI-Verlag, Pharmazeutischer Verlag GmbH, Eschborn, Germanywww.govi.de

This Newsletter is published by the International Society for the History of Pharmacy

© 2007

Managing editors:

Dr. Szabolcs DobsonDictum KiadóBaratka u. 48H-1173 Budapeste-mail: dictum.dobson@t-online.hu

PD Dr. Axel HelmstädterISHP General Secretaryc/o GOVI-VerlagCarl-Mannich-Str. 26D-65760 Eschbornhelmstaedter@govi.de

The 38th meeting of the Interna-tional Society for the History ofPharmacy was held at the NHCentral Convenciones Hotel, Av-da Diego Martinez, Seville, fromthe 19 to the 22 September. A slight rearrangement of theprinted programme was made inthe morning of the 20th so that theproceedings could start with theformal opening of the conferencein the hotel NH Convenciones.Classical guitar music was fol-lowed by welcome speeches fromthe President of the ScientificCommittee, Prof. Teresa LópezDíaz, the President of the Organ-ising Committee, Prof. EstobanMoreno Toral, and the Presidentof the Society of University Profes-sors for the History of Pharmacyin Spain, Prof. Juan Esteva deSagrera and the President of ISHPProf. Olivier Lafont. A short General Assembly was fol-lowed by the Conference lecture“From Mercury to Miracle Drugs:Syphilis Therapy over the Cen-turies” given by Dr. John Parascan-dola, University of Maryland,Rockville, U.S.A. The speaker ex-plained that originally the twomost popular remedies for syphiliswere mercury and guiaicum. Mer-cury had long been used for thetreatment of skin diseases and evenleprosy, so it seemed reasonable totry this against syphilis. Up to theend of 18th century, mercury wasonly used externally. However in-ternal administration then tookover in the form of calomel (mer-curous chloride) or as a solution,despite the problems and side ef-fects this caused. Guiaicum was al-so used by the Spanish and thePortuguese. Imported from theWest Indies and given as a concoc-tion, it was usually part of a com-

prehensive treatment which wouldinclude sweating, laxatives and di-et. While in time guiaicum lostsome of its popularity, mercurycontinued to be used until the20th century, when it was replacedfirst by salvarsan and finally by theuse of antibiotics.After a break, the Symposium Ses-sions started; the meat of the con-ference. Two hundred and twentyeight papers were presented duringthe next three days, covering awide ranging and fascinating listof subjects. Many responded tothe conference theme of “Drugsand medicines from both sides ofthe Atlantic ocean”, others were onmore general themes. Togetherthese showed the amount of re-search and the interest in record-ing pharmacy history that there is

internationally. With the JapaneseSociety now a member of ISHP,together with the History of Phar-macy section of the Serbian Phar-maceutical Society and the Histo-ry Division of the Hungarian Soci-ety of Pharmaceutical Sciences, wecan look forward to an everwidening subject matter in future.

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ISHP NEWS

38th

INTERNATIONALCONGRESSFOR THE HISTORYOF PHARMACY

The impressive cathedral of Seville

Pictures and a video(YouTube) are available atthe conference website

http://www.38ichp.org

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On the evening of Thursday the20th, with the temperature at 32degrees C, the Ceremonial Meet-ing of the International Academyfor the History of Pharmacy washeld at the Salón de Actos la Fac-ultad de Económicas y Empresari-ales. The President Prof. Wolf-Di-eter Müller-Jahncke, opened theproceedings. There were two shortupdates by researchers in receipt offunding from ISHP Maki Unemu-ra, London School of Economicsspoke on “The History of thePharmaceutical Industry in PostWar Japan” and Svetlana Hautalaon “Communication of Pharma-ceutical Knowledge in HellenisticGreece: The Case of Itinerant Ven-dors of Remedies”. This was fol-lowed by the report of the Secre-tary, Prof. Evangelia Varella; newmembers were introduced and theCarmen Francés prize and medaltogether with the George UrdangMedal were then presented. The plenary lecture was given byProf. José Luis Valverde López, en-titled “Evaluation of Latin Ameri-can Materia Medica and its influ-ence on Therapeutics”. The speak-er traced the use of drugs from the“New World” through the recordsheld by the religious orders inSpain, their appearance in formu-laries and their publication inPharmacopoeias. By the middle ofthe 16th century some thirty me-dicinal plants were known and theexamination and testing of drugs

brought from the Americas was aconstant process. By 1574Monardes described some onehundred American drugs, but onlyten were listed in the Dispensato-rium of Valerius Cordis of 1592.The number of these drugs in usesteadily increased, their use wasreadily taken up by other Euro-pean countries and in 1872 therewere thirty two American drugslisted in the “Pharmacopoeia Ger-manica”. Following the close ofthe meeting delegates walked theshort distance to the Restaurantela Basílica for a reception and“tapas”.Friday was devoted to symposiumsessions and in the evening theConference Gala Dinner was heldat the Restaurante Río Grande onthe West bank of the GuadalquivirRiver. The closing session was held onSaturday morning, after parallelsymposium sessions held earlier.Of particular interest was a talk byDr. Christiane Staiger on the workshe has been doing for ISHP inconstructing a data base of all thepapers that have been publishedon the history of pharmacy. Thisshows the author’s name, the title,the subject and the e–mail address,so that the author can be contact-ed. This data base can be accessedat www.histpharm.org/tools. Mem-bers are recommended to visit thissite. If they have published papersthat are not included in the data

base there are instructions on howto have these added. This is amammoth task and Christiane wasthanked for her work.The closing lecture was given byDra. María Teresa López Díaz,Catedrática de Historia de la Far-macia España on “Science Medi-cine and Pharmacy: Gold Centuryin Seville”. The speaker explainedthat the 16th century was a goldenage for Seville. It was open to twoworlds – Europe and the Americ-as. The city was the link betweenthe New World and The Old andin its central position it attractedvisitors and residents fromthrough out Europe. Of particularimportance was the growth ofprinting. In 1477 the first bookwas published in Seville and fromthis time printing and publishingdeveloped rapidly. Seville was acentre for the production of mapsand the training of navigators.Their contact with the Americasled to the discovery of and record-ing of, many new plants and ani-mals and these were detailed in theNatural Histories and Botanicalworks published in the city. Med-ical treatment also advanced. By1568 there were one hundred hos-pitals in the city. Free teaching ofmedicine was available at the Car-dinal Hospital and many of thehospitals had their own speciali-ties, the treatment of knifewounds and sword thrusts amongthem. The rapid growth of the cityled to increasing numbers of thepoor. Starvation and disease werethe other side of this glitteringscene. Famine brought on typhus,smallpox, chicken pox, tuberculo-sis and bubonic plague broke outeach decade. Syphilis was rampantand treatments were based onmercury and guiaicum, but pricesof the latter were very high be-cause the monopoly of supply washeld by the bankers from 1529until 1560. This lecture brought to an end aninteresting conference, overflowingwith riches in terms of researchand information. Unfortunatelythere was insufficient time to hearand absorb all that one would havewished.

