8th c. Mon inscribedterracotta stupas fromNakhorn Sawan

their Khmer affinities and further forays intomedieval dialectology

Christian BauerHumboldt -Universitat zu Berlin

SEALS 22Agay, France30 May - 2 June, 2012

I. Introduction 3

National MuseumBangkokroom 303

cupboards 19 and 27

h: 35 cmNakhorn Pathom

ca. 8th c. AD

[ photo 1983 I4

»ye dhamma« formula in Pali verse

ye dharnma hetuppabhava Of things that proceed from a cause

yesarn heturn tathagato aha their cause the Tathagatha has told

yesarnca yo nirodho and also their cessation

evarp vadTmaha samalJo Thus teaches the great ascetic

5 Bangkok Museum stupas

• known from excavations

• 23.1.1923 and 24.10.1961 (museum inventory)

• provenance:

• Nakhorn Pathom and Nakhorn Sawan

• first transcriptions of Pali inscribed stupas:

• Halliday, undated letter to Blagden (1920s [?))

6

RobertHalliday• 1912-1922 inNakhorn Pathom

• note to Blagden

..... )

• I ~.. ,. _,. ~ l •.. ,....-i. •• ...(:

stupaPali@ catalogue Guimet2009

National Museum,Nakhorn Pathom

7

7

•••.11 ""- "/1«":'1'.(1 M.'J.l.t'ff~Cut. N.:1."CIl .ahu

'01 P,;(f,;tTl (~t<l ct' N~~hon F'ol ~,om 8

Lopburi Museum

• 2x inscribed terracotta stupas

• Thap Chumphol, Nakhorn Sawan

• excavated March 1981

terracotta stupas, types

• plain (no writing)

• Pali only (ye dhamma)

• Mon and Pali (ye dhamma)

9

11

11

other collections

• Nakhorn Pathom, Museum

• Wat Nong Kradon, A. Muang, Nakhorn Sawan

sub-types

• lid

• with, without

• -+ Nitaya Kanokmongkol, Silpakorn Univ., MA, 2004(art history)

• -+ Adrian Snodgrass, 1985

10

12

10

12

usage

• symbolic

• reliquary

terracotta stupas

• of local manufacture

• tradition unknown elsewhere in Thailand

• exc. Yarang (Pattani), different styles, earlier (7)

• from different sites in Nakhorn Sawan province

• writing in different hands

13

15

13

15

inscribed terracotta stupas

• Nakhorn Pathom (2x Pali only)

• Lopburi/Singhburi (2x Pali only)

• Pattani (1x Pali only, miniature stupa)

• Nakhorn Sawan (7x Pali-Mon)

• --+ unknown elsewhere

• --+ date: 8th - 9th c.

• --+ recovered 1923, 1961, 1981-1 990s

stupa traditions, distribution

• northeastern Thailand, Laos

• »spine« on Sima stones

• southern Thailand

• on votive tablets, miniature stupas in fragments

• central Thailand

• terracotta stu pas

14

16

14

16

text:

• line 1: ye dhamma formula

• line 2: donor note:

• ne' kyak pun tarla' x x x x x

Man text

• ne' kyak pun trala' jrap wihar

• variants

• tarala'

17

19

17

19

II. Man inscribed stupas

text

• ne' kyak pun trala' jrap wihar

• wo' kyak pun trala' jrap wihar

-stupa

-elsewhere

18

20

18

20

questions

• ne' - etymology

• Khmer?

• OKhm. neb - nebh, MKhm. neh - naeh

• nai

• AA?

• OM - how many dialects?

21

21

parallels

• votive tablets

• Mg.2, Mg.3

• nai' wo' kyak pun

• stu pas

• NW.7, etc.

• ne' kyak pun tarla' x x x x x

22

22

• Sakal Nakhorn, Sima stone

parallels (2)

• tarala' - tarla', trala'

• garalir'l - garlir'l, garlur'l

'lord, master'

'number, numerous'

23

E:::l

'"VI:::l::Ec:'"nl::.:c:0.r:::.:

0c{LL.

0(5.r:a.

23

Mg.2 24

nai' WO' pUl)ya

kamrateli pQay ka

rom 'or skurh da

s jati smar

24

Mg.3 25 a Khmer calque? 26

D~o'0.r:a.

nai' wo'

pUl)ya kamr

25

nai' wo' pun Mahasarakham Mg.2, Mg.3

neh gi pun OKhm.

ne' kyakpun Nakhorn Sawan stupas

wo' kyakpin Kalasin moulds KS.1, KS.2

26

Ila. Samples 27

27

NakhornSawan2001,Wat Nang Kradan

28

28

29

29

277/04 - Nang KrotBangkok National Museum

30

rubbing : FAD

30

--

NW.71983,Lopburi Museum

31

31

32

32

33 34

278/04 - Nong KrotBangkok National Museum(lower part, fragment) rubbing : FAD

33

286/04 rubbing: FAD

34

35 36

286/04, detail

35

[... ]/04, illegible rubbing : FAD

36

[... ]104, script? - Pali only

37

rubbing: FAD

37

38

40

38

III. Interpretations 39

39 40

Khmer-Mon axis (isogloss ?)across Si Thep ?

• Khmer influence in NE limited across axis to NW ?

• Mon inscriptions of Laos - all wo'-type

• Crodes 1958, JA, hypothesis(K 966, Nakhorn Sawan, Banpot Pisai,AD 1167, Pali-Khmer inscription)

41

41

Language shift scenarioin Nakhorn Sawan

• Mon> Khmer

• Khmer> Thai (earliestThai inscription #11 / Nw.1 (AD 14th c.)

• implication: Khmer influence

• in NW/NC-Thai through Mon speakers

• in C-Thai direct

42

42

Ban Thalat

discovered late 1960sphoto: 2011

43

44

44

•..'"

•..0>

AA cognates? - Shorto 2009 49 AA cognates ? - Shorto 2009 50

L

'191 'nl?; 'nih lhi.•.a: (Katuic, Bahnaric, Khmuic, Khasi, Viel-Muong, Nicobaric) Kuy nl:, Sliengne:l, nl: Ihis.he", Sre ne Ihere, Bahnar ?n£y, ?nl: Ihal, Kammu-Yuan nl?Ihis near al hand, Khasi [!! &c. J~, Muong nl lhis (Barker 1966 21), CenlralNicobarese ane Ihal (pronoun) .

b: (Khmer, Palaungic) Old Khmer neh, Middle Khmer neh nEh, nih neh, Riang-Lang _nl Ihis.

Bahnar ?n-in deictic also in following, which compare.; as 1475'naay, 1435a '?[ay]? &c. Jakun & Sakai (Lanoh) forms at Skeat & Blagden1906 T 89 are _ Malay.

Sora -ne- in e.g. ten-ne- here, Kurku Inl Ihis, &c. (Pinnow 1959 337).proto-Austronesian 'In,1 Ihis: Malay 1nl, &c. (Oempwolff 1936 69; Oyen 1953 S133; Dahl 1973 S 15.2). See Benedict 1975 408. (pou & Jenner 1975 no.44. )

51

• images @ Christian Bauer, unless stated otherwise

• christian.bauer@staff,hu-beriin,de

49

5'

1475 'n,aay deictic.a: (Khmer, Khmuic, Viet-Mliong) Khmer ni:ay onthejarside.overthere,Kammu-Yuan na:y that, Vietnamese Dill' (beside llilY) this.

Cf. 91 'nl? &c. this; original compound, as perhaps 1466't,aay that... of 65 't,l? &C.? But conceivably - Tai, cf.Benedict 1975 406.

50