RILEM Bookseries

Francesco CanestrariManfred N. Partl Editors

8th RILEM International Symposium on Testing and Characterization of Sustainable and Innovative Bituminous Materials

8th RILEM International Symposium on Testingand Characterization of Sustainableand Innovative Bituminous Materials

RILEM BOOKSERIES

Volume 11

RILEM, The International Union of Laboratories and Experts in ConstructionMaterials, Systems and Structures, founded in 1947, is a non-governmental sci-entific association whose goal is to contribute to progress in the construction sci-ences, techniques and industries, essentially by means of the communication itfosters between research and practice. RILEM’s focus is on construction materialsand their use in building and civil engineering structures, covering all phases of thebuilding process from manufacture to use and recycling of materials. More infor-mation on RILEM and its previous publications can be found on www.RILEM.net.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8781

Francesco Canestrari • Manfred N. PartlEditors

8th RILEM InternationalSymposium on Testingand Characterizationof Sustainable and InnovativeBituminous Materials

123

EditorsFrancesco CanestrariUniversità Politecnica delle MarcheAnconaItaly

Manfred N. PartlRoad Engineering/Sealing ComponentsEMPA—Swiss Federal Laboratoriesfor Materials Science and Technology

DübendorfSwitzerland

ISSN 2211-0844 ISSN 2211-0852 (electronic)RILEM BookseriesISBN 978-94-017-7341-6 ISBN 978-94-017-7342-3 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-7342-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015946092

Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London© RILEM 2016No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without writtenpermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose ofbeing entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dordrecht is part of Springer Science+Business Media(www.springer.com)

Preface

RILEM (International Union of Laboratories and Experts in ConstructionMaterials, Systems and Structures) is a volunteer organization grouping academics,researchers, testing laboratories, suppliers, and contractors with the aim to promotescientific cooperation in the area of construction materials and structures.

In the field of bituminous materials, since late 1960s, RILEM activities areorganized through Technical Committees (TC) that delivered outstanding productssuch as guides to good practice, recommendations and prestandards, proceedings ofsymposia and workshops, state-of-the-art reports with extensive data basis, andpapers in international journals.

The 8th RILEM International Symposium on Testing and Characterization ofSustainable and Innovative Bituminous Materials belongs to a series of RILEMSymposia started in 1968 (Dresden) and follows up the last organized in Rhodes sixyears ago.

Nowadays, the increasing mobility demand and traffic loads call for usinginnovative high-performance materials and techniques for asphalt pavements and,at the same time, for taking care of environmental concerns in search of moresustainable infrastructures.

For the above-mentioned reasons, the main goal of the symposium is to enhanceknowledge on sustainable and innovative bituminous materials as basis for theirappropriate and reliable application within the pavement network. Achieving suchobjectives requires developing and implementing performance-oriented test meth-ods through promotion of international networking and synergies.

In accordance with these objectives, over 80 papers from 26 countries wereaccepted after a rigorous peer review addressing the following topics:

• Characterization of binder–aggregate interaction;• Innovative testing of bituminous binders, additives, and modifiers;• Durability and aging of asphalt pavements;• Mixture design and compaction analysis;• Advanced characterization of interlayer systems;• Modeling of road materials and pavement performance prediction;

v

• Environmentally sustainable materials and technologies;• Advances in laboratory characterization of bituminous materials;• Field measurement and in situ characterization;• Recycling and reuse in road pavements;• Cracking and damage characterization of asphalt pavements.

As it can be seen, the content of these proceedings appeals not only toresearchers and students at university level but also to practitioners and decisionmakers providing an update on latest environment-related developments andperformance-based evaluations in the field of testing and characterization of sus-tainable and innovative bituminous pavement materials and technologies.

We trust that the rigorous experimental approach and theoretical backgroundadopted by the authors of the accepted papers will contribute to a further leaptoward sustainable applications of bituminous road materials.

Moreover, we hope that the pavement engineering research community willunderstand this symposium as an opportunity to strengthen its efforts in fosteringthe environmentally friendly use of asphalt products for the sake of futuregenerations.

For this reason, the editors would like to thank the RILEM Steering Committeeof this symposium for supporting the main strategic decisions and all authors andreviewers for contributing to the excellent quality of the accepted papers. Theireffort is highly appreciated.

Finally, we would also like to acknowledge the invaluable contributions fromthe Local Organizing Committee with its enthusiastic members, who have tirelesslydedicated time to the success of the symposium.

Ancona Francesco CanestrariOctober 2015 Manfred N. Partl

vi Preface

Contents

Part I Characterization of Binder-Aggregate Interaction

Development of Failure Master Curve for Asphalt MasticsCharacterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Pouya Teymourpour and Hussain U. Bahia

Semi-automatic Evaluation of the Degree of BitumenCoverage on Bitumen-Coated Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Riccardo Lamperti, Claudio Lantieri, Cesare Sangiorgi,Gabriele Bitelli and Andrea Simone

An Advanced Low Temperature Rheological and Fracture TestMethod for Bitumen Purchase Specificationsand Pavement Performance Prediction: 4-mm DSR/ABCD . . . . . . . . . 25Michael J. Farrar, Sang-Soo Kim, Troy Pauliand Jean Pascal Planche

Microstructure-Based Visco-Elastoplastic ContinuumModel of Asphalt Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Mohammad Hosein Zahabi, Mohammad M. Karimiand Nader Tabatabaee

Estimation of Appropriate Filler Quantity in AsphaltMix from Microscopic Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Ambika Kuity and Animesh Das

A Mineralogical Approach of the Interactions Between Bitumen,Clay and Water in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Chi-Wei Chen, Vincent Gaudefroy, Myriam Duc,Yannick Descantes, Ferhat Hammoum and Jean-Pierre Magnan

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Part II Innovative Testing of Bituminous Binders,Additives and Modifiers

Storage Stability of Bituminous Binders Reinforcedwith Nano-Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Ezio Santagata, Orazio Baglieri, Lucia Tsantilisand Giuseppe Chiappinelli

Ageing Performances of Asphaltite Modified Bitumens;Comparisons with Equivalent Petroleum Bitumens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Andrea Themeli, Emmanuel Chailleux, Fabienne Farcas,Cyrille Chazallon, Bernard Migault and Gilles Didelet

The Interaction of Polyphosphoric Acidwith Bituminous Binders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Hilde Soenen, Serge Heyrman, Xiaohu Lu, Per Redeliusand John C. Edwards

LIBS: An Innovative Laboratory Techniquefor the Characterisation of Bituminous Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Hélène Martin and Graziella Durand