Peter M. Worling8

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Committee members and congress organizers Seville 2007

Since some years the FIP has almostabandoned its interests in pharmacyhistory and the according sessionswere not integrated anymore in theprograms of its annual congresses.The FIP, now accepts that the ISHPorganises by it own means a full ses-sion on pharmacy history, within theframe of its congress. Thanks toJacques Gravé, charged by the ISHPto obtain a revival of these sessionson pharmacy history and assisted bythe experienced predecessor Leif Ek-lund, a fair success could be ob-tained in 2006 in Brazil and in2007 in China. Congratulations!In several countries of South-Ameri-ca, as well in China where our spe-cific history of pharmacy is still un-known, good signs of interest werecreated and promising contacts forthe future could be established.Moreover we could notice quite somehistorical aspects of this Chinesepharmacy, quite unknown to us.The FIP congresses annually canreckon on an average participationof some 3000 pharmacists A regularpresence of the ISHP, by the regularorganisation of pharmacy history ses-sions, is to be considered as a majoropportunity for promoting our spe-cific history of pharmacy to quitesome pharmacists from all over theworld.In 2008 the FIP Congress will takeplace in Basle, Switzerland, fromAugust 29th to September 4th Therewill be an ISHP session on Historyof Pharmacy in the meeting roomKleinbasel for a full day on Septem-ber 2nd . May we expect, that quitesome pharmacy historians to assist at

this session or to participate actively?In 2009 the FIP Congress will beorganised in Istanbul, Turkey. An-other SIHP session on Pharmacy his-tory will be organised there. Any-body interested in presenting a lec-ture, either in Basle or in Istanbul,is requested to contact JacquesGravé: Jacquesgrave@noos.fr

La Fédération Internationale Phar-maceutique s’intéresse peu à l’his-toire de la pharmacie et, depuisdes années, ne l’a plus intégréedans le programme de ses congrèsannuels. Elle accepte maintenant,que dans le cadre des ses congrès,la SIHP organise elle-même unesession de l’histoire de la pharma-cie. C’est Jacques Gravé, présidentde « Sauvegarde du PatrimoinePharmaceutique » qui a étéchargé, par la SIHP, d’organiserces sessions annuelles. Assisté parson prédécesseur Leif Eklund,Jacques Gravé a pu obtenir unsuccès certain en 2006 au Brésil eten 2007en Chine. Dans ses deuxpays vierges pour notre histoire dela pharmacie, des intérêts dans

notre historie spécifique ont puêtre créés et des contacts intéres-sants pour l’avenir ont été établis,aussi bien dans plusieurs paysd’Amérique du Sud, qu’en Chine,où nous avons pu prendreconnaissance de cette pharmaciechinoise qui au niveau historique,n’est guère connu par nous.

Vue que les congrès de la FIP at-tirent en moyenne 3000 pharma-ciens, une présence de la SIHP,par le biais de ses sessions, est unebonne opportunité de mieux faireconnaître nos activités auprès depharmaciens du monde entier.

En 2008 le congrès de la FIP, sedéroulera du 29 août au 4 sep-tembre à Bâle en Suisse. La sessionSIHP sur l’histoire de la pharma-cie se tiendra, toute la journée du2 septembre, dans la salle Kleinba-sel. Il est espéré que beaucoupd’historiens de la pharmacie ysoient présents et que plusieurs in-tervenants y présenteront un as-pect de l’histoire de la pharmaciede leur pays respectif. En 2009 lecongrès de la FIP et une session dela SIHP seront organisés à Istan-bul en Turquie. Toute personneintéressée et souhaitant y interve-nir,soit à Bâle ou à Istanbul estpriée de prendre contact avecJacques Gravé, jacquesgrave@noos.fr

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ISHP SESSIONSON HISTORY OF PHARMACY AT FIP CONGRESS

Recently, two new research toolswere added to our society’s web-site; a database of oral presenta-tions and a database of medicaland pharmaceutical literature.These may help to strengthen thenetwork of ISHP-members.The homepage www.histpharm.orghas a new category “Tools”. Clickon this and users will find the“ISHP Oral Presentation Data-base”. The database contains allthe talks given worldwide, since2005, related to the history ofpharmacy. In addition to the titlethe database records the keywords,the name of the author and a con-tact email-address. Date, place andoccasion are also available. At pres-

ent, the database includes morethan 500 entries.Users can choose between a simpleand an advanced search mode.The simple search mode allows asearch to be made using names orkey words. The advanced mode al-lows a search to be made using upto eight criteria, including the ti-tle, the authors name, location andkey word. The search fields will beconnected by an AND-operator.ISHP designed this new onlinetool in order to bring internationalpharmacy historians closer togeth-er. Therefore, the search-mode of-fers an automatic function on in-ternational character variations.For example, instead of the charac-

NEW TOOLS ON THE ISHP WEBSITE

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ters s, s, s, used in other Europeanlanguages a simple “s” will link tothe correct finding. If users arelooking for “François”, either thecorrect spelling or the simplified“Francois” will provide the data-base results. Looking for “Müller”,simply entering “Muller” will do.The database is located on a pub-lic server to save money for ISHP.However, most public servers irri-tate the user with regular adver-tisements or popup-windows.ISHP managed to find a less ag-gressive server. Opening the page,only one window will pop up. Af-ter closing this, users can searchundisturbed for the complete ses-sion.The second new service tool onthe ISHP homepage offers accessto history of pharmacy and medi-cine related worldwide literaturedatabases. The general informa-tion includes name, URL, a shortdescription of the database con-tent, and the available languages.The search strategy is explainedcomprehensively and an exampleis also given. A direct link will takeyou to the related website.In addition to this, we included alist of grants and fellowships whichmay be given for pharmaceuticalhistory research.Just recently, a list of relevant illus-trations available on the web wasadded (“Imagefinder”). To keep thecontents up to date, pharmacy his-torians are invited to send details

by e-mail, of talks they have given,to be added to the oral presenta-tion list.

Christiane Staiger

Eight years ago, François Leder-mann, ISHP’s first President, afterthe international society was refor-med, took the initiative to createan international bulletin for infor-mation of its members and for fa-cilitating the contacts amongthem: the Newsletter. I have beencharged to become its editor.Thanks to the assistance and excel-lent cooperation with Axel Helm-staedter by his supply of texts,characteristic to his tasks of a ge-neral secretary, as well as his re-sponsibilities to get the Newsletterprinted, the Newsletter could be-come an appreciated bulletin, re-gularly issued in spring of each ye-ar. I owe many thanks to him. Asto my tasks as an editor, I wasdoing it with great pleasure. Appa-rently the Newsletter was succes-sful and appreciated We only reg-ret that we never received somefeed-back and that the contacts,among the readers and from thereaders to the Newsletter, neverdid materialize. A task for the fu-ture? However we were quite hap-py to be occasionally congratula-ted on its successful outcome.Having reached 75 years of agenow, suffering from some healthproblems, I think it wise to aban-don my tasks as the Newslettereditor. Certainly as we have founda dynamic and experienced per-son, who has accepted to becomethe new editor, Szabolcs Dobson.We wish him all the best to furtherdevelop and extend this Newsletter.As from my side I felt happy to as-sist him by realizing the presentNewsletter and will further on beavailable to give him any advice hemay wish later on. However I haveno intention to withdraw from ca-ring about the history of pharma-cy. Being a conceptual man andentrepreneur, much more than awriter, my personal intention is toconcentrate my efforts on the fu-ture of the national societies forhistory of pharmacy, an importantproblem, about which nobodyseems to care until now…

Charles Libert10

NEWSLETTER

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A word from the new editorNew editors always benefit fr-om the achievements and goodwork of their predecessors andhave the responsibility to main-tain high standards by preser-ving valuable traditions andsearching for new ways to pro-vide the best possible service totheir readers. Exactly as Charles,the founding editor of the New-sletter, always did. He made theNewsletter a major source of in-formation for the national so-cieties of ISHP. Consequently,my editorial programme issimple: following in his foot-steps, keeping you well-infor-med on the current matters ofISHP and the life of other na-tional societies, sharing ideasand promoting cooperation be-tween persons and societies tothe benefit of you and the his-tory of pharmacy. I have the ho-nour of having Charles’ contin-uing help and looking forwardto establish a close cooperationwith you.

With my kind regards: Szabolcs Dobson

A WORD IN PARTING –A WORD OF WELCOME

Project organizer: Charles Libert

The decline in practising pharma-cy history and in the functioningof its societies is gradually ascer-tained. Nobody seems to react,nobody seems to have preciseviews, to know the reasons of thismost often underestimated phe-nomenon, nobody seems to havethoroughly studied the problems,nobody seems to know how to act for improving the situation.Precise ideas for adapting the pres-ent, possibly greying pharmacyhistory, to a successful future arelacking. We cannot generalize. We have totake into account that most of thesocieties have developed different-ly, creating great differences amongthem. But realistic ideas on thepresent state, on the reasons of thedecrease and on the possibilities toadapt towards a more promisingfuture are also lacking. Never theproblem has been studied in-depth.The situation could well becomedisturbing. The ISHP is conscious

about it and is intended to becomeactive. That is why a think tank,independent from the presentstructures has been created. Itstask is to study thoroughly the sit-uation we are in today and towork out good advice for pavingthe way for an interesting future ofpharmacy history and its societies.This think tank started its activi-ties as from January 2008.Its task is to work out feasible con-clusions and advice, permittingthe ISHP to present the ideas ofthe think tank to the national soci-eties for implementation, at thecongress in Vienna in September2009. Thereafter it is proposed toeach national society to applythose proposals as each society willjudge it appropriate, necessary anduseful for the specific situationand needs, according to each soci-ety’s own appraisal. If you are interested in this project,send an e-mail for further informa-tion to Charles Libert at the follow-ing e-mail address: libert.charles@numericable.fr

Community pharmacies couldplay a leading role in provision ofsafe and effective drug treatment,public health, and proper alloca-tion of health expenditures, butchanges have to be based on a newlegislation and physicians’ delega-tion of patient management re-sponsibilities to pharmacists. So,new professional aims can beachieved by better cooperationwith physicians, changes in legalsystem, patient education, etc.Despite social and economic im-portance, the actual scope of phar-macist practice is increased slowlyand reluctantly in several coun-tries. A lack of legal backgroundand insufficient financial supportfor pharmaceutical care are a great-est obstacle to the progress. It isimportant to recognize some barri-ers preventing pharmacists fromtaking new professional tasks atinternational level and some par-ticular achievements and experi-ences in this field.The national reviews should bewritten from a historical perspec-tive.Important issues can be:1. A major legislation affecting the

quality of medicines and thepharmacy profession.

2. Characterisation of communityand hospital pharmacies (totalnumber of community and hos-pital pharmacies, total numberof pharmacies in pharmacychains, etc.).

3. Characterisation of pharmaceu-tical profession (total number ofpharmacists, total number ofpharmacists in various settings,including community pharma-cies, hospitals, long-term carefacilities, the pharmaceutical in-dustry, Internet pharmacies,government agendas etc.).

4. A history of implementation ofpharmaceutical care and/or oth-er new professional tasks (theirlegal, financial, and organiza-tional backgrounds).

5. Other aspects.

If you are interested in this project,send an e-mail for further profes-sional and technical details to Prof.Dr. Anita Magowska at the follow-ing e-mail address: anitamagowska@yahoo.com 11

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FOR REFLECTION ON THE STATE AND THE FUTUREOF THE SOCIETIES FOR PHARMACY HISTORY

HISTORY OF PHARMACEUTICAL CARE AND PHAR-MACIST’S SCOPE OF PRACTICE IN EUROPE

cine historians or social pharmacyresearchers from European coun-tries.During the last decades the phar-macy profession has faced newchallenge resulting from increasingpharmaceutical spending, in-creased medicine-related risks, glo-balization of the pharmaceuticalmarket, and some demographictrends, e.g. aging. This challengewas answered by implementationof pharmaceutical care, as patient-centered and outcomes-orientedpharmacy practice developed toenhance patient safety and qualityof life, and new professional tasksas managed care, long-term carefacilities, mail service etc.

INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES

Project organizer: Prof. Dr. Anita Magowska

The aim of the project “History ofpharmaceutical care and pharma-cists scope of practice” is to ex-plore the pharmacist scope ofpractice and settings where theywork, e.g. hospitals, long-termcare facilities, pharmaceutical in-dustry, government agencies, inparticular countries, especially inthe second half of the 20th century.This project is intended to collectnational reviews for a joint bookon the increased scope of practiceof pharmacists in European coun-tries. The book will be consisted ofchapters by pharmacy and medi-

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BENELUX (Charles Libert) � Thestriking fact in 2007 has been themaking of a DVD, containing allthe bulletins of the Benelux Socie-ty for History of Pharmacy, 111editions covering all the 55 yearsof its existence from 1951 up to2006. The single DVD, contai-ning all the bulletins, can be orde-red by e-mail to jo@kava.be at € 12.50, postage included. The two annual meetings of theSociety could take place at Deven-ter (Netherlands) in spring and atLeuven (Belgium) in autumn.At Deventer, an old Hanseatictown, the striking lectures in thefield of pharmacy history weregiven by Dr Kemperman on therecently discovered, 17th century’s,medical manuscript, “the The-saurus of Gramsbergen” and athorough study by prof Beukerson the prolonged stay of Linnaeusin Leyden. At Leuven, a city with the eldestuniversity in Benelux (1426),Desmidt, pharmacist, has present-ed a most interesting study on ba-sis of the prescriptions and accord-ing preparations, as prepared inthe family owned pharmacy from1905 up to1921. It could give aprecise idea of the relations be-tween botanical and syntheticmedicines during that period andbecame an interesting lecture onthe sources of pharmacy history.Among the other lectures the con-tinuation of Prof. Beukers’ studieson the influence by the Dutch-men, on the early introduction ofWestern Pharmacy in Japan is tobe mentioned. This time specialattention was given to the phar-macist Geerts.

The society deplores the death ofBernard Mattelaer, one of the pil-lars of the Society since it started.

Le fait marquant en 2007 a été lamise sur DVD de l’ensemble desbulletins du Cercle Benelux d’His-toire de la Pharmacie, 111 numéroscouvrant les 55 années d’existence duCercle de 1951 jusqu’à 2006. LeDVD, contenant tous les bulletins,peut être commandé par e-mail au-près de jo@kava.be au prix de € 12.50, frais de port inclus.Les deux réunions annuelles duCercle ont eu lieu pendant des week-ends à Deventer (Pays-Bas) au prin-temps et à Louvain (Belgique) enautomne.A Deventer, vieille cité hanséatique,il faut souligner, au niveau pharma-co-médical international, un exposéintéressant du Dr Kemperman surun manuscrit médical du 17e siècle,le Trésor de Gramsbergen ainsi qued’une étude approfondie du Prof.Beukers sur le séjour de Linné àLeyde.A Louvain, ville historique ou fûtcréée la première université en Bene-lux en 1426, le pharmacien Des-midt a présenté, au départ du livrede prescriptions, tenu à la pharmaciefamiliale de 1905 à 1921, une étu-de sur le changement de médica-ments d’origine végétale aux médica-ments sur base synthétique. Une étu-de remarquable sur les sources phar-maco- historiques, malheureusementtrès rares. Parmi les autres exposés ilfaut mentionner la continuation desétudes sur l’influence précoce desNéerlandais sur la pharmacie occi-dentale au Japon par prof. Beukers,se portant cette fois-çi sur les activitésdu pharmacien Geerts.Le cercle déplore la mort de BernardMattelaer, un des pilliers du Cercledepuis ces débuts.