Rheological Evaluation of Short- and Long-TermPerformance for Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Binders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Mohammed Sadeq, Eyad Masad, Hussain Al-Khalid,Okan Sirin and Dallas Little

Rheological Characterization of Asphalt Bindersand Mixtures Modified with Carbon Nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Haopeng Wang, Jun Yang and Minghui Gong

Part III Durability and Aging of Asphalt Pavements

Bitumen/Aggregate Affinity—Rilem Round Robin Teston Rolling Bottle Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Laurent Porot, Jeroen Besamusca, Hilde Soenen,Alex Apeagyei, James Grenfell and Dariusz Sybilski

Study on the Ageing Behavior of South American Bitumen . . . . . . . . . 165S.A. Mohan, J.L.M. Voskuilen and S.A. Firtoe

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Asphalt Mixture Sensitivity to Water and Frost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Maciej Maliszewski, Adam Zofka, Dominika Maliszewskaand Dariusz Sybilski

Using Highly Oxidant Gas for Simulating Long-TermAgeing of Asphalt Mix Specimens in the Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Daniel Steiner, Bernhard Hofko, Markus Hospodka, Florian Handle,Lukas Eberhardsteiner, Josef Füssl, Hinrich Grothe and Ronald Blab

Methods for Analyzing the Chemical Mechanisms of BitumenAging and Rejuvenation with FTIR Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Peter Mikhailenko, Alexandra Bertron and Erick Ringot

LEAB-PA, A Half Warm Porous Asphalt Can Increasethe Lifetime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215G. Gaarkeuken, M. Oosterveld, M.L.M. Sprengerand J.L.M. Voskuilen

Part IV Mixture Design and Compaction Analysis

Production of Hot-Mix Asphalt with PMB: Compactabilityand Mechanical Behaviour Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Rui Micaelo, Ana Gameiro, Luís Quaresmaand Luís Picado-Santos

Compaction of Open-Graded HMAs Evaluatedby a Fuzzy Clustering Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Antonio Amadore, Gaetano Bosurgi, Orazio Pellegrinoand Giuseppe Sollazzo

Effects of Anisotropy on Performance of HMA SpecimensDue to Roller Compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Bernhard Hofko and Ronald Blab

Reliance of Pavement Texture Characteristics on Mix-Design andCompaction Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Giuseppe Cantisani, Antonio D’Andrea, Paola Di Mascio and GiuseppeLoprencipe

Coloured Asphalt Pavements: Mix Design and LaboratoryPerformance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Nathalie Piérard, Joëlle De Visscher, Stefan Vansteenkisteand Ann Vanelstraete

Contents ix

Evaluation of Air Voids in Reinstatement Materialsfor Footways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Ignacio Artamendi, Bob Allen, Chris Allpress, Phil Sabinand Paul Phillips

Part V Advanced Characterization of Interlayer Systems

Inter-laboratory Shear Evaluation of ReinforcedBituminous Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309Gilda Ferrotti, Antonio D’Andrea, Maciej Maliszewski,Manfred N. Partl, Christiane Raab, Cesare Sangiorgiand Francesco Canestrari

Comparison of Interlayer Bond Behavior Due to Ageing . . . . . . . . . . . 323Christiane Raab, James Grenfell, A.O. Abd El Halimand Manfred N. Partl

Investigation of Dilatancy Effects on Asphalt InterfaceShear Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335Cristina Tozzo, Nicola Fiore and Antonio D’Andrea

Field Study to Investigate the Impact of Conditionsof Application of Tack Coats on the InterlayerBond Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347Alexandra Destrée, Joëlle De Visscher, Nathalie Piérardand Ann Vanelstraete

The Use of Four-Point Bending Notched Beam FatigueTests to Rank Crack-Mitigating Interlayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Andrew D. Wargo, Shayan Safavizadeh and Richard Y. Kim

Effects on Bonding of Anti-reflective Cracking Solutions at the TopBituminous Interface of a Small Airport Pavement: A Laboratoryand Modeling Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Piergiorgio Tataranni, Cesare Sangiorgi, Andrea Simone,Valeria Vignali, Pierpaolo Viola and Giulio Dondi

Geocomposite-Reinforcement of Polymer-ModifiedAsphalt Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383Francesco Canestrari, Gilda Ferrotti, Musab Abuaddousand Emiliano Pasquini

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Part VI Modeling of Road Materials and PavementPerformance Prediction

Prediction of the Mechanical Properties of Aged AsphaltMixes from FTIR Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Miguel Perez-Martinez, Paul Marsac, Thomas Gabetand Emmanuel Chailleux

Micromechanical Description of Bitumen Aging Behavior . . . . . . . . . . 411Lukas Eberhardsteiner, Josef Füssl, Bernhard Hofko,Florian Handle, Markus Hospodka, Ronald Blaband Hinrich Grothe

Three Different Ways of Calibrating Burger’s ContactModel for Viscoelastic Model of Asphalt Mixturesby Discrete Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423Huan Feng, Matteo Pettinari and Henrik Stang

Experimental Investigation on Surface Performanceand Acoustic Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435Filippo Giammaria Praticò, Rosolino Vaiana and Teresa Iuele

PSV Tyre/Test Specimen Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447David Woodward, Phillip Millar, Grainne McQuaid,Rebecca McCall and Oisin Boyle

Surface Performance Characterization of Single-LayerSurface Dressing: A Macrotexture Prediction Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459Filippo Giammaria Praticò, Rosolino Vaiana and Teresa Iuele

Part VII Environmentally Sustainable Materialsand Technologies

Effect of Rejuvenator on Performance Properties of WMAMixtures with High RAP Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473Mohammadreza Sabouri, Yeong-Tae Choi, Yizhuang Wang,Sungdo Hwang, Cheolmin Baek and Richard Y. Kim

Contents xi

Effect of Warm Mix Chemical Additiveson the Binder-Aggregate Bond Strength and High-ServiceTemperature Performance of Asphalt Mixes Containing ElectricArc Furnace Steel Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485Marco Pasetto, Giovanni Giacomello, Emiliano Pasquiniand Francesco Canestrari

Influence of Aging on the Rheological Behavior of WarmMix Asphalt Binders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497K. Lakshmi Roja, Neethu Roy and J. Murali Krishnan

Laying of Warm Mix Asphalt: Study of the Feasibilityof the Workability Measure Modifying the Parametersof the Standard Gyratory Shear Compactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509Angélique Fabre des Essarts, Anne Dony and Stéphane Faucon-Dumont

Laboratory Evaluation of Complex Modulus and FatigueResistance of Asphalt Mixtures with RAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521A. Basueny, A. Carter, D. Perraton and M. Vaillancourt