DENMARK (Poul R. Kruse) � TheDanish Society for the History ofPharmacy and the Danish Foun-dation of the History of Pharmacyheld for the second time a com-mon annual meeting for the histo-

ry of pharmacy on 1 October2007 in the Danish Collection ofthe History of Pharmacy atPharmakon a/s in Hilleroed. Theprogramme included the annualgeneral meeting of the society anda lecture by the director KnudOveroe, dr.merc.h.c., about “Thepharmacist Lauritz Toft and thepharmaceutical company Dumex– the man, the idea and the way toits realization”.The foundation, the collectionand the society have a commonwebsite – www.dfhf.dk – which in2007 has been extended with anEnglish version. The website in-cludes, among other things, thebrochure “Welcome to the DanishCollection of the History of Phar-macy” and a picturesque tour ofthe collection with 26 figures aswell as a description of the societyand its activities. Furthermore, thewebsite contains a comprehensivesurvey of Danish pharmaceuticalhistorical literature, “Dansk Far-macihistorisk Bibliografi” (in Dan-ish), originally published as Theri-aca, volume 33, in 2003.Website: www.dfhf.dk; e-mail: pk@dfhf.dk

FRANCE - SOCIÉTÉ D’HISTOIRE DE

LA PHARMACIE (Bruno Bonne-main) � In 2007 the Sociétéd’Histoire de la Pharmacie wassaddened by the death of PierreJulien and his wife. Pierre Julien,who professionally was more orless turned to history, was not apharmacist but became a honorarypresident of the SHP, of the Inter-national Academy and is a past di-rector of SHP’s periodical, Histoi-12

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re de Pharmacie. His erudition inthe field of pharmacy history wasgreat. He devoted a particular in-terest to SS Cosmas and Damian,the cult of the healers and their si-gnification. The internationalworld of pharmacy history alsodeplores Pierre Julien’s passingaway., He was most active in thefield and much appreciated.Due to certain SHP activities held

abroad, the frequency of the usualmeetings in Paris was slightly re-duced. A number of members ofthe SHP joined the InternationalCongress in Seville and some pre-sented different communications.Another meeting, jointly organ-ised by the Societies for the Histo-ry of Pharmacy of Tunisia and theSHP, was conducted in commonby both presidents and took placein Carthage.It may also be worth to be men-tioned that SHP’s quarterly jour-nal, with its 27 studies and about580 pages in 2007 is continuouslysuccessful, that a revised and com-pleted new edition was issued ofthe ”Dictionnaire d’Histoire de laPharmacie” and that the Internetside www.shp-asso.org could beenriched and was visited by 17000interested persons.

La SHP a été marquée en 2007 parla disparition de Pierre Julien et deson épouse. Pierre Julien, bien quenon pharmacien, mais professionnel-lement orienté vers l’histoire, fut pré-sident d’honneur de la SociétéFrançaise, de l’Académie Internatio-nale et ancien directeur de la revued’Histoire de la Pharmacie. Il avaitune très grande érudition dans le do-maine de l’histoire de la pharmacieen général et un intérêt particulier

pour Saint Côme et Saint Damien,ainsi que pour les guérisseurs qui onttant marqués les guérisons d’antan.Le monde international de l’histoirede la pharmacie aussi déplore la dis-parition de Pierre Julien , qui y futfort actif et très apprécié.Certaines activités de la SHP,exercées à l’étranger en 2007, ontlégèrement diminuées la fréquencedes séances habituelles à Paris. Il yavait le Congrès International à Sé-ville avec de nombreuses communi-cations de la part des membres de laSHP. À Carthage en Tunisie uneréunion a été organisée en communavec la Société d’Histoire de la Phar-macie et de la Médecine Tunisienneet la SHP, tenue sous la direction deleurs présidents respectifs.Signalons le succès continu de notreRevue trimestriel: 27 études, environ580 pages en 2007, une rééditiondu Dictionnaire d’Histoire de laPharmacie, revu et complété, et l’at-traction de www.shp-asso.org , notresite Internet, enrichi et visité parplus de 17000 intéressés en 2007.

FRANCE - SAUVEGARDE DU PATRI-MOINE PHARMACEUTIQUE (JacquesGravé) � Each year our society(Sauvegarde du Patrimoine Phar-maceutique) is growing. Its aim isto create a special space for phar-macy museums at the service ofthe profession. In 2007, some im-portant objects could be acquired.The convivial aspect of the organi-sation could be emphasized by so-me discovery week-ends. After ourannual General Meeting at Reims,we could accordingly discover thecity of Troyes and the apothecaryat the Hotel-Dieu le Comte. A de-legation of our members has parti-cipated at the FIP Congress inChina, and has made a larger tripthrough the country for discove-

ring the traditional medicine inhospitals and Chinese pharmacies.This tour, I was able to organise,has scored a fair success. Shortlyafter our return and the Congressin Seville we visited Anjou andBaugeois for admiring the magni-ficent apothecary of the Hotel-Dieu at Baugé, to which a specialissue of our publication “SOS Pa-trimoine” has been dedicated.The projects for 2008 may also beattractive by proposing excursionsto the Aquitaine and Lorraine, aswell as a visit at the FIP Congressin Bâle.

Notre association (Sauvegarde duPatrimoine Pharmaceutique) pours-uit sa progression d’année en année,dans le but de créer un espacemuséographique au service de la pro-fession. Ainsi des achats importantsd’objets ont encore été effectués cetteannée afin de mettre en valeur lePatrimoine Pharmaceutique soustous ses aspects. L’aspect convivial denotre organisation se renforce par desweek-ends de découvertes. Ainsiaprès notre Assemblée Générale àReims, sommes nous partis à la dé-couverte du vignoble champenois, dela ville de Troyes et de l’apothicaire-rie de l’Hôtel-Dieu le Comte. Unedélégation de nos adhérents nous asuivi pour le Congrès de la FIP,dans une traversée de la Chine et ontpu ainsi découvrir la médecine tra-ditionnelle dans les hôpitaux et dansles officines chinoises. Ce périple or-ganisé par mes soins a eu un francsuccès. A peine rentrés, nous avons,après le Congrès de Séville, pris ladirection de l’Anjou et du Baugeoisafin d’admirer la magnifique apo-thicairerie de l’Hôtel-Dieu de Baugéqui avait été l’objet d’un numérospécial de notre publication : «SOS Patrimoine ». Les projets pour2008 sont encore attrayants puisquenous nous proposons des excursionsen Aquitaine et en Lorraine en plusdu Congrès de la FIP à Bâle.

GERMANY (Christoph Friedrich)� Since the International Con-gress for the History of Pharmacywas organized in 2007, the Bien-nale of the German Society for theHistory of Pharmacy will take 13

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place in 2008, from 25. to 27. ofApril, in Husum (Schleswig-Hol-stein). The theme of the Biennalewill be “Drug careers. History offamous, forgotten and rediscov-ered medicines”. Pharmacy histori-ans from other countries are wel-comed, too. The 6. volume of„Veröffentlichungen zur Phar-maziegeschichte“ was published in2007, containing the texts of lec-tures held at the 2006. Biennale inWeimar. The 18 regional groupsof the Society organized in 2007again many meetings, often withvery good levels of participation.An especially important Sympo-sium was held on 25. August,2007. in Münster on the occasionof the 75. birthday of Dr. KlausMeyer, Honorary President of theGerman Society. Besides a Lauda-tion by Dr. Gerhard Schröder, sec-ond Honorary President of theGerman Society, lectures were alsoread by members of the Society,Prof. Dr. Christa Habrich, Dr.Karl Heinz Bartels, and the Presi-dent, Prof. Dr. ChristophFriedrich. The German Society hascurrently almost 700 members, in-cluding many PhD students,mainly from the Universities ofBraunschweig, Heidelberg andMarburg.

Da im Jahre 2007 der Internationa-le Kongress für Geschichte der Phar-mazie stattfand, gibt es erst 2008wieder eine Biennale der DeutschenGesellschaft für Geschichte der Phar-mazie, die vom 25. bis 27. April2008 in Husum in Schleswig-Hol-stein stattfinden wird, zum Thema„Arzneimittelkarriere. Zur Ge-schichte berühmter, vergessener und

wieder entdeckter Medikamente“.Auch ausländische Pharmaziehisto-riker sind auf dieser Veranstaltungherzlich willkommen. 2007 erschiender 6. Band der „Veröffentlichungenzur Pharmaziegeschichte“, der dieVorträge der Biennale in Weimarvon 2006 enthält. Im Jahr 2007gab es wieder zahlreiche, häufig sehrgut besuchte Veranstaltungen der 18Regionalgruppen. Eine besonderswichtige war das Symposium zu Eh-ren des 75. Geburtstages des Eh-renpräsidenten der Deutschen Gesel-lschaft, Herrn Dr. Klaus Meyer, dasam 25. August 2007 in Münsterstattfand. Neben der Laudatio deszweiten Ehrenpräsidenten der DG-GP, Herrn Dr. Gerald Schröder, gabes Vorträge der Mitglieder der Gesel-lschaft: Prof. Dr. Dr. Christa Ha-brich, Dr. Karl Heinz Bartels sowiedes Präsidenten Prof. Dr. ChristophFriedrich. Der DGGP gehören ge-genwärtig fast 700 Mitglieder an,darunter zahlreiche Doktoranden,die insbesondere an den Universitä-ten Braunschweig, Heidelberg undMarburg promovieren.

GREAT BRITAIN (Stuart Anderson)� In 2007 BSHP celebrated thefortieth anniversary of its founda-tion in 1967. It was another busyyear for the Society, with a fullprogramme of meetings being ar-ranged. In February Professor Mo-nique Simmonds, Deputy Keeperat the Royal Botanic Gardens inKew, presented a fascinating ac-count ‘Behind the Scenes of DrugDiscovery’, and in May Dr Nicho-las Cambridge gave an illumina-ting talk on ‘Electricity and theEnlightenment’.

The Annual Spring Conferencewas held at the magnificent Water-ton Park Hotel near Wakefield. Awide range of talks was given, in-cluding ones on ‘pharmacy andphilately’, ‘liquorice’, and severalwith a Yorkshire flavour. In thefinal session two of the originalmembers, Ann Hutton and AinleyWade, gave a captivating accountof ‘40 years of BSHP’. The 2008Conference is being held from 4to 6 April in Worthing, a seasidetown on the south coast of Eng-land. This year’s outside visit in Junewas to the Herbaria of the NaturalHistory Museum in South Ken-sington. Two meetings were heldin the autumn. In October an in-formative talk on the ‘History ofPharmaceutical Education’ was gi-ven by the president, Dr MichaelJepson, to mark the launch of a se-ries of web-based informationsheets developed by the Society onthe Evolution of Pharmacy. 2007 was a year of consultationabout the future of many aspectsof pharmacy in Great Britain.BSHP submitted the case for te-aching the history of pharmacy topharmacy undergraduates, andalso provided evidence to the Clar-ke committee on professionalleadership in pharmacy. The yearended on a sad note with the de-ath of one the country’s most dis-tinguished pharmaceutical histo-rians, Mr Bill Jackson. He will besadly missed. A full programme of events isplanned for 2008. Details appearat www.bshp.org

HUNGARY – HUNGARIAN SOCIETY

FOR THE HISTORY OF PHARMACY

(Szabolcs Dobson) � The Hun-garian Society for the History ofPharmacy organized two scientificsymposia in 2007. Lectures thisyear included the role of jewels inthe medicinal armamentarium, newdata on the history of Hungarianpharmaceutical associations, birthand development of medicalprescription and an account onthe Seville Congress.The Society organized the 2007.Summer University on the History14

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of Pharmacy in Pécs (a major cityin the South of Hungary wherethe first Hungarian university wasfounded in 1367) with the partici-pation of about 80 young pharma-cists. The major themes of theSummer University included thehistorical relationship of the uni-versities and pharmacy and thearts and pharmacy. A plenary pre-sentation, titled „Apotheker undUniversität” was read by Prof.Wolf-Dieter Müller-Jahncke. Inthe evening programme pharma-cists-artists presented their prose-and poetry-reading, singing anddancing skills. An internationallyacknowledged organ-builder, Mr.Antal Végh, originally a pharma-cist himself, presented his workand mission as builder and renova-tor of church and other organs.The participants visited among ot-hers the Csontváry Kosztka Tiva-dar Museum and Art Gallery (Mr.Csontváry, a world-famous painterwas also pharmacist), the Museumof the Medical University of Pécsand a pharmacy museum. At theend of the Summer University ourcolleagues from the Pharmacogno-sy Institute of the University ofPécs introduced the rich and uni-que flora of the Mecsek Mountainlocated around the city. The boardof the Hungarian Society herebythanks again Prof. Müller-Jahnckefor the 300 copies of previous vo-lumes of „Veröffentlichungen derIGGP e.V.” he gave to the Hunga-rian pharmacy students on behalfof the German Society for the His-tory of Pharmacy (Deutsche Ge-sellschaft für Geschichte der Phar-mazie).

HUNGARY – PHARMACY HISTORY

DIVISION OF THE HUNGARIAN SO-CIETY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SCI-ENCES (HSPS) (Monika Ferentzi)� In Szeged in March, our Divi-sion organized a meeting in hon-our of Prof. Emil Minker, profes-sor and former lecturer of pharma-cology; currently a researcher ofthe history of Szeged University.Pharmacist Members of Barcsayfamily was presented from IstvánBarcsay – jun. Dr. István Barcsayon the meeting. At the annualMátyás Rozsnyay Memorial Con-test in May two young pharma-cists read lectures on pharmacyhistory. Monika Ferentzi, Presi-dent of the Division participatedin the 38th ICHP in Sevilla; titleof her lecture: The Pharmacies ofthe Society of Jesus in HistoricalHungary in 17-18th Centuries.„Gyógyszerészet”, monthly journalof the HSPS had its 50. birthdayin 2007. On this occasion the Di-vision prepared a poster and or-ganized an exhibition. In autumntwo other Division meetings withlectures were held. On 7. Novem-ber, Prof. Dr. István Bayer read alecture titled „Paints and Medi-cines” aboutthe relationship ofchemical research in the 19th cen-tury and the begining of the phar-maceutical industry. On 5. De-cember, Dr. Sándor Dörnyeitalked about Remedies Lecture1829-1844 containing disserta-tions of pharmacists. These disser-tations significantly contributed tothe development of the Hungarianchemical pharmaceutical profes-sional language.

Im März in Szeged ehrte die Sektionin eine Sitzung Herrn Prof. Dr.Emil Minker, der früher Professorfür Pharmakodynamik war undheute ist er mit der Geschichte derUnivesität Szeged beschäftigt. Inweiteren wurde durch IstvanBarcsayund junior Istvan Barcsay die 15

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Geschichte über die Apotheker dieMitglieder der Familie Barcsaywaren ein Vortrag abgehalten. ImMai an die jährlichen GedenkfeierMatyas-Rozsnyay zur Förderung vonjungen Pharmazeuten waren u.a.zwei pharmaziehistorische Vorträgevertreten. In Sevilla an dem 38.ICHP hielt Monika Ferentzi Präsi-dentin der Sektion ein Vortrag überdie Jesuiten Apotheken in demgeschichtlichen Ungarn in dem 17-18. Jahrhundert. Die Fachzeitschrift„Gyogyszereszet” des HSHP wurde50 Jahre alt, die Sektion organisierteeine Ausstellung und die Mitgliederstellten ein Poster zusammen. ImHerbst folgten zwei weitere Sitzun-gen. Am 7. November erörterte Prof.Dr. Istvan Bayer in seinem Vortrag„Farben und Arzneimittel” diechmische Entwicklung und dieGrundlagen der pharmazeutischenIndustrie in dem 19. Jahrhundert.Am 5. December sprach Dr. SandorDörnyei, über pharmazeutischenFach-Berichten in „PharmazeutischeAbhandlungen zwischen 1829-1844”, die die Entwicklung derApotheker-Fachschprache stark bee-influsst haben.