Laboratory Testing Methods for Evaluating the Moisture Damageon the Aggregate-Asphalt System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533Sara Anastasio, Inge Hoff, Carl C. Thodesen and Hussain U. Bahia

Hydrothermal Study of Roads with De-freezing Surface,Obtained by the Circulation of a Warm Fluid in a BondingPorous Asphalt Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545S. Asfour, F. Bernardin, C. Mauduit, E. Toussaint and J.M. Piau

Mechanical Behaviour of Asphalt Concrete ContainingC&D Recycled Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557Edoardo Bocci, Gianluca Cerni and Sandro Colagrande

Reuse of Waste Foundry Sand Mixed with Lateritic Clayey Soilsin Pavement Bases and Sub-bases Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569Luis Miguel Gutiérrez Klinsky, Glauco Tulio Pessa Fabbriand Vivian Silveira dos Santos Bardini

A Comparative Study of Bituminous Mixtures with RecycledPolyethylene Added by Dry and Wet Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583Silvia Angelone, Fernando Martinez and Marina Cauhape Casaux

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Rheological Characterization of Bituminous Mastics ContainingWaste Bleaching Clays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595Francesco Mazzotta, Cesare Sangiorgi, Valeria Vignali,Claudio Lantieri and Giulio Dondi

Asphalt Mixture with RAP: Mix Design Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607N. Bueche, A.-G. Dumont, M. Pittet and S. Bressi

Sustainable Urban Surface Asphalt Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619Ramón Botella, Rodrigo Miró Recasens, Patricia Díaz Martín,Antonio Ramírez Rodríguez, Francisco Guisado Mateoand Emilio Moreno Martínez

Part VIII Advances in Laboratory Characterizationof Bituminous Materials

Experimental Investigation on the Combined Effectsof Physical Hardening and Chemical Ageing on Low TemperatureProperties of Bituminous Binders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631Ezio Santagata, Orazio Baglieri, Davide Dalmazzoand Lucia Tsantilis

Rheological Testing of Bitumen at Low Temperatureswith 4-mm DSR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643Xiaohu Lu, Petri Uhlback and Hilde Soenen

Fatigue Rheological Characterization of Polymer-ModifiedBitumens and Mastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655Francesca Frigio, Gilda Ferrotti and Fabrizio Cardone

Influence of Hydrated Lime on Linear ViscoelasticProperties of Bituminous Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667Cong Viet Phan, Hervé Di Benedetto, Cédric Sauzéatand Didier Lesueur

Influence of Mineral Fillers and Their Fractional Voidson Mastic Rheological and Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681Elena Romeo, Valeria Ghizzardi, Silvia Rastelliand Antonio Montepara

Contents xiii

Energy Dissipation in Asphalt Mixtures Observedin Different Cyclic Stress-Controlled Fatigue Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693Ivan Isailović, Augusto Cannone Falchettoand Michael P. Wistuba

Deterioration of HMA Partially Saturated with Wateror Brine Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705Sébastien Lamothe, Daniel Perraton and Hervé Di Benedetto

Experimental Study of Moisture Sensitivityof Aggregate-Bitumen Bonding StrengthUsing a New Pull-Off Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719Jizhe Zhang, Alex K. Apeagyei, James Grenfelland Gordon D. Airey

Effect of Fine Aggregate Composition on Moisture Susceptibilityof Hot Mix Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735Gordon L.M. Leung and Alan W.G. Wong

Evaluation of Rutting Properties of Bituminous Bindersby Means of Single Shear Creep-Recovery (SSCR) Testsand Correlation with Mixture Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745Ezio Santagata, Orazio Baglieri, Muhammad Alamand Pier Paolo Riviera

Mechanisms of Failure in Uniaxial Repeated Creep Testand the Relationship to Aggregate Packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757Nima Roohi Sefidmazgi and Hussain U. Bahia

Development of a Test and Classification Methodto Objectively Determine the Colour of ColouredBituminous Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773Katleen Denolf, Nathalie Piérard and Ann Vanelstraete

A New Performance Test for Resistance to Ravellingby Traffic: Laboratory and Field Experience in Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . 785Joëlle De Visscher and Ann Vanelstraete

Part IX Field Measurement and In Situ Characterization

Active Filler’s Effect on In Situ Performances of Bitumen EmulsionRecycled Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799G. Betti, G. Airey, K. Jenkins, A. Marradi and G. Tebaldi

xiv Contents

Innovative Longitudinal Joints Between New and OldPorous Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811Jan Voskuilen and Lambert Houben

High Aircraft Tire Pressure Effects on HMA Airfield Pavements. . . . . 825Navneet Garg, Qiang Li and Monir Haggag

Development of New Embedded Expansion Joint UsingHigh Flexibility Stone Mastic Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837Nobuya Okamoto, Takagi Kinoshita and Takashi Futagi

Development of Specifications and Guidelines for Hotin-Place Recycling in Finland—Outline and Framework . . . . . . . . . . . 851Michalina Makowska and Terhi Pellinen

Part X Recycling and Re-use in Road Pavements

Rheological Investigation of Asphalt Mixtures ContainingRAP and RAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865Augusto Cannone Falchetto, Ki Hoon Moon, Michael P. Wistuba andMihai O. Marasteanu

The Effect of Curing on the Mechanical Behaviorof Cement-Bitumen Treated Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879Carlotta Godenzoni, Fabrizio Cardone, Andrea Grazianiand Maurizio Bocci

Blending Simulation of RA and Virgin Bindersin Hot Recycled Mixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891Mohamad Mohajeri, André A.A. Molenaarand Martin F.C. van de Ven

Thermal and Water Effects on Virgin Bitumen, Recycledand Mastic Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903Salomé dos Santos, Lily D. Poulikakos and Manfred N. Partl

Comparative Analysis of Stiffness Modulus and Fatigue Resistanceof Asphalt Concretes Containing RAP Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915Nicola Baldo, Evaggelos Manthos, Marco Pasettoand A.F. Nikolaides

Contents xv

In Plant Production of Hot Recycled Mixtures with High ReclaimedAsphalt Pavement Content: A Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . 927Arianna Stimilli, Amedeo Virgili, Felice Giulianiand Francesco Canestrari

Evaluation of a 100 % Rap Recycling Project in FortWayne, Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941Geoffrey M. Rowe, John Barry and Ken Crawford

Hot Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalt Using a Bio-based Additive . . . . . 953Andrea Grilli, Edoardo Bocci and Maurizio Bocci