ITALY (Carlo Bagliani) � TheItalian Academy for the History ofPharmacy (AISF) has emphasizedits activities in 2007 on threepoints:– The annual general meting, in

cooperation with the CollegioIndipendente Subalpino ArtiFarmaceutichei (CISAF), hastaken place in Turin on May26th. The meeting was alsodedicated to the indisputablemaster of the history of phar-macy, Cristoforo Masino.

– For accentuating the festivities

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in honour of Cristoforo Masi-no, the AISF has organised aceremonious meeting in Flo-rence on December 2nd. ThePresident of the Federation ofthe Orders of Italian Pharma-cists, Giacomo Leopardi haspresented at this occasion thenew book, published by theAISF, “Elementi di Storia e De-ontologia Farmaceutica nel ri-cordo di Cristoforo Masino”

– The regular publication of theofficial review “Atti e Memori”has to continue its emphasizingon the cultural and artistic im-portance, as it is linked to theprofession and shown by theunpublished writings on phar-macy history. The seventh pub-lication of the calendar for theyear 2008, “Le antiche farmaciein Italia” presents the photo-graphs of 12 italian historicalpharmacies, still active at pres-ent.

Most regretfully the Italian Acade-my could not participate at the In-ternational Congress in Seville.The reasons for which the ItalianAcademy had to withhold from itsparticipation was that the threelanguages, accepted since always,have not been accepted this timeand that two presentations of theAcademy were not retained.

L’Académie Italienne d’Histoire dela Pharmacie (AISF) a concentré sesactivités en 2007 sur les trois pointssuivants:– L’assemblée générale, en collabo-

ration avec le Collegio Indipen-dente Subalpino Arti Farmaceu-tichei (CISAF), s’est tenue le 26mai à Turin. Elle était aussidédiée au maître indéniable del’histoire de la pharmacie Cristo-foro Masino, Pour mettre en reliefles festivités en l’honneur deCristoforo Masino, l’Académie aorganisé, le 2 décembre à Flo-rence, une séance solennelle oùGiacomo Leopardi, président dela Fédération des Ordres desPharmaciens Italiens a présenté lenouveau livre, publié par l’AISF:« Elementi di Storia e Deontolo-gia Farmacutica nel ricordo diCristofori Masino »

– La publication régulière de « Atti

e Memorie », la revue officiellecontinue de souligner l’impor-tance culturelle et artistique, liéeà la profession et démontrée pard’écritures inédites concernantl’histoire de la pharmacie. Lapublication du septième calandri-er, 2008 « Le antiche farmaciein Italia », propose les photos des12 pharmacies historiques itali-ennes en activité encore en ce mo-ment.

Malheureusement l’Académie Ita-lienne n’a pas pu participer auCongrès de Séville. Vu que les troislangues acceptées depuis toujours, nel’ont pas été cette fois-ci et que deuxprésentations des membres del’Académie n’ont pas pu être rete-nues, l’Académie a dû renoncer à saparticipation.

JAPAN (Koji Yamakawa) � Ge-neral Assembly of the Japanese So-ciety for History of Pharmacy(JSHP) was held on 14 April 2007at the Graduate School of Phar-maceutical Sciences, the Universi-ty of Tokyo. Prize of the JSHP wasawarded to Dr. Kaisuke Yoneda ofOsaka University on the occasionof his contributions of several ori-ginal papers to The Japanese Journ-al of History of Pharmacy. The Pri-ze winner’s lecture on “Pharmaco-historical researches on Ogata-Ko-an’s medical chest” was presented.Ogata-Koan (1810-1863) was afamous physician of western-stylemedicine and an educator. He es-tablished “Teki-juku” School inOsaka and taught Dutch languageand western-style medicine. Spe-cial lectures were given by twoguests. Dr. Mitsuru Uchiyama(Council on Pharmacists Creden-tials) presented “Shaping up the

concept of “regulatory science”and its role in modern technolo-gy.” Prof. Chang-Koo Shim (SeoulNational University) presented hislecture on “The History of Phar-macy in Korea.” Systematic mo-dern Western-style medicine, in-cluding chemistry and manage-ment of therapeutic preparationswas commenced in November1857 by J. L. C. Pompe van Meer-dervoort (1829-1908) who cameto Nagasaki as a Dutch Naval Sur-geon, a member of the naval trai-ning corps. He stayed in Nagasakiand opened the first modern Wes-tern-style medicine training hospi-tal in Japan and taught for five ye-ars. Accordingly, an InternationalHistorical Conference, “150th An-niversary of the Beginning of Mo-dern Western-style Medical Educa-tion in Japan” was held on 9-10November 2007 under the jointauspices of JSHP and other fourorganizations, commemoratingthe 150th Anniversary of NagasakiUniversity School of Medicine.One of the main subject was“Contribution of Netherlands toModern Medicine and Pharmacyin Japan” Following the Interna-tional Conference, Joint Meetingof Japan Society of Medical Histo-ry. Society for the History of Wes-tern Studies in Japan and JSHPwas held on 11. November 2007.Dr. Tadashi Yoshimoto, Professorof Nagasaki University served aschairman of the Division of JSHP.

THE NETHERLANDS (Sjoerd Wiche-rink) � 2007 turned out to be asuccessful year for the history ofpharmacy in the Netherlands. Thetraditional Pharmaceutical HistoryDay took place in October atBronbeek, near Arnhem. Partici-pants were offered the third vol-ume in the series ‘Windows onpharmacy history’, this time abeautifully illustrated book aboutRathkamp, a former pharmaceuti-cal concern in the Dutch-East-In-dies. (The series ‘Windows’ is stillavailable, please contact geschiede-nis@knmp.nl for details). The lec-tures were about Rathkamp, Opi-um, Ipecacuanha and Absinth(with the possibility of tasting this16

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famous aperitif ). Professor ToinePieters, associate professor of phar-macy history, gave the audience aforetaste of the interior of thepharmaceutical museum in Gou-da. Many efforts have been madefor the foundation of this muse-um, where the history of medi-cines and their makers occupy akey position. And finally, on De-cember 16th this museum wasopened amid great interest ofpharmacists and others. (www.far-maceutischmuseum.nl)

NORWAY (Yngve Torud) � TheNorwegian Society for the Historyof Pharmacy arranged a meetingMarch 13th in Oslo as a part ofthe 50 year’s anniversary ofFelleskatalogen, the most widelyused Norwegian drug catalogue.The editor Holger Tørisen, aprominent member of our Society,gave a lecture of the developmentof drug information in Norway.At the same meeting, the generalassembly of the Society was held.Yngve Torud was re-elected aspresident, Rolf Bjerke Paulssenand Kristin Lundqvist were re-elected as members of the execu-tive committee.In May, the society arranged anexcursion for our members toLillehammer, where we visited anewly opened section for the his-tory of pharmacy at the museumof Maihaugen.In September, Gunvor Solheimand Yngve Torud represented oursociety at the 38th InternationalCongress for the History of Phar-macy in Sevilla. Two of our mem-bers, Henrik Andersgaard and RolfKlevstrand had short communica-tions at the Congress.Our society arranged a section for

the history of pharmacy at the an-nual meeting of the NorwegianPharmaceutical Society in Octo-ber. The Danish pharmacist andpharmacy historian Verner Ander-sen was invited to give a lecture,His subject was the last years’ de-cline of pharmacy as a profession.In addition came six short com-munications. The society has distributed the13th issue of our journal, Cygnus,for the history of pharmacy,. Oursociety’s newsletter for the historyof pharmacy is distributed to ourmembers twice in 2006.