Tests Campaign Analysis to Evaluate the Capabilityof Fragmentation Test to Characterize Recycled Asphalt Pavement(RAP) Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965D. Perraton, G. Tebaldi, E. Dave, F. Bilodeau, G. Giacomello,A. Grilli, A. Graziani, M. Bocci, J. Grenfell, P. Muraya,M. Pasetto, K. Kuna, A. Apeagyei, D. Lo Presti, G. Airey,K. Jenkins, E. Hajj, M. Hugener and P. Marsac

Part XI Cracking and Damage Characterizationof Asphalt Pavements

Comparison of Laboratory Cracking Test Results with FieldPerformance of Moderate and High RAP Content SurfaceMixtures on the NCAT Test Track. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979Randy C. West, Nam H. Tran, Adam J. Taylor and Richard J. Willis

Implementation of Laboratory Testing to Predict Low TemperatureCracking Performance of Asphalt Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993Eshan V. Dave, Benjamin Helmer, Chelsea Hanson,Jared Munch and Luke Johanneck

Fatigue Performance of Stone Mastic Asphalt Designedwith the Bailey’s Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005Marco Pasetto and Nicola Baldo

Evaluation of Different Methods for the Estimation of the BitumenFatigue Life with DSR Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017André Pereira, Rui Micaelo, Luís Quaresmaand Maria Teresa Cidade

xvi Contents

Evaluation of Crack Propagation in Asphalt MixtureThrough Photoelasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029Stephan Büchler, Michael Wistubaand Augusto Cannone Falchetto

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039

Contents xvii

RILEM Publications

The following list is presenting the global offer of RILEM Publications, sorted byseries. Each publication is available in printed version and/or in online version.

RILEM Proceedings (PRO)

PRO 1: Durability of High Performance Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-03-9); Ed.H. SommerPRO 2: Chloride Penetration into Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-00-04); Eds. L.-O.Nilsson and J.-P. OllivierPRO 3: Evaluation and Strengthening of Existing Masonry Structures (ISBN:2-912143-02-0); Eds. L. Binda and C. ModenaPRO 4: Concrete: From Material to Structure (ISBN: 2-912143-04-7); Eds. J.-P.Bournazel and Y. MalierPRO 5: The Role of Admixtures in High Performance Concrete (ISBN:2-912143-05-5); Eds. J. G. Cabrera and R. Rivera-VillarrealPRO 6: High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites—HPFRCC 3(ISBN: 2-912143-06-3); Eds. H. W. Reinhardt and A. E. NaamanPRO 7: 1st International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete (ISBN:2-912143-09-8); Eds. Å. Skarendahl and Ö. PeterssonPRO 8: International RILEM Symposium on Timber Engineering (ISBN:2-912143-10-1); Ed. L. BoströmPRO 9: 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Adhesion between Polymers andConcrete ISAP ’99 (ISBN: 2-912143-11-X); Eds. Y. Ohama and M. PutermanPRO 10: 3rd International RILEM Symposium on Durability of Building andConstruction Sealants (ISBN: 2-912143-13-6); Eds. A. T. WolfPRO 11: 4th International RILEM Conference on Reflective Cracking inPavements (ISBN: 2-912143-14-4); Eds. A. O. Abd El Halim, D. A. Taylor andEl H. H. MohamedPRO 12: International RILEM Workshop on Historic Mortars: Characteristics andTests (ISBN: 2-912143-15-2); Eds. P. Bartos, C. Groot and J. J. Hughes

xix

PRO 13: 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Hydration and Setting (ISBN:2-912143-16-0); Ed. A. NonatPRO 14: Integrated Life-Cycle Design of Materials and Structures—ILCDES 2000(ISBN: 951-758-408-3); (ISSN: 0356-9403); Ed. S. SarjaPRO 15: Fifth RILEM Symposium on Fibre-Reinforced Concretes (FRC)—BEFIB’2000 (ISBN: 2-912143-18-7); Eds. P. Rossi and G. ChanvillardPRO 16: Life Prediction and Management of Concrete Structures (ISBN:2-912143-19-5); Ed. D. NausPRO 17: Shrinkage of Concrete – Shrinkage 2000 (ISBN: 2-912143-20-9); Eds.V. Baroghel-Bouny and P.-C. AïtcinPRO 18: Measurement and Interpretation of the On-Site Corrosion Rate (ISBN:2-912143-21-7); Eds. C. Andrade, C. Alonso, J. Fullea, J. Polimon andJ. RodriguezPRO 19: Testing and Modelling the Chloride Ingress into Concrete (ISBN:2-912143-22-5); Eds. C. Andrade and J. KroppPRO 20: 1st International RILEM Workshop on Microbial Impacts on BuildingMaterials (CD 02) (e-ISBN 978-2-35158-013-4); Ed. M. Ribas SilvaPRO 21: International RILEM Symposium on Connections between Steel andConcrete (ISBN: 2-912143-25-X); Ed. R. EligehausenPRO 22: International RILEM Symposium on Joints in Timber Structures (ISBN:2-912143-28-4); Eds. S. Aicher and H.-W. ReinhardtPRO 23: International RILEM Conference on Early Age Cracking in CementitiousSystems (ISBN: 2-912143-29-2); Eds. K. Kovler and A. BenturPRO 24: 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Frost Resistance of Concrete(ISBN: 2-912143-30-6); Eds. M. J. Setzer, R. Auberg and H.-J. KeckPRO 25: International RILEM Workshop on Frost Damage in Concrete (ISBN:2-912143-31-4); Eds. D. J. Janssen, M. J. Setzer and M. B. SnyderPRO 26: International RILEM Workshop on On-Site Control and Evaluation ofMasonry Structures (ISBN: 2-912143-34-9); Eds. L. Binda and R. C. de VekeyPRO 27: International RILEM Symposium on Building Joint Sealants (CD03); Ed.A. T. WolfPRO 28: 6th International RILEM Symposium on Performance Testing andEvaluation of Bituminous Materials—PTEBM’03 (ISBN: 2-912143-35-7; e-ISBN:978-2-912143-77-8); Ed. M. N. PartlPRO 29: 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Life Prediction and AgeingManagement of Concrete Structures (ISBN: 2-912143-36-5); Ed. D. J. NausPRO 30: 4th International RILEM Workshop on High Performance FiberReinforced Cement Composites—HPFRCC 4 (ISBN: 2-912143-37-3); Eds. A. E.Naaman and H. W. ReinhardtPRO 31: International RILEM Workshop on Test and Design Methods for SteelFibre Reinforced Concrete: Background and Experiences (ISBN: 2-912143-38-1);Eds. B. Schnütgen and L. VandewallePRO 32: International Conference on Advances in Concrete and Structures 2 vol.(ISBN (set): 2-912143-41-1);Eds. Ying-shu Yuan, Surendra P. Shah andHeng-lin Lü

xx RILEM Publications

PRO 33: 3rd International Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete (ISBN:2-912143-42-X); Eds. Ó. Wallevik and I. NíelssonPRO 34: International RILEM Conference on Microbial Impact on BuildingMaterials (ISBN: 2-912143-43-8); Ed. M. Ribas SilvaPRO 35: International RILEM TC 186-ISA on Internal Sulfate Attack and DelayedEttringite Formation (ISBN: 2-912143-44-6); Eds. K. Scrivener and J. SkalnyPRO 36: International RILEM Symposium on Concrete Science and Engineering –

A Tribute to Arnon Bentur (ISBN: 2-912143-46-2); Eds. K. Kovler, J. Marchand,S. Mindess and J. WeissPRO 37: 5th International RILEM Conference on Cracking in Pavements –

Mitigation, Risk Assessment and Prevention (ISBN: 2-912143-47-0); Eds. C. Petit,I. Al-Qadi and A. MillienPRO 38: 3rd International RILEM Workshop on Testing and Modelling theChloride Ingress into Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-48-9); Eds. C. Andrade andJ. KroppPRO 39: 6th International RILEM Symposium on Fibre-Reinforced Concretes—BEFIB 2004 (ISBN: 2-912143-51-9); Eds. M. Di Prisco, R. Felicetti and G.A. PlizzariPRO 40: International RILEM Conference on the Use of Recycled Materials inBuildings and Structures (ISBN: 2-912143-52-7); Eds. E. Vázquez, Ch. F. Hendriksand G. M. T. JanssenPRO 41: RILEM International Symposium on Environment-Conscious Materialsand Systems for Sustainable Development (ISBN: 2-912143-55-1); Eds.N. Kashino and Y. OhamaPRO 42: SCC’2005—China: 1st International Symposium on Design, Performanceand Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-61-6); Eds. Zhiwu Yu,Caijun Shi, Kamal Henri Khayat and Youjun XiePRO 43: International RILEM Workshop on Bonded Concrete Overlays (e-ISBN:2-912143-83-7); Eds. J. L. Granju and J. SilfwerbrandPRO 44: 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Microbial Impacts on BuildingMaterials (CD11) (e-ISBN: 2-912143-84-5); Ed. M. Ribas SilvaPRO 45: 2nd International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Construction, Bilbao(ISBN: 2-912143-87-X); Eds. Peter J. M. Bartos, Yolanda de Miguel and AntonioPorroPRO 46: ConcreteLife’06—International RILEM-JCI Seminar on ConcreteDurability and Service Life Planning: Curing, Crack Control, Performance in HarshEnvironments (ISBN: 2-912143-89-6); Ed. K. KovlerPRO 47: International RILEM Workshop on Performance Based Evaluation andIndicators for Concrete Durability (ISBN: 978-2-912143-95-2); Eds. V. Baroghel-Bouny, C. Andrade, R. Torrent and K. ScrivenerPRO 48: 1st International RILEM Symposium on Advances in Concrete throughScience and Engineering (e-ISBN: 2-912143-92-6); Eds. J. Weiss, K. Kovler,J. Marchand, and S. Mindess

RILEM Publications xxi

PRO 49: International RILEM Workshop on High Performance Fiber ReinforcedCementitious Composites in Structural Applications (ISBN: 2-912143-93-4); Eds.G. Fischer and V.C. LiPRO 50: 1st International RILEM Symposium on Textile Reinforced Concrete(ISBN: 2-912143-97-7); Eds. Josef Hegger, Wolfgang Brameshuber and NorbertWillPRO 51: 2nd International Symposium on Advances in Concrete through Scienceand Engineering (ISBN: 2-35158-003-6; e-ISBN: 2-35158-002-8); Eds.J. Marchand, B. Bissonnette, R. Gagné, M. Jolin and F. ParadisPRO 52: Volume Changes of Hardening Concrete: Testing and Mitigation (ISBN:2-35158-004-4; e-ISBN: 2-35158-005-2); Eds. O. M. Jensen, P. Lura and K.KovlerPRO 53: High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites—HPFRCC5(ISBN: 978-2-35158-046-2); Eds. H. W. Reinhardt and A. E. NaamanPRO 54: 5th International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete(ISBN: 978-2-35158-047-9); Eds. G. De Schutter and V. BoelPRO 55: International RILEM Symposium Photocatalysis, Environment andConstruction Materials (ISBN: 978-2-35158-056-1); Eds. P. Baglioni and L.CassarPRO 56: International RILEM Workshop on Integral Service Life Modelling ofConcrete Structures (ISBN 978-2-35158-058-5); Eds. R. M. Ferreira, J. Gulikersand C. AndradePRO 57: RILEM Workshop on Performance of cement-based materials inaggressive aqueous environments (e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-059-2); Ed. N. De BeliePRO 58: International RILEM Symposium on Concrete Modelling—CONMOD’08 (ISBN: 978-2-35158-060-8); Eds. E. Schlangen and G. De SchutterPRO 59: International RILEM Conference on On Site Assessment of Concrete,Masonry and Timber Structures—SACoMaTiS 2008 (ISBN set: 978-2-35158-061-5); Eds. L. Binda, M. di Prisco and R. FelicettiPRO 60: Seventh RILEM International Symposium on Fibre Reinforced Concrete:Design and Applications—BEFIB 2008 (ISBN: 978-2-35158-064-6); Ed. R. GettuPRO 61: 1st International Conference on Microstructure Related Durability ofCementitious Composites 2 vol., (ISBN: 978-2-35158-065-3); Eds. W. Sun, K. vanBreugel, C. Miao, G. Ye and H. ChenPRO 62: NSF/ RILEM Workshop: In-situ Evaluation of Historic Wood andMasonry Structures (e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-068-4); Eds. B. Kasal, R. Anthony andM. DrdáckýPRO 63: Concrete in Aggressive Aqueous Environments: Performance, Testingand Modelling, 2 vol., (ISBN: 978-2-35158-071-4); Eds. M. G. Alexander and A.BertronPRO 64: Long Term Performance of Cementitious Barriers and ReinforcedConcrete in Nuclear Power Plants and Waste Management—NUCPERF 2009(ISBN: 978-2-35158-072-1); Eds. V. L’Hostis, R. Gens, C. GalléPRO 65: Design Performance and Use of Self-consolidating Concrete—SCC’2009(ISBN: 978-2-35158-073-8); Eds. C. Shi, Z. Yu, K. H. Khayat and P. Yan

xxii RILEM Publications

PRO 66: 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Concrete Durability and ServiceLife Planning—ConcreteLife’09 (ISBN: 978-2-35158-074-5); Ed. K. KovlerPRO 67: Repairs Mortars for Historic Masonry (e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-083-7); Ed.C. GrootPRO 68: Proceedings of the 3rd International RILEM Symposium on ‘Rheology ofCement Suspensions such as Fresh Concrete (ISBN 978-2-35158-091-2); Eds.O. H. Wallevik, S. Kubens and S. OesterheldPRO 69: 3rd International PhD Student Workshop on ‘Modelling the Durability ofReinforced Concrete (ISBN: 978-2-35158-095-0); Eds. R. M. Ferreira, J. Gulikersand C. AndradePRO 70: 2nd International Conference on ‘Service Life Design for Infrastructure’(ISBN set: 978-2-35158-096-7, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-097-4); Ed. K. van Breugel,G. Ye and Y. YuanPRO 71: Advances in Civil Engineering Materials—The 50-year TeachingAnniversary of Prof. Sun Wei’ (ISBN: 978-2-35158-098-1; e-ISBN:978-2-35158-099-8); Eds. C. Miao, G. Ye, and H. ChenPRO 72: First International Conference on ‘Advances in Chemically-ActivatedMaterials—CAM’2010’ (2010), 264 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-101-8; e-ISBN:978-2-35158-115-5, Eds. Caijun Shi and Xiaodong ShenPRO 73: 2nd International Conference on ‘Waste Engineering and Management—ICWEM 2010’ (2010), 894 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-102-5; e-ISBN:978-2-35158-103-2, Eds. J. Zh. Xiao, Y. Zhang, M. S. Cheung and R. ChuPRO 74: International RILEM Conference on ‘Use of Superabsorsorbent Polymersand Other New Addditives in Concrete’ (2010) 374 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-104-9;e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-105-6; Eds. O.M. Jensen, M.T. Hasholt, and S. LaustsenPRO 75: International Conference on ‘Material Science—2nd ICTRC—TextileReinforced Concrete—Theme 1’ (2010) 436 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-106-3;e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-107-0; Ed. W. BrameshuberPRO 76: International Conference on ‘Material Science—HetMat—Modelling ofHeterogeneous Materials—Theme 2’ (2010) 255 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-108-7;e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-109-4; Ed. W. BrameshuberPRO 77: International Conference on ‘Material Science—AdIPoC—AdditionsImproving Properties of Concrete—Theme 3’ (2010) 459 pp., ISBN:978-2-35158-110-0; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-111-7; Ed. W. BrameshuberPRO 78: 2nd Historic Mortars Conference and RILEM TC 203-RHM FinalWorkshop—HMC2010 (2010) 1416 pp., e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-112-4; Eds J.Válek, C. Groot, and J. J. HughesPRO 79: International RILEM Conference on Advances in Construction MaterialsThrough Science and Engineering (2011) 213 pp., e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-117-9;Eds Christopher Leung and K.T. WanPRO 80: 2nd International RILEM Conference on Concrete Spalling due to FireExposure (2011) 453 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-118-6, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-119-3;Eds E.A.B. Koenders and F. DehnPRO 81: 2nd International RILEM Conference on Strain Hardening CementitiousComposites (SHCC2-Rio) (2011) 451 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-120-9, e-ISBN:

RILEM Publications xxiii

978-2-35158-121-6; Eds R.D. Toledo Filho, F.A. Silva, E.A.B. Koenders and E.M.R. FairbairnPRO 82: 2nd International RILEM Conference on Progress of Recycling in theBuilt Environment (2011) 507 pp., e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-122-3; Eds V.M. John, E.Vazquez, S.C. Angulo and C. UlsenPRO 83: 2nd International Conference on Microstructural-related Durability ofCementitious Composites (2012) 250 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-129-2; e-ISBN:978-2-35158-123-0; Eds G. Ye, K. van Breugel, W. Sun and C. MiaoPRO 85: RILEM-JCI International Workshop on Crack Control of Mass Concreteand Related issues concerning Early-Age of Concrete Structures—ConCrack 3—Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures 3 (2012) 237 pp., ISBN:978-2-35158-125-4; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-126-1; Eds F. Toutlemonde and J.-M.TorrentiPRO 86: International Symposium on Life Cycle Assessment and Construction(2012) 414 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-127-8, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-128-5; Eds A.Ventura and C. de la RochePRO 87: UHPFRC 2013—RILEM-fib-AFGC International Symposium onUltra-High Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (2013), ISBN: 978-2-35158-130-8, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-131-5; Eds F. ToutlemondePRO 88: 8th RILEM International Symposium on Fibre Reinforced Concrete(2012) 344 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-132-2, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-133-9; EdsJoaquim A.O. BarrosPRO 89: RILEM International workshop on performance-based specification andcontrol of concrete durability (2014) 678 pp, ISBN: 978-2-35158-135-3, e-ISBN:978-2-35158-136-0; Eds. D. Bjegović, H. Beushausen and M. SerdarPRO 90: 7th RILEM International Conference on Self-Compacting Concrete andof the 1st RILEM International Conference on Rheology and Processing ofConstruction Materials (2013) 396 pp, ISBN: 978-2-35158-137-7, e-ISBN:978-2-35158-138-4, Eds. Nicolas Roussel and Hela Bessaies-BeyPRO 91 draft: CONMOD 2014—RILEM International Symposium on ConcreteModelling (2014), ISBN: 978-2-35158-139-1; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-140-7PRO 92: CAM 2014—2nd International Conference on advances inchemically-activated materials (2014) 392 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-141-4; e-ISBN:978-2-35158-142-1, Eds. Caijun Shi and Xiadong ShenPRO 93: SCC 2014—3rd International Symposium on Design, Performance andUse of Self-Consolidating Concrete (2014) 438 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-143-8;e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-144-5, Eds. Caijun Shi, Zhihua Ou, Kamal H. KhayatPRO 94 (online version): HPFRCC-7—7th RILEM conference on High perfor-mance fiber reinforced cement composites, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-146-9, Eds. H.W.Reinhardt, G.J. Parra-Montesinos, H. GarrechtPRO 95: International RILEM Conference on Application of superabsorbentpolymers and other new admixtures in concrete construction, ISBN:978-2-35158-147-6; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-148-3, Eds. Viktor Mechtcherine,Christof Schroefl