POLAND (Jadwiga Brzeziñska) �The Polish Pharmacy Associationcelebrated on 30. November, 2007its 60th anniversary of foundation.On this occasion there was a spe-cial celebration in the Royal Castlein Warsaw, where a lot of medalswere given. Every year the Section of the His-tory of Pharmacy Association or-ganizes a 3 day-long symposiumduring which scientific achieve-ments are reviewed and provides ameeting place for the Polish phar-macy historians. On 15 –17.6.2007, a symposium was heldin the palace in Krasiczyn nearPrzemyœl. 26 presentations wereread and which were later pub-lished in the Symposium Proceed-ings.During the XX. Congress of thePolish Pharmacy Association inCracow (25 - 28.09.2007), at thesession of the history of pharmacy15 lectures on the history of phar-macy were read. During the XXI.National Congress of the PolishAssociation of History of Medi-cine and Pharmacy in Wroc³aw on24 - 26.5.2007., 7 lectures on thehistory of pharmacy were read.Six Polish pharmacy historianstook part in the 38. InternationalCongress of History of Pharmacyin Seville. Dr. Beata Wysakowskafrom the Polish Academy of Sci-ence in Warsaw was accepted asmember of the International Acad-emy of History of Pharmacy. The Museum of Pharmacy in Cra-cow celebrated its 60th anniver-sary of foundation. On this occa-

sion there was a ceremonial con-ference on 16.3.2007, at whichthe evolution of the Museummanaged by its successive directorswas introduced.In order to increase interest in his-tory of pharmacy among youngpharmacists, a meeting was organ-ized on 7.12,2007, jointly withthe Polish Academy of Science inWarsaw, reviewing the best mas-ter’s theses in history of pharmacywritten by students of all the Phar-macy Faculties of Poland. The bestworks were awarded.The History of Pharmacy Sectionorganized in 2007 two trips forthe historians of pharmacy to in-troduce culture, history andachievements of the Romanianand Northern German pharmacy.In Romania, among others, twoMuseums of Pharmacy were visit-ed: in Cluj-Napoce and Sibiu andin Lubeca the Museum of Historywith its pharmacy exhibition.Two colleagues received their de-grees in the history of pharmacy:Assistant Professor Iwona Arabas,director of the Museum of Phar-macy in Warsaw, and AssistantProfessor Zbigniew Bela, directorof the Museum of Pharmacy inCracow. 25 books about the histo-ry of pharmacy were published in2007.We hereby invite you to a Sympo-sium of History of Pharmacy, heldbetween 19 - 22. 06., 2008. inLicheñ. Registration form is avail-able via e-mail at the following ad-dress: majewscy@aptekapodlwem.com.pl

ROMANIA (Ana Carata) � TheRomanian Society for the Historyof Pharmacy has concentrated itsactivities in 2007 on certain im-portant projects: – the quality of the scientific work,– the orientation and coordination

of young researchers and stu-dents in doing scientific researchin the history of pharmacy,

– the preservation and develop-ment of the international rela-tions, according to the testamen-tary wish of the decades-longpillar of the Society, the latelamented Constantin Iugulescu. 17

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In view of these objectives:– four scientific sessions on differ-

ent pharmacy historical subjectshave been organised quarterly;

– an annual national meeting,with 46 lectures, the summariesof which could be published,five of these lectures were pre-sented by colleagues fromKychinev (Moldavia). Two com-plementary lectures were addedout of program;

– two junior managers have par-ticipated in a course at the Ro-manian Academy of Science en-titled: “Inttoduction into thehistory of science”;

– Third years students have con-tributed to the elaboration of amonograph: Biographies on his-torical personalities of foreignand Rumanian pharmacy, allhonorary members of our Soci-ety;

– At the International Congressfor the History of Pharmacy inSeville three lectures and threeposters were presented;

– In 2008 the Romanian Societywill organise its third interna-tional congress in Rumania. Allinformation can be obtainedfrom www.srif.eu

L’activité de la Société Roumained’Historie de la Pharmacie s’estportée sur quelques projets impor-tants:

– la qualité des travaux scien-tifiques,

– l’orientation et la coordination dejeunes chercheurs et étudiants enrecherche scientifique de l’histoirede la pharmacie,

– le maintien et le développementdes relations internationalescomme le regretté ConstantinIugulescu, pendant des décennies legrand pilier, l’a souhaité par testa-ment.

C’est ainsi que – quatre sessions scientifiques

trimestriels sur différent sujetspharmaco-historiques, ont pu êtreorganisées,

– une réunion nationale annuelleavec 46 travaux, dont les résumésont été publiés. Cinq de cestravaux nous ont été apportés pardes collègues de Kychinev (Mol-davie) Deux travaux hors pro-

gramme, ont été également présen-tés.

– deux jeunes cadres ont suivi uncours à l’Académie Roumaine, in-titulé « Initiation dans l’historiede la science »,

– des étudiants de la 3me année ontcontribué à l’élaboration d’unemonographie sur des biographiesde personnalités d’histoire de lapharmacie étrangères et roumaines,tous membres d’honneur de notreSociété.

– trois communications et troisposters ont été présentées au Con-grès International d’Histoire de laPharmacie à Séville.

– En 2008 la Société Roumaine or-ganisera son 3me congrès interna-tional en Roumanie Toute infor-mation à ce sujet, se trouve surwww.srif.eu

SWEDEN (Björn Lindeke) � In2007 the 300 anniversary of thebirth of Carl Linnaeus was cele-brated. The Stockholm City muse-um and the Academy set up ajoint exhibition entitled Linnaeusin Stockholm narrating the timemainly when he acted as a medicaldoctor in the city. A contributionat the 38th ISHP Congress inSeville, Linneaus prepares for wardescribed how Linnaeus suppliedthe Stockholm galley fleet withmedicinal drugs (by B. Lindeke).Another paper at the this congress,concerned the Skånelaholm collec-tion, (by B. Ohlson), - an eighteencentury collection of Materia me-dica, being investigated as com-missioned by the Royal SwedishAcademy of letters, History andAntiquities. At the Nordic Mee-ting for the History of Medicinein Umeå, Ingegerd Agenäs gave atalk on the widespread trade withsmall packages containing alcohol-containing remedies in the nort-hern part of Sweden around 1900.In May a study-tour was arrangedto visit the Danish Collection of

the History of Pharmacy in Hil-leröd, the Museum of History ofMedicine in Copenhagen and theold Lion pharmacy in Malmö.Presentations at the Annual Swe-dish Pharmaceutical Conferencecomprised: A portrait of Paul G.Nordström, founder of Hässle, laterto become AstraHässle, and whereOmeprazol eventually was born (byJ. Sjögren); The story behind Losec(by K. Lindquist); The Journals ofDr Carlander (by G. Nyberg); theBook of Prescriptions by Dr CarlMunthe (by I. Palmlund; Watertherapy (by G. Höglund); TheCollection of Prescription Envelopesat the Swedish Pharmaceutical Mu-seum (J.-O. Brånstad); The FactoryPharmacy at Finspång (by L. V.Ericsson). Prof. Björn Lindeke waselected new president of the Swe-dish Society for the History ofPharmacy. The organisation hasbestowed lectures in the history ofpharmacy at the universities ofUppsala and Gothenburg.

SWITZERLAND (François Ledermann)� In 2007 two major events tookplace in the life of the Swiss Soci-ety for the History of Pharmacy.The proceedings of a 2006 Sym-posium, held in Bern, on the occa-sion of the 150. birthday ofAlexander Tschirch have beenpublished in the GrüneReihe/Série verte of the Society.This book, edited by François Le-dermann and Claudia Zerobin,contains the texts of eleven lec-tures held at the Symposium cov-ering this way a wide range ofthemes in connection with Profes-sor Tschirch and his main field ofscientific activity, pharmacognosy.The 2007. Annual Meeting of the18

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Swiss Society took place in theBasel Museum for the History ofPharmacy focusing on pharmaceu-tical museology. At the same timethe 50. anniversary of the founda-tion of the Swiss Society was cele-brated. Eight experts of this fieldof the history of pharmacy readlectures before a wide audience ondifferent aspects of the materialheritage, museums and collectionsof the history of pharmacy.