xxiv RILEM Publications

PRO 96 (online version): XIII DBMC: XIII International Conference onDurability of Building Materials and Components, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-149-0,Eds. M. Quattrone, V.M. JohnPRO 97: SHCC3—3rd International RILEM Conference on Strain HardeningCementitious Composites, ISBN: 978-2-35158-150-6; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-151-3, Eds. E. Schlangen, M.G. Sierra Beltran, M. Lukovic, G. YePRO 98: FERRO-11—11th International Symposium on Ferrocement and 3rdICTRC—International Conference on Textile Reinforced Concrete, ISBN:978-2-35158-152-0; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-153-7, Ed. W. BrameshuberPRO 99 (online version): ICBBM 2015—1st International Conference onBio-Based Building Materials, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-154-4, Eds. S. Amaziane, M.SonebiPRO 100: SCC16—RILEM Self-Consolidating Concrete Conference, ISBN:978-2-35158-156-8; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-157-5PRO 101 (online version): III Progress of Recycling in the Built Environment,e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-158-2, Eds. M. Quattrone, V.M. John

RILEM Reports (REP)

Report 19: Considerations for Use in Managing the Aging of Nuclear Power PlantConcrete Structures (ISBN: 2-912143-07-1); Ed. D. J. NausReport 20: Engineering and Transport Properties of the Interfacial Transition Zonein Cementitious Composites (ISBN: 2-912143-08-X); Eds. M. G. Alexander, G.Arliguie, G. Ballivy, A. Bentur and J. MarchandReport 21: Durability of Building Sealants (ISBN: 2-912143-12-8); Ed. A. T. WolfReport 22: Sustainable Raw Materials—Construction and Demolition Waste(ISBN: 2-912143-17-9); Eds. C. F. Hendriks and H. S. PietersenReport 23: Self-Compacting Concrete state-of-the-art report (ISBN: 2-912143-23-3); Eds. Å. Skarendahl and Ö. PeterssonReport 24: Workability and Rheology of Fresh Concrete: Compendium of Tests(ISBN: 2-912143-32-2); Eds. P. J. M. Bartos, M. Sonebi and A. K. TamimiReport 25: Early Age Cracking in Cementitious Systems (ISBN: 2-912143-33-0);Ed. A. BenturReport 26: Towards Sustainable Roofing (Joint Committee CIB/RILEM) (CD 07)(e-ISBN 978-2-912143-65-5); Eds. Thomas W. Hutchinson and Keith RobertsReport 27: Condition Assessment of Roofs (Joint Committee CIB/RILEM) (CD 08)(e-ISBN 978-2-912143-66-2); Ed. CIB W 83/RILEM TC166-RMSReport 28: Final report of RILEM TC 167-COM ‘Characterisation of Old Mortarswith Respect to Their Repair (ISBN: 978-2-912143-56-3); Eds. C. Groot, G. Ashalland J. HughesReport 29: Pavement Performance Prediction and Evaluation (PPPE):Interlaboratory Tests(e-ISBN: 2-912143-68-3); Eds. M. Partl and H. PiberReport 30: Final Report of RILEM TC 198-URM ‘Use of Recycled Materials’(ISBN: 2-912143-82-9; e-ISBN: 2-912143-69-1); Eds. Ch. F. Hendriks, G. M. T.Janssen and E. Vázquez

RILEM Publications xxv

Report 31: Final Report of RILEM TC 185-ATC ‘Advanced testing ofcement-based materials during setting and hardening’ (ISBN: 2-912143-81-0;e-ISBN: 2-912143-70-5); Eds. H. W. Reinhardt and C. U. GrosseReport 32: Probabilistic Assessment of Existing Structures. A JCSS publication(ISBN 2-912143-24-1); Ed. D. DiamantidisReport 33: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 184-IFE‘Industrial Floors’ (ISBN 2-35158-006-0); Ed. P. SeidlerReport 34: Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 147-FMB ‘Fracturemechanics applications to anchorage and bond’ Tension of Reinforced ConcretePrisms – Round Robin Analysis and Tests on Bond (e-ISBN 2-912143-91-8); Eds.L. Elfgren and K. NoghabaiReport 35: Final Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 188-CSC ‘Casting ofSelf Compacting Concrete’ (ISBN 2-35158-001-X; e-ISBN: 2-912143-98-5); Eds.Å. Skarendahl and P. BillbergReport 36: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 201-TRC‘Textile Rein-forced Concrete’ (ISBN 2-912143-99-3); Ed. W. BrameshuberReport 37: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 192-ECM‘Environment-conscious construction materials and systems’ (ISBN: 978-2-35158-053-0); Eds. N. Kashino, D. Van Gemert and K. ImamotoReport 38: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 205-DSC‘Durability of Self-Compacting Concrete’ (ISBN: 978-2-35158-048-6); Eds. G. DeSchutter and K. AudenaertReport 39: Final Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 187-SOC‘Experimental determination of the stress-crack opening curve for concrete intension’ (ISBN 978-2-35158-049-3); Ed. J. PlanasReport 40: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 189-NEC‘Non-Destructive Evaluation of the Penetrability and Thickness of the ConcreteCover’ (ISBN 978-2-35158-054-7); Eds. R. Torrent and L. Fernández LucoReport 41: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 196-ICC‘Internal Curing of Concrete’ (ISBN 978-2-35158-009-7); Eds. K. Kovler and O.M. JensenReport 42: ‘Acoustic Emission and Related Non-destructive Evaluation Techniquesfor Crack Detection and Damage Evaluation in Concrete’—Final Report of RILEMTechnical Committee 212-ACD (e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-100-1); Ed. M. Ohtsu

xxvi RILEM Publications

Part ICharacterization of Binder-Aggregate

Interaction

Development of Failure Master Curvefor Asphalt Mastics Characterization

Pouya Teymourpour and Hussain U. Bahia

Abstract Low temperature performance grading currently relies solely on BendingBeam Rheometer (BBR) for determining low temperature creep stiffness (S) and rateof modulus relaxation (m-value) at 60 s, both determined at low stress-strain levels,in the pre-failure zones. This aspect raises questions with regard to applicability ofproperties derived from the linear viscoelastic range for prediction of asphalt binderthermal cracking behavior. Furthermore, many researchers have reported a dis-crepancy between field cracking severity and predictions based on asphalt binderproperties since the asphalt binder-aggregate interaction is non-existent in asphaltbinder testing. Therefore evaluation of asphalt mastics properties which could save aconsiderable amount of time and equipment in comparison to mixture testing shouldbe prioritized. These challenges indicate that considering fracture properties ofasphalt mastics could be a better approach for prediction of thermal cracking inasphalt pavements. It is believed that development of failure master curves for thedamage characterization of asphalt mastics at different temperatures and loadingrates would be beneficial for better characterization of resistance to thermal cracking.Therefore, this study presents framework and preliminary results on the develop-ment of such asphalt mastic failure master curves using the new BBR-SENB test fordamage resistance characterization. The complexity of the visco-elastic behavior ofasphalt mastics in terms of time and temperature dependency is also recognized bythe sensitivity of the failure properties to changes in loading time and temperature.

Keywords Asphalt mastic failure master curves � Strain at failure � Single edgenotch-bending (SENB) � Rheology � Visco-elastic behaviour

P. Teymourpour (&)Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison,3346 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USAe-mail: teymourpour@wisc.edu

H.U. BahiaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison,3350 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USAe-mail: bahia@engr.wisc.edu

© RILEM 2016F. Canestrari and M.N. Partl (eds.), 8th RILEM International Symposiumon Testing and Characterization of Sustainable and Innovative BituminousMaterials, RILEM Bookseries 11, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-7342-3_1

3

1 Introduction and Background

Since early 1900s the importance of the material selection for performance ofasphalt mixtures has been realized and studied. Superpave, as the final product ofthe SHRP asphalt program is a performance related asphalt binder and mixturespecification currently used in North America. Current Superpave asphalt binderspecifications are based on linear viscoelastic properties and were primarilydeveloped for unmodified asphalt binders. However, research has demonstrated theimportance of damage resistance characterization of asphalt binders with respect topavement distresses (Bahia et al. 2001). Given the increased complexity of mixescurrently being produced, including WMA, mixes with high recycled componentscontent, etc. and the fact that mixes accepted under the current specificationframework exhibit varying levels of distress while in-service, it is essentiallyimportant to incorporate the damage characterization of asphalt materials.

Low temperature cracking is one of the major distresses in asphalt pavementwhich is a source of pavement deterioration and structural failure. Thermal cracks inasphalt pavement form as a result of high cooling rates and/or low pavementtemperature drops due to climatic events. Asphalt research community has inves-tigated thermal cracking extensively in the past two decades and yet it remains oneof the most challenging pavement distresses to be evaluated and predicted.Significant progresses have been made in understanding the mechanisms and fac-tors affecting this distress. However current low temperature specification relies onthe rheological performance indicators as well as the time-temperature superposi-tion principles under linear viscoelastic small stress-strain conditions. Low tem-perature performance grading currently relies solely on Bending Beam Rheometer(BBR) for determining low temperature creep stiffness (S) and rate of modulusrelaxation (m-value) at 60 s, both determined at low stress-strain levels, in thepre-failure zones. This aspect raises questions with regard to applicability ofproperties derived from the linear viscoelastic range for prediction of asphalt binderfailure properties, especially for modified asphalt binders.

Polymers and polymer-based composite materials usually exhibittime-dependent behavior. Relationship between time and temperature has beensignificantly important in investigating these types of materials. Thetime-temperature superposition is one of the most efficient methods for predictingthe long-term behavior of polymers. This principle in which time is equivalent totemperature for viscoelastic materials was first proposed by Lenderman in 1943(Starkova and Aniskevich 2009; Cheng and Yang 2005). Williams, Landel andFerry subsequently proposed a semi empirical formula based on the concept of freevolume to describe the principle quantitatively known as Williams-Landel-Ferryequation (Williams et al. 1955; Cheng and Yang 2005). The TTS principle has alsobeen shown that can be applicable to asphalt materials and these types of materialscan have thermo-rheologically simple behavior in small strain deformations. Thisimplies that properties of the material at different set of conditions can be predictedby a limited set of stress-strain measurements under a given set of temperature and

4 P. Teymourpour and H.U. Bahia

loading rates/frequencies (Andriescu and Hesp 2009). Theoretical ‘master curves’were then developed in order to express the effect of time and temperature onviscoelastic properties of material considering the effect of each factor to beequivalent. Master curves are determined by transiting the graphs of the viscoelasticfunctions (determined at different temperatures) along the log time or frequencyaxis at one reference temperature until they form a continuous curve. Christensenand Anderson have shown that the temperature dependence of asphalt binder can beexpressed using the WLF equation and the shift factors determined from rheo-logical data may be used to generate failure master curves (Anderson et al. 1994).

During the development of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) thetime-temperature superposition principle was used to develop the low temperaturespecification of asphalt binders (Anderson et al. 1994; Anderson and Kennedy1993). Significant progress has been made in understanding the rheology of bitu-men under small stress-strain conditions. Traditionally, master curves for rheo-logical properties such as complex modulus (G*) and phase angle (δ) have beenused to predict the response of bitumen under different loading time and temper-ature conditions. Time-temperature superposition combines the rheological prop-erty data obtained at different temperatures to generate the master curves by shiftingthe data obtained at different temperatures horizontally with respect to time untilthey merge into a single smooth curve (Anderson and Kennedy 1993). This has tobe done in order to effectively model the behavior of asphalt binders and predictsthe stress-strain relationships over a wide range of temperatures and loading times.

The linear viscoelastic behavior of the asphalt binders determined from rheo-logical master curves can be a good tool to predict the low temperature behavior ofasphalt binders. Recently there have been some efforts in verifying the applicationof TTS during the presence of cracks in asphalt materials. In one of these studies thevalidity of TTS was evaluated when cracks initiated and propagated in asphaltmixtures using the four point bending beam. They have reported that by applyingsame shift factors driven from complex modulus of asphalt mixture, the smoothmaster curve can be captured crack propagation in asphalt mixtures (Nguyen et al.2013). However, little work has been reported on the development of failure mastercurves for the non-linear and damage characterization of asphalt binder and asphaltmastics for different temperatures and loading rates, which might be necessary forthe specification purposes and for a more realistic materials characterization. Thisstudy presents preliminary results on the development of such failure master curvesfor both asphalt binder and asphalt mastics. Failure characterization of bitumen andmastics is performed by using the Single Edge Notched Bending (BBR-SENB) testat different loading rates and testing temperatures. Stress and strain at failure (σf andεf) are used as the properties to be shifted in the generation of the failure mastercurves.

The main objectives of this study are to determine the effects of asphaltbinder-mineral filler interaction on thermal cracking behavior of asphalt mixturesthrough developing asphalt mastic failure master curves and cover shortcomings inthe knowledge of asphalt mastics brittle and ductile fracture behavior.

Development of Failure Master Curve for Asphalt … 5