Zwei Hauptereignisse haben das Le-ben der Schweizerischen Gesellschaftfür Geschichte der Pharmazie imJahre 2007 gekennzeichnet. In der„Grünen Reihe“ des Vereins wurdendie Akten des 2006 in Bern durch-geführten Symposiums zu Anlass des150. Geburtstages von AlexanderTschirch publiziert. Das vonFrançois Ledermann und ClaudiaZerobin herausgegebene Werk bein-haltet den Text von elf in Bern ge-haltenen Vorträgen und beleuchtet soeine weite Palette von Themen rundum die Person des Berner Professorsund dessen Hauptgebiet, der Phar-makognosie. Die Jahrestagung 2007der schweizerischen Gesellschaft fandim Oktober im Basler Pharmazie-Historischen Museum unter demMotto der pharmazeutischen Museo-logie statt. Gleichzeitig wurde der50. Geburtstag des 1957 gegründ-eten Vereins zelebriert. Vor einembreiten Publikum, trugen acht Ex-perten dieses Sonderfaches der Phar-maziegeschichte diverse Aspekte dermateriellen Vergangenheit der Phar-mazie und deren Museen und Samm-lungen vor.

Participants: 85 members

1. Welcome address by the president; quorum

The president welcomes the mem-bers.

2.–4. Reports

The reports of the president, Prof.O. Lafont, and the treasurer, L.Leibrock-Plehn, the FIP coordina-tor Jacques Gravé and the internetcommissioner, Dr. Christiane Stai-ger are attached. On behalf of theauditors, Dr. Regula Willi-Hangart-ner reported that the bookkeepingwas found to be excellent.

5. Admission of retirement 2004/2005

The actions of the president, thevice presidents, the General Secre-tary and the Treasurers 2004/2005are unanimously approved.

6. Confirmation of elections

The elections made by the Extend-ed Executive Committee are unan-imously confirmed.

President: Prof. Dr. Olivier Lafont, France.

Vice Presidents: Prof. Dr. Poul Kruse (Denmark),Charles Libert (Belgium), Geoff Miller (Australia)

Treasurer: Dr. Larissa Leibrock-Plehn(Germany)

General Secretary: Dr. Axel Helmstädter (Germany)

Assessors: Prof. Dr. Gregory Higby (USA), Dr. Szabolcs Dobson (Hungary)

7. Fellowship projects

Out of five applications, the jurychose the projects “”The Historyof Pharmaceutical Industry in PostWar Japan” (Maki Umemura, TheLondon School of Economics)and Communication of the Phar-maceutical Knowledge in Hellenis-tic Greece: The Case of ItinerantVendors of Remedies” (SvetlanaHautala, University of Siena).

8. Any other business

The 2009 meeting will be held inVienna and organisation progressis encouraging. Candidates for2011 should formally apply untilDecember 2007 and the commit-tee will then decide by the end ofthe year. Potential candidates sofar are Portugal, Poland, Benelux.

It is reported that the Select Exec-utive Committee decided to set upa commission (“think tank”) in or-der to elaborate strategies for fur-ther development of the nationalsocieties for the history of pharma-cy and ISHP itself. Suggestions tobe voted upon should be madeuntil the meeting in Vienna 2009.

There were no further proposals.

Prof. Dr. O. LafontPresident

PD Dr. A. HelmstädterGeneral Secretary

Prof. Dr. C. Friedrich

September 25, 2007

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Remedy and SocietyThe Austrian Society for the His-tory of Pharmacy and the Depart-ment of Pharmacognosy, Universi-ty of Vienna, is hosting the 39thInternational Congress for theHistory of Pharmacy on Septem-ber 16 -19, 2009 in Vienna. Thecongress focuses on the topic“REMEDY AND SOCIETY” tostress the manifold scientific, eco-nomic, political, social and cultur-al impacts on the development,distribution and use of remedies.The traditional apothecary’s role asa producer of medicines haschanged substantially during thelast two centuries. The rapid de-velopment in natural science hasled to the discovery of potent nov-el remedies. Due to new produc-tion methods, the majority ofdrugs are not produced in theapothecary’s laboratory anymorebut in high tech labs of interna-tional pharmaceutical companies.The success story of modern reme-dies influences not only therapybut also society. Improving thequality of life and extending lifespan are positive consequences.However, one major negative ef-fect on people’s health is the grow-ing drug intake by self-medica-tion, an attitude which is triggeredby advertisements in the media.The abuse of drugs and narcoticsis hardly a phenomenon of mod-ern society, though the excessivedrug consumption throughout alllevels of society is a very recent de-

velopment. Today, the sale of med-icines restricted to pharmacies isfaced with a new distributionchannel, the internet. Medicinesand many health-affecting prod-ucts purchased via the internetmay bear a health risk for the con-sumer because neither the qualitynor the products’ harmlessness orefficacy is secured. Selling suchmedicinal products via internet isin conflict with the legal orders fordrug distribution in many statesand presents new challenges forhealth politics. Furthermore, theincreasing demand for comple-mentary and alternative medicineduring the last decades has led toan acceptance of traditional heal-ing methods, mainly of Asian ori-gin, in Europe and to a revival ofremedies and therapies used in for-mer times.The history of remedies, drugabuse in bygone eras, the changeof legal regulations throughout thetimes and the changing impact onsociety are fields of great interestfor historians of pharmacy. Thecongress organizers expect manyinteresting contributions to thesetopics and hope that a great num-ber of colleagues will participate inthe congress in Vienna.

VenueThe congress is held on the histor-ical site of the Old Viennese Gen-eral Hospital, which, at the end ofthe 20th century, was transformedinto a modern university campuswhilst preserving the historicalbuildings. Nearby, there are various museumsand historical collections whichdisplay objects of pharmaceuticaland medical interest. Visits tothese interesting collections as wellas a guided tour to historic phar-macies in the centre of town willbe offered during the congress.Additionally, the courtyards of theuniversity campus house variousrestaurants and cafes where the

congress participants may relax ormeet for discussions. Near the uni-versity campus there are many ho-tels of all categories as well as nu-merous restaurants which offer Vi-ennese and international cuisine.

Social ProgrammeThe opening ceremony and theevening events will take place inthe representative halls of the Uni-versity of Vienna and the ViennaTown Hall. In the second half ofthe 19th century, both monumen-tal buildings were erected aroundthe same time along Vienna‘s newboulevard, the „Ringstraße”, onthe site of a square which had for-merly been used for military pa-rades. The Great Hall of the Universitybuilding is the splendid setting forthe opening ceremony and the cer-emonial meeting of the Academyfor the History of Pharmacy.Weather permitting, the ensuingreception is held under the im-pressive arcades of the main court.Another social highlight is thecocktail party in the Town Hall’srepresentative Banquet Hall. Itsopen-air loggia offers a superbview of the Burgtheater, the maintheatre, and the Imperial Palace.The final social event takes placein a typical Viennese „Heurigen”.The tradition of the „Heurigen”dates back to the 18th century,when the emperor Joseph II grant-ed wine-growers the right to serveand sell any wine grown andpressed by themselves. Today, thereare still countless small „Heurigen”which only sell wine from theirown production. However, in theViennese area, many of the so-called „Heurigen” are actually Heu-rigen-style restaurants, which servecold and warm dishes and offerwines from different producers.

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Congress homepage:http://www.39ichp.